光大傳承－－南加州華人三十年史話：第二卷（全四卷，國際英文版）
A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California (1980，s ~ 2010，s) :
活動訊息
內容簡介
A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California, 1980’s-2010’s (南加華人三十年史話英文版) is a monumental publication jointly authored by a team of renowned group of writers consisting of 17 chapters, nearly 1 million words, and more than 1,300 photographs, many of which are collected from historical archives. It is an unprecedented endeavor undertaken by more than 500 volunteers who were privileged to have witnessed the drastic and amazing transformation of Chinese American communities in Southern California during the critical three decades, from the 1980’s to the 2010’s.
This handsome volume encompasses an historical account of multifarious realms of community development, including various aspects of culture, history, political participation, economic growth, businesses, education, language, sports, mass media, science and technology, scholarly research, literature, music, dance, theatre and other performing arts, among other subjects.
This book is substantial, and is dedicated to “All Chinese of past, present, and future generations who contribute to the world culture by incorporating the quintessence of Chinese civilization and their heritage.”
Introduction
Seventy-four years elapsed between the founding of the Unites States as a nation and the admission of California to the Union. The passage of this time and California’s geographic features contributed to California’s unique cultural characteristics and immigration pattern or history, different from other states. While the Chinese cannot claim to be the earliest foreign settlers in this country, we can say, however, that the Chinese are neither late-comers nor are they an ethnic group who came to enjoy the fruit of others. The Chinese arrived in California prior to some European immigrants, Jews, and the Japanese. Together with other ethnic groups, the Chinese reclaimed this land and cultivated the place they called home. Like the Westward Movement shortly began after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast, the early Chinese immigrants to America were pioneers in exploration, enduring much hardship and displaying unyielding, indomitable, and dauntless courage and perseverance. Doesn’t this call to mind the drama of westward expansion, filled with courageous as well as tragic incidents?
According to a report on the status of Chinese Americans in the U.S. conducted by the University of Maryland in 2009, the earliest Chinese came to America in 1785, when three Chinese sailors arrived in Baltimore, Maryland, on board the ship Pallas. Larry Hajime Shinagawa, author of the report and Director of the Asian American Studies Program at the University, indicates that it is probable that the Chinese might have arrived in America earlier than 1785. Some scholars surmised that Chinese Americans in the United States could be traced back ten generations. Some Chinese might have arrived in the Mississippi River area and Southern California as early as 1700. It has been seven or eight generations since Chinese came to America during the Gold Rush in the 1840’s.
I. Who are the Chinese Americans?
Who are the Huaren 華人 (Ethnic Chinese)? Who are Meiji huaren 美籍華人 (Chinese Americans) or Huayi 華裔? These are terms which have been a subject of discussion in the academic disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and immigration history for over a century. Michel Guillaume
Jean de Crevecoeur (aka John Hector St. John, 1735-1813), a French-American prose writer once asked, “What is an American?” In order to find an answer, one needs to trace back to history. The fact that questions such as this are raised is itself a historical phenomenon.
Ethnic Chinese is a generic term referring to all Chinese ethnicities. They are also known as the people of Tang or Tangren 唐人. It is an apolitical, anthropological designation, indicating those people whose ancestors came from ancient China. The
This handsome volume encompasses an historical account of multifarious realms of community development, including various aspects of culture, history, political participation, economic growth, businesses, education, language, sports, mass media, science and technology, scholarly research, literature, music, dance, theatre and other performing arts, among other subjects.
This book is substantial, and is dedicated to “All Chinese of past, present, and future generations who contribute to the world culture by incorporating the quintessence of Chinese civilization and their heritage.”
Introduction
Seventy-four years elapsed between the founding of the Unites States as a nation and the admission of California to the Union. The passage of this time and California’s geographic features contributed to California’s unique cultural characteristics and immigration pattern or history, different from other states. While the Chinese cannot claim to be the earliest foreign settlers in this country, we can say, however, that the Chinese are neither late-comers nor are they an ethnic group who came to enjoy the fruit of others. The Chinese arrived in California prior to some European immigrants, Jews, and the Japanese. Together with other ethnic groups, the Chinese reclaimed this land and cultivated the place they called home. Like the Westward Movement shortly began after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast, the early Chinese immigrants to America were pioneers in exploration, enduring much hardship and displaying unyielding, indomitable, and dauntless courage and perseverance. Doesn’t this call to mind the drama of westward expansion, filled with courageous as well as tragic incidents?
According to a report on the status of Chinese Americans in the U.S. conducted by the University of Maryland in 2009, the earliest Chinese came to America in 1785, when three Chinese sailors arrived in Baltimore, Maryland, on board the ship Pallas. Larry Hajime Shinagawa, author of the report and Director of the Asian American Studies Program at the University, indicates that it is probable that the Chinese might have arrived in America earlier than 1785. Some scholars surmised that Chinese Americans in the United States could be traced back ten generations. Some Chinese might have arrived in the Mississippi River area and Southern California as early as 1700. It has been seven or eight generations since Chinese came to America during the Gold Rush in the 1840’s.
I. Who are the Chinese Americans?
Who are the Huaren 華人 (Ethnic Chinese)? Who are Meiji huaren 美籍華人 (Chinese Americans) or Huayi 華裔? These are terms which have been a subject of discussion in the academic disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and immigration history for over a century. Michel Guillaume
Jean de Crevecoeur (aka John Hector St. John, 1735-1813), a French-American prose writer once asked, “What is an American?” In order to find an answer, one needs to trace back to history. The fact that questions such as this are raised is itself a historical phenomenon.
Ethnic Chinese is a generic term referring to all Chinese ethnicities. They are also known as the people of Tang or Tangren 唐人. It is an apolitical, anthropological designation, indicating those people whose ancestors came from ancient China. The
目錄
Table Of Contents
Preface I I
Preface II IV
Preface III VII
Preface IV X
Introduction XV
CHAPTER FOUR ADVANCEMENT IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ELECTIONS 1
I. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Restricted the Entry and Naturalization of Chinese Laborers 1
1. The Chinese Americans’ Political Participation before 1965 5
2. Various Organizations Have Been Set Up To Fight For the Civil Rights of the Chinese 6
3. The Elites of the First and Second Generations of Chinese Americans Started to Participate in Party Politics 8
4. Running for Public Office, the First Taste of Election Process for the Immigrants 10
4.1 Wing Foon Ong Won from the City of Phoenix Became the First Chinese American to Be Elected 10
4.2 Wing Luke, March Fong Eu, William Soo Hoo, and Tom Hom Followed 11
5. The Chinese Efforts in Political Participation after 1965 13
5.1 Daniel K. Wong and Lily Lee Chen, Forerunners of Political Participants among the First-Generation Naturalized Chinese Americans 15
5.2 The Thriving Chinese Political Participation Led by Yau Leong Fong in Hawaii 17
6. The Chinese Political Participation Gradually Attracted Attention at the End of the 1980s 20
6.1 Opportunities for Chinese Political Participation Gradually Increased 21
6.2 The Political Participation of the Chinese in the City of Monterey Park and Their Contributions 22
7. The Tendency and Characteristics of Political Participation for the Chinese in Southern California 28
7.1 The Ethnic Population Base does not Guarantee Political Success of Ethnic Candidates in America 29
7.2 The Residents’ General Quality and Their Active Participation are the Foundation for Success 30
7.3 Maturation of Chinese Political Participation in Southern California 31
7.4 Overcoming Subtle Differences and Unifying Ethnic Groups is the Way to Success 35
8. Statistics and Analysis of Elected Chinese Officials and Council Members on State and City Levels in Southern California in the Past Thirty Years 35
8.1 Chine
Preface I I
Preface II IV
Preface III VII
Preface IV X
Introduction XV
CHAPTER FOUR ADVANCEMENT IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ELECTIONS 1
I. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Restricted the Entry and Naturalization of Chinese Laborers 1
1. The Chinese Americans’ Political Participation before 1965 5
2. Various Organizations Have Been Set Up To Fight For the Civil Rights of the Chinese 6
3. The Elites of the First and Second Generations of Chinese Americans Started to Participate in Party Politics 8
4. Running for Public Office, the First Taste of Election Process for the Immigrants 10
4.1 Wing Foon Ong Won from the City of Phoenix Became the First Chinese American to Be Elected 10
4.2 Wing Luke, March Fong Eu, William Soo Hoo, and Tom Hom Followed 11
5. The Chinese Efforts in Political Participation after 1965 13
5.1 Daniel K. Wong and Lily Lee Chen, Forerunners of Political Participants among the First-Generation Naturalized Chinese Americans 15
5.2 The Thriving Chinese Political Participation Led by Yau Leong Fong in Hawaii 17
6. The Chinese Political Participation Gradually Attracted Attention at the End of the 1980s 20
6.1 Opportunities for Chinese Political Participation Gradually Increased 21
6.2 The Political Participation of the Chinese in the City of Monterey Park and Their Contributions 22
7. The Tendency and Characteristics of Political Participation for the Chinese in Southern California 28
7.1 The Ethnic Population Base does not Guarantee Political Success of Ethnic Candidates in America 29
7.2 The Residents’ General Quality and Their Active Participation are the Foundation for Success 30
7.3 Maturation of Chinese Political Participation in Southern California 31
7.4 Overcoming Subtle Differences and Unifying Ethnic Groups is the Way to Success 35
8. Statistics and Analysis of Elected Chinese Officials and Council Members on State and City Levels in Southern California in the Past Thirty Years 35
8.1 Chine
序／導讀
Postscript
A Crystal Formed Out of 900,000 Beads of Sweat
Following 1,460 days of toil and labor, an estimated 1,460 person-visits to the small meeting room of the American-East Asian Cultural and Educational Foundation, and consuming over 1,460 boxes of bento, A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California, 1980’s-2010’s, containing over 900,000 Chinese characters, is finally available in print.
In the past 30 years, the Chinese in Southern California excelled in their respective fields of expertise and in all realms of activities, including culture, politics, economy, education, sports, mass media, business, science and technology, academics, arts, literature, music, dance, drama, food, and service industry. They have thrived and continue to flourish. To write a book like A Legacy Magnified covering all these aspects with limited human and financial resources and working under time constraints would have been quite impossible.
Fortunately, when I proposed to write a book like this, I received warm responses from the Chinese community. More than a hundred individuals signed up as volunteers, and donations streamed in. I was greatly encouraged. While I was excited about the prospect, I felt that the onus of my responsibility was heavy. In order to live up to the expectations of my supporters, I treaded with fear and trepidation as if I was walking on thin ice. I sketched the book’s plan and structure and proactively commenced the work.
Initially I thought we could publish the book after collecting enough articles and material within four months. Unexpectedly, however, we continue to receive more and more material from all sources. It has taken us four years, instead, to produce this volume after we have incorporated all available information and data. As a result of the enthusiastic response from the Chinese American communities, the original plan to divide the book into fourteen chapters in approximately 60,000 Chinese characters, was once expanded to about 2,000,000 characters. We have managed, finally, to reduced the book to approximately 900,000 characters in seventeen chapters in its current form and shape. Dr. San-pao Li, Professor Emeritus, a historian by profession, thoughtfully offered the capstone of this book with its encompassing title Guang Da Chuan Cheng 光大傳承(Legacy Magnified), highlighting the historical significance of this publication.
During this period of over four years of research, exploration, and visitations, we solicited and received more than 300 articles. We collected oral history of over 500 individuals. In addition, we also collected over 200 books and publications related to our subject, over 1,000 newspaper clippings, over 1,000 questionnaires from Chinese American families, over 1,000 precious photos, and more than 2,000 pieces of contact information of outstanding personalities in the Chinese American community. In the meanwhile, we developed and launched a new web site that will enable us to continue to update our content in the future. In the process of compiling this work, we received support from University of California, Los Angeles besides the Chinese community. UCLA East Asian Library launched a special project and employed additional staff to further document the oral histories of some eminent Chinese Americans in order to archive them as raw research material for in-depth scholarly studies in the future.
As I was sorting out the nearly 2,000 telephone numbers collected, I recall how tirelessly we went out of the way to search for relevant information. I recall how our editorial team collected, reviewed and edited the manuscripts contributed by over 100 outstanding Chinese American, and how assiduously they reconciled the innumerable factual contradictions, verified, sorted out, complied, reviewed and fixed the errors. I recall how our volunteers rendered their service so willingly and selflessly.#Preface I
by
Larry Wong 黃金泉
A Remarkable Generation
Who Passes Down the Cultural Torch and Forges Ahead into the Future
It has been over one hundred and sixty years since the Chinese came to settle in Southern California. I arrived Los Angeles in 1948 when I was seventeen. I heard the hardship of our predecessors and witnessed racial discrimination in the land. The hardships experienced were indeed unspeakable. I joined the Chinese Benevolent Association, Los Angeles羅省中華會館during my adolescent years without the slightest hesitation for the sake of help achieve solidarity and promote cooperation among the Chinese. I vowed to contribute my own part to the service of the Chinese. Owing to my unremitting effort and zeal, I was welcomed and my efforts appreciated by the leaders of the Chinese community and won the trust of the Chinese American community at large. I was thrice elected chairman and twice as chief supervisor監事長 of this organization. Subsequently, I was requested to organize and found the Chinese Benevolent Association in the United States全美中華會館, Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association中華公所, National Association of Overseas Chinese Benevolent Associations華僑總會聯誼會, and Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, USA 美洲中華公所 and have served as its chairman and executive secretary up to the present. How time flies! I am now at the age of eighty-five! It is no exaggeration to say that I have dedicated my life to the service of the overseas Chinese.
I have been living in the U.S. for nearly seventy years. In the first twenty years, the Chinese I encountered called themselves laoqiao 老僑 or older generation overseas Chinese. Although they no longer worked as miners and railway workers, they made a living predominantly by running restaurants or laundries. Chinese Americans then were manual labors. In the second twenty years, Chinese came here in increasing numbers as students at institutions of higher learning. Although they were much better educated, constrained by their financial resources and living under a variety of pressures, they found it difficult to merge into the mainstream American society. They remained marginal. In the last thirty years, however, there was an influx of so-called xinqiao 新僑 or recently arrived overseas Chinese. The pleasant and salubrious climate in Southern California made it an ideal place for these newcomers. Among them, there is no lack of professionals with various expertise, skills, and financial capabilities. Gradually, those who came as students successfully completed their graduate education and established themselves professionally. They have contributed significantly to the Chinese communities here in Southern California and are responsible for the rising socio-political status of the Chinese Americans. This dramatic development is in sharp contrast to the situation I witnessed during my first forty years here.
I have been living in Southern California since my adolescent years. I boast of being a living witness to the history of the Chinese in Southern California. I often thought to myself that if this history exists only in my memories it would be forgotten once I pass away. Fortunately, May Chen 陳十美, concurrently President of American-East Asian Cultural and Educational Foundation 美國東亞文教基金會, Principal of Sunshine Education Center 陽光教育中心, and President of North American Chinese Writers Association, Los Angeles 北美洛杉磯華文作家協會, has spent many years planning for the project and has mobilized hundreds of individuals to write and compile the book A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California, 1980’s-2010’s 南加華人三十年史話, a massive publication that contains nearly one million Chinese characters. The book records and reports the evolution and transformation of the lives of the Chinese in Southern California in the past thirty years. It has concurrently filled the gap of knowledge about the Chinese activities in the past
A Crystal Formed Out of 900,000 Beads of Sweat
Following 1,460 days of toil and labor, an estimated 1,460 person-visits to the small meeting room of the American-East Asian Cultural and Educational Foundation, and consuming over 1,460 boxes of bento, A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California, 1980’s-2010’s, containing over 900,000 Chinese characters, is finally available in print.
In the past 30 years, the Chinese in Southern California excelled in their respective fields of expertise and in all realms of activities, including culture, politics, economy, education, sports, mass media, business, science and technology, academics, arts, literature, music, dance, drama, food, and service industry. They have thrived and continue to flourish. To write a book like A Legacy Magnified covering all these aspects with limited human and financial resources and working under time constraints would have been quite impossible.
Fortunately, when I proposed to write a book like this, I received warm responses from the Chinese community. More than a hundred individuals signed up as volunteers, and donations streamed in. I was greatly encouraged. While I was excited about the prospect, I felt that the onus of my responsibility was heavy. In order to live up to the expectations of my supporters, I treaded with fear and trepidation as if I was walking on thin ice. I sketched the book’s plan and structure and proactively commenced the work.
Initially I thought we could publish the book after collecting enough articles and material within four months. Unexpectedly, however, we continue to receive more and more material from all sources. It has taken us four years, instead, to produce this volume after we have incorporated all available information and data. As a result of the enthusiastic response from the Chinese American communities, the original plan to divide the book into fourteen chapters in approximately 60,000 Chinese characters, was once expanded to about 2,000,000 characters. We have managed, finally, to reduced the book to approximately 900,000 characters in seventeen chapters in its current form and shape. Dr. San-pao Li, Professor Emeritus, a historian by profession, thoughtfully offered the capstone of this book with its encompassing title Guang Da Chuan Cheng 光大傳承(Legacy Magnified), highlighting the historical significance of this publication.
During this period of over four years of research, exploration, and visitations, we solicited and received more than 300 articles. We collected oral history of over 500 individuals. In addition, we also collected over 200 books and publications related to our subject, over 1,000 newspaper clippings, over 1,000 questionnaires from Chinese American families, over 1,000 precious photos, and more than 2,000 pieces of contact information of outstanding personalities in the Chinese American community. In the meanwhile, we developed and launched a new web site that will enable us to continue to update our content in the future. In the process of compiling this work, we received support from University of California, Los Angeles besides the Chinese community. UCLA East Asian Library launched a special project and employed additional staff to further document the oral histories of some eminent Chinese Americans in order to archive them as raw research material for in-depth scholarly studies in the future.
As I was sorting out the nearly 2,000 telephone numbers collected, I recall how tirelessly we went out of the way to search for relevant information. I recall how our editorial team collected, reviewed and edited the manuscripts contributed by over 100 outstanding Chinese American, and how assiduously they reconciled the innumerable factual contradictions, verified, sorted out, complied, reviewed and fixed the errors. I recall how our volunteers rendered their service so willingly and selflessly.#Preface I
by
Larry Wong 黃金泉
A Remarkable Generation
Who Passes Down the Cultural Torch and Forges Ahead into the Future
It has been over one hundred and sixty years since the Chinese came to settle in Southern California. I arrived Los Angeles in 1948 when I was seventeen. I heard the hardship of our predecessors and witnessed racial discrimination in the land. The hardships experienced were indeed unspeakable. I joined the Chinese Benevolent Association, Los Angeles羅省中華會館during my adolescent years without the slightest hesitation for the sake of help achieve solidarity and promote cooperation among the Chinese. I vowed to contribute my own part to the service of the Chinese. Owing to my unremitting effort and zeal, I was welcomed and my efforts appreciated by the leaders of the Chinese community and won the trust of the Chinese American community at large. I was thrice elected chairman and twice as chief supervisor監事長 of this organization. Subsequently, I was requested to organize and found the Chinese Benevolent Association in the United States全美中華會館, Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association中華公所, National Association of Overseas Chinese Benevolent Associations華僑總會聯誼會, and Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, USA 美洲中華公所 and have served as its chairman and executive secretary up to the present. How time flies! I am now at the age of eighty-five! It is no exaggeration to say that I have dedicated my life to the service of the overseas Chinese.
I have been living in the U.S. for nearly seventy years. In the first twenty years, the Chinese I encountered called themselves laoqiao 老僑 or older generation overseas Chinese. Although they no longer worked as miners and railway workers, they made a living predominantly by running restaurants or laundries. Chinese Americans then were manual labors. In the second twenty years, Chinese came here in increasing numbers as students at institutions of higher learning. Although they were much better educated, constrained by their financial resources and living under a variety of pressures, they found it difficult to merge into the mainstream American society. They remained marginal. In the last thirty years, however, there was an influx of so-called xinqiao 新僑 or recently arrived overseas Chinese. The pleasant and salubrious climate in Southern California made it an ideal place for these newcomers. Among them, there is no lack of professionals with various expertise, skills, and financial capabilities. Gradually, those who came as students successfully completed their graduate education and established themselves professionally. They have contributed significantly to the Chinese communities here in Southern California and are responsible for the rising socio-political status of the Chinese Americans. This dramatic development is in sharp contrast to the situation I witnessed during my first forty years here.
I have been living in Southern California since my adolescent years. I boast of being a living witness to the history of the Chinese in Southern California. I often thought to myself that if this history exists only in my memories it would be forgotten once I pass away. Fortunately, May Chen 陳十美, concurrently President of American-East Asian Cultural and Educational Foundation 美國東亞文教基金會, Principal of Sunshine Education Center 陽光教育中心, and President of North American Chinese Writers Association, Los Angeles 北美洛杉磯華文作家協會, has spent many years planning for the project and has mobilized hundreds of individuals to write and compile the book A Legacy Magnified: A Generation of Chinese Americans in Southern California, 1980’s-2010’s 南加華人三十年史話, a massive publication that contains nearly one million Chinese characters. The book records and reports the evolution and transformation of the lives of the Chinese in Southern California in the past thirty years. It has concurrently filled the gap of knowledge about the Chinese activities in the past
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