第十章 克漏字題
Cloze(克漏字)這個字從 closure(關閉)來的,由 Wilson Taylor 所創, Taylor 認為人類在心理上的自然趨向就是將破碎的圖案加以填滿,把未完成或不完整的人物變成完整的個體,因而有了 Cloze 的概念。
影響 Taylor 觀念的還有 Gestalt Theory(格式塔理論)。格式塔理論於上世紀初,由德國心理學家韋特墨(Wehteimer,1880~1943)、苛勒(Kohler, 1887~1967) 和考夫卡(Koffka,1886~1941) 創立, 主張學習是整體的,Gestalt 是德語,意思是 form(完形);也就是說,學習不是嘗試錯誤的過程, 而是頓悟的過程,也就是結合當前整個情境來解決問題。
因此,考 V-ing、V-ed 這種支離破碎的文法概念,並非 cloze test 的原意;真正的目的是要求考生要具備依據篇章段落的文意發展,掌握實用詞彙(含慣用語)及轉折詞運用的能力。也因為這種綜合分析能力的檢測概念,現在「克漏字測驗」常稱為「綜合測驗」。
Cloze test(克漏字測驗)不但可以設計成填空或選擇題的方式,也可以測試不同程度及不同的語言能力,例如上下文、用法、語意等單字或片語的能力, 因此校內小考、升學考試,乃至多益測驗,克漏字都是常見的考試題型。
給出題者的建議
克漏字命題原則
克漏字可以檢測學生四大方面的語言能力:
1. 考語法、文法、用法:指的是單字用法及上下文的用法,尤其是動詞的用法。
例題
Handling customer claims is a common task for most business firms... However, some requests for adjustment must be _________, and an adjustment refusal message must be sent.
(A) retailed (B) denied (C) appreciated (D) elaborated (100年指考)
(處理客訴是大多數公司一般的工作。……然而,某些要求必須被拒絕,也須把拒絕訊息傳達給客戶。)
(A) 零售 (B) 拒絕 (C) 感激 (D) 詳盡闡述
例題
Which is more valuable? Water or diamonds? Water is more useful to mankind than diamonds, and yet _________ are costlier.
(A) the above (B) the former (C) the following (D) the latter (100年學測)
(哪一樣比較有價值?水或是鑽石?對人類而言,水比鑽石更實用,但是後者卻較昂貴。)
(A)上述事實 (B)前者 (C)下述事實 (D)後者
2. 考語意轉換:考學生是否會使用連接詞或副詞(片語),如 yet、however 等,讓上下文的語意連接順暢。
例題
He began to walk to school, then to run to school, and to run for the sheer joy of running. _________ in college he made the track team. This determined young man, Dr. Glenn Cunningham, ran the world’s fastest mile.
(A) Otherwise (B) Sadly (C) Later (D) Rarely (100 年統測)
(他剛開始是走路到學校,而後是跑步到學校,再來變成純粹為了享受跑步的喜悅而跑。後來唸大學時還加入田徑隊。這位堅毅不拔的年輕人就是葛蘭.康寧漢博士,他是全世界一英里賽跑的記錄保持者。)
(A) 否則 (B) 令人遺憾地 (C) 後來 (D) 幾乎不
例題
People may express their feelings differently on different occasions. Cultures sometimes vary greatly in this regard. A group of researchers in Japan, _________, studied the facial reactions of students to a horror film.
(A) as usual (B) in some cases (C) to be frank (D) for example (100 年指考)
(人們在不同的場合中表現情緒的方式可能也有所不同。有時候文化會造成相當的差異。例如一群日本的研究人員研究學生看恐怖片的臉部反應。)
(A) 一如往常 (B) 在某些情況下 (C) 坦白說 (D) 舉例來說
3. 考搭配字、慣用語:就是英文所說的 collocation 或 idiomatic expression,也就是考量一個字會習慣跟什麼樣的詞搭配,以流暢正確地產出自然的片語、句子和文章。
例題
My mother likes to _________ me the story about…
(A) talk (B) tell (C) say (D) speak (100 年第二次基測)
(我媽媽喜歡跟我說關於……的故事)
說明
說故事的英文一定是 tell the story。
例題
That is why mothers who want to keep abreast of trends usually _________ the experts—their daughters.
(A) deal with (B) head for (C) turn to (D) look into (99年學測)
(那就是為什麼想要瞭解最新趨勢的母親通常都會求助於專家,也就是他們的女兒。)
(A)處理 (B)前往 (C)求助於 (D)調查、研究
4. 考整體理解:測驗學生對整篇文章的綜合性理解。
例題
Solar energy has a lot to offer. To begin with, it is a clean fuel. In contrast, fossil fuels, such as oil or coal, release harmful substances into the air when they are burned. 15 , fossil fuels will run out, but solar energy will continue to reach the Earth long after the last coal has been mined and the last oil well has run dry.
15. (A) Otherwise (B) Therefore (C) What’s more (D) In comparison (99年指考)
(太陽能有數不清的好處,首先,它是一種潔淨能源。相較之下,石油或煤等石化能源在燃燒過程中,會釋放有害物質。再者,石化能源有耗盡的一天,但太陽能卻會在煤與石油開採殆盡時,仍源源不絕。)
(A)否則 (B)因此 (C)再者 (D)相較之下
說明
第 15 題的答題線索有前面的 it is a clean fuel 與後面的 fossil fuels will run out, but solar energy will continue。後半段欲接續前面 To begin with(首先??),以提出太陽能的第二項優點,故選 (C) What’s more。
例題
However, some requests for adjustment must be refused, and an adjustment refusal message must be sent. Adjustment refusals are negative messages for the customer. They are necessary when the customer is 13 or when the vendor has done all that can reasonably or legally be expected.
13. (A) at fault (B) on call (C) in tears (D) off guard (100年指考)
(然而,有些要求會被拒絕,而且拒絕的訊息須傳達給客戶。對客戶而言,拒絕要求是負面的訊息。但當過錯在客戶,或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。)
(A) 過錯 (B) 待命 (C) 流淚 (D) 沒有防備
說明
第 13 題的線索為 negative、necessary、reasonably or legally 等字;句意應該是「當過錯在客戶或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。」故選 (A) at fault。(B)、(C)、(D) 都不符合句意。
題幹設計原則
1.題目符合測驗目標:例如出題前,要確定測試的內容項目著重的部分:如章法、詞彙、語意、語法,或是要平均分配。
2.選文長度適當,一般約 15 ? 20 字一題,因此五小題的克漏字題目,扣掉第一句或最後一句不出題,文長約 100 字到 150 字之間。大學學測的克漏字命題原則為 150 字,七至八個句子。
3.每個空格的上下文應提供充足的解題線索,著重整體文意理解、語法判斷,避免考生從單句的線索就可以作答。
4.避免首句及尾句命題,以免文章大意無法表現。
5.互為線索的字詞不能挖空作考題,也就是盡量避免一句話裡面有兩個空格,或上下兩句考同樣的單字。
6.選文應多元,涵蓋不同主題、風格及題材;兼顧教育性、知識性及趣味性,符合學生的生活體驗、學習經驗與認知能力。
選項部分
1.不可出現拼字、用詞或文法錯誤之選項。
2.選項詞類必須一致,避免考生根據單詞詞類、局部片語提示或文法基本常識即能夠填出答案。
3.選項誘答力應平均,還要避免爭議性誘答。
4.選項盡量找高頻率單字。高中階段的克漏字測驗,應根據高中詞彙分級表,單字難度在兩級距間。
克漏字變化題型
克漏字出現在英語測驗的形式通常是二到三段的文章,約 150 字,文中部分單字被移除。依據移除單字的方式,克漏字題目有五種命題形式:
1. The fixed-rate deletion(固定等級移除):每第 N 個的單字被移除,通常為第 5 或第 7 個單字。若想降低題目難度,可以拉長單字挖空的間距。此種型式,由於上下線索難找,現在已少有此種題型。通常會出現在一般階段性測驗,如小考。
例題
My mother likes to 1 me the story about 2 name, Stella. She’s talked 3 it many times.
I 4 born on a night 5 of stars. My mom 6 having a hard time 7 the doctor said I 8 too big to be 9 out. At that moment, 10 looked into the sky, 11 a wish with all 12 heart,“Let the baby 13 , please, even if I 14 die!”
Just then, a 15 star fell from the 16 . All her troubles were 17 gone, and my little 18 came out of her 19 .
With the falling of 20 star came a new 21 . That is how I 22 the name Stella, which 23 star.
(100年第二次基測)
11. tell 12. my 13. about 14. was 15. full
16. was 17. when 18. was 19. pulled 10. Mom
11. making 12. her 13. live 14. may 15. bright
16. sky 17. soon 18. head 19. body 20. a
21. life 22. got 23. Means
(我母親喜歡跟我說有關我名字—史黛拉的故事。她說過了好幾遍了。
我出生的那天是在一個滿天星斗的夜晚。我母親的生產過程很艱辛,醫生告訴她我太大了,而無法從產道抱出來。當時我的母親仰望著天空,誠心地許了個願:「讓這個孩子活下來,即使必須犧牲我的生命!」
就在此時,一顆閃亮的星星從天空墜下,所有的困難就馬上消失了,我的頭就從母親的身體出來了。
因為一顆星星的墜落而誕生了新生命。這就是叫做史黛拉的由來,名字意思就是「星星」。)
2. The selective deletion(選擇性移除):當測試的目標非常確定時,命題者將文中欲測試的文法或單字移除,以便準確知道學生特定方面的語言能力。
例題
My mother likes to 1 me the story about my name, Stella. She has 2 about it many times.
I was born on a night full of stars. My mom was having a hard time when the doctor 3 I was too big to be pulled out. At that moment, Mom looked into the sky, 4 a wish with all her heart,“Let the baby live, please, even if I may die!”
Just then, a bright star 5 from the sky. All her troubles were soon gone, and my little head came out of her body.
With the 6 of a star came a new life. That is how I got the name Stella, which means star.
1. tell 2. talked 3. said 4. making 5. fell 6. falling (100 年第二次基測)
3. Multiple-choice cloze test(克漏字選擇題):學生從幾個可能的答案中選出正確的答案。
例題
My mother likes to tell me the story about my name, Stella. She 1 about it many times.
I was born on a night full of stars. My mom 2 a hard time when the doctor said I was too big to be pulled out. At that moment, Mom looked into the sky, making a wish with all her heart, “Let the baby live, please, even if I may die!”
Just then, a bright star 3 from the sky. All her troubles were soon gone, and my little head came out of her body.
With the falling of a star came a new life. That is how I 4 the name Stella, which means star.
1. (A) talked (B) is talking (C) has talked (D) will talk
2. (A) was having (B) has (C) has had (D) will have
3. (A) would fall (B) fell (C) falls (D) is falling
4. (A) got (B) get (C) am getting (D) will get
例題
My mother likes to tell me the story about my name, Stella. She h__ talked ab____ it ma____ times.
I w____ born o____ a ni____ full o____ stars. M____ mom w____ having ____ hard ti____ when t____ doctor sa____ I w____ too b____ to b____ pulled o____. At th____ moment, M____ looked in____ the s____, making ____ wish wi____ all h____ heart,“L____ the ba____ live, ple____, even i____ I m____ die!”...
★ 考生秘笈
克漏字解題技巧
克漏字的命題形式靈活多變,可考的層面又廣,是現在各類英文測驗最常出現的考題。前述提到,克漏字的四種層面為:用法、慣用語、語意及整體概念。
解析文章語意與句法結構,成為此題型必要的策略。跟前面的文法題一樣,可以採用原本的三個步驟,再加上兩個步驟來解題:
一、找出此句話的主詞與動詞
二、將整句依照句子結構拆成小單元
三、決定這個空格字前後的結構關係
四、 檢視兩句間的邏輯關係:克漏字文法試題複雜,對於句子間的轉折也是重點,所以有時也要檢視前後兩句間的邏輯關係。
五、 注意一些搭配詞,尤其是動詞的慣用語。如前面所說的tell the story, provide... with, talk about 等
以下針對幾個近年的考題,作解題技巧說明。
例題
CouchSurfing has developed into a new craze for the travel community since it began in 1999. CouchSurfing, usually 26 as CS, offers a great way for budget conscious travelers to travel the world in a far less expensive way. CS works when travelers find people who are willing to open up their homes to them and have spare couches for them to sleep on. 27 saving money on accommodation, CS provides travelers 28 a unique opportunity to encounter local perspectives from the area in which they are traveling, 29 various cultural, political, and religious viewpoints and lifestyles. Do you have a limited travel budget? Are you comfortable spending time with strangers? Do you want to experience different outlooks from other parts of the world? 30 CouchSurfing.org, a popular social networking site for both surfers and hosts, to gain a better understanding of how to find and contact potential hosts and begin your journey today. You won’t be disappointed.
26. (A) abbreviated (B) lengthened (C) knew (D) became
27. (A) In order to (B) Because of (C) In addition to (D) In case of
28. (A) with (B) from (C) to (D) of
29. (A) excluding (B) having (C) consisting (D) including
30. (A) To visit (B) Visit (C) Visiting (D) Visited
說明
此題考「單字用法」,測驗動詞考生對 (A) 縮寫、(B) 加長、(C) 知道、(D) 成為,四個選項的熟悉度。空格後的 CS 是線索,引導思考 CS 是 CouchSurfing 的縮寫。過去分詞片語 usually abbreviated as CS 用來修飾前面的主詞 CouchSurfing。
27. (A) In order to (B) Because of (C) In addition to (D) In case of
說明
此題考「語氣轉換」,(A) 為了、(B) 由於、(C) 除了??之外、(D) 萬一, 這四個選項都是轉折語,但由文章得知 CouchSurfing 除了可省住宿費,還提供一個獨特的機會,就是讓旅遊者可以體驗當地的視野。
28. (A) with (B) from (C) to (D) of
說明
此題考「搭配詞、慣用語」,亦即 provide sb with sth 的用法。
29. (A) excluding (B) having (C) consisting (D) including
說明
此題一樣考「單字用法」,(A) 排除、(B) 擁有、(C) 組成、(D) 包括。文章的線索在local perspectives,29 題的空格後面提到各類的文化、政治、宗教及生活方式,可推知空格為(D) 包括。
30. (A) To visit (B) Visit (C) Visiting (D) Visited
說明
此題考「文法用法」,空格所在的句子沒有動詞,所以需要一個動詞;通篇文章很像是一則廣告,因此使用肯定的祈使句來加強說話的語氣,選動詞原形 (B) Visit。
例題
Long long time ago, a girl named Doris lost her ring. She felt so bad that she could not sleep well. When Doris turned over in her bed, she found the black horse in the picture on the wall 21 . She was very surprised, so she got out of bed to have a closer look. When Doris touched the head of the horse, she 22 into the picture!
Now Doris was sitting on the back of the running horse! It was so exciting to be riding a horse in the beautiful sky, but Doris did not know where the horse 23 her. Finally, they stopped in front of an old church. There Doris found a gift bag. She opened the bag and saw her ring inside. Doris was very happy. When she put on the ring, she woke up from her dream. At that moment, Doris could not believe her eyes—the ring 24 there back on her finger!
21. (A) is moving (B) has moved (C) was moving (D) will move
22. (A) is pulled (B) was pulled (C) has been pulled (D) would be pulled
23. (A) took (B) is taking (C) has taken (D) would take
24. (A) is (B) was (C) has been (D) would be
這樣的考試類型其實並非克漏字測驗的原意。姑且可以認為基測中心是要測驗國中生的基本能力,因此借用此題型來考文法吧。
例題
Handling customer claims is a common task for most business firms. These claims include requests to exchange merchandise, requests for refunds, requests that work 11 , and other requests for adjustments. Most of these claims are approved because they are legitimate. However, some requests for adjustment must be 12 , and an adjustment refusal message must be sent. Adjustment refusals are negative messages for the customer. They are necessary when the customer is 13 or when the vendor has done all that can reasonably or legally be expected.
An adjustment refusal message requires your best communication skills 14 it 拒絕要求的訊息需要絕佳的溝通技巧,因為對接收訊息的客戶來說是壞消息。必須同時回絕要求又要能挽留該顧客。你可能不但要拒絕客戶要求,甚至還得嘗試銷售更多商品或服務給客戶。在此同時客戶可能會生氣、失望或感到不便。)
11. (A) is correct (B) to be correct (C) is corrected (D) be corrected
說明
此題考「文法用法」,測驗 request 的用法,當 request 意為「要求、堅持」,後面接子句時,必須使用原形動詞(should +V),而 should 經常省略。
12. (A) retailed (B) denied (C) appreciated (D) elaborated
說明
此題考「上下文語氣轉換」,線索一為轉折語 however,線索二為 refusal;前後兩句子語意相反,可知是討論拒絕要求的情況,故能知道答案為 denied。(A)零售、(C) 感激、(D) 詳盡闡述,語意都不通。
13. (A) at fault (B) on call (C) in tears (D) off guard
說明
此題考「綜合性理解」。線索為 negative、necessary、reasonably or legally等字;句意是「當過錯在客戶,或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。」故選 (A) 過錯(B) 待命、(C) 流淚、(D) 沒有防備,皆不對。
14. (A) till (B) unless (C) because (D) therefore
說明
此題考「上下文語氣轉換」及「文法用法」。till(直到)、unless(除非)、because(因為)為連接詞,therefore(因此)是副詞。前句 An adjustment refusal message requires your best communication skills 的意思為「拒絕要求的訊息需要絕佳的溝通技巧」,後句it is bad news to the receiver 的意思為「對接收訊息的客戶來說是壞消息」,兩句為因果關係,前句是「果」,後句是「因」;而且兩句都是完整子句,故選連接詞 (C) because。
15. (A) by and large (B) over and over (C) at the same time (D) for the same reason
說明
此題同樣考「上下文語氣轉換」。by and large(一般說來)、over and over(一再地)、at the same time(同時)、for the same reason(基於同樣原因)都是副詞片語。空格後的句子You may refuse the request for adjustment and even try to sell the customer more merchandise or service. 提到「不但要拒絕客戶的要求,甚至還要嘗試賣更多商品或服務給客戶。」,因此推論出「拒絕要求」與「留住客戶」要同時進行,故選 (C) at the same time。
重要:針對以上幾個題目文章的理解,首先可以先將各句主詞及動詞找出, 然後將句子拆成小單元,很多時候,這些文章就很容易上下文連結在一起。
★ 克漏字試題練習
克漏字的選項可以從下列三種方式命題:第一種是「用法、文法不同」的選項,第二種是「文法正確,但語意錯誤」的選項,第三種是「上下文口氣不對」的選項。以下我們找一篇來自高中課本的文章,說明如何改寫為克漏字試題。
The ability to create is one of the outstanding features of human beings. However, scientific understanding of creativity is far from complete. Many people believe that only a handful of geniuses are capable of making creative contributions to humanity, but this just isn’t true. Creative thinking is quite normal in human beings and can be observed in almost all mental activities. However, intelligence is not always a necessary part of creativity. During World War II, U.S. military leaders discovered that pilots with high IQ’s were not always creative fighters.
(創造力是人類傑出的特徵之一;然而,科學上尚未對於創造力有全面的瞭解然。很多人相信,只有少數天才才能對於人類有創造性的貢獻。但此非事實。創造性思考在人類身上,非常普通,幾乎在大部分的心智活動中,都可以觀察到。然而,智力並非一定是創造力的一部分。在二次大戰中,美國的軍事指揮官發現, 擁有高智力的飛行員,並不一定是有創意的戰士。)
針對此段,我們可以思考幾個可以考的部分:動詞的慣用語(making contributions)、上下文的語氣與語意(far from),被動(be observed),上下文的轉換(however),動詞語意(discovered)等,而選項設計則必須遵循前面的原則:詞類、文法、屬性、難度必須一致。如:
making搭配的誘答選項:taking, letting, having
far from 的誘答選項:less than, more than, as much as
be observed的誘答選項:observe, have observed, observed
However的誘答選項:On the other hand, Meanwhile, Above all
discovered的誘答選項:disparaged, disproved, dismissed
Cloze(克漏字)這個字從 closure(關閉)來的,由 Wilson Taylor 所創, Taylor 認為人類在心理上的自然趨向就是將破碎的圖案加以填滿,把未完成或不完整的人物變成完整的個體,因而有了 Cloze 的概念。
影響 Taylor 觀念的還有 Gestalt Theory(格式塔理論)。格式塔理論於上世紀初,由德國心理學家韋特墨(Wehteimer,1880~1943)、苛勒(Kohler, 1887~1967) 和考夫卡(Koffka,1886~1941) 創立, 主張學習是整體的,Gestalt 是德語,意思是 form(完形);也就是說,學習不是嘗試錯誤的過程, 而是頓悟的過程,也就是結合當前整個情境來解決問題。
因此,考 V-ing、V-ed 這種支離破碎的文法概念,並非 cloze test 的原意;真正的目的是要求考生要具備依據篇章段落的文意發展,掌握實用詞彙(含慣用語)及轉折詞運用的能力。也因為這種綜合分析能力的檢測概念,現在「克漏字測驗」常稱為「綜合測驗」。
Cloze test(克漏字測驗)不但可以設計成填空或選擇題的方式,也可以測試不同程度及不同的語言能力,例如上下文、用法、語意等單字或片語的能力, 因此校內小考、升學考試,乃至多益測驗,克漏字都是常見的考試題型。
給出題者的建議
克漏字命題原則
克漏字可以檢測學生四大方面的語言能力:
1. 考語法、文法、用法:指的是單字用法及上下文的用法,尤其是動詞的用法。
例題
Handling customer claims is a common task for most business firms... However, some requests for adjustment must be _________, and an adjustment refusal message must be sent.
(A) retailed (B) denied (C) appreciated (D) elaborated (100年指考)
(處理客訴是大多數公司一般的工作。……然而,某些要求必須被拒絕,也須把拒絕訊息傳達給客戶。)
(A) 零售 (B) 拒絕 (C) 感激 (D) 詳盡闡述
例題
Which is more valuable? Water or diamonds? Water is more useful to mankind than diamonds, and yet _________ are costlier.
(A) the above (B) the former (C) the following (D) the latter (100年學測)
(哪一樣比較有價值?水或是鑽石?對人類而言,水比鑽石更實用,但是後者卻較昂貴。)
(A)上述事實 (B)前者 (C)下述事實 (D)後者
2. 考語意轉換:考學生是否會使用連接詞或副詞(片語),如 yet、however 等,讓上下文的語意連接順暢。
例題
He began to walk to school, then to run to school, and to run for the sheer joy of running. _________ in college he made the track team. This determined young man, Dr. Glenn Cunningham, ran the world’s fastest mile.
(A) Otherwise (B) Sadly (C) Later (D) Rarely (100 年統測)
(他剛開始是走路到學校,而後是跑步到學校,再來變成純粹為了享受跑步的喜悅而跑。後來唸大學時還加入田徑隊。這位堅毅不拔的年輕人就是葛蘭.康寧漢博士,他是全世界一英里賽跑的記錄保持者。)
(A) 否則 (B) 令人遺憾地 (C) 後來 (D) 幾乎不
例題
People may express their feelings differently on different occasions. Cultures sometimes vary greatly in this regard. A group of researchers in Japan, _________, studied the facial reactions of students to a horror film.
(A) as usual (B) in some cases (C) to be frank (D) for example (100 年指考)
(人們在不同的場合中表現情緒的方式可能也有所不同。有時候文化會造成相當的差異。例如一群日本的研究人員研究學生看恐怖片的臉部反應。)
(A) 一如往常 (B) 在某些情況下 (C) 坦白說 (D) 舉例來說
3. 考搭配字、慣用語:就是英文所說的 collocation 或 idiomatic expression,也就是考量一個字會習慣跟什麼樣的詞搭配,以流暢正確地產出自然的片語、句子和文章。
例題
My mother likes to _________ me the story about…
(A) talk (B) tell (C) say (D) speak (100 年第二次基測)
(我媽媽喜歡跟我說關於……的故事)
說明
說故事的英文一定是 tell the story。
例題
That is why mothers who want to keep abreast of trends usually _________ the experts—their daughters.
(A) deal with (B) head for (C) turn to (D) look into (99年學測)
(那就是為什麼想要瞭解最新趨勢的母親通常都會求助於專家,也就是他們的女兒。)
(A)處理 (B)前往 (C)求助於 (D)調查、研究
4. 考整體理解:測驗學生對整篇文章的綜合性理解。
例題
Solar energy has a lot to offer. To begin with, it is a clean fuel. In contrast, fossil fuels, such as oil or coal, release harmful substances into the air when they are burned. 15 , fossil fuels will run out, but solar energy will continue to reach the Earth long after the last coal has been mined and the last oil well has run dry.
15. (A) Otherwise (B) Therefore (C) What’s more (D) In comparison (99年指考)
(太陽能有數不清的好處,首先,它是一種潔淨能源。相較之下,石油或煤等石化能源在燃燒過程中,會釋放有害物質。再者,石化能源有耗盡的一天,但太陽能卻會在煤與石油開採殆盡時,仍源源不絕。)
(A)否則 (B)因此 (C)再者 (D)相較之下
說明
第 15 題的答題線索有前面的 it is a clean fuel 與後面的 fossil fuels will run out, but solar energy will continue。後半段欲接續前面 To begin with(首先??),以提出太陽能的第二項優點,故選 (C) What’s more。
例題
However, some requests for adjustment must be refused, and an adjustment refusal message must be sent. Adjustment refusals are negative messages for the customer. They are necessary when the customer is 13 or when the vendor has done all that can reasonably or legally be expected.
13. (A) at fault (B) on call (C) in tears (D) off guard (100年指考)
(然而,有些要求會被拒絕,而且拒絕的訊息須傳達給客戶。對客戶而言,拒絕要求是負面的訊息。但當過錯在客戶,或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。)
(A) 過錯 (B) 待命 (C) 流淚 (D) 沒有防備
說明
第 13 題的線索為 negative、necessary、reasonably or legally 等字;句意應該是「當過錯在客戶或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。」故選 (A) at fault。(B)、(C)、(D) 都不符合句意。
題幹設計原則
1.題目符合測驗目標:例如出題前,要確定測試的內容項目著重的部分:如章法、詞彙、語意、語法,或是要平均分配。
2.選文長度適當,一般約 15 ? 20 字一題,因此五小題的克漏字題目,扣掉第一句或最後一句不出題,文長約 100 字到 150 字之間。大學學測的克漏字命題原則為 150 字,七至八個句子。
3.每個空格的上下文應提供充足的解題線索,著重整體文意理解、語法判斷,避免考生從單句的線索就可以作答。
4.避免首句及尾句命題,以免文章大意無法表現。
5.互為線索的字詞不能挖空作考題,也就是盡量避免一句話裡面有兩個空格,或上下兩句考同樣的單字。
6.選文應多元,涵蓋不同主題、風格及題材;兼顧教育性、知識性及趣味性,符合學生的生活體驗、學習經驗與認知能力。
選項部分
1.不可出現拼字、用詞或文法錯誤之選項。
2.選項詞類必須一致,避免考生根據單詞詞類、局部片語提示或文法基本常識即能夠填出答案。
3.選項誘答力應平均,還要避免爭議性誘答。
4.選項盡量找高頻率單字。高中階段的克漏字測驗,應根據高中詞彙分級表,單字難度在兩級距間。
克漏字變化題型
克漏字出現在英語測驗的形式通常是二到三段的文章,約 150 字,文中部分單字被移除。依據移除單字的方式,克漏字題目有五種命題形式:
1. The fixed-rate deletion(固定等級移除):每第 N 個的單字被移除,通常為第 5 或第 7 個單字。若想降低題目難度,可以拉長單字挖空的間距。此種型式,由於上下線索難找,現在已少有此種題型。通常會出現在一般階段性測驗,如小考。
例題
My mother likes to 1 me the story about 2 name, Stella. She’s talked 3 it many times.
I 4 born on a night 5 of stars. My mom 6 having a hard time 7 the doctor said I 8 too big to be 9 out. At that moment, 10 looked into the sky, 11 a wish with all 12 heart,“Let the baby 13 , please, even if I 14 die!”
Just then, a 15 star fell from the 16 . All her troubles were 17 gone, and my little 18 came out of her 19 .
With the falling of 20 star came a new 21 . That is how I 22 the name Stella, which 23 star.
(100年第二次基測)
11. tell 12. my 13. about 14. was 15. full
16. was 17. when 18. was 19. pulled 10. Mom
11. making 12. her 13. live 14. may 15. bright
16. sky 17. soon 18. head 19. body 20. a
21. life 22. got 23. Means
(我母親喜歡跟我說有關我名字—史黛拉的故事。她說過了好幾遍了。
我出生的那天是在一個滿天星斗的夜晚。我母親的生產過程很艱辛,醫生告訴她我太大了,而無法從產道抱出來。當時我的母親仰望著天空,誠心地許了個願:「讓這個孩子活下來,即使必須犧牲我的生命!」
就在此時,一顆閃亮的星星從天空墜下,所有的困難就馬上消失了,我的頭就從母親的身體出來了。
因為一顆星星的墜落而誕生了新生命。這就是叫做史黛拉的由來,名字意思就是「星星」。)
2. The selective deletion(選擇性移除):當測試的目標非常確定時,命題者將文中欲測試的文法或單字移除,以便準確知道學生特定方面的語言能力。
例題
My mother likes to 1 me the story about my name, Stella. She has 2 about it many times.
I was born on a night full of stars. My mom was having a hard time when the doctor 3 I was too big to be pulled out. At that moment, Mom looked into the sky, 4 a wish with all her heart,“Let the baby live, please, even if I may die!”
Just then, a bright star 5 from the sky. All her troubles were soon gone, and my little head came out of her body.
With the 6 of a star came a new life. That is how I got the name Stella, which means star.
1. tell 2. talked 3. said 4. making 5. fell 6. falling (100 年第二次基測)
3. Multiple-choice cloze test(克漏字選擇題):學生從幾個可能的答案中選出正確的答案。
例題
My mother likes to tell me the story about my name, Stella. She 1 about it many times.
I was born on a night full of stars. My mom 2 a hard time when the doctor said I was too big to be pulled out. At that moment, Mom looked into the sky, making a wish with all her heart, “Let the baby live, please, even if I may die!”
Just then, a bright star 3 from the sky. All her troubles were soon gone, and my little head came out of her body.
With the falling of a star came a new life. That is how I 4 the name Stella, which means star.
1. (A) talked (B) is talking (C) has talked (D) will talk
2. (A) was having (B) has (C) has had (D) will have
3. (A) would fall (B) fell (C) falls (D) is falling
4. (A) got (B) get (C) am getting (D) will get
例題
My mother likes to tell me the story about my name, Stella. She h__ talked ab____ it ma____ times.
I w____ born o____ a ni____ full o____ stars. M____ mom w____ having ____ hard ti____ when t____ doctor sa____ I w____ too b____ to b____ pulled o____. At th____ moment, M____ looked in____ the s____, making ____ wish wi____ all h____ heart,“L____ the ba____ live, ple____, even i____ I m____ die!”...
★ 考生秘笈
克漏字解題技巧
克漏字的命題形式靈活多變,可考的層面又廣,是現在各類英文測驗最常出現的考題。前述提到,克漏字的四種層面為:用法、慣用語、語意及整體概念。
解析文章語意與句法結構,成為此題型必要的策略。跟前面的文法題一樣,可以採用原本的三個步驟,再加上兩個步驟來解題:
一、找出此句話的主詞與動詞
二、將整句依照句子結構拆成小單元
三、決定這個空格字前後的結構關係
四、 檢視兩句間的邏輯關係:克漏字文法試題複雜,對於句子間的轉折也是重點,所以有時也要檢視前後兩句間的邏輯關係。
五、 注意一些搭配詞,尤其是動詞的慣用語。如前面所說的tell the story, provide... with, talk about 等
以下針對幾個近年的考題,作解題技巧說明。
例題
CouchSurfing has developed into a new craze for the travel community since it began in 1999. CouchSurfing, usually 26 as CS, offers a great way for budget conscious travelers to travel the world in a far less expensive way. CS works when travelers find people who are willing to open up their homes to them and have spare couches for them to sleep on. 27 saving money on accommodation, CS provides travelers 28 a unique opportunity to encounter local perspectives from the area in which they are traveling, 29 various cultural, political, and religious viewpoints and lifestyles. Do you have a limited travel budget? Are you comfortable spending time with strangers? Do you want to experience different outlooks from other parts of the world? 30 CouchSurfing.org, a popular social networking site for both surfers and hosts, to gain a better understanding of how to find and contact potential hosts and begin your journey today. You won’t be disappointed.
26. (A) abbreviated (B) lengthened (C) knew (D) became
27. (A) In order to (B) Because of (C) In addition to (D) In case of
28. (A) with (B) from (C) to (D) of
29. (A) excluding (B) having (C) consisting (D) including
30. (A) To visit (B) Visit (C) Visiting (D) Visited
說明
此題考「單字用法」,測驗動詞考生對 (A) 縮寫、(B) 加長、(C) 知道、(D) 成為,四個選項的熟悉度。空格後的 CS 是線索,引導思考 CS 是 CouchSurfing 的縮寫。過去分詞片語 usually abbreviated as CS 用來修飾前面的主詞 CouchSurfing。
27. (A) In order to (B) Because of (C) In addition to (D) In case of
說明
此題考「語氣轉換」,(A) 為了、(B) 由於、(C) 除了??之外、(D) 萬一, 這四個選項都是轉折語,但由文章得知 CouchSurfing 除了可省住宿費,還提供一個獨特的機會,就是讓旅遊者可以體驗當地的視野。
28. (A) with (B) from (C) to (D) of
說明
此題考「搭配詞、慣用語」,亦即 provide sb with sth 的用法。
29. (A) excluding (B) having (C) consisting (D) including
說明
此題一樣考「單字用法」,(A) 排除、(B) 擁有、(C) 組成、(D) 包括。文章的線索在local perspectives,29 題的空格後面提到各類的文化、政治、宗教及生活方式,可推知空格為(D) 包括。
30. (A) To visit (B) Visit (C) Visiting (D) Visited
說明
此題考「文法用法」,空格所在的句子沒有動詞,所以需要一個動詞;通篇文章很像是一則廣告,因此使用肯定的祈使句來加強說話的語氣,選動詞原形 (B) Visit。
例題
Long long time ago, a girl named Doris lost her ring. She felt so bad that she could not sleep well. When Doris turned over in her bed, she found the black horse in the picture on the wall 21 . She was very surprised, so she got out of bed to have a closer look. When Doris touched the head of the horse, she 22 into the picture!
Now Doris was sitting on the back of the running horse! It was so exciting to be riding a horse in the beautiful sky, but Doris did not know where the horse 23 her. Finally, they stopped in front of an old church. There Doris found a gift bag. She opened the bag and saw her ring inside. Doris was very happy. When she put on the ring, she woke up from her dream. At that moment, Doris could not believe her eyes—the ring 24 there back on her finger!
21. (A) is moving (B) has moved (C) was moving (D) will move
22. (A) is pulled (B) was pulled (C) has been pulled (D) would be pulled
23. (A) took (B) is taking (C) has taken (D) would take
24. (A) is (B) was (C) has been (D) would be
這樣的考試類型其實並非克漏字測驗的原意。姑且可以認為基測中心是要測驗國中生的基本能力,因此借用此題型來考文法吧。
例題
Handling customer claims is a common task for most business firms. These claims include requests to exchange merchandise, requests for refunds, requests that work 11 , and other requests for adjustments. Most of these claims are approved because they are legitimate. However, some requests for adjustment must be 12 , and an adjustment refusal message must be sent. Adjustment refusals are negative messages for the customer. They are necessary when the customer is 13 or when the vendor has done all that can reasonably or legally be expected.
An adjustment refusal message requires your best communication skills 14 it 拒絕要求的訊息需要絕佳的溝通技巧,因為對接收訊息的客戶來說是壞消息。必須同時回絕要求又要能挽留該顧客。你可能不但要拒絕客戶要求,甚至還得嘗試銷售更多商品或服務給客戶。在此同時客戶可能會生氣、失望或感到不便。)
11. (A) is correct (B) to be correct (C) is corrected (D) be corrected
說明
此題考「文法用法」,測驗 request 的用法,當 request 意為「要求、堅持」,後面接子句時,必須使用原形動詞(should +V),而 should 經常省略。
12. (A) retailed (B) denied (C) appreciated (D) elaborated
說明
此題考「上下文語氣轉換」,線索一為轉折語 however,線索二為 refusal;前後兩句子語意相反,可知是討論拒絕要求的情況,故能知道答案為 denied。(A)零售、(C) 感激、(D) 詳盡闡述,語意都不通。
13. (A) at fault (B) on call (C) in tears (D) off guard
說明
此題考「綜合性理解」。線索為 negative、necessary、reasonably or legally等字;句意是「當過錯在客戶,或公司已經做了所有合理或合法的處理時,這樣的訊息是有必要的。」故選 (A) 過錯(B) 待命、(C) 流淚、(D) 沒有防備,皆不對。
14. (A) till (B) unless (C) because (D) therefore
說明
此題考「上下文語氣轉換」及「文法用法」。till(直到)、unless(除非)、because(因為)為連接詞,therefore(因此)是副詞。前句 An adjustment refusal message requires your best communication skills 的意思為「拒絕要求的訊息需要絕佳的溝通技巧」,後句it is bad news to the receiver 的意思為「對接收訊息的客戶來說是壞消息」,兩句為因果關係,前句是「果」,後句是「因」;而且兩句都是完整子句,故選連接詞 (C) because。
15. (A) by and large (B) over and over (C) at the same time (D) for the same reason
說明
此題同樣考「上下文語氣轉換」。by and large(一般說來)、over and over(一再地)、at the same time(同時)、for the same reason(基於同樣原因)都是副詞片語。空格後的句子You may refuse the request for adjustment and even try to sell the customer more merchandise or service. 提到「不但要拒絕客戶的要求,甚至還要嘗試賣更多商品或服務給客戶。」,因此推論出「拒絕要求」與「留住客戶」要同時進行,故選 (C) at the same time。
重要:針對以上幾個題目文章的理解,首先可以先將各句主詞及動詞找出, 然後將句子拆成小單元,很多時候,這些文章就很容易上下文連結在一起。
★ 克漏字試題練習
克漏字的選項可以從下列三種方式命題:第一種是「用法、文法不同」的選項,第二種是「文法正確,但語意錯誤」的選項,第三種是「上下文口氣不對」的選項。以下我們找一篇來自高中課本的文章,說明如何改寫為克漏字試題。
The ability to create is one of the outstanding features of human beings. However, scientific understanding of creativity is far from complete. Many people believe that only a handful of geniuses are capable of making creative contributions to humanity, but this just isn’t true. Creative thinking is quite normal in human beings and can be observed in almost all mental activities. However, intelligence is not always a necessary part of creativity. During World War II, U.S. military leaders discovered that pilots with high IQ’s were not always creative fighters.
(創造力是人類傑出的特徵之一;然而,科學上尚未對於創造力有全面的瞭解然。很多人相信,只有少數天才才能對於人類有創造性的貢獻。但此非事實。創造性思考在人類身上,非常普通,幾乎在大部分的心智活動中,都可以觀察到。然而,智力並非一定是創造力的一部分。在二次大戰中,美國的軍事指揮官發現, 擁有高智力的飛行員,並不一定是有創意的戰士。)
針對此段,我們可以思考幾個可以考的部分:動詞的慣用語(making contributions)、上下文的語氣與語意(far from),被動(be observed),上下文的轉換(however),動詞語意(discovered)等,而選項設計則必須遵循前面的原則:詞類、文法、屬性、難度必須一致。如:
making搭配的誘答選項:taking, letting, having
far from 的誘答選項:less than, more than, as much as
be observed的誘答選項:observe, have observed, observed
However的誘答選項:On the other hand, Meanwhile, Above all
discovered的誘答選項:disparaged, disproved, dismissed