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Study Notes on Drucker’s Eight Articles
Not just management. This book reveals the philosophical soul of Peter Drucker’s thought. Through eight essential articles, it explores purpose, responsibility, and society, inviting leaders and thinkers to look beyond techniques and rediscover management as a deeply human endeavor.Unveiling the Soul of Management: A Deep Dive into Drucker’s PhilosophyStudy Notes on Drucker’s Eight Articles offers a profound and personal exploration of Peter Drucker’s most critical writings. Developed through a close collaboration with Shao Minglo’s compilation To Know the Real Drucker, this volume transcends traditional management commentary to reveal the philosophical bedrock of Drucker’s worldview.The author, originally a scholar of ancient Chinese literature, approaches Drucker not merely as a management guru, but as a great thinker in the lineage of Dostoevsky and Thomas Mann. Through a journey that traverses the diagnosis of totalitarianism and the search for societal salvation, these notes connect Drucker’s modern insights with the timeless questions of freedom, faith, and human responsibility. Inside this volume: The Inner Chapters: Detailed study notes and reflections on eight seminal Drucker articles, including "The Unfashionable Kierkegaard" and "Management as a Social Function and Liberal Art." The Outer Chapters: Miscellaneous essays that bridge Drucker’s social ecology with the works of Western sages and literary giants, offering a cross-temporal spiritual dialogue.This book is an invitation to entrepreneurs and thinkers alike to look beyond the mechanics of business and engage with the "why" behind the "how." It is a testament to the power of deep reading and the enduring relevance of Drucker’s vision for a functioning society.
資本主義、社會主義與民主
「讀這本書不是為了同意或不同意裡面的觀點，而是因為它所引發的思考。」 —約翰．肯尼斯．加爾布雷斯《資本主義、社會主義與民主》（以下簡稱《資本主義》）是二十世紀偉大的社會科學經典著作之一。熊彼得這本書之所以如此出色，特別歸功於以下三點：對民主的新穎看法、對資本家經濟營運之另類分析、資本主義因成功趨向消失之煽動性主張。應該強調的是，熊彼得的寫作風格也讓這本著作讀起來很有趣。《資本主義、社會主義與民主》是一本原書約400 頁的厚實著作，一般讀者集中精神約要20 小時才能讀完。如果讀者沒有這麼多時間，建議做以下選讀：第11 至14 章精要的解釋為何資本主義無法存活；第15 和16 章詳細的解釋為何社會主義確實有用；重要的第20 至23 章討論不同的民主理論；著名的那幾章則介紹當代資本主義的運作方式（第7 章〈創造性破壞的過程〉和第8 章〈壟斷性實務〉）。本書分為五個部分，之間沒有太大的關聯。在第一版前言中，作者談到書中的「異質材料」，並將五個部分描述為「接近自我涵蓋的內容」，彼此是用「鍊」和「平台」來產生連結。 這本書一開始就對馬克思進行一段冗長卻又出色的探討，不但具有啟發性，也令人愉悅，但對了解本書主要論點（第一部〈馬克思學說〉）並非必要。熊彼得對馬克思想的分析有一基本的創見之處，即他能用前後一致的方式將馬克思的思想區分為「社會學」和「經濟學」兩類。熊彼得非常崇拜馬克思的社會學（第2 章），但對他的經濟學則持比較懷疑的態度（第3 章）。然而他對馬克思在經濟分析中加入動態元素（dynamic element）的嘗試給予高度的評價，他自己也試圖用他的企業家理論達成類似結果。本書的主要論點是從第二部〈資本主義能存活嗎？〉開始。這部分前幾章專注於分析當前資本主義的運作方式，讀者要尤其注意第7 和第8 章，裡面的「創造性破壞」（creative destruction）和「壟斷性實務」（monopolistic practices）分析相當著名。穿插於第二部分前幾章間的是一種對主流經濟學的有趣評論：整體而言不具動態性，及特別對競爭缺乏現實的認知。第二部分最後幾章專注於討論為何資本主義（按熊彼得的看法）無法存活（第11 至13 章）：資本家文明正在崩潰和資產階級缺乏自信在內的現象。正如許多評論家指出的，這幾章饒富趣味、具有娛樂性，但最終不太有說服力。（參閱本引言稍後說的）。第三部〈社會主義能行得通嗎？〉也同樣有趣。熊彼得主張社會主義或許在某些方面優於資本主義（第17 章）。他探討人類本性是否排除了社會主義社會（第18 章），並試著建立資本主義過渡到社會主義的時機（第19 章）。第16 章尤其有趣，熊彼得在此章解釋為何社會主義經濟是一種可行的命題，這與路德維希．馮．米塞斯（Ludwig von Mises）和其他人的論點相左。第四部〈社會主義與民主〉代表《資本主義》最精彩部分之一。裡面各章都以簡明扼要的方式提出論點，沒有像書中其他部分因過度岔題而失色。第21 和22 章尤其精彩，熊彼得在裡面呈現並面對兩種民主理論，這兩章分別是〈古典民主學說〉和〈另一種民主理論〉。第四部也對社會主義者民主的樣貌提出一個有趣的簡要描繪（第23 章第3 節）。《資本主義、社會主義與民主》最後一部分是標題為〈社會主義政黨歷史概述〉的第五部，明顯是書中最可有可無的一部分。熊彼得自己說他寫的社會主義政黨史觀只是一個「概略」、「極為不完整」，他說的是真的。讀者會發現一些與奧地利馬克思主義者（熊彼得認識其中許多位）、布爾什維克（Bolshevik）領導者，或其他人物有關的有趣細節，但僅此而已，沒有其他更多訊息。本書的某些版本（包括這版）附有熊彼得在1949 年（他過世前一年）發表的一篇題為〈邁向社會主義〉的演講稿。從這個演講可以看出，熊彼得在生命即將結束之際仍堅信《資本主義》的主要論點：資本主義即將為社會主義取代。
Drucker on Totalitarianism and Salvation
PREFACEMy father’s escape from—and opposition to—totalitarianism dominated much of his writing. It permeated his beliefs about the empowerment of individuals, and the moral responsibility of organizationsto empower the individuals within their sphere.This collection emphasizes the principles of human choice, dignity; self-worth; and society’s role to achieve these ends, within a fair and equitable system.It was based on this shared belief system that my father and Ming Lo Shao developed a warm friendship—a friendship nurtured and maintained, with mutual respect, for many years until my father’s passing in 2005.This collection demonstrates the timeliness of my father’s writings, and their applicability to some of the critical situations facing our world today, almost 90 years after they were first penned.The Drucker family thanks Ming Lo Shao for his work in creating this anthology, and for his dedication to keeping Drucker’s writings alive and relevant for a new generation.Joan Drucker WinsteinDenver, Colorado, USAAugust, 2020TO OUR READERSI have long wanted to compile a volume that brings together Peter Drucker’s discourses on totalitarianism and salvation by society to make them easily accessible to readers. Now the work has finally been completed.The book is comprised of selections from five of Peter Drucker’s works, The End of Economic Man, The Ecological Vision, Landmarks of Tomorrow, Adventures of a Bystander, and A Functioning Society. My job was to sort the content into nine chapters, draw up titles, and write related introductionsto the chapters. Drucker’s reflections on and critiques of totalitarianism run through most of his works, but they are more focused and systematic in the five books mentioned above. Known as “the father of modern management”, Peter Drucker had a lifelong hatred of totalitarianism. He studied management because he felt that only the effective management of pluralistic social organizations—including non-profit organizations, industrial and commercial enterprises, and government agencies—could provide options or alternatives to resist totalitarian rule.Totalitarianism is an ugly phenomenon in human society and politics, and it is also a terrifying disease. It has caused more suffering to humankind than any other tyranny in history. What it seeks is to fully and thoroughly manipulate and control every individual, both in body and mind, turning humans not only into animals but also into machines and tools as well. Totalitarianism aims for absolute power, but no one except the Creator has such power. Hence, it manifests as a state of absurdity and madness in which “the movement (persecution) is everything, yet there is no purpose.” By its nature, totalitarianism cannot tolerate the existence of even a tiny bit of humanity. The Nazis’ “final solution” (genocide), the mass murder of Jews, is its logical result. Today, highly developed new technologies are also providing imaginative physical and psychological methods of manipulation, giving those with totalitarian ambitions the means to carry out a “final solution,” the extinction of unmankind (the extinction of human nature; that is, essentially exterminating the human species.)Totalitarianism is the result of the failure of “salvation by society”.History has repeatedly proven that any perfect, or nearly perfect society that claims to have no conflict, no class differences, complete fairness, justice, benevolence, and harmony, is a utopia. However, using society to eliminate evil in human nature, to save human beings from depravity, and transform them into perfect people, is merely a naïve fantasy. Marxism is the most recent, most rigorous, and most alluring social rescue plan but also the utmost failure at “salvation by society”. Today, political parties and nations still under the banner of Marxist communism or socialism have essentially sunken into totalitarianism.
