第一篇 生活篇 Life
單元1 食物 Food
1. Kosher Food
Chi has placed a to-go order at her favorite Israeli restaurant. While she waits for her food, she strikes up a conversation with the owner.
季薇剛在她最喜歡的以色列餐廳點了外帶晚餐。等待之餘,她與老闆聊起天來。
Chi: Yoel, there is a phrase on your menu... “Glatt Kosher.” I’ve always wondered what it means.
季薇:喬,在你的菜單上有個詞兒… “Glatt Kosher”。我一直都很好奇那是什麼意思。
Yoel: Kosher means “fit” for consumption according to Jewish law. The word “glatt” means “smooth” in Yiddish. Smooth is in reference to animal lungs with no adhesions or holes. These principles are held as the standard in order to ensure that the food is properly classified and safely prepared. We have upheld these stringent standards for generations.
喬:Kosher的意思是依照猶太法律「適合」食用的。“Glatt”這個字,在意第緒語裡的意思是「平滑的」。當我們說平滑的,我們是指動物的肺臟中,沒有因發炎所生長出的黏結組織或潰瘍。我們遵守這些原則,是要確保食物有加以適當分類,並經過安全的程序調理。我們世世代代皆遵循這些嚴格的標準。
Chi: I see. Recently a colleague of mine told me that Jewish people don’t eat dairy and meat in the same meal. Is that true?
季薇:了解了。最近有位同事告訴我,猶太人不能在同一餐中食用奶製品和肉類。是真的嗎?
Yoel: Yes, but sometimes it only looks like dairy. I invented a new sauce. It’s made of tahini. Some people may think it was made of yogurt because of its pale color, but it’s not. Here, try a sample.
喬:是的,但有時候有些東西看起來像奶製品。我發明了一種新的沾醬。它是用芝麻醬作成的。有些人看到它呈淡白色便以為它是用優格做的,但其實不是。來,妳嚐一口。
Chi: Wow, that’s really flavorful. Thank you. I have yet another question if you don’t mind.
季薇:哇,味道真的很好耶。謝謝。如果你不介意的話,我還有另外一個問題。
Yoel: Sure, my love, anything for you.
喬:當然囉,親愛的,儘管問。
Chi: What is kosher salt? How is it different from regular salt? Is it extra clean? I heard that it’s different because it has been blessed by a rabbi.
季薇:什麼是猶太鹽啊?它跟普通鹽巴有什麼不同?猶太鹽特別純淨嗎?我聽說它的特別之處在於這種鹽巴曾接受猶太教士的祝福。
Yoel: It’s actually a myth that kosher foods receives a rabbi’s blessing. They don’t; however, they do need to be certified by a rabbi or an authorized organization. The salt is used to draw the blood out of the meat; remember we are not supposed to consume blood. Kosher salt’s larger crystals make it ideal for this purpose. After slathering kosher salt on the side of meat and drawing out the blood the salt then can be removed by shaking and rinsing the meat. Finer salt like table salt dissolves and therefore cannot used for this procedure.
喬:大多數人認為符合猶太律法的食物都曾經接受猶太教士的祝福,這其實是一種迷思。然而我們的食物的確必須經過猶太教士或具有權威的機構檢驗合格。使用猶太鹽的目的是把肉中的血引出來;妳記得我們是不該吃動物的血的。猶太鹽的結晶較大,所以適合作這種用途。在肉類外層大量抹上猶太鹽後,血液會被帶到表面上來,這時再將肉甩動並加以清洗,即可把鹽份去除。顆粒較細的鹽,譬如說,一般餐桌上用的鹽,會溶解所以不能用在這種程序上。
Chi: Some of the chefs on cooking shows use kosher salt. That confused me. I used to think only Jewish people used kosher salt. Why are they using it too?
季薇:在做菜節目上有些主廚使用猶太鹽。那讓我覺得很疑惑。我一直以為只有猶太人使用猶太鹽。為什麼那些廚師也用猶太鹽呢?
Yoel: There are a lot of reasons why they may use kosher salt. Some like the larger crystals, others like the ease of measurement, and some like its taste better than iodine infused salts. I think your order is ready. Do you have any more questions for me?
喬:他們使用猶太鹽的理由很多。有些人喜歡它顆粒大,另外的人喜歡它容易抓份量,還有些人覺得它比添加了碘的精製鹽味道要好。我想妳點的餐已經做好了。妳還有沒有其他問題要問我的呀?
Chi: No, I am all set for now. Thank you so much for the info, Yoel. I’ll see you next week!
季薇:沒有了,我想問的都問完了。太感謝你給我的資訊了,喬,我下禮拜會再來!
【單字】
to-go [`tu`go] adj. 外帶的
Israeli [?z`rel?] adj. 以色列的
Yiddish [`j?d??] n. 意第緒語
adhesion [?d`hi??n] n. 因發炎而長出的多餘組織結構
stringent [`str?nd??nt] adj. 嚴格的
tahini [t?`hini] n. 一種中東口味的芝麻醬,以去皮的芝麻研磨製成,味道較臺灣和中國的芝麻醬要淡。
rabbi [`raba?] n. 猶太教士
slather [`slae?] v. 厚厚一層地塗抹;大量地擦上
iodine [`a???da?n] n. 碘
【片語】
strike up (a conversation, friendship, etc.) 開始 (一段對話、友誼等)
all set 事情都做好了;完畢
食物之一:Kosher Food
曾到美國超市買菜的人,大概會注意到商店裡都會有某一條貨架特別標明:“Kosher Food”;在外面吃飯,有時也會看到餐廳外寫著“Kosher”。到底,什麼是kosher food?
一般人對kosher food大致的印象是,這些特別製作的食物跟「猶太人」或「猶太教信仰」有關。沒錯,基本上,kosher food的定義是:遵照猶太教飲食律法,準備並製成的食物。
猶太教飲食律法,皆詳細地紀錄於猶太人聖經Torah裡。第一,Torah規定了如何屠殺牲/禽、放血、清潔以及檢驗的程序,這部份我們以後會再提到。第二,大概有點基本常識的人都知道猶太人不吃豬肉。
但是讓我感到驚訝的是,除了豬肉,傳統的猶太民族有許多其他動物的肉連碰都不能碰,拿海鮮來講,要符合kosher的條件,這種生物必須具有魚鱗,因此,鯊魚、劍魚(swordfish)、鯰魚(catfish)、所有帶殼的海鮮—也就是說蝦、龍蝦、螃蟹、蛤、牡蠣/生蠔,都列入禁止的名單上。
第三,Torah中還有另外一個規定:肉類和奶製食品不能混合在一起。這兩樣在廚房裡不能用同一個烹調器具煮食、更不能在同一餐中食用。原因是在其中一部經「出埃及記(Exodus)」23章19節寫了:You shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk.(你不可將子女煮沸於其母親的乳中。)等等。
這裡有一個小小的問題:拿到現代生活來說,這項規定等於把美國人最愛的起士漢堡和和任何含肉餡的義大利乳酪比薩都從猶太人的飲食中除掉了!WHAT??!!
再回到不能吃豬肉那條規定上面去,猜猜看猶太人還有哪些現代食物不能吃?由於許多糖果裡添加了「明膠」這一項成份,而明膠多是由豬的皮質提鍊出來,所以美國兒童最愛的甜食如瑞士糖(美國代表品牌為Starbursts)與甘貝熊(Gummy Bear,或譯「小熊軟糖」),都被列入non-kosher food的行列。
單元1 食物 Food
1. Kosher Food
Chi has placed a to-go order at her favorite Israeli restaurant. While she waits for her food, she strikes up a conversation with the owner.
季薇剛在她最喜歡的以色列餐廳點了外帶晚餐。等待之餘,她與老闆聊起天來。
Chi: Yoel, there is a phrase on your menu... “Glatt Kosher.” I’ve always wondered what it means.
季薇:喬,在你的菜單上有個詞兒… “Glatt Kosher”。我一直都很好奇那是什麼意思。
Yoel: Kosher means “fit” for consumption according to Jewish law. The word “glatt” means “smooth” in Yiddish. Smooth is in reference to animal lungs with no adhesions or holes. These principles are held as the standard in order to ensure that the food is properly classified and safely prepared. We have upheld these stringent standards for generations.
喬:Kosher的意思是依照猶太法律「適合」食用的。“Glatt”這個字,在意第緒語裡的意思是「平滑的」。當我們說平滑的,我們是指動物的肺臟中,沒有因發炎所生長出的黏結組織或潰瘍。我們遵守這些原則,是要確保食物有加以適當分類,並經過安全的程序調理。我們世世代代皆遵循這些嚴格的標準。
Chi: I see. Recently a colleague of mine told me that Jewish people don’t eat dairy and meat in the same meal. Is that true?
季薇:了解了。最近有位同事告訴我,猶太人不能在同一餐中食用奶製品和肉類。是真的嗎?
Yoel: Yes, but sometimes it only looks like dairy. I invented a new sauce. It’s made of tahini. Some people may think it was made of yogurt because of its pale color, but it’s not. Here, try a sample.
喬:是的,但有時候有些東西看起來像奶製品。我發明了一種新的沾醬。它是用芝麻醬作成的。有些人看到它呈淡白色便以為它是用優格做的,但其實不是。來,妳嚐一口。
Chi: Wow, that’s really flavorful. Thank you. I have yet another question if you don’t mind.
季薇:哇,味道真的很好耶。謝謝。如果你不介意的話,我還有另外一個問題。
Yoel: Sure, my love, anything for you.
喬:當然囉,親愛的,儘管問。
Chi: What is kosher salt? How is it different from regular salt? Is it extra clean? I heard that it’s different because it has been blessed by a rabbi.
季薇:什麼是猶太鹽啊?它跟普通鹽巴有什麼不同?猶太鹽特別純淨嗎?我聽說它的特別之處在於這種鹽巴曾接受猶太教士的祝福。
Yoel: It’s actually a myth that kosher foods receives a rabbi’s blessing. They don’t; however, they do need to be certified by a rabbi or an authorized organization. The salt is used to draw the blood out of the meat; remember we are not supposed to consume blood. Kosher salt’s larger crystals make it ideal for this purpose. After slathering kosher salt on the side of meat and drawing out the blood the salt then can be removed by shaking and rinsing the meat. Finer salt like table salt dissolves and therefore cannot used for this procedure.
喬:大多數人認為符合猶太律法的食物都曾經接受猶太教士的祝福,這其實是一種迷思。然而我們的食物的確必須經過猶太教士或具有權威的機構檢驗合格。使用猶太鹽的目的是把肉中的血引出來;妳記得我們是不該吃動物的血的。猶太鹽的結晶較大,所以適合作這種用途。在肉類外層大量抹上猶太鹽後,血液會被帶到表面上來,這時再將肉甩動並加以清洗,即可把鹽份去除。顆粒較細的鹽,譬如說,一般餐桌上用的鹽,會溶解所以不能用在這種程序上。
Chi: Some of the chefs on cooking shows use kosher salt. That confused me. I used to think only Jewish people used kosher salt. Why are they using it too?
季薇:在做菜節目上有些主廚使用猶太鹽。那讓我覺得很疑惑。我一直以為只有猶太人使用猶太鹽。為什麼那些廚師也用猶太鹽呢?
Yoel: There are a lot of reasons why they may use kosher salt. Some like the larger crystals, others like the ease of measurement, and some like its taste better than iodine infused salts. I think your order is ready. Do you have any more questions for me?
喬:他們使用猶太鹽的理由很多。有些人喜歡它顆粒大,另外的人喜歡它容易抓份量,還有些人覺得它比添加了碘的精製鹽味道要好。我想妳點的餐已經做好了。妳還有沒有其他問題要問我的呀?
Chi: No, I am all set for now. Thank you so much for the info, Yoel. I’ll see you next week!
季薇:沒有了,我想問的都問完了。太感謝你給我的資訊了,喬,我下禮拜會再來!
【單字】
to-go [`tu`go] adj. 外帶的
Israeli [?z`rel?] adj. 以色列的
Yiddish [`j?d??] n. 意第緒語
adhesion [?d`hi??n] n. 因發炎而長出的多餘組織結構
stringent [`str?nd??nt] adj. 嚴格的
tahini [t?`hini] n. 一種中東口味的芝麻醬,以去皮的芝麻研磨製成,味道較臺灣和中國的芝麻醬要淡。
rabbi [`raba?] n. 猶太教士
slather [`slae?] v. 厚厚一層地塗抹;大量地擦上
iodine [`a???da?n] n. 碘
【片語】
strike up (a conversation, friendship, etc.) 開始 (一段對話、友誼等)
all set 事情都做好了;完畢
食物之一:Kosher Food
曾到美國超市買菜的人,大概會注意到商店裡都會有某一條貨架特別標明:“Kosher Food”;在外面吃飯,有時也會看到餐廳外寫著“Kosher”。到底,什麼是kosher food?
一般人對kosher food大致的印象是,這些特別製作的食物跟「猶太人」或「猶太教信仰」有關。沒錯,基本上,kosher food的定義是:遵照猶太教飲食律法,準備並製成的食物。
猶太教飲食律法,皆詳細地紀錄於猶太人聖經Torah裡。第一,Torah規定了如何屠殺牲/禽、放血、清潔以及檢驗的程序,這部份我們以後會再提到。第二,大概有點基本常識的人都知道猶太人不吃豬肉。
但是讓我感到驚訝的是,除了豬肉,傳統的猶太民族有許多其他動物的肉連碰都不能碰,拿海鮮來講,要符合kosher的條件,這種生物必須具有魚鱗,因此,鯊魚、劍魚(swordfish)、鯰魚(catfish)、所有帶殼的海鮮—也就是說蝦、龍蝦、螃蟹、蛤、牡蠣/生蠔,都列入禁止的名單上。
第三,Torah中還有另外一個規定:肉類和奶製食品不能混合在一起。這兩樣在廚房裡不能用同一個烹調器具煮食、更不能在同一餐中食用。原因是在其中一部經「出埃及記(Exodus)」23章19節寫了:You shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk.(你不可將子女煮沸於其母親的乳中。)等等。
這裡有一個小小的問題:拿到現代生活來說,這項規定等於把美國人最愛的起士漢堡和和任何含肉餡的義大利乳酪比薩都從猶太人的飲食中除掉了!WHAT??!!
再回到不能吃豬肉那條規定上面去,猜猜看猶太人還有哪些現代食物不能吃?由於許多糖果裡添加了「明膠」這一項成份,而明膠多是由豬的皮質提鍊出來,所以美國兒童最愛的甜食如瑞士糖(美國代表品牌為Starbursts)與甘貝熊(Gummy Bear,或譯「小熊軟糖」),都被列入non-kosher food的行列。