我的外公段祺瑞及世紀回顧與省思(國際英文版)

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內容簡介

Using time as a guiding thread, this book traces the life journey of Duan Qirui. From attending old-style private schools, his upbringing in a military camp, walking alone the one-thousand li journey at age 15 to join the army, attending Tianjin Military Academy, studying abroad in Germany, taking part in establishing the New Army at Xiaozhan, serving as the "artillery commander", assuming the position of the principal of the Baoding Military Academy and eventually becoming the important leader of the Beiyang Army and the head of the Republic of China government (ROC).

The book enumerates the contributions made by Duan Qirui to China，s progress, including the initiation of China，s military modernization, the insistence on the transformation of China，s political system through "three creations of the Republic", and the promotion of China，s entry into the Allied Powers to take part in the war against Germany, among others. At the same time, he not only opposed the monarchy dictatorship but also keenly recognized and opposed the "Knock down the Confucius， shop (打倒孔家店)" campaign promoted by the Chinese agents of the Soviet Union，s Third Communist International. After became Zhizheng (執政the Chief Executive of the Republic of China, or the head of the state), he collaborated with Sun Yat-sen in seeking to convene a constitutional conference and persistently attempted to pursue the path of constitutional democracy to unify China.

The book also lists some historical facts that have been distorted on the mainland China for many years: during the era of Duan Qirui, remarkable achievements were made in China not only in politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy but also in creating an era of free speech, diverse opinions, and the emergence of outstanding talents. The book also provides a list of prominent figures who were active during that period.

In addition to reviewing the life of our grandfather, Duan Qirui who followed the principles of Confucianism, maintained the standard of morality and trustworthyness, the author also presents three of his articles, including "Internal Reflections". Furthermore, the book describes the real life and historical moments as seen from the perspective of the Duan family.

In response to the lies represented by the media for years, such as alleging that the "March 18 Massacre" was orchestrated by Duan Qirui and the "Xiyuan Loan" was selling out the nation, the book relies on historical records and eyewitness accounts, including firsthand testimonies from a high-ranking official who was present at the scene of the "March 18" incident and shared the observations with his descendant, to restore the truth of the historical events.

Throughout the writing, the author emphasizes the importance of Confucianism，s influence on the moral character of the Chinese people. In the early 20th century, Duan Qirui, who initially served as a Qing military general and later became a high-ranking official in the Republic of China, was able to abandon the traditional "King’s-State (家天下)" approach and resist the wave of Soviet-style communism. Instead, he chose the path of republicanism and constitutional democracy. This can be traced back to the influence of Confucianism, which he received from a young age. Just as Christianity influenced the founding fathers of the United States, Confucianism deeply ingrained itself in Duan Qirui，s bloodline, shaping his political aspirations and life path. The book，s exposition is based on this context: without moral cultivation, an individual cannot go far on the right path; however, even with morally upright individuals, a society without check-and-balance of power, may succumb to the temptations of power, wealth, sex and fame, leading them astray. American founding father John Adams once emphasized, "Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people." This book tirelessly and extensively argues that in building a civilized society, (1) the importance of cultivating moral qualities in individuals from a young age should be recognized, and (2) the Acton，s axiom, "power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely", which is an objective law that is not subject to people，s will, should be recognized. Therefore, the concept of "King’s-State" inevitably leads to corruption as power corrupts, resulting in being strong at first and then falling apart and eventually being replaced. On the other hand, the "Party-State (黨天下)" system, self-proclaimed to be superior to the decayed old world, experiences absolute corruption with absolute power and fails to catch up with the prosperity and renewal of the private capitalist market economy under constitutional democratic rule even after seventy years. Ultimately, it can only lead to the depletion of public trust and self-collapse.

作者

張乃慧

Zhang Naihui (張乃慧): Born in November 1930 in Tianjin. At that time, my parents and grandparents were also in Tianjin. In 1935, I moved to Songjiang, Shanghai with my parents. Later, I attended primary and secondary school in Shanghai. During my elementary school years, my mother hired a private tutor for us, teaching us the "Four Books" including Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Mencius, as well as other classical texts. We found that Zhongzhu’s memory and comprehension are better than we sisters, since even to this day, he can still recite passages from the original texts of the Four Books. At a critical moment in history, at the end of 1948 and the beginning of 1949, many of my classmates of my senior class at McTyeire School (or中西女中Zhongxi Girls' School) went abroad. I chose to stay behind, dreaming of building a democratic and free new China. In early 1949, I ran away from home and traveled from Shanghai to Beijing, where I enrolled in North China University (the predecessor of Renmin University of China). Shortly after, we were sent south to Hunan. I first worked as an "assistant" at the Hunan Revolutionary University and the Party School, but I was later transferred out due to my "bad background." I then joined Hunan University and taught English for most of my life until retirement. Speaking of this, there is another story. The former president of Hunan University, Zhu Fan, studied in Shanghai and was fluent in English. When he learned that I came from McTyeire, he recommended me to teach English at the university. At that time, all subjects except Chinese were taught by British and American teachers at McTyeire. After completing teacher training at East China Normal University, I joined the Foreign Language Office at Hunan University. Over the decades, due to my family background and ignorance in politics, I had made myself an object of criticism. Due to poor health, I retired early in 1979. Since my children moved to the United States, I have been alternating between living on both sides of the Pacific, finally settling in Los Angeles since 1990.

1930年11月出生於天津。當時，父母、外公都在天津。1935年，隨父母遷居上海松江。後來，在上海讀小學、中學。在小學時，母親為我們請了家庭教師，教我們“四書”，讓我們熟讀了，大學、中庸、論語和孟子，及古文觀止等書籍。中柱記憶力及領悟力強過我們姐妹。直至今日，他四書原文仍然可以朗朗上口。到了歷史關頭，48年末、49年初時，在就讀的上海中西女中，高中畢業班的一大半同學都出國了。我選擇了留下，夢想建設一個民主自由的新中國。49年初，離家出走，從滬上跑到北京，進了華北大學(人大前身)。不久南下湖南。先在湖南革大、黨校做“助教”，後因為“出身不好”，被調出。接著到湖南大學教英文大半輩子，直至退休。說起這個，還有一個故事。湖大老校長朱凡早年在上海讀大學，精通英文。得知我來自中西女中後，推薦我教授大學英文。以前的中西，除中文外，其他課程都是英美老師英文教學。在華東師大教師培訓之後，我加入了湖大外語教研室。在這幾十年中，家庭背景加上無知，也讓自己淪為批判對象。因身體欠佳，於1979年提前退休。因為子女留美，從1990年開始，輪流在大洋兩岸居住，最後定居洛杉磯。


張中柱(作者2)

Zhang Zhongzhu (張中柱William Chang): Born in October 1931 in Tianjin. At the age of five, I moved to Songjiang with my family, and moved to Shanghai the following year. During my primary school years, along with my three older sisters, we studied at home, memorizing the "Four Books" and classical Chinese texts. When I attended Nanyang Model High School (南洋模范), I met teacher Jia Bingru (贾冰如), a mentor who opened my mind, introduced me to precise conceptual understanding and rigorous reasoning, and benefited me for a lifetime. Later, I was admitted to Tsinghua University, my father Zhang Daohong's alma mater. During my time at Tsinghua, I was labeled as a rightist and put under probation. After graduation, I was assigned to the Shandong Provincial Electric Power Department and gradually sent to rural areas in Fan County (范县), the poorest area in Shandong. We only had two meals a day: thin corn porridge at 9 a.m. and moldy sweet potato buns at 4 p.m. Day after day, various diseases began to afflict my body. Liver swelling, chronic colitis, recurrent lung diseases. I was on the path to death. The local farmers' living conditions were extremely dire. I must thank the organization of the Electric Power Department for sending me here, as it allowed me to witness the so-called "workers and peasants’ alliance (工农联盟)" of socialist revolution, which turned out to be nothing more than deceptive propaganda. In reality, it was an appalling, outrageous exploitation and deprivation of the peasants. Later, a large number of educated youth (知青) were sent to the countryside, and a small portion of urban residents had the opportunity to personally experience the hunger and arduous physical labor in rural areas. Eventually, the educated youth returned to the cities. However, the Chinese peasants, who have spent their entire lives at the bottom of society, without access to medical care, education, retirement benefits, and with their household registration (户口) tied to the rural areas, have nowhere to go and have nowhere to seek justice. Their suffering knows no bounds. Chinese peasants are the group that has suffered the most in the Party-State. They have been deprived for far too long, and it is absolutely outrageous! Even now, peasants, rural migrant workers, and their descendants continue to face discrimination under the "laws" (i.e., the CCP policies). They work the hardest, endure the most difficult and lowest-paid jobs, but are denied access to the social welfare enjoyed by urban residents. Few people pay attention to them, sympathize with them, or advocate for their grievances. We cannot turn a blind eye to the oppression they endure. How can a person extinguish their sense of empathy, compassion, and sympathy? We eagerly await the day when the Party-State comes to an end, and the Chinese peasants and rural migrant workers can enjoy equal rights with the residents of Beijing and Shanghai.
Soon after arriving in Fan County, I was stripped of the "rightist" label. During a visit back to Shanghai, I applied to resign from my position in Shandong through the local authorities. After going through several setbacks, my resignation was eventually approved. Since I couldn't obtain Shanghai household registration, I applied to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau (上海市公安局) for permission to visit relatives overseas, which resulted in me being designated as a "traitor." This policy considered applying to go abroad as an act of treason, and it was only abolished after Richard Nixon's visit to China. During the Cultural Revolution, I was placed under the supervision of a neighborhood political control group (里弄专政组). Thanks to the close care and support of my relatives in the United States, I was not deported or physically harmed. With the financial support of my parents in Macau, I voluntarily taught dozens of children who had dropped out of school during the Cultural Revolution and were not afraid of political entanglements for eleven years. I taught them mathematics and physics at the elementary, middle, high school, and college levels. Once they developed logical thinking in mathematics and science, they could self-study other subjects. In the later stages of the Cultural Revolution, both Shanghai Third Girls' High School (formerly McTyeire School or Zhongxi Girls' School) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University expressed interest in hiring me as a teacher but were denied. In 1979, after receiving notice from Tsinghua University to correct my "rightist" label, the Shanghai Public Security Bureau approved my relocation to Macau. After six and a half years in Macau, I immigrated to the United States at the end of 1985.
I have always believed that the path to prosperity in the West lies in their recognition that "power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Therefore, they have established a system of constitutional democracy with checks and balances on power. Without a system of checks and balances in constitutional democracy, there can be no judicial independence to ensure fair competition, and it cannot promote the healthy development of the economy, trade, production, and technology through natural selection and rapid advancement. If productive forces cannot sustain healthy development and meet the growing material and spiritual needs of the people, it will lead to unrest and social instability.
One hundred and twenty years ago, Empress Dowager Cixi believed that as long as "adopting Western knowledge for its practical uses (西学为用)" and she persisted in maintaining "King’s-State (家天下)," China could catch up with the West. Then came Lenin and Stalin in the 20th century, who believed that nationalizing industrial and commercial sectors and collectivizing agriculture under socialist principles would eliminate wealth disparities and lead to rapid development of social productive forces, surpassing and replacing capitalist private ownership. However, they disregarded the axiom of Lord Acton, "power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Socialist state ownership, as proven in the Soviet Union, England, China, and all other countries, is incurably corrupt. Even projects implemented under the national system only yield temporary bubbles and have no bearing on the well-being of the people. On the other hand, "Party-State" brings calamity to the nation and the people, on a scale thousands of times greater than "King’s-State," because "Party-State" represents "absolute power corrupting absolutely."
It has been 101 years since the passing of Empress Dowager Cixi. The cognitive abilities of China's current leaders still have not surpassed hers. For China to return to the right path, it cannot evade the issue of institutional reform. To establish a constitutional democratic system, a large number of morally educated intellectuals is needed. This is the pent-up feelings in the heart of the author.

1931年十月出生於天津。五歲時，隨家遷至松江。次年到上海。讀小學時，和三個姐姐一起在家學習、背誦了《四書》和古文。在南洋模範讀高中時，遇到良師賈冰如，打開了思想之混沌狀態，認識了對概念理解之精准與推理之嚴密的要求，受益終身。後考入父親張道宏的母校清華大學。在清華讀書期間，被劃為右派分子，留校察看。畢業後，被分配到山東省電力廳，逐步下放至山東範縣農村。該縣是山東最貧困地區。每天只有兩頓食：上午九點吃稀薄的玉米糊，下午四點吃發了黴的地瓜窩頭。日復一日，身體陸續出現各種疾病。肝腫、慢性結腸炎，肺病復發。步入死亡管道。當地農民，生活慘不忍睹。要感謝電力廳組織，下放我來此，認識了“工農聯盟”的社會主義革命，乃欺人之談。實際則是，對農民敲骨吸髓的壓榨、剝奪，令人髮指。直到後來大批知青下鄉，小部分城裡人才有機會，親身體驗農村的譏餓和超強體力勞動。後來，知青陸續返城。而一輩子在社會底層，無醫無藥、無受教育、無退休養老福利、戶口又定死在農村的中國農民，哪兒也去不了，求告無門，苦難無邊無際。中國農民，是黨天下受害最深重的群體。他們被剝奪得太久了，太過分了！直到現在，農民、農民工及其子孫，還是受到“法律”(即中共政策)的歧視。幹的，是最苦最累最低工資的活兒，而無法沾邊城裡人的社會福利。很少人關注，很少人同情，很少人替他們訴不平、申冤情！對他們遭受的欺壓，我們不能視而不見。一個人，怎能泯滅了惻隱心、慈悲心、同情心？期待黨天下早日滅亡，中國的農民、農民工，能和北京、上海市民享有同等權利的那一天。
到范縣後不久，被摘掉右派帽子。在一次探親假返回上海時，即向山東地方申請退職。幾經周折，才獲批准。在無法獲得上海戶籍情況下，向上海市公安局申請出國探親，從而又被內定為“叛國投敵份子”。此項政策，即申請出國即叛國，直至尼克森訪華之後才被取消。文革開始後，接受里弄專政組監管。在美親人十年如一日地極密切關懷下，使自己未被遣送、未受身體傷害。在澳門父母經濟支持下，在家義務教授文革失學、不怕被政治牽連的各方孩子數十人，前後十一年。教授孩子們小學、初高中、大學數學及物理。因為，一旦建立數理邏輯頭腦，其他課程可以自學。文革後期，上海市立第三女中（即原中西女中）及上海交通大學，都曾提出任教招聘，均被回絕。一九七九年，在清華通知改正“右派”兩周之後，上海市公安局批准移居澳門。在澳門六年半後，一九八五年末移民美國。
一直認為，歐美富強之道，在於他們認識到，“權力導致腐敗，絕對權力絕對地腐敗。”因此建立了權力制衡的憲政民主體制。沒有權力制衡的憲政民主體制，就沒有司法獨立，來保證公平競爭，就不能使經濟、貿易、生產、科技，優勝劣汰、高速發展。生產力不能持續健康發展，滿足居民日益增長的物質與精神需求，人心就會動盪，社會就不能穩定。

一百二十年前的慈禧太后，以為只要“西學為用”，堅持“家天下”，就可以趕上西方。 然後，是二十世紀的列寧、史達林，以為工商業社會主義國有化，農業社會主義集體化，就可以消除貧富差別，使社會生產力高速發展，把資本主義私有制甩到身後，取而代之。 但是，他們違背了阿克頓教授的“權力導致腐敗，絕對權力絕對地腐敗”的公理。社會主義國有制，在蘇聯、英、中、所有國家證明，它的腐敗不可救藥。某一項目用舉國體制，也只能暫時冒一個泡，與人民生活福祉無關。而“黨天下”，遠較“家天下”禍國殃民，嚴重千萬倍。因為“黨天下”是“絕對權力絕對地腐敗。”

慈禧已逝去一百一年了。現在中國領導人的認知能力，仍然沒有超出慈禧。中國要回歸正道，無法逃避制度改革的課題。而建立憲政民主制，必須靠一大批有道德教養的知識份子。這就是作者胸中的塊壘。

譯者

劉繼峰

劉繼峰（Liu Jifeng, David J. Liu）Since the book in Chinese was authored by my mother and my uncle, I felt obligated to take on the task of translating it into English, even though my experience only qualifies me as a “tech guy”.
I wouldn’t say it’s easy for me to understand fully the Classical Chinese found in the book time after time, let alone these “ancient” poems and lyrics. Fortunately, my mother, in her 90s, is still around and can lend me a helping hand. (1) When there were doubts about the accurate translation, the original Chinese is often left in parentheses and people can formulate their own interpretation. (2) In other cases, the names in Chinese are left beside their English translation for easier matching and identification. (3) Any text in italics are extra description added by the translator.
In terms of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of organization, the free market, and the practice of democratic government, such as the separation of powers, the first decade and a half of the Republic of China (the Beiyang government, or the Beiyang Period of the Republic of China, which was the internationally recognized government of China between 1912 and 1928) was much better than the years that followed, especially compared to the disastrous seventy years of Communist rule in China, during which tens of millions of its citizens died unnaturally. Both nourished by the Soviets, the Nationalists and Communists tended to bad-mouth the Beiyang government in order to seize power. Therefore, this book can serve as a different voice that seldom gets a chance to be heard in both the Chinese-speaking world and the English-speaking world.
As the first freshman class after the Cultural Revolution in China, I attended Fudan University in Shanghai in 1978, majoring in Math. In my sophomore year, I came to the U.S. and studied Computer Sciences and Math at the University of Texas at Austin, and received a master degree in 1984. After graduation, I worked as a software engineer and analyst for various firms, eventually spending the last twenty-seven years before retirement working on Wall Street for Citibank, EBS, SocGen, etc.

目錄

About the Authors
Introduction
Contents
Preface

1. Overview of a lifetime
2. Moral Quality, Vital for These in Power
3. The farmer's son
4. Grandson of a general Lived in the barracks at Seven
5. The sky is falling! Grandfather is gone
6. Walking over two thousand li to join the military
7. The ground collapsed! Lost both parents
8. Tianjin Military Academy
9. Studying in Germany
10. The first "artillery commander"
11. Pioneering the Modernization of the Army
12. The principal of the first modern military college
13. Yuan Shikai made a match, Duan married Zhang Peiheng
14. Marching to the beat of his own drum
15. The first act, Force the Imperial Court to abdicate
16. The second act, Boycott Yuan Shikai's coronation as emperor
17. The third act, Fighting Zhang Xun and Restoration
18. Declare war on Germany
19. Progress in the early years of the ROC is unparalleled in history
20. Progressive reform step by step, task by task
21. Duan Qirui's cabinet: utilize talents and experts
22. Fairness, Integrity and Principles
23. Focus on things not on people
24. Duan Qirui in the eyes of others
25. Economy expanded rapidly at the birth of ROC
26. Freedom of speech, press and publication in the Beiyang period
27. Anfu Congress
28. Letting go of attachment, take refuge in Buddhism
29. Content with simplified life, practice what one preaches
30. Moral standard and Clever Deception - Internal Reflections
31. Heavenly principles as the foundation and humanity as the guide - External Review
32. On the Similarities and Differences of Sages and Heroes
33. Grandpa and Sun Yat-sen
34. Grandpa and Xu Shuzheng
35. Each has their own calculation - Duan Qirui and Japan
36. The Nishihara Loan
37. "March 18th" tragedy, the kneel down
38. Declassification of Soviet archives and "March 18"
39. Diplomacy in the Beiyang Period
40. Three up and three down
41. Grandfather's life moments
42. Take part in building Zhengfeng Coal Mine
43. Grandpa and Go Chess
44. Not to be bought by Japan, relocated to Shanghai
45. Lifelong Writing, lost in bombing
46. Stories of the kids
47. Passing away on the eve of the War with Japan
48. Resting in Peace fourteen years after death
49. Leaving a Will of "Eight Don'ts"
50. Duan's family

Postscript
Translator’s Postface

序／導讀

★Translator's Postface★

Since the book in Chinese was authored by my mother and my uncle, I felt obligated to take on the task of translating it into English, even though my experience only qualifies me as a “tech guy”.

I wouldn’t say it’s easy for me to understand fully the Classical Chinese found in the book time after time, let alone these “ancient” poems and lyrics. Fortunately, my mother, in her 90s, is still around and can lend me a helping hand. (1) When there were doubts about the accurate translation, the original Chinese is often left in parentheses and people can formulate their own interpretation. (2) In other cases, the names in Chinese are left beside their English translation for easier matching and identification. (3) Any text in italics are extra description added by the translator.

In terms of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of organization, the free market, and the practice of democratic government, such as the separation of powers, the first decade and a half of the Republic of China (the Beiyang government, or the Beiyang Period of the Republic of China, which was the internationally recognized government of China between 1912 and 1928) was much better than the years that followed, especially compared to the disastrous seventy years of Communist rule in China, during which tens of millions of its citizens died unnaturally. Both nourished by the Soviets, the Nationalists and Communists tended to bad-mouth the Beiyang government in order to seize power. Therefore, this book can serve as a different voice that seldom gets a chance to be heard in both the Chinese-speaking world and the English-speaking world.

As the first freshman class after the Cultural Revolution in China, I attended Fudan University in Shanghai in 1978, majoring in Math. In my sophomore year, I came to the U.S. and studied Computer Sciences and Math at the University of Texas at Austin, and received a master degree in 1984. After graduation, I worked as a software engineer and analyst for various firms, eventually spending the last twenty-seven years before retirement working on Wall Street for Citibank, EBS, SocGen, etc.

Liu Jifeng (劉繼峰 or David J. Liu)

試閱

●1. Overview of a lifetime●
Before the age of about ten, time seems to move in slow motion, everything unfolding at a leisurely pace. This "film reel" of life suddenly accelerates after reaching thirty. Season after season, year after year, time swiftly slips away. It is at this moment that people become aware of the brevity of life. Each person only has one lifetime. They cannot choose the era they are born in, their family, or even certain aspects of themselves (such as intelligence or appearance). However, everyone can choose to be an upright person.
Grandfather Duan Qirui was such a person—steadfast, honest, and upright. Despite facing numerous setbacks, he remained unchanged from his principle throughout his life. His life spanned seventy-one years from 1865 to 1936.
1865: In the year 1865, Grandfather was born in a rural area of Hefei, Anhui. His mother took care of the household chores, while his father worked on a few acres of farmland. Later on, his parents blessed him with a younger sister and two younger brothers. His sister was six years younger than him, and his brothers were eight and nine years younger. Despite the family not being affluent, his parents persisted in sending their eldest son to study at an old-style private school (私塾). In a society where commerce was underdeveloped and agricultural productivity was low, education was highly regarded with the saying, "All things in the world are ordinary, only being a scholarr is second to none (万般皆下品，惟有读书高)."
1872 to 1779: Grandfather was between the ages of seven and fourteen. After the domestic war settled down, his grandfather, General Duan Pei (段佩), of the Huai Army (淮军), brought his grandson to the Suqian (宿迁) Barracks in northern Jiangsu. In addition to continuing his education at an old-style private school, Duan Pei personally taught and guided his grandson for seven years. This special experience forged an unbreakable bond between Grandfather and the military.
1879: At the age of fourteen, Grandfather experienced the sudden passing of his grandfather, General Duan Pei. He had to return to his parents' side. Besides helping his mother take care of his younger siblings, he also worked in the fields with his father. From the age of five to fourteen, Grandfather had already spent nine years studying at the old-style private school, extensively reading the Four Books, Five Classics (四书五经), and A Hundred Schools of Thought (诸子百家). At a time when the population was mostly illiterate, he had become quite the scholar, understanding concepts like "what's the value of rituals without virtue in heart? what's the value of music, without virtue? (人而不仁，如礼何？人而不仁，如乐何？)" " Wealth and honors attained through immoral means are to me as empty as floating clouds (不义而富且贵，于我如浮云)"; During these formative years, he established the aspiration of "When in poverty, keep personal virtues; when becoming prosperous, improve the world (穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下)" and formed a moral compass of honesty, benevolence, and righteousness in his interactions with others and in his conduct.
1880: At the age of fifteen, Grandfather made a resolute decision to bid farewell to his family, and to seek refuge in a Qing army unit stationed far away, which was under the command of Duan Congde (段从德), his father’s cousin. Over a span of more than four months, traveling for over two thousand li (about 600 miles), he traversed mountains and rivers alone on foot, making his way from Hefei, Anhui, to Weihai, Shandong. When Grandfather arrived at Weihai Wei (威海卫), he had just turned sixteen years old. From that moment on, he embarked on his military career.
1882: Grandfather's father was murdered by a criminal on his way home after visiting his son in the north, stealing his cash. The grief-stricken mother, unable to bear the pain, passed away seven months later, leaving behind three underage children. Grandfather, at the young age of eighteen and a new soldier, took on the responsibility of caring for his younger siblings. From then on, he had been taking care of his brothers and sisters.
1885: At the age of 20, with the highest score, Gandfather was admitted to Tianjin Military Academy (天津武备学堂) founded by Li Hongzhang (李鸿章) during the "Westernization Movement (洋务运动)". He studied science at the school with a specialization in artillery. Two years later, at the age of 22, he graduated with top honors (Source: "Chronicle of Duan Qirui 《段祺瑞年谱》," by Wu Tingxie 吴廷燮, in "Collection of Miscellaneous Modern Records《近代稗海》," Volume 4, p. 603).
Thirteen years later, all the students in this school died in a bloody battle with the enemy forces that invaded Tianjin, and the school was destroyed.

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詳細資料

詳細資料

• • 語言
  • 英文
  • 裝訂
  • 紙本平裝
• • ISBN
  • 9781665800358
  • 分級
  • 普通級
• • 頁數
  • 718
  • 商品規格
  • 22.9*15.2*4
• • 出版地
  • 台灣
  • 適讀年齡
  • 全齡適讀
• • 注音
  • 級別

中文書＞人文歷史＞中國史地＞中國當代人物

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