Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy
This study assesses American foreign policy since the end of the Cold War. As the world's sole superpower, American leadership has followed one of four policies in the post-Cold War period: unilateral engagement, multilateral engagement through existing organizations, multilateral engagement through ad hoc coalitions, and non-engagement or engagement through a third party. The author assesses three case studies for each policy category, identifying the intervening variables leading American foreign policy decision-makers to each outcome. The case studies identify six intervening variables: American interest, leadership, legitimacy, required capabilities, available multilateral organizations, and alternate willing actors. The author then constructs a framework for American foreign policy decision-making, applying the six intervening variables as they lead to each of the four possible policy outcomes. Following this, the writer uses one case demonstrating the critical need to adequately contextualize the situation in order to avoid inaccurate results emerging from the framework. Finally, two recent cases of American foreign policy, not yet mature enough to allow comprehensive analysis, validate the potential to apply the framework. Ultimately, the author concludes that, while there is no one foreign policy option for the United States to apply as the lone superpower, the correct analysis of the given situation results in predictable policy choices. The policy choices are recognizable not only for the American policy-makers, but also the domestic population as it scrutinizes its government and the international community as it tries to identify what it expects from the global leader. The framework produced offers a lens to examine American foreign policy-making for this purpose.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Building Security and Partnership Through African Regional Organizations
In 2002, the African Union (AU) was created with the aim of strengthening integration among member States and the voice of the African continent in global affairs. The African heads of state recognized the Organization of African Unity (OAU) framework was no longer adequate to meet the needs for greater continental policy coordination, stronger economic growth, and growing security challenges. By 2007, the United States responded with the creation of US Africa Command to be the Department of Defense (DOD) focal point for the coordination and execution of civil-military operations. This in itself is not sufficient to engage in the African theater. An additional effort is needed to mitigate current US Theater Security Cooperation limitations, coordination mechanisms and cultural mindset. It is necessary to improve the access to ground truth information in Africa, to overcome roadblocks in implementing a holistic African strategy, and best tackle its diverse and complex challenges. The US military must increase its application of soft power through renewed partnerships within the African Union and its Regional Economic Communities (RECs) to build capacity and create African solutions to African problems. The US military requires increased multilateral diplomacy to maximize common US and African strategic interests, build partnerships within Africa's diverse regions, and integrate itself as a vital partner in Africa's 2050 vision.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Defending the Homeland
Fall of 2009 five Al Qa'ida operatives were arrested by federal authorities while in the final stages of separate operational plans to conduct attacks within the United States. Clearly, law enforcement was aware of their activities. Others within the United States intelligence community were aware of who some of the individuals were and of their relationships with Al Qa'ida, but they had no knowledge of the specific plots that were underway. Alarmingly, The Adjutants General (TAGs) of the states where the plots were unfolding were unaware of these activities until the individuals were arrested and the stories hit the press. This is significant because the National Guard plays a key role in the American Homeland Security (HLS) enterprise, principally in response to a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive (CBRNE) event. Yet, they typically lack sufficient access to potentially vital information that is available via other channels until after it hits the press or has become operationally irrelevant.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Conservatism, Christian Democracy and the Dynamics of Transformation
Conservatism, Christian Democracy, and the Dynamics of Transformation compares the centre-right political traditions of Britain, the Nordic countries, France, West Germany, and Austria and looks for evidence of political cooperation and influence across borders during the period 1945-90. The book explores howa variety of intellectuals, politicians, and political parties transformed their politics in response to major economic, social, and political challenges and seeks to explain why conservatives and Christian democrats came to feel that they belonged to a wider centre-right political family by the end of this period. It also examines why these political traditions found it difficult to cooperate with each other after the Second World War and why they decided to invest more political capital in inter-party relations and wider transnational projects from the 1960s. As the book shows, these developments resulted in two new centre-right internationals: the European Democrat Union and the International Democrat Union.
Denting the Hub, or Strengthening the Spokes?
In March 2007, Japan and Australia signed a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation (JADSC)--Japan's first such agreement with any country other than the United States since World War II (WWII). The agreement pledges cooperation on counter-terrorism, maritime security, peacekeeping operations, and disaster relief. Prevailing international relations theories fail to adequately explain the logic for such a Japan-Australia security agreement. They also do not explain its acceptance by the United States or negative reactions toward it by China.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Elephant in the Room
This paper will assess key challenges associated with implementing the goals of President Obama's 2010 NSS with respect to America's relationship with India. It will argue that understanding and respecting the legacy of colonialism, and the Nehruvian fundamentals of India's foreign policy are paramount to the ultimate success of US and Indian bilateral and multilateral national security arrangements. Given its colonial history, and how that history is reflected in its approach to foreign policy, India will likely be resistant to entering alliances in which it perceives itself as an American satellite or as being subjugated to a great power. Moreover, the Nehruvian principle of non-aggression may make India a reluctant ally in US counter-terrorism operations and geopolitics. In order to build a successful cooperative relationship with India, the US will have to consider how to engage with India not only on the basis of what the US and India share in common, but also on the basis of how they differ. To that end, this paper examines three different issue areas through the lens of India's unique characteristics: India's major geopolitical relationships in the region, its perspective on counterterrorism, and its nuclear strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Russian Elite Image of Iran
Since the late Soviet era, the presence of Iran has loomed large in the minds of the Russian elite. Soon after the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)-and even before-increasing numbers of Russian intellectuals became disenchanted with the West, especially the United States, and looked for alternative geopolitical alliances. The Muslim world became one of the possible alternatives. Iran became especially important in the geopolitical construction of Eurasianists or neo-Eurasianists who believed that Russia's alliance with Iran is essential for Russia's rise to power. Yet, by the middle of Russian President Vladimir Putin's tenure, increasing tension with the Muslim community and the rise of Russian nationalism had led to more complicated views of the Russian elite on Iran. At present, the Russian elite does not mind using Iran as a bargaining chip in its dealings with the West, especially the United States, and as a market for Russian weapons and other goods and services. However, the dream of a Russian-Iran axis is apparently abandoned for good.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evolution of China's Nuclear Capability
The strategic arms control process to reduce nuclear weapons and contain the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is a center piece of the United States arms control policy. To be effective in arms control negotiations with the Chinese, the United States must understand China's past experience and perspectives regarding nuclear weapons. What drove the Chinese to develop nuclear weapons? What kind of force structure was required? How many? How would they deploy and employ these weapons? This paper will address these questions and argue the United States is negotiating arms control policies with the Chinese without a clear understanding of the Chinese perspectives, interests, and concerns.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Strategic Communication and Public Affairs
Public Affairs and Strategic Communication are becoming increasingly more important in today's information-centric world. Air Force officials have given lip-service to the primacy of these skill sets, but have not reinforced those words with significant action toward training or equipping today's public affairs officers to be strategic communicators. Using the problem-solution research methodology, I begin this paper by examining the current state of Air Force Public Affairs, including the doctrine and training. One of the primary areas considered is the lack of consistent formal training for public affairs officers beyond their initial career field training. I also delve into the realm of the emerging strategic communications field, and how the Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) officials are struggling to define and meet this mission area. Next, I analyze the necessary ties in strategic communication between public affairs and information operations, the doctrinal overlaps and similarities, and some of the challenges therein. The conclusion of the paper is a recommended roadmap for enhanced, standardized training for Air Force public affairs officers throughout their careers. The application of an operations-type initial qualification training (IQT) and mission qualification training (MQT) system is prescribed, to ensure the necessary training objectives are met. These steps will shape tomorrow's public affairs professionals into well-trained and well-rounded advisers best able to support combatant commanders and DoD strategic communication goals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Resurgent Russia in 2030? A Study of the Past, Present, and Possible Future Political Situation With the Russian Federation
Mark Twain once said, "The art of prophecy is very difficult - especially with respect to the future." It can be argued that trying to predict ANYTHING in 2030 is all but impossible. One hundred years ago, attempting to predict 23 years into the future was difficult. Today, as the world flattens, as technology and information continue to spread, the rate of change of any given scenario will accelerate and make extrapolation or correlation extremely difficult. Leading indicators may show trend data, but at an accelerated rate of decaying accuracy. Thus, confirming or denouncing a present strategic plan will require speed, agility, and adaptability. Even the best holistic approaches are not likely to produce significant accuracy beyond a few years. Thus, the United States must be ready to compete with all comers using all aspects of state power over a wide range of possible scenarios. In the future, the greater challenges facing the US could be a non-kinetic information operation based in cyberspace or an all out conventional war against a peer competitor. The future success of the United States rests in our ability to plan for a future difficult to predict, but must be prepared for nonetheless. It is within this framework that a plausible explanation for a resurgent Russia in 2030 will be developed. The US must be ready for the challenge and the USAF must shape its forces to meet such a threat. This will require a Grand Strategy that incorporates all aspects of national power: diplomatic, informational, military, and economic (DIME). Within the broader context of the Blue Horizons project, each of these aspects will be discussed in detail. However, within this paper, only the political situation in Russia will be examined. This paper will provide an in-depth analysis of the current political situation, develop plausible trend lines affecting the political future, and meld them into one credible scenario which results in a resurgent Russia in 2030.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
China-ASEAN Relations
The author traces the evolution of China-ASEAN relations since the early 1990s and examines some of the key factors that have contributed to the positive developments in bilateral ties. He describes and analyzes how China and ASEAN have managed the territorial disputes through negotiation and compromises; looks at the expanding economic ties between China and ASEAN member states and examines the politico-strategic, as well as economic rationales for establishing a free trade area; and evaluates the emerging yet still limited defense and security ties between the two. He also assesses the implications of the growing China-ASEAN ties for U.S. interests in the region.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The South China Sea
The economic, political and military influence of China continues to grow at a rapid rate. As China increasingly gazes outward beyond its shores, the United States is playing a complex political game attempting to control China's rise while maintaining US influence in the Pacific. Nowhere is this great power duel being played out more concretely than in the South China Sea (SCS). There are some politicians, pundits, and journalists who indicate to the world that war between China, its neighbors, and possibly the United States over the SCS issue is likely or even inevitable. A deeper understanding of the SCS issue reveals, however, that war on a large scale is highly unlikely and counter to the interests of all the players who have a stake in the issue. Regardless of how the rhetoric ebbs and flows on the SCS debate, it will likely remain a controversial, yet controllable, issue between all interested parties. The SCS will remain a source of tension, yet indicators point towards peace rather than conflict in the SCS.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The United States and ASEAN-China Relations
While the overall security situation in Southeast Asia is something of a mixed bag, with grounds for both optimism and pessimism, one of the most encouraging trends in recent years has been the development of ASEAN's relations with major external powers. Relations between China and ASEAN in particular have demonstrated a marked improvement over the past decade, thanks to a combination of burgeoning economic ties, perceptions of China as a more constructive and responsible player in regional politics, and Beijing's "charm offensive" toward Southeast Asia. Overall, the development of ASEAN-China relations poses few security challenges to the United States today: good relations between China and ASEAN enhance regional stability, and a stable Southeast Asia is clearly in America's interests, especially with Washington focused on events in the Middle East. However, although ASEAN-China relations are very positive, this does not necessarily mean the United States is losing influence in Southeast Asia, or that ASEAN members are "bandwagoning" with China--in fact, they are hedging by keeping America engaged and facilitating a continued U.S. military presence. While ASEAN-China relations are relatively benign today, in the future several sources of potential friction could create problems in Sino-U.S. relations: these are Taiwan, Burma, and the South China Sea dispute. This monograph examines each of these scenarios in turn.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Fallacy of the Shiite Crescent and Arab Unity
Ever since King Abdullah II of Jordan quipped that the Middle East may soon see a Shiite Crescent stretching from Iran to Lebanon the United States and the Arab nations of the Middle East have been obsessed with Iran's increased influence in the region. Some believe that Iran will merge the Shiite populations of Iraq, Syria and Lebanon into a sort of Shiite super state. In contrast, a second school of thought believes that a Shiite Crescent will not emerge due to Arab unity in the face of Persian expansion. Both of these theories are flawed and subscribing to them can significantly decrease the efficacy of any U.S. initiatives in the region. Without a doubt Iran has increased its influence. The removal of Iran's chief antagonists Saddam Hussein and the Taliban, paved the way for increased Iranian engagement throughout the Persian Gulf, the Caucasus and the Middle East. Furthermore, Hezbollah's 2006 strategic victory over Israel, the seeming international paralysis at dealing with Iran's nuclear transgressions and the United States' focus in Iraq and Afghanistan have emboldened Iran.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The European Union in the Horn of Africa
The EU's new security strategy, articulated in the 2004 Barcelona Report, adopts the human security model as the centerpiece to achieving security in Europe and abroad. The EU and African Union are partnering to implement the human security paradigm on the African continent. The EU's securitry strategy, however, does not provide a very coherent mechanism to handle the persistent conflict that exists in Africa. This paper argues that military force is underemphasized in the EU's proposed implementation of human security. And accordingly, that the EU should employ the United States Army's doctrine for "full spectrum operations" to ensure that the military component of the EU's civil-military force is capable of achieving the environmental stability necessary to carry-out the human security mission.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Strategic Mobility, the Force Projection Army, and the Ottawa Landmine Treaty
Current and emerging United States Army doctrine places great emphasis on the concepts of strategic responsiveness and force projection to meet the National Security Strategy requirements. The use or potential use, of landmines significantly increases the lethality of the Army force during deterrence and combat operations, and enhances survivability. In essence, with the use of landmines, the U.S. Army achieves an economy of force that in effect increases the U.S. Army's agility, versatility and ability to deploy. Smaller more deployable Army forces such as the medium brigade and light units can generate more combat power by using the effects provided by landmines integrated with other combat systems. However, in order to use landmines worldwide, the U.S. must move, store, or reposition landmines in, through, or to the theater and area of operations prior to, concurrently, or in conjunction with the deploying Army force. Movement of forces, material, and equipment across international borders and into sovereign nations requires the permission of those nations, or a conscious decision to violate international laws and conventions regarding sovereignty. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and their Destruction - also known as the Ottawa Landmine Treaty - has the potential to place severe limits on the United States ability to deploy forces. The Ottawa Landmine Treaty (OLT) prohibits signatory countries from using, developing, producing, acquiring, stockpiling, or transferring anti-personnel landmines. As more countries sign and ratify the OLT, and create internal laws that enforce it, the number of countries that will allow a force that trains, plans, and intends to employ anti-personnel landmines as a matter of course to enter, pass through or over its sovereign territory has the potential to significantly decrease. The location, national strategy, and strategic alliances of non-signatory countriThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessing SOUTHCOM's Role in US Foreign Policy in Latin America
The last decade has experienced an increased role of the military in shaping and implementing US foreign policy in Latin America as the focus shifted seamlessly from fighting communism to combating drug trafficking and now prosecuting the war on terror. This paper argues that the armed forces dominate relations between the US and Latin American nations because the Pentagon has the largest official presence in the western hemisphere; hence displacing foreign affairs organizations traditionally chartered to conduct diplomacy, perform development assistance and foster understanding. However, this bleeding of civilian responsibilities to the military weakens the Secretary of State's ability to successfully conduct US relations with foreign countries and undermines the Secretary of Defense's focus on war fighting, as military solutions gain prominence over diplomacy. It cautions American leaders to understand the implications of empowering the armed forces of nascent democracies and the consequences of encouraging law enforcement roles for the military to address public order challenges. The analysis reveals the need for a more balanced foreign policy toward Latin America and the Caribbean, which demands the enhancement of civilian agencies and programs by boosting their funding to bring those levels of engagement on par with and complement humanitarian assistance, training and other foreign aid already provided by the military. Unity of effort between the State Department and the Pentagon will strengthen interagency solutions by combining the diplomatic, information, military and economic instruments of national power. In the long run, an integrated approach that addresses the symptoms as well as the causes of the many problems that afflict our neighbors to the south should not only benefit Latin American and Caribbean nations; but also improve US security and mutual regional interests.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Economic and Military Development of China and Its Implications on U.S. National Security
US, China, and Taiwan: the ties that bind The relationship of Republic of China (ROC), the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the United States exerts great influence around the globe. The growing political and military influence of China has grave implications for ROC and US security. Since China's acceptance to the UN in 1971 and the leaving of the UN body, ROC has gradually lost its diplomatic stands around the world. With China's growing influence around the globe, there are only 23 countries around the world that have formal diplomatic relationships with the ROC. In this area, a "status-quo" status between China and ROC is unlikely. Both countries are trying to extend their influences and connections, and obviously, China is winning on the world stage. China has heavily invested in Africa, and some of the countries China has invested in have severed their diplomatic ties with the ROC. The economic ties between ROC, People's Republic of China, and the Unites States are stabilizing factors that can prevent conflict from occurring. As stated by Raymond F. DeVoe, Jr, "Economics is war pursued by other means." If the strong economic ties among the three countries remain, the chances of conflicts lessen.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo
During 1999, NATO instituted a bombing campaign and other military operations against the former Yugoslavia (Kosovo) in order to restore peace and prevent their humanitarian crisis from causing further conflicts within the Balkans. The justification for these operations was to secure international peace and security in the region and to ensure the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia complied with peace demands made by the Security Council. The debate in the international community arose whether the bombing was justified in order to quell the humanitarian crisis. As a humanitarian intervention, it entails complicated legal and moral issues that support this justification. Understanding the legal and moral issues in conflict is important and should be considered by military planners and policy makers. The Kosovo conflict, as a "humanitarian intervention" provides a case study for such an analysis. The legal issues in this monograph are focused on the International Court of Justice case of May 1999, Yugoslavia vs. the United States. The court case brought out that the law is unclear whether humanitarian purposes override use of force under Articles 2(4), 51, and 53. There are also some provisions under customary and traditional law that leave this question open to future interpretation depending on the prevailing political situation. A review of the literature shows that moral arguments for the intervention had and can have a large effect on support or lack thereof, in the US and in the international community. This can contribute to the swift initiation or the termination of a humanitarian intervention. These considerations are applicable to 2007 and beyond, when military planners and policy makers will need to apply a legal and moral lens to viewing and understanding conflict.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Piracy or Maritime Terrorism? Developing a Comprehensive U.S. Counter-Piracy Policy
In this post-9/11 world, maritime security has taken on a much greater importance than in the past. No longer can the U.S. rely on vast ocean expanses to protect its homeland from seaborne attack or think of maritime violence as a law enforcement problem. Modern piracy is as ruthless and violent as it has ever been, only nowadays the stakes are substantially higher and its instruments far deadlier. Global piracy and violence at sea are now national security threats and must be dealt with as such. Piracy and international terrorism are no longer mutually exclusive; one supports the other. To protect its national interests and provide for maritime security, the U.S. must develop a comprehensive counter-piracy policy that utilizes a multi-faceted approach in order to combat the global threat that modern piracy brings. With the U.S. deeply integrated into the global economy, it is imperative that security on our oceans remains undeniable in order to provide uninterrupted trade routes and secure access to U.S. shores. The U.S. is a key actor in supporting international efforts to repress piracy and must continue to lead the fight. However, the U.S. can not do it alone. Constant budgetary constraints, expanding international trade, and the oceans' vast expanse won't allow it. By looking at current terrorist ties to piracy, potential maritime threats, international law considerations, and current U.S. counter-piracy efforts, five recommendations are offered for developing a comprehensive U.S. counter-piracy policy. Only through international and inter-agency cooperation can we maximize our ability to provide global maritime security and repress piracy on the high seas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Domestic Economy and Post 9/11 National Security
The American domestic economy is the backbone of US national strength. It funds the national instruments of power that enable the United States to project influence all over the globe. However, the post 9/11 National Security Strategy (NSS) does not emphasize a domestic economic strategy or address elements of the domestic economy that relate to national security. While the current NSS provides guidance to promote global economic freedom and expansion, it seems to omit domestic economic issues and undervalue the importance of a strong domestic US economy. Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and William Clinton all included guidance for domestic economic issues in their security strategies. In fact, all three emphasized the importance of US leadership in technology along with the importance of a well educated American labor force. This domestic guidance is absent for the current NSS. President Bush's post 9/11 strategy to promote freedom and democracy all around the globe will be funded by a strong American economy. Therefore, the NSS needs guidance with regard to domestic economic issues that relate to national security. In addition, the National Economic Council (NEC) and the President's economic advisors need to assume an equal role with the National Security Council (NSC) with regards to economic issues as they apply to national security.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Is the United Nation's Current Policy in Iraq Effective? Evaluation of Economic Sanctions and the Oil-for-Food Program
The United Nations policy toward Iraq, consisting of economic sanctions and what has come to be known as the Oil for Food program, is flawed- it does not meet either the national security objectives or the humanitarian objectives it was set out to accomplish. Saddam Hussein is still a threat and the Oil for Food program, the largest humanitarian program ever administered by the United Nations (UN), has done little to stop the widespread suffering of the Iraqi people. On one hand, the policy is evaluated on its success or failure in terms of national security by the United States Administration and a number of prominent U.S. think-tanks. On the other hand, it is evaluated based on its success or failure as humanitarian intervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross, the World Health Organization, the World Food Program, and a number of non-governmental organizations. Conclusions are based on the respective 'frame of reference' thereby polarizing the issue. A comprehensive policy for Iraq must address both national security and humanitarian concerns if it is to be successful. Politics and humanitarian intervention cannot be separated.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Russian Nuclear Weapons
This book presents several essays analyzing Russia's extensive nuclear agenda and the issues connected with it. It deals with strategy, doctrine, European, Eurasian, and East Asian security agendas, as well as the central U.S.-Russia nuclear and arms control equations. This work brings together American, European, and Russian analysts to discuss Russia's defense and conventional forces reforms and their impact on nuclear forces, doctrine, strategy, and the critical issues of Russian security policies toward the United States, Europe, and China. It also deals directly with the present and future roles of nuclear weapons in Russian defense policy and strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Leveraging U.S. Intelligence to Defeat Mexican Drug Trafficking Organization
According to the Mexican daily newspaper Reforma, in 2009 there were 6,567 drug-related homicides in Mexico, with over 2,100 of these killings occurring in the Mexican border town of Ciudad Ju?ƒ?癒rez. Though in many ways this extreme violence has become the face of the drug war in Mexico, it is arguably what is occurring below the surface that is of greater concern to the governments of Mexico and the United States.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Footprints of Time; And a Complete Analysis of Our American System of Government, with a Concise History of the Original Colonies and of the United States, in Chronological Order
Uncover the rich tapestry of American history with "The Footprints of Time," a captivating exploration of our nation's journey from the original colonies to the intricate political system we know today. This remarkable volume, now republished by Alpha Editions after decades out of print, offers a comprehensive guide to the evolution of American governance, woven together in a chronological narrative that highlights the impact of our colonial past on contemporary democracy. Delve into the unique literary significance of this work, which not only provides a thorough analysis of the American political structure but also pays homage to the vision of the Founding Fathers. Readers will be inspired by the stories of resilience and innovation that shaped the United States, making it an essential read for both casual enthusiasts and dedicated collectors of classic literature. This edition is not just a reprint; it s a cultural treasure restored for today s and future generations. Experience the profound insights and historical overview of American democracy that resonate through the ages. "The Footprints of Time" is more than a book; it s an invitation to understand the roots of our governance and the timeline of our nation s evolution. Don t miss your chance to own this collector s item that bridges the past with the present.
Land Grabbed for Liberia
In the early nineteenth century, freed American Blacks established their own country on the west coast of Africa. Many were members of organizations such as the American Colonization Society, the Young Men's Colonization Society of Pennsylvania, the Mississippi State Colonization Society, and the Maryland State Colonization Society. They named their country Liberia, but liberation came at the expense of tribal communities, notably the Dei, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, and Gola people. Freed Blacks and Americo-Liberians also imposed domestic servitude on tribal people, even selling them into slavery to accumulate wealth. Stephen H. Gobewole explores how freed American Blacks misled tribal chiefs and why past land transactions were not legitimate. They were inconsistent with the local African tradition and land protocols. The author also examines how government officials in the United States and slaveholding aristocrats enacted legislation that funded the deportation of freed American Blacks and the consequences of their policies. Find out how tribal communities in what is now Liberia were decimated, how their way of life changed, and why many remain in poverty to this day with Land Grabbed for Liberia.
The first French Republic
Uncover the revolutionary spirit of a pivotal moment in history with "The First French Republic," a compelling exploration of the origins and significance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the 1792 Constitution, and the birth of republican government. This book, long out of print, has been meticulously restored by Alpha Editions for today s and future generations, making it not just a reprint but a collector s item and a cultural treasure. Dive into the heart of the French Revolution as you discover how Enlightenment principles shaped citizen rights and freedoms, and witness the profound impact of these historical political documents on modern governance. This edition invites both casual readers and classic literature collectors to engage with the rich tapestry of French political history and the ideals that continue to resonate today. With its accessible language and inspiring narrative, "The First French Republic" offers a unique blend of historical analysis and emotional resonance, making it an essential read for anyone interested in the evolution of democracy and the fight for individual rights. Don t miss your chance to own this significant work that captures the essence of a transformative era and celebrates the enduring quest for liberty and justice.
The Fathers of the Constitution
Discover the riveting journey of the Founding Fathers in "The Fathers of the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Establishment of the Union." This compelling narrative invites you to step back into revolutionary America, where visionary leaders engaged in passionate debates that shaped the very foundation of our democracy. Revived by Alpha Editions after decades out of print, this restored edition is not merely a reprint; it s a collector's item and a cultural treasure designed for today s and future generations. Immerse yourself in the intricate tapestry of 18th-century politics, where political philosophy met fervent ideals, and witness how the Constitution emerged from the crucible of conflict and collaboration. This book captures the essence of American history, offering a unique perspective on the establishment of the Union and the enduring principles of federalism. Whether you are a casual reader intrigued by the stories of America's Founding Fathers or a classic literature collector seeking a pivotal addition to your library, this chronicle promises to inspire and enlighten. Join the ranks of those who appreciate the rich legacy of our nation s past. With its engaging prose and historical significance, "The Fathers of the Constitution" is a must-have for anyone passionate about the evolution of American government and the timeless ideals that continue to resonate today.
Gas and Flame in Modern Warfare
In a world where the horrors of war intersect with the evolution of military technology, "Gas and Flame in Modern Warfare" emerges as a gripping exploration of the ruthless innovations that shaped the battlefield during one of history's most tumultuous eras. This compelling work, long out of print and now republished by Alpha Editions, delves into the harrowing realities of gas warfare and flame weapons, illuminating the strategies and tactics that defined WWI combat. With a blend of historical analysis and vivid storytelling, this edition not only restores a vital piece of military literature for today s readers but also serves as a cultural treasure for future generations. This is more than just a reprint; it s a collector s item that pays homage to the brave souls who faced the devastating effects of chemical agents in war. Discover the evolution of military technology and the chilling impact of battlefield innovations through the lens of a time when gas attacks were a grim reality. "Gas and Flame in Modern Warfare" is essential reading for both casual enthusiasts and serious collectors of military history books, offering profound insights into the interplay of warfare and technology. Don t miss your chance to own this restored classic an indispensable addition to any library that honors the legacy of those who fought amidst the flames of conflict.
Land Grabbed for Liberia
In the early nineteenth century, freed American Blacks established their own country on the west coast of Africa. Many were members of organizations such as the American Colonization Society, the Young Men's Colonization Society of Pennsylvania, the Mississippi State Colonization Society, and the Maryland State Colonization Society. They named their country Liberia, but liberation came at the expense of tribal communities, notably the Dei, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, and Gola people. Freed Blacks and Americo-Liberians also imposed domestic servitude on tribal people, even selling them into slavery to accumulate wealth. Stephen H. Gobewole explores how freed American Blacks misled tribal chiefs and why past land transactions were not legitimate. They were inconsistent with the local African tradition and land protocols. The author also examines how government officials in the United States and slaveholding aristocrats enacted legislation that funded the deportation of freed American Blacks and the consequences of their policies. Find out how tribal communities in what is now Liberia were decimated, how their way of life changed, and why many remain in poverty to this day with Land Grabbed for Liberia.
For the freedom of the seas
Dive into the depths of maritime history with "For the Freedom of the Seas," a compelling exploration of international law and maritime rights that has been out of print for decades and is now lovingly republished by Alpha Editions. This edition is not merely a reprint; it s a collector s item and a cultural treasure, meticulously restored for today s and future generations. In this powerful work, discover the intricate balance between coastal sovereignty and the global shipping routes that define our world. The book delves into the evolution of ocean navigation, sea trade history, and the naval warfare that shaped nations. It sheds light on historical maritime treaties that have governed shipping regulations and the enduring quest for maritime freedom. Whether you are a casual reader intrigued by the stories of oceanic exploration or a classic literature collector seeking a significant addition to your library, this book captures the essence of a pivotal era in maritime affairs. With its inspiring narrative and rich historical context, "For the Freedom of the Seas" invites you to reflect on the ongoing struggle for freedom on the high seas. Join us in celebrating this literary gem, where the past meets the present, and embark on a journey that resonates with the heart of every adventurer and scholar alike. Embrace the legacy of maritime rights and let this book inspire your own voyage into the depths of history.
The Felon's Track; Or, History of the Attempted Outbreak in Ireland Embracing the Leading Events in the Irish Struggle From the Year 1843 to the Close of 1848
Step into the tumultuous world of 19th-century Ireland with "The Felon's Track; Or, History of the Attempted Outbreak in Ireland." This gripping narrative unveils the passionate struggle for Irish nationalism from 1843 to 1848, a period marked by fervent rebellion and revolutionary movements. With every page, you'll experience the heart-wrenching events that shaped Ireland's past, including the Fenian uprising and the relentless quest for freedom. This remarkable book, long out of print, has been meticulously restored by Alpha Editions, breathing new life into a cultural treasure. It's not merely a reprint; it's a collector's item that bridges the past and present, offering modern readers a chance to engage with Ireland's rich history. With its compelling storytelling and vivid historical accounts, "The Felon's Track" appeals to casual readers and classic literature collectors alike. Join the ranks of those who honor the sacrifices made for liberty and justice. This edition is a testament to resilience and hope, ensuring that the voices of the past resonate with today s audience. Don't miss your opportunity to own this essential piece of Irish history perfect for anyone passionate about the Irish struggle and the political history that shaped a nation. Rediscover the spirit of revolution and the enduring quest for freedom with this timeless work.
America's Taiwan Dilemma
Cambria Rapid Communications in Conflict and Security Series (Editor: Thomas G. Mahnken; Founding Editor: Geoffrey R. H. Burn)America's Taiwan Dilemma: Allies' Reactions and the Stakes for US Reputation offers a rigorous open-source analysis of how America's key allies-Japan, South Korea, and Australia-would respond to US intervention or inaction in a Taiwan conflict. If Beijing attempts to forcibly annex Taiwan, Washington's decisions will have far-reaching consequences for its credibility in East Asia and beyond. Yet, the long-term implications of these choices on America's alliances and global standing remain largely unexamined-until now.Based on over 100 interviews with leading experts from Japan, South Korea, Australia, Taiwan, and the United States, this book provides unparalleled insight into how America's allies view the stakes in a Taiwan contingency. It captures, in their own words, their perspectives-sometimes contradictory but consistently pragmatic-as they grapple with their reliance on the United States as a distant security guarantor and their unease with an increasingly assertive China nearby.The book identifies both common ground and divisions among allies, examining how domestic politics, threat perceptions, and regional dynamics shape their expectations of Washington. By analyzing these complexities, America's Taiwan Dilemma explores how US policies to deter China align-or conflict-with strategies to maintain its alliances in the Indo-Pacific.Essential reading for policymakers, scholars, and security analysts, this book provides critical insights into the future of US alliances and credibility amid rising tensions across the Taiwan Strait, offering a roadmap for understanding America's role in shaping regional stability.
Civil War and Intrastate Armed Conflict
Civil wars and intrastate armed conflict are the predominant form of organized violence in the contemporary era. Beyond their direct devastating impact, they fundamentally change societies and are linked to broader global issues and challenges. Taking a thematic approach with a focus on conflict management and peacebuilding, this accessible textbook, written for post-graduate and senior undergraduate courses, engages with recent research and comprehensive data to explore the nature of civil war and violent intrastate conflict. With analysis of current and historical conflicts integrated into the chapter coverage, helpful features include boxes highlighting key cases and topics, discussion points opening each chapter, graphs that illustrate important trends, photographs of significant conflicts, suggested readings for each chapter, and a timeline signposting major conflict and security events since 1945. Online resources are provided as an accessible entry point to topics for instructors, students and researchers from different backgrounds, including those less familiar with data.
Peacebuilding in Madagascar
This book examines peace and conflict processes in Madagascar from the royal period (c. 1540-1897) to 2022, offering a detailed narrative of conflict recurrence and peacebuilding in the country. Through the lens of trans-, multi-, cross-scalar and hybrid governance frameworks, the author explores the dynamics of indigenous peacebuilding while critically assessing the impact of liberal peacebuilding interventions in Madagascar. The book bridges theoretical gaps in peace and conflict studies introducing the concept of multi-leveled peace by analyzing transformative processes of conflict, both destructive and constructive, to uncover the multi-layered nature of peace. Spanning historical, ideological, and socio-political dimensions, it delivers insights into how Madagascar's unique hybrid governance system interweaves various actors including state institutions, traditional authorities, grassroots organizations, and international actors. The book highlights the coexistence of peace-promoting practices and conflict-generating forces across multiple scales.
Egypt's Balancing Act
"Egypt's Balancing Act" analyses the political landscape of this country after the Arab Spring and its astonishing influence on regional politics. It focuses on Egypt, one of the most populated countries in the Middle East, adding historical and geo-strategic significance to it, as this book traces Egypt's political metamorphosis, looking at the home concerns and the international relations with both allies and rivals. The emerging events of both propelling forces and consequences of the revolution are explored in detail, which began with the Arab Spring in 2011, overthrowing the long-term leader Hosni Mubarak and dramatically changing national politics. 2011 was pivotal because it marked the Hosni period alongside tumultuous shifts within the country's politics. The initial chapters extensively illuminate the details of the uprising. Deep political divides alongside the social and economic injustice during Mubarak's regime contributed significantly towards the political and historical landmark for Egypt. It delves into the inevitable rise and fall phase of the Muslim Brotherhood, Morsi's presidency, overwhelming uprisings, and social divides, enabling Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to rise to power. Currently, Egypt is contending with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, reinforcing a period of political settling and economic restructuring, albeit not controversy-free or fundamentally easy.In the latter region, this volume deep-dives into the ruling order's technique of managing a multiethnic society's expectations and security needs.This also considers the government's expenditures policies, such as the foreign investment-driven colossal infrastructure projects, while considering the human rights violations and political repression aspects.The authors also attempt to describe in depth how Egypt policies its regional affairs, one of the book's salient subjects. The country exerts significant power and acts as a regional superpower in the Middle East to dominate the political and social relations of other Arab countries. This is detailed, and other activities of Egypt in the Arab League are comparatively discussed in the text. It analyses Egypt's strategic interests and how they deal with different regional problems like the devastating civil wars in Libya, Syria, Yemen and the rise of terrorist groups. The text aims to compare Egypt with other global or local powers in these situations. Other relations also covered in the book are the relations between Egypt and Israel, which include the close border security collaboration and the more distant cooperation.The book also examines Egypt's relations with Gulf nations, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, highlighting partnerships forged through economic aid and shared objectives. It also covers emerging powers like China and Russia, analysing their impact on Egypt's foreign and economic policies. The book's exploration of these relationships provides valuable insights into the global dynamics that shape Egypt's foreign policy decisions.Their influence is discussed in Egypt's domestic politics and regional policies to explain the geopolitical dimensions of Egypt's decisions. "Egypt's Balancing Act offers a synthesised account of the evolution of Egyptian politics and its position within the Middle East. The author's assessment of the interplay of domestic factors and external pressures gives remarkable insights into Egypt's enduring quest for stability and ambitions in the region's turbulent environment.
The Sociology Of International Relations
Understanding Global Dynamics: A Sociological Perspective on International RelationsThis book offers a fresh lens for understanding the complexities of global interactions. It departs from traditional state-centric approaches and examines the sociological aspects of international relations. This shift in perspective enlightens us on how social structures, cultural norms, and identities fundamentally shape the global political landscape while highlighting non-state actors' crucial roles.At its core, the work examines how international norms, values, and identities are socially constructed and impact global affairs. Constructivism serves as a key theoretical framework, demonstrating how shared beliefs and collective identities influence state behaviour, policy-making, and the development of international institutions. The book reveals the dynamic nature of global politics by analysing how cultural norms and social identities are negotiated within international contexts.The text significantly broadens traditional perspectives by examining how multinational corporations, NGOs, and transnational advocacy networks contribute to global governance. These non-state actors interact with governments and shape international norms, often driving progress in human rights, environmental protection, and global health.Power dynamics and inequality form another critical dimension of analysis. The book examines how social hierarchies based on class, gender, race, and ethnicity perpetuate disparities in power and resources across the global system. Through critical theory, it interrogates these inequalities and explores pathways toward more equitable international relations.The intersection of globalisation and international politics receives thorough attention in this book. It analyses how the increased movement of goods, people, and ideas across borders creates both opportunities and challenges. The impact of these processes on cultural identities and social relations provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the forces driving global change, making them feel well-informed about the current global dynamics.Looking forward, the book explores emerging trends in global politics. It delves into the influence of new social movements, technological advancements, and shifting power dynamics. This forward-looking perspective equips readers with tools to anticipate and navigate the evolving nature of international relations in our increasingly interconnected world, making them feel prepared for the future.
Uncertain Horizons
This thought-provoking exploration examines the multifaceted risks confronting Gulf countries in the 21st century. Despite their immense wealth and strategic importance, these nations face a complex web of challenges threatening their stability and future.The Gulf states have traditionally relied on hydrocarbon wealth and strategic alliances, particularly with the United States, to ensure security. However, this model is increasingly strained. Trillions spent on American protection and billions on advanced weaponry haven't delivered meaningful security. Instead, these nations find themselves in a precarious geopolitical balancing act.Their rapprochement with Israel has alienated Arab populations sympathetic to the Palestinian cause, straining regional relations whilst leaving them vulnerable to Iranian retaliation. The ambiguity surrounding potential Israel-U.S. conflicts with Iran further complicates their security calculations, potentially making the Gulf a battleground.Economically, the global shift towards clean energy poses an existential threat to the Gulf's hydrocarbon-dependent economies. Whilst some diversification efforts exist, progress remains uneven, and the transition to a post-oil future uncertain.Climate change compounds these challenges. Rising temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather threaten the region's habitability, from saltwater intrusion into freshwater supplies to potential population displacement.The book explores multiple scenarios for the Gulf's future: gradual decline into irrelevance, catastrophic regional conflict, or successful adaptation through economic diversification and sustainable environmental strategies.Ultimately, the Gulf's future remains uncertain. Current leadership choices will determine whether the region overcomes its challenges to emerge as stable, resilient actors in a changing world, or succumbs to the mounting pressures threatening its very existence. This analysis challenges readers to consider the difficult questions that must be answered for the region's survival.The authors, Bernard Badie and Chedli Mustapha are two French entrepreneurs who have been based in the Gulf for several years. This book is the result of their collaboration and shared experience. It will be of interest to anyone interested in the future of the Gulf Cooperation Council member states, from economic, environmental or geopolitical perspectives.
The Sanctions On Iran
For decades, Iran has been grappling with an intricate constellation of sanctions, each one aggravating the country's social and economic conditions. This volume does not measure large-scale economic indicators or politically motivated analyses; rather, it seeks to demonstrate the profound and often painful impacts of these measures on the lives of ordinary Iranians. While integrating economic indicators with social science literature, journalism, and, when possible, personal accounts, the book meticulously documents the impact sanctions have on diverse aspects of life in Iran. These include the relentless economic burdens such as rampant inflation, chronic unemployment among the youth, and the acute shortage of essential goods and medicines, amongst others. The book exposes what is generally known as the "underbelly" of the issue: the transformation of these economic burdens into an everyday 'dare' for parents with respect to providing basic sustenance, medical care, and school attendance for their children. It also seeks to expand the focus to the far-reaching, largely overlooked, social consequences that accompany the economic sanctions. It examines the effects of curtailment of international trade and financial relations on the availability of important medical and other technologies vital to public health.It concentrates on how the economic insecurities and uncertainties of an economy intensify the stress levels, anxiety, and social fragmentation resulting in divisive societal scissions. In addition, the book investigates the impact of sanctions on the cultural exchange and academic collaboration of Iran with the rest of the world, which cultivates a sense of isolation and constraint among the people. It explores the uneven burden of the sanctions in the narrative's framework. It analyzes how different social and economic strata along with regional minorities privilege endure the impact and deepen the dividers for the society at large. The book aims to scrutinise the primary and secondary effects of sanctions-both intended and otherwise-and the inquiries of whether or not such sanctions achieve the purpose of inciting political change while highlighting the tremendous human cost of the sanctions. Also, "The Sanctions on Iran: The Economic and Social Impacts on Everyday Life" intricately describes the outer and inner mechanisms of Iran. It studies how the government policies and coping strategies in juxtaposition with the Iranian people's resilience and ingenuity determine their navigation of the challenges posed by sanctions. It notes the debates about what lies at the core of the sanctions and their global geopolitical influence. The argument, however, remains focused on the Iranian realities.This book seeks to develop a complex and compassionate understanding of the humanitarian dimension of international sanctions. It also seeks to inform policymakers, scholars, and the public about the deep social and economic adaptive impacts of these measures on Iran's populace, while also chronicling their enduring socio-economic struggles. This is done by highlighting the struggle, adaptation, and endurance of the Iranian people, thereby enriching the debate on the morality and effectiveness of international sanctions as a tool of foreign policy.
The Constitutional Amendment
Dive into a riveting theological dialogue with "The Constitutional Amendment: or, The Sunday, the Sabbath, the Change, and Restitution." This compelling discussion between W. H. Littlejohn, a dedicated Seventh-day Adventist, and the editor of the Christian Statesman, explores the profound implications of Sunday observance and the Sabbath debate, challenging readers to reconsider the intersection of faith and law. Originally published decades ago, this book has been meticulously restored and republished by Alpha Editions, breathing new life into a cultural treasure that deserves a place on every bookshelf. Not just a reprint, this edition is a collector s item that captures the essence of historical religious texts, making it a must-have for both casual readers and classic literature enthusiasts. Engage with the rich themes of religious restitution and the principles of Sabbath rest as you journey through this enlightening conversation that transcends time. The book s unique literary significance lies in its ability to foster interfaith dialogue and provoke thought about the relationship between church and state. Rediscover the wisdom of the past while connecting it to today s spiritual inquiries. This is more than just a book; it s an invitation to reflect on the values that shape our beliefs. Join the conversation and enrich your understanding of faith with this essential read that resonates with both history and modernity.
The Political Psychology of Populism
This book examines the underlying social pathology of Trump and Putin's political orientations. The assault on the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, and Russia's war on Ukraine in February 2022 both reveal a disturbing drift towards new forms of populism. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Sigmund Freud and Norbert Elias regarding the impulses of the masses and the social trauma triggered by the quest for lost origins, Trump and Putin's populist policies are revealed in a new light: shaped by love and hate, feeding on the frustrations and resentments of the masses, the two figures--and their followers--are driven to violence. For these leaders violence even fuels belief in a renewal of democracy--a democracy by the people and for the people, at the service of the masses. It is based on the idea that a single, pure truth is the source of appeasement and well-being that excludes outsiders. The book is a continuation of work previously published with Palgrave (The politics of destruction) and is the result of several years of interdisciplinary research and a dialogue between psychoanalysis and the social sciences.
Considerations on the Negroe cause commonly so called Addressed to the Right Honourable Lord Mansfield, lord chief justice of the Court of King's Bench, &c.
Unlock the powerful discourse of the 18th century with "Considerations on the Negroe cause commonly so called," a groundbreaking work addressed to the Right Honourable Lord Mansfield, the esteemed lord chief justice of the Court of King's Bench. This compelling text delves into the pivotal legal arguments surrounding racial justice and the historical context of slavery, making it an essential read for anyone passionate about civil rights history and social justice advocacy. After decades out of print, Alpha Editions proudly presents this restored edition, not merely a reprint but a collector s item and a cultural treasure. This book captures the essence of influential legal texts that shaped the abolitionist movement, offering modern readers a chance to engage with the profound ideas that sparked legal reform and challenged societal norms. Immerse yourself in the eloquent prose that blends rigorous legal discourse with heartfelt advocacy for human dignity. Whether you re a casual reader or a classic literature collector, this edition serves as a vital link to our past, inspiring future generations to continue the fight for equality. Don t miss the opportunity to own this significant piece of history rediscover the power of words that resonate through time and ignite the spirit of justice.
Ai, Automation, and War
Why AI will not replace human strategic judgement in war Is AI about to automate war? Will autonomous drone swarms and killer robots controlled by AI dominate the battlespace and determine the winner? In AI, Automation, and War, Anthony King debunks this science fiction-tinged narrative of AI's military potential, exploring instead the actual applications of AI by the armed forces over the last decade. He finds that AI is not going to replace human commanders and combatants; the machines are not about to take over. Rather, the military has used, and will continue to use, AI to process data at a scale and speed that exceeds the capacity of humans. AI will be used primarily to improve military understanding and intelligence. King explains that military commanders, enabled by the data processing power of AI, will be able to see the battlespace at a previously unattainable depth, fidelity, and speed. AI will help the armed forces plan, target, and conduct cyber operations faster and more effectively. In order to harness AI in this way, however, a radical organisational transformation is taking place. The armed forces are integrating civilian technologists into operational headquarters to work alongside military staff. This partnership between the armed forces and the technology sector signals the emergence of a military-tech complex that promises to be as powerful in this century as the military-industrial complex was in the last.
The Unsettled World
This isn't just another book about world politics; it's a practical guide to a world on the brink. The Unsettled World dives headfirst into the turbulent global landscape of 2025, offering a clear and essential framework for understanding the conflicts that define our era. Forget dense academic jargon. This book breaks down the fierce US-China rivalry, the brutal war in Ukraine, the explosive direct conflict between Iran and Israel, and the reignited Kashmir flashpoint between India and Pakistan. It unpacks the complex strategies, from economic warfare and technological containment to the high-stakes games of nuclear brinkmanship. You'll explore how timeless theories of international relations, like Realism and Liberalism, still shape the actions of world leaders today. But it doesn't stop there. The book also explores how modern ideas, national identities, and the rise of new power blocs like BRICS are creating a completely new international playbook. The Unsettled World moves beyond mere analysis, providing a synthesized approach that blends different perspectives to offer concrete, actionable pathways toward de-escalation and a more stable peace. It's a must-read for anyone trying to make sense of the relentless headlines and understand the forces shaping the 21st century. What's Inside This book unpacks the complex state of our world in 2025. It starts by revisiting core theories of international relations. You'll see how Realism and Liberalism explain today's biggest conflicts. The book examines the intense US-China rivalry. It delves into the brutal Russia-Ukraine war. It analyzes the weaponization of trade and economies. The text then explores how ideas and identity shape conflict. It looks at the social construction of threats in the Middle East and South Asia. You will understand how nationalism fuels the fire in Ukraine. The book moves on to the tools of modern power. It breaks down economic statecraft like sanctions and tariffs. It uses game theory to model the US-China trade war and the nuclear crises between India-Pakistan and Iran-Israel. The second half provides a deep dive into these key geopolitical flashpoints. You get a detailed anatomy of the US-China economic war, the military stalemate in Ukraine, the historic Iran-Israel conflict, and the dangerous crisis in Kashmir. Finally, the book looks at the shifting global architecture, including the rise of the BRICS nations, and concludes by offering a new, synthesized framework for building a lasting peace. Why This Book Is Different While other books focus on a single theory to explain global events, The Unsettled World provides a more complete and realistic picture. It uniquely blends the core insights of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism into a single, understandable framework. This book doesn't just describe problems; it offers a pragmatic toolkit for solutions. It avoids purely academic debate and instead connects theory directly to the real-world conflicts of 2025, using concrete examples and data. Its competitive advantage lies in this synthesis. It shows how power politics, international cooperation, and national identity are not separate forces but are deeply intertwined. By doing so, it provides a more nuanced and practical guide to statecraft and conflict resolution than any single-lensed analysis could ever hope to achieve, making it an indispensable resource for understanding the complexities of our time. Copyright Disclaimer: The author has no affiliation with any board or official entity mentioned in this work. This book is an independent production created under the principle of nominative fair use for commentary and analysis.
Fabian Essays in Socialism
Unlock the transformative power of ideas with "Fabian Essays in Socialism," a compelling collection that has been out of print for decades and is now beautifully republished by Alpha Editions. This edition is not just a reprint; it s a collector s item and a cultural treasure, meticulously restored for today s and future generations. Dive into the heart of British socialism as you explore the essays that shaped the foundations of social democracy and progressive politics. Authored by leading thinkers of the Fabian Society, this book offers profound insights into political philosophy, economic reform, and the pursuit of social justice. Each essay serves as a beacon, illuminating the path towards a more equitable society. With its rich historical significance, "Fabian Essays in Socialism" resonates with both casual readers and classic literature collectors. Whether you re a student of socialist theory or simply curious about the evolution of political activism, this collection will inspire and provoke thought. Join the dialogue that continues to influence modern political discourse and discover why these essays are essential reading for anyone passionate about social change. Don t miss your chance to own this vital piece of literary history grab your copy today and be part of the conversation that shapes our future!
The Contest in America
Dive into the heart of 19th-century America with "The Contest in America," a powerful exploration of the political and social conflicts that shaped a nation. This compelling narrative, now republished by Alpha Editions after decades in obscurity, invites readers to witness the intense struggles that defined an era. At its core, the book delves into the political drama and cultural conflicts that arose during a pivotal time in American history. Through engaging storytelling and sharp social commentary, it paints a vivid picture of a society grappling with its identity and values. This edition is not just a reprint; it has been meticulously restored for today's and future generations, making it a true collector's item and cultural treasure. Whether you're a casual reader seeking an enthralling historical fiction experience or a classic literature collector eager to enrich your library, "The Contest in America" offers a unique literary significance that resonates across time. This historical narrative is more than just a reflection of the past; it serves as a poignant reminder of the ongoing political and social issues we face today. Don t miss your chance to own this remarkable piece of American literature rediscover the passion and turmoil of a bygone era and add a timeless classic to your collection.
Counter-Currents
Dive into the profound depths of "Counter-Currents," a remarkable collection of philosophical essays that challenge conventional thought and inspire intellectual exploration. This captivating work, long out of print and now republished by Alpha Editions, is not merely a reprint; it s a cultural treasure restored for today s and future generations. In "Counter-Currents," readers will encounter thought-provoking narratives that delve into modern philosophy, existentialism, and social critique. The essays illuminate the complexities of contemporary thought, inviting readers to engage with critical theory and cultural commentary that resonates with our current societal landscape. Each piece offers a unique lens through which to examine the human experience, making it a must-read for both casual enthusiasts and classic literature collectors. This edition stands as a testament to the enduring relevance of philosophical literature, blending the excitement of modern marketing with the reverence of a literary tribute. With its rich insights and stimulating discourse, "Counter-Currents" promises to spark meaningful conversations and inspire a new generation of thinkers. Don t miss your chance to own this beautifully restored collector s item that bridges the past and present, inviting you to explore the currents of thought that shape our world. Embrace the journey of discovery grab your copy today!
Contraband
Dive into the thrilling world of "Contraband," a captivating historical fiction adventure that has been out of print for decades and is now lovingly restored by Alpha Editions. This action-packed novel transports readers to the high seas of the 19th century, where piracy, treasure hunting, and suspenseful plots intertwine in a character-driven narrative that will keep you on the edge of your seat. Follow the daring escapades of its unforgettable characters as they navigate the treacherous waters of maritime adventure, battling both nature and their own inner demons. "Contraband" is more than just a story; it s a vivid exploration of morality, loyalty, and the relentless pursuit of freedom. This edition not only pays homage to the rich tapestry of classic literature but also serves as a cultural treasure, ensuring that the essence of this remarkable tale endures for today s and future generations. Whether you're a casual reader seeking an exhilarating escape or a classic literature collector in search of a unique addition to your bookshelf, "Contraband" promises to inspire and entertain. Don t miss the chance to own this restored gem an adventure that resonates with the spirit of exploration and the timeless allure of the sea. Grab your copy today and embark on a journey that will leave you breathless!
