Virtualization Technology Applied to Rootkit Defense
This research effort examines the idea of applying virtualization hardware to enhance operating system security against rootkits. Rootkits are sets of tools used to hide code and/or functionality from the user and operating system. Rootkits can accomplish this feat through using access to one part of an operating system to change another part that resides at the same privilege level. Hardware assisted virtualization (HAV) provides an opportunity to defeat this tactic through the introduction of a new operating mode. Created to aid operating system virtualization, HAV provides hardware support for managing and saving multiple states of the processor. This hardware support overcomes a problem in pure software virtualization, which is the need to modify guest software to run at a less privileged level. Using HAV, guest software can operate at the pre-HAV most privileged level. This thesis provides a plan to protect data structures targeted by rootkits through unconventional use of HAV technology to secure system resources such as memory. This method of protection will provide true real-time security through OS attack prevention, rather than reaction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Spectral Domain RF Fingerprinting for 802.11 Wireless Devices
The increase in availability and reduction in cost of commercial communication devices (IEEE compliant such as 802.11, 802.16, etc) has increased wireless user exposure and the need for techniques to properly identify/classify signals for increased security measures. A communication device's emission includes intentional modulation that enables correct device operation. Hardware and environmental factors alter the ideal response and induce unintentional modulation e ects. If these e ects (features) are su ciently unique it becomes possible to identify a device using its ngerprint, with potential discrimination of not only manufacturers but possibly serial numbers for a given manufacturer.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Emerging Roles of Combat Communication Squadrons in Cyber Warfare As Related to Computer Network Attack, Defense And Exploitation
The warfighter has become increasingly dependent of the cyber domain and the computer network that all the deployed forces use to plan and execute the Commander's intent and accomplish the objectives for mission success. The full spectrum of cyber dominance must include the need for computer network attack, defense and exploitation (CNA/D/E) at the tactical level. The combat communications squadrons (CCS) are the Air Force's deployable communication force structure for the joint and coalition war ghter during combat and Humanitarian Relief Operations. With the growing intensity to defend the warfighter's mission that is dependent on the network, instead of defending the entire Air Force GIG, the CCS's core competencies must continue to move from network assurance to mission assurance in a tactical communication environment. In order to provide this complete capability for the war ghter, the combat communication squadrons should reshape their mission to include the cyber operations focus of CNA/D/E. The CCS mission should strive to balance bare-base operations with the CNA/D/E capabilities and evolve combat communication squadrons into a total cyber force tactical unit. Therefore, it only makes sense that mission assurance at the lowest possible denominator must be achieved and maintained. This research intends to show how an Air Force CCS can provide those complete cyber capabilities needed for a deployed force commander to obtain full mission assurance in the cyber domain through a new CCS team structure and time-phased implementation plan.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Software Obfuscation With Symmetric Cryptography
Software protection is of great interest to commercial industry. Millions of dollars and years of research are invested in the development of proprietary algorithms used in software programs. A reverse engineer that successfully reverses another company's proprietary algorithms can develop a competing product to market in less time and with less money. The threat is even greater in military applications where adversarial reversers can use reverse engineering on unprotected military software to compromise capabilities on the field or develop their own capabilities with significantly less resources. Thus, it is vital to protect software, especially the software's sensitive internal algorithms, from adversarial analysis. Software protection through obfuscation is a relatively new research initiative. The mathematical and security community have yet to agree upon a model to describe the problem let alone the metrics used to evaluate the practical solutions proposed by computer scientists. We propose evaluating solutions to obfuscation under the intent protection model, a combination of white-box and black-box protection to reflect how reverse engineers analyze programs using a combination white-box and black-box attacks. In addition, we explore use of experimental methods and metrics in analogous and more mature fields of study such as hardware circuits and cryptography. Finally, we implement a solution under the intent protection model that demonstrates application of the methods and evaluation using the metrics adapted from the aforementioned fields of study to reflect the unique challenges in a software-only software protection technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Accelerating Malware Detection via a Graphics Processing Unit
Real-time malware analysis requires processing large amounts of data storage to look for suspicious files. This is a time consuming process that (requires a large amount of processing power) often affecting other applications running on a personal computer. This research investigates the viability of using Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), present in many personal computers, to distribute the workload normally precessed by the standard Central Processing Unit (CPU). Three experiments are conducted using an industry standard GPU, the NVIDIA GeForce 9500 GT card. Experimental results show that a GPU can calculate a MD5 signature hash and scan a database of malicious signatures 82% faster then a CPU for files between 0 - 96 kB. If the file size is increased to 97 - 192 kB the GPU is 85% faster than the CPU. This demonstrates that the GPU can provide a greater performance increase over a CPU.These results could help achieve faster anti-malware products, faster network intrusion detection system response times, and faster firewall applications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Passwords
The purpose of this research was to see how individuals use and remember passwords. Specifically, this thesis sought to answer research questions addressing if organizational parameters are influencing behaviors associated with password choice and to what effect. Volunteers answered the research questions via a web-survey. The research identified the need for an evaluation of how organizations limit password choice by setting parameters for individuals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Dynamically Configurable Log-Based Distributed Security Event Detection Methodology Using Simple Event Correlator
This research effort identifies attributes of distributed event correlation which make it desirable for security event detection, and evaluates those attributes in a comparison with a centralized alternative. Event correlation is an effective means of detecting complex situations encountered in information technology environments. Centralized, database-driven log event correlation is more commonly implemented, but suffers from flaws such as high network bandwidth utilization, significant requirements for system resources, and difficulty in detecting certain suspicious behaviors. This analysis measures the value in distributed event correlation by considering network bandwidth utilization, detection capability and database query efficiency, as well as through the implementation of remote configuration scripts and correlation of multiple log sources. These capabilities produce a configuration which allows a 99% reduction of network syslog traffic in the low-accountability case, and a significant decrease in database execution time through context-addition in the high-accountability case.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development of an Malicious Insider Composite Vulnerability Assessment Methodology
Trusted employees pose a major threat to information systems. Despite ad-vances in prevention, detection, and response techniques, the number of maliciousinsider incidents and their associated costs have yet to decline. There are very fewvulnerability and impact models capable of providing information owners with theability to comprehensively assess the effectiveness an organization's malicious insidermitigation strategies.This research uses a multi-dimensional approach: content analysis, attack treeframework, and an intent driven taxonomy model are used to develop a maliciousinsider Decision Support System (DSS) tool. The tool's output provides an assess-ment of a malicious insider's composite vulnerability levels based upon aggregatedvulnerability assessment and impact assessment levels.The DSS tool's utility and applicability is demonstrated using a notional ex-ample. This research gives information owners data to more appropriately allocatescarce security resources.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of Botnet Vulnerabilities
Botnets are a significant threat to computer networks and data stored on networked computers. The ability to inhibit communication between servers controlling the botnet and individual hosts would be an effective countermeasure. The objective of this research was to find vulnerabilities in Unreal IRCd that could be used to shut down the server. Analysis revealed that Unreal IRCd is a very mature and stable IRC server and no significant vulnerabilities were found. While this research does not eliminate the possibility that a critical vulnerability is present in the Unreal IRCd software, none were identified during this effort.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Defensive Cyber Battle Damage Assessment Through Attack Methodology Modeling
Due to the growing sophisticated capabilities of advanced persistent cyber threats, it is necessary to understand and accurately assess cyber attack damage to digital assets. This thesis proposes a Defensive Cyber Battle Damage Assessment (DCBDA) process which utilizes the comprehensive understanding of all possible cyber attack methodologies captured in a Cyber Attack Methodology Exhaustive List (CAMEL). This research proposes CAMEL to provide detailed knowledge of cyber attack actions, methods, capabilities, forensic evidence and evidence collection methods. This product is modeled as an attack tree called the Cyber Attack Methodology Attack Tree (CAMAT). The proposed DCBDA process uses CAMAT to analyze potential attack scenarios used by an attacker. These scenarios are utilized to identify the associated digital forensic methods in CAMEL to correctly collect and analyze the damage from a cyber attack. The results from the experimentation of the proposed DCBDA process show the process can be successfully applied to cyber attack scenarios to correctly assess the extent, method and damage caused by a cyber attack.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Routing of Time-Sensitive Data in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Mobile networks take the communication concept one step further than wireless networks. In these networks, all nodes in the network are assumed to be mobile. These networks are also called mobile ad hoc networks, due to their mobility and random configurations. Ad hoc networking is a relatively new concept; consequently, many researches are in progress focusing on each level of the network stack of ad hoc networks. This research focuses on the routing of time-sensitive data in ad hoc networks. A routing protocol named Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vectoring (AODV), which has been developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for ad hoc networks, has been studied. Taking this protocol as a point of departure, a new routing protocol named as Real Time Routing Protocol (RTRP) was developed while considering the characteristics of time-sensitive data. These two routing protocols have been modeled using OPNET, a discrete-event network simulation tool, and simulations were run to compare the performances of these protocols.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stochastic Estimation and Control of Queues Within a Computer Network
An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate size and packet arrival rate of network queues. These estimates are used by a LQG steady state linear perturbation PI controller to regulate queue size within a computer network. This paper presents the derivation of the transient queue behavior for a system with Poisson traffic and exponential service times. This result is then validated for ideal traffic using a network simulated in OPNET. A more complex OPNET model is then used to test the adequacy of the transient queue size model when non-Poisson traffic is combined. The extended Kalman filter theory is presented and a network state estimatoris designed using the transient queue behavior model. The equations needed for the LQG synthesis of a steady state linear perturbation PI controller are presented. These equations are used to develop a network queue controller based on the transient queue model. The performance of the network state estimator and network queue controller was investigated and shown to provide improved control when compared to other simplistic control algorithms.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using a Distributed Object-Oriented Database Management System in Support of a High-Speed Network Intrusion Detection System Data Repository
The Air Force has multiple initiatives to develop data repositories for high-speed network intrusion detection systems (IDS). All of the developed systems utilize a relational database management system (RDBMS) as the primary data storage mechanism. The purpose of this thesis is to replace the RDBMS in one such system developed by AFRL, the Automated Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE), with a distributed object-oriented database management system (DOODBMS) and observe a number of areas: its performance against the RDBMS in terms of IDS event insertion and retrieval, the distributed aspects of the new system, and the resulting object-oriented architecture. The resulting system, the Object-Oriented Automated Intrusion Detection Environment (OOAIDE), is designed, built, and tested using the DOODBMS Objectivity/DB. Initial tests indicate that the new system is remarkably faster than the original system in terms of event insertion. Object retrievals are also faster when more than one association is used in the query. The database is then replicated and distributed across a simple heterogeneous network with preliminary tests indicating no loss of performance. A standardized object model is also presented that can accommodate any IDS data repository built around a DOODBMS architecture.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using Sequence Analysis to Perform Application-Based Anomaly Detection Within an Artificial Immune System Framework
The Air Force and other Department of Defense (DoD) computer systems typically rely on traditional signature-based network IDSs to detect various types of attempted or successful attacks. Signature-based methods are limited to detecting known attacks or similar variants; anomaly-based systems, by contrast, alert on behaviors previously unseen. The development of an effective anomaly-detecting, application-based IDS would increase the Air Force's ability to ward off attacks that are not detected by signature-based network IDSs, thus strengthening the layered defenses necessary to acquire and maintain safe, secure communication capability. This system follows the Artificial Immune System (AIS) framework, which relies on a sense of "self," or normal system states to determine potentially dangerous abnormalities ("non-self").This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Formal Mitigation Strategies for the Insider Threat
The advancement of technology and reliance on information systems have fostered an environment of sharing and trust. The rapid growth and dependence on these systems, however, creates an increased risk associated with the insider threat. The insider threat is one of the most challenging problems facing the security of information systems because the insider already has capabilities within the system. Despite research efforts to prevent and detect insiders, organizations remain susceptible to this threat because of inadequate security policies and a willingness of some individuals to betray their organization. To investigate these issues, a formal security model and risk analysis framework are used to systematically analyze this threat and develop effective mitigation strategies. This research extends the Schematic Protection Model to produce the first comprehensive security model capable of analyzing the safety of a system against the insider threat. The model is used to determine vulnerabilities in security policies and system implementation. Through analysis, mitigation strategies that effectively reduce the threat are identified. Furthermore, an action-based taxonomy that expresses the insider threat through measurable and definable actions is presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Study to Determine Damage Assessment Methods or Models on Air Force Networks
Damage assessment for computer networks is a new area of interest for the Air Force. Previously, there has not been a concerted effort to codify damage assessment or develop a model that can be applied in assessing damage done by criminals, natural disasters, or other methods of damaging a computer network. The research undertaken attempts to identify if the Air Force MAJCOM Network Operations Support Centers (NOSC) use damage assessment models or methods. If the Air Force does use a model or method, an additional question of how the model was attained or decided upon is asked. All information comes from interviews, via e-mail or telephone, of managers in charge of computer security incidents at the Major Command level. The research is qualitative, so there are many biases and opportunities for additional, more research. Currently, there is some evidence to show that several Network Operations Support Centers are using some form of damage assessment, however, each organization has highly individualized damage assessment methods that have been developed internally and not from a re-producible method or model.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Metamorphic Program Fragmentation as a Software Protection
Unauthorized reverse-engineering of programs and algorithms is a major problem for the software industry. Every program released to the public can be analyzed by any number of malicious reverse-engineers. These reversers search for security holes in the program to exploit or try to steal a competitor's vital algorithms. While it can take years and millions of dollars worth of research to develop new software, a determined reverser can reverse-engineer the program in a fraction of the time. To discourage reverse-engineering attempts, developers use a variety of software prote tions to obfuscate their programs. However, these protections are generally static, allowing reverse-engineers to eventually adapt to the protections, defeat them, and sometimes build automated tools to defeat them in the future. Metamorphic software protections add another layer of protection to traditional static obfuscation techniques. Metamorphic protections force a reverser to adjust their attacks as the protection changes. Program fragmentation combines two obfuscation techniques, outlining and obfuscated jump tables, into a new, metamorphic protection. Sections of code are removed from the main program flow and randomly placed throughout memory, reducing the programs locality. These fragments move while the program is running and are called using obfuscated jump tables, making program execution difficult to follow. This research assesses the performance overhead of a program fragmentation metamorphic engine and provides a qualitative analysis of its effectiveness against reverse-engineering techniques. Program fragmentation has very little associated overhead, with execution times for individual fragments of less than one microsecond. This low overhead allow a large numbers of fragments to be inserted into programs for protection. In addition, program fragmentation is an effective technique to complicate program of programs using two common disassembler/debugger tools. Thus, program fraThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development of a Methodology for Customizing Insider Threat Auditing on a Linux Operating System
Insider threats can pose a great risk to organizations and by their very nature are difficult to protect against. Auditing and system logging are capabilities present in most operating systems and can be used for detecting insider activity. However, current auditing methods are typically applied in a haphazard way, if at all, and are not conducive to contributing to an effective insider threat security policy. This research develops a methodology for designing a customized auditing and logging template for a Linux operating system. An intent-based insider threat risk assessment methodology is presented to create use case scenarios tailored to address an organization's specific security needs and priorities. These organization specific use cases are verified to be detectable via the Linux auditing and logging subsystems and the results are analyzed to create an effective auditing rule set and logging configuration for the detectable use cases. Results indicate that creating a customized auditing rule set and system logging configuration to detect insider threat activity is possible.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Application of Automated Theorem Provers to Computer System Security
The Schematic Protection Model is specified in SAL and theorems about Take-Grant and New Technology File System schemes are proven. Arbitrary systems can be specified in SPM and analyzed. This is the first known automated analysis of SPM specifications in a theorem prover. The SPM specification was created in such a way that new specifications share the underlying framework and are configurable within the specifications file alone. This allows new specifications to be created with ease as demonstrated by the four unique models included within this document. This also allows future users to more easily specify models without recreating the framework. The built-in modules of SAL provided the needed support to make the model flexible and entities asynchronous. This flexibility allows for the number of entities to be dynamic and to meet the needs of different specifications. The models analyzed in this research demonstrate the validity of the specification and its application to real-world systems.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Automated Analysis of ARM Binaries Using the Low-Level Virtual Machine Compiler Framework
Binary program analysis is a critical capability for offensive and defensive operations in Cyberspace. However, many current techniques are ineffective or time-consuming and few tools can analyze code compiled for embedded processors such as those used in network interface cards, control systems and mobile phones. This research designs and implements a binary analysis system, called the Architecture-independent Binary Abstracting Code Analysis System (ABACAS), which reverses the normal program compilation process, lifting binary machine code to the Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) compiler's intermediate representation, thereby enabling existing security-related analyses to be applied to binary programs. The prototype targets ARM binaries but can be extended to support other architectures. Several programs are translated from ARM binaries and analyzed with existing analysis tools. Programs lifted from ARM binaries are an average of 3.73 times larger than the same programs compiled from a high-level language (HLL).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Distributed Agent Architecture for a Computer Virus Immune System
Information superiority is identified as an Air Force core competency and is recognized as a key enabler for the success of future missions. Information protection and information assurance are vital components required for achieving superiority in the Infosphere, but these goals are threatened by the exponential birth rate of new computer viruses. The increased global interconnectivity that is empowering advanced information systems is also increasing the spread of malicious code and current anti-virus solutions are quickly becoming overwhelmed by the burden of capturing and classifying new viral stains. To overcome this problem, a distributed computer virus immune system (CVIS) based on biological strategies is developed. The biological immune system (BIS) offers a highly parallel defense-in-depth solution for detecting and eliminating foreign invaders. Each component of the BIS can be viewed as an autonomous agent. Only through the collective actions of this multi-agent system can non-self entities be detected and removed from the body. This research develops a model of the BIS and utilizes software agents to implement a CVIS. The system design validates that agents are an effective methodology for the construction of an artificial immune system largely because the biological basis for the architecture can be described as a system of collaborating agents. The distributed agent architecture provides support for detection and management capabilities that are unavailable in current anti-virus solutions. However, the slow performance of the Java and the Java Shared Data Toolkit implementation indicate the need for a compiled language solution and the importance of understanding the performance issues in agent system design. The detector agents are able to distinguish self from non-self within a probabilistic error rate that is tunable through the proper selection of system parameters. This research also shows that by fighting viruses using an immune system model, tThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Suspicion Modeling in Support of Cyber-Influence Operations/Tactics
Understanding the cognitive process of IT user suspicion may assist organizations in development of network protection plans, personnel training, and tools necessary to identify and mitigate nefarious intrusions IT systems. Exploration of a conceptual common ground between psycho-social and technology-related concepts of suspicion are the heart of this investigation. The complexities involvedd in merging these perspectivess led to the overall questrion: What is the nature of the suspicion towrds IT? The research problem/ phenomenon wasaddress via extensive liteaturereview, and use of the Interactvie Qualitative Analysis methodogly. A problem/phenomenon. Analysis of the system led tot he development of a model of IT suspicion as a progenitor for future experimental constructs that measure or assess behavior as a result of cyber attacks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Graph Theoretical Analysis of Network-centric Operations Using Multi-layer Models
As the Department of Defense continues its transformations to a network centric force, evaluating DoD's progression towards net-centricity remains a challenge. This research proposes to extend the Network Centric Operation Common Framework Version 2.0 (draft) with the metrics based in graph theory and, specifically addresses, among other metrics, the measurement of a net-centric force's mission effectiveness. The research incorporates the importance of understanding network topology for evaluating an environment for net-centricity and using network characteristics to help commanders assess the effects of network changes on mission effectiveness.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geolocation of a Node on a Local Area Network
Geolocation is the process of identifying a node using only its Internet Protocol (IP) address. Locating a node on a LAN poses particular challenges due to the small scale of the problem and the increased significance of queuing delay. This study builds upon existing research in the area of geolocation and develops a heuristic tailored to the difficulties inherent in LANs called the LAN Time to Location Heuristic (LTTLH).LTTLH uses several polling nodes to measure latencies to end nodes, known locations within the LAN. The Euclidean distance algorithm is used to compare the results wit`h the latency of a target in order to determine the target's approximate location.Using only these latency measurements, LTTLH is able to determine which switch a target is connected to 95% of the time. Within certain constraints, this method is able to identify the target location 78% of the time. However, LANs are not always configured within the constraints necessary to geolocate a node. In order for LTTLH to be effective, a network must be configured consistently, with similar length cable runs available to nodes located in the same area. For best results, the network should also be partitioned, grouping nodes of similar proximity behind one switch.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of Biometric Technology as an Enabler to Information Assurance
The use of and dependence on Information technology (IT) has grown tremendously in the lasttwo decades. Still, some believe we are only in the infancy of this growth. This explosive growthhas opened the door to capabilities that were only dreamed of in the past. As easily as it is to seehow advantageous technology is, it is also clear that with those advantages come distinctresponsibilities and new problems that must be addressed. For instance, the minute we beganusing information processing systems, the world of information assurance (IA) became far morecomplex as well. As a result, the push for better IA is necessary.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Leveraging Traditional Battle Damage Assessment Procedures to Measure Eects From A Computer Network Attack
The art of warfare in cyberspace is evolving. Cyberspace, as the newest warfighting domain, requires the tools to synchronize effects from the cyber domain with those of the traditional land, maritime, space, and air domains. Cyberspace can compliment a commander's theater strategy supporting strategic, operational, and tactical objectives. To be effective, or provide an eect, commanders must have a mechanism that allows them to understand if a desired cyber effect was successful which requires a comprehensive cyber battle damage assessment capability. The purpose of this research is to analyze how traditional kinetic battle damage assessment is conducted and apply those concepts in cyberspace. This requires in-depth nodal analysis of the cyberspace target as well as what second and third order effects can be measured to determine if the cyber-attack was successful. This is necessary to measure the impact of the cyber-attack which can be used to increase or decrease the risk level to personnel operating in traditional domains.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Detecting Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Against Transport Layer Security Connections With Timing Analysis
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is a vital component to the protection of data as it traverses across networks. From e-commerce websites to Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), TLS protects massive amounts of private information, and protecting this data from Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks is imperative to keeping the information secure. This thesis illustrates how an attacker can successfully perform a MitM attack against a TLS connection without alerting the user to his activities. By deceiving the client machine into using a false certificate, an attacker takes away the only active defense mechanism a user has against a MitM. The goal for this research is to determine if a time threshold exists that can indicate the presence of a MitM in this scenario. An analysis of the completion times between TLS handshakes without a MitM, with a passive MitM, and with an active MitM is used to determine if this threshold is calculable. Any conclusive findings supporting the existence of a timing baseline can be considered the first steps toward finding the value of the threshold and creating a second layer defense to actively protect against a MitM.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cybermad
"Cyberspace has grown in importance to the United States (US), as well as the rest of the word. As such, the impact of cyberspace attacks have increased with time. Threats can be categorized as state or non-state actors. This research paper looks at state actors. It asks the question, should the US adopt a mutually assured destruction (MAD) doctrine for cyberspace? In order to answer this question, this research used a parallel historical case study. The case study was the US's nuclear MAD doctrine of the 1960s.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cyber Capabilities for Global Strike in 2035
This paper examines global strike, a core Air Force capacity to quickly and precisely attack any target anywhere, anytime, from a cyber perspective. Properly used, cyberspace capabilities can significantly enhance Air Force (AF) capabilities to provide the nation the capacity to influence the strategic behavior of existing and potential adversaries. This paper argues that the AF must improve both the quantity and quality of its cyberspace operations force, by treating cyber warfare capabilities in the same manner as it treats its other weapon systems. It argues that despite preconceptions of future automation capabilities, that cyberspace will be a highly dynamic and fluid environment characterized by interactions with a thinking adversary. As such, while automation is required, cyber warfare will be much more manpower intensive than is currently understood, and will require a force that is very highly trained. The rapid evolution of this man-made domain will also demand a robust developmental science and research investment in constantly keeping cyber warfare capabilities in pace with the technologies of the environment. This paper reaches these conclusions by first providing a glimpse into the world of cyberspace in 2035. The paper then assesses how cyber warfare mechanisms could disrupt, disable, or destroy potential adversary targets. It describes how these capabilities might work in two alternate scenarios, and then describes the steps the AF needs to take in the future to be confident in its ability to fly, fight, and win in cyberspace.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Organization for Cyberwar
Many people take for granted things they cannot see, smell, or touch. For most people, security in cyberspace is one of these things. Aside from the securing their home personal computer with the latest anti-virus, the majority of Americans take government and corporate cyber security for granted assuming the professionals have security of the nation's military networks, sensitive government data, and consumers' personal data and financial information under control. Outside of an occasional news story about a denial of service internet attack or an "I Love You" virus, what goes on behind the closed compact disc drive doors does not concern most of the nation. The chilling fact is the nation should be concerned about what is going on in cyberspace. Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the nation has taken a renewed interest in securing the homeland, to include efforts to protect the countries critical infrastructure such as electrical plants, dams, and water supplies. It is no secret that terrorists are interested in striking these targets with the intent of inflicting catastrophic physical and economic damage to western civilization. What many people do not realize is, the computer network systems which monitor and manage these systems, and many others, are also under attack by what some are calling cyber terrorists. Although the government and industry has undertaken a significant amount of effort to protect the nation's military, non-military government, financial, and industrial networks, more work is necessary.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Policy Changes for Acquisition of Offensive Cyberspace Weapon Systems
Because the cyberspace environment is changing so quickly, the slow, methodical Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition process may not suffice. By following the evolutionary acquisition method and incorporating five policy caveats, the DoD acquisition process can acquire effective systems quickly. The purpose of this research is to provide recommended policy changes in the acquisition of offensive cyberspace weapon systems for the Air Force and DoD in general. This paper describes the current DoD acquisition process, explains how cyberspace is different from the other domains, discusses a few innovative acquisition and development approaches, and concludes with the recommended policy changes. A literature search on the cyberspace community along with DoD and Air Force doctrine provided the bulk of the research. The recommended acquisition policy changes fall into the following categories: expanding the network of development activities, building payloads for specific target sets, security classification, sustainment of cyberspace capabilities and testing throughout the acquisition process.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Digital Warfare
Digital Data Warfare (DDW) is an emerging field that has great potential as a means to meet military, political, economic, and personal objectives. Distinguished from the "hacker" variety of malicious computer code, by its predictable nature and the ability to target specific systems, DDW provides the hacker with the means to deny, degrade, decieve, and/or exploit a targeted system. The five phases of DDW attack--penetration, propogation, dormancy, execution, and termination, are presented for the first time by the author in this paper. The nature allows it to be used in the stategic, operational, and tactical warfare roles. Three questions should be considered when developing a strategy for employing DDW: (1) Who should control the employment of DDW? (2) What types of systems should be targeted, and (3) Under what circumstances should DDW be used? Finally, a brief overview of possible countermeasures against DDW is provided as well as an outline of an effective information system security program that would provide a defense against DDW.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
What Senior Leaders Need to Know About Cyberspace
What must senior security leaders know about cyberspace to transform their organizations and make wise decisions? How does the enduring cyberspace process interact with and transform organizations, technology, and people, and, in turn, how do they transform cyberspace itself? To evaluate these questions, this essay establishes the enduring nature of the cyberspace process and compares this relative constant to transformation of organizations and people. Each section discussing these areas provides an assessment of their status as well as identifies key issues for senior security leaders to comprehend now and work to resolve in the future. Specific issues include viewing cyberspace as a new strategic common akin to the sea, comparing effectiveness of existing hierarchies in achieving cybersecurity against networked adversaries, and balancing efficiency and effectiveness of security against the universal laws of privacy and human rights.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cybersecurity Essentials for Small Businesses
Cybersecurity Essentials for SMBs: The Complete Guide to Protecting Your Small Business in the Digital AgeCyber threats aren't just targeting large corporations-they're coming for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) now more than ever. In fact, over 43% of cyberattacks target small businesses. Why? Because hackers know most SMBs lack the resources, knowledge, or personnel to implement strong cybersecurity defenses. Cybersecurity Essentials for SMBs was written to change that.This practical, jargon-free guide empowers business owners, managers, and team leaders with the knowledge and tools they need to secure their operations, data, and customer trust-without needing a degree in computer science or a full-time IT team.���� What You'll Learn Inside: ���� Cybersecurity Fundamentals for Non-Techies No fluff, no scare tactics-just clear explanations of key cybersecurity concepts like malware, phishing, ransomware, firewalls, multi-factor authentication, and more. You'll gain a foundational understanding of the threats your business faces every day.����️ Real-World Security Strategies Get step-by-step guidance on how to defend your business against cyberattacks, protect sensitive customer data, and prevent business disruptions. Learn how to secure your network, devices, cloud platforms, and employee endpoints-whether you're in-office, remote, or hybrid.���� Low-Cost, High-Impact Solutions Cybersecurity doesn't have to break the bank. This book outlines affordable tools, services, and best practices that are ideal for small businesses on a budget. From password managers and antivirus software to secure cloud storage and encrypted backups, you'll find everything you need.���� Risk Reduction Without the Headache Discover how to conduct a simple cybersecurity risk assessment for your business, identify your most vulnerable areas, and prioritize what to fix first. No tech team required.���� Train Your Team to Be Human Firewalls Employees are your biggest risk-and your greatest defense. Learn how to build a cybersecurity culture in your organization, spot red flags like phishing emails, and train your staff to prevent social engineering attacks.���� Compliance & Data Privacy Made Simple From GDPR to HIPAA to PCI DSS, many small businesses don't even realize they're subject to compliance regulations. This book breaks down what applies to you and how to stay compliant with minimal stress.���� Secure Remote Work & BYOD Policies With more employees working remotely or on personal devices, SMBs face new vulnerabilities. Discover how to implement safe remote work practices, VPN use, mobile device management (MDM), and remote incident response plans.���� Incident Response for Small Teams What happens when a breach occurs? You'll learn how to create a simple incident response plan-so if something goes wrong, you're ready. Know when to call professionals, how to document an attack, and how to recover fast.����]���� Who Is This Book For?Small Business Owners & Startups with no IT background but a desire to protect what they've built.Freelancers & Solopreneurs managing client data, payment systems, or personal business devices.Managers & Team Leads looking to educate their staff and build a security-aware company culture.
Course Curriculum Development for the Future Cyberwarrior
Cyberspace is one of the latest buzzwords to gain widespread fame and acceptance throughout the world. One can hear the term being used by presidents of states to elementary children delving into computers for the first time. Cyberspace has generated great enthusiasm over the opportunities and possibilities for furthering mankind's knowledge, communication, as well as, creating more convenient methods for accomplishing mundane or tedious tasks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
To Click or Not to Click
Today's Air Force networks are under frequent attack. One of the most pernicious threats is a sophisticated phishing attack that can lead to complete network penetration. Once an adversary has gained network entry, they are in a position to exfiltrate sensitive data or pursue even more active forms of sabotage. However, there are promising technical advances proposed in current research can help mitigate the threat. Also, user education will continue to play an important role to increase effectiveness in AF defenses. This paper reviews and recommends the most promising suggestions for adaptation and application in today's AF networks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Toward Cyber Omniscience
It is widely accepted that cyberspace is a vulnerable and highly contested environment. The United Sates has and will face threats to its national security in the realm. As a result, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) has decided to consider new and evolving theories of deterrence to address the cyber domain. This OSD-sponsored paper examines a new cyberspace deterrence option know as cyber omniscience. Set in the year 2035, this paper will begin the process of developing the theory of cyber omniscience as a DoD deterrent. At the heart of cyber deterrence lays this question: "As technology rapidly advances in the contested cyber domain, can hostile individuals be deterred from employing highly advanced technologies through cyberspace that threaten national survival?" To answer this question, this paper will investigate a number of issues with regard to cyberspace deterrence: anticipated life (societal norms) and technology in 2035, hostile individual threats, what cyber omniscience entails, privacy issues, and policy recommendations. This multi-pronged approach will serve as the catalyst to a better understanding of the future of cyberspace, the threats, and deterrence.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
U.S. Policy Recommendation for Responding to Cyber Attacks Against the United States
U.S. Response Strategy for Cyber Attacks The United States has traditionally looked to its military to defend against all foreign enemies. International telecommunications and computer networks and globalization have now overcome the military's absolute ability to provide for that common defense. More than capable to respond to attacks in traditional war fighting domains of land, sea, air, and even space, the military will not be able to prevent all cyber attacks against U.S. interests. As a result, the U.S. should establish and announce the nature of its strategic responses to cyber attacks - including legal prosecution, diplomacy, or military action. Such a policy pronunciation will serve both as a deterrent to potential attackers and likely be established as a normative international standard. The outline for a response policy begins by addressing attacks based upon the prevailing security environment - peacetime or conflict. The U.S. should respond to peacetime attacks based on the target, reasonably expected damage, attack type, and source. Attacks likely to cause significant injuries and damage warrant a full spectrum of response options, while state-sponsored attacks would justify a forcible response when their type and target indicate destructive effects including widespread injury and damage.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Defining Our National Cyberspace Boundaries
In February 2009, the Obama Administration commissioned a 60-day review of the United States' cyber security. A near-term action recommended by the 60-day review was to prepare an updated national strategy to secure information and communications infrastructure.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Defensive Cyber Battle Damage Assessment Through Attack Methodology Modeling
Due to the growing sophisticated capabilities of advanced persistent cyber threats, it is necessary to understand and accurately assess cyber attack damage to digital assets. This thesis proposes a Defensive Cyber Battle Damage Assessment (DCBDA) process which utilizes the comprehensive understanding of all possible cyber attack methodologies captured in a Cyber Attack Methodology Exhaustive List (CAMEL). This research proposes CAMEL to provide detailed knowledge of cyber attack actions, methods, capabilities, forensic evidence and evidence collection methods. This product is modeled as an attack tree called the Cyber Attack Methodology Attack Tree (CAMAT). The proposed DCBDA process uses CAMAT to analyze potential attack scenarios used by an attacker. These scenarios are utilized to identify the associated digital forensic methods in CAMEL to correctly collect and analyze the damage from a cyber attack. The results from the experimentation of the proposed DCBDA process show the process can be successfully applied to cyber attack scenarios to correctly assess the extent, method and damage caused by a cyber attack.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Routing of Time-Sensitive Data in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Mobile networks take the communication concept one step further than wireless networks. In these networks, all nodes in the network are assumed to be mobile. These networks are also called mobile ad hoc networks, due to their mobility and random configurations. Ad hoc networking is a relatively new concept; consequently, many researches are in progress focusing on each level of the network stack of ad hoc networks. This research focuses on the routing of time-sensitive data in ad hoc networks. A routing protocol named Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vectoring (AODV), which has been developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for ad hoc networks, has been studied. Taking this protocol as a point of departure, a new routing protocol named as Real Time Routing Protocol (RTRP) was developed while considering the characteristics of time-sensitive data. These two routing protocols have been modeled using OPNET, a discrete-event network simulation tool, and simulations were run to compare the performances of these protocols.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Software Obfuscation With Symmetric Cryptography
Software protection is of great interest to commercial industry. Millions of dollars and years of research are invested in the development of proprietary algorithms used in software programs. A reverse engineer that successfully reverses another company's proprietary algorithms can develop a competing product to market in less time and with less money. The threat is even greater in military applications where adversarial reversers can use reverse engineering on unprotected military software to compromise capabilities on the field or develop their own capabilities with significantly less resources. Thus, it is vital to protect software, especially the software's sensitive internal algorithms, from adversarial analysis. Software protection through obfuscation is a relatively new research initiative. The mathematical and security community have yet to agree upon a model to describe the problem let alone the metrics used to evaluate the practical solutions proposed by computer scientists. We propose evaluating solutions to obfuscation under the intent protection model, a combination of white-box and black-box protection to reflect how reverse engineers analyze programs using a combination white-box and black-box attacks. In addition, we explore use of experimental methods and metrics in analogous and more mature fields of study such as hardware circuits and cryptography. Finally, we implement a solution under the intent protection model that demonstrates application of the methods and evaluation using the metrics adapted from the aforementioned fields of study to reflect the unique challenges in a software-only software protection technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing a Corpus Specific Stop-List Using Quantitative Comparison
We have become overwhelmed with electronic information and it seems our situation is not going to improve. When computers first became thought of as instruments to assist us and make our lives easier we thought of a future, that would be a manageable one. We envisioned a day when documents, no matter when they were produced, would be as close as a click of the mouse and the typing of a few words. Locating information of interest was not going to take all day. What we have found is technology changes faster than we can keep up with it. This thesis will look at how we can provide faster access to the information we are looking for. Previous research in the area of document/information retrieval has mainly focused on the automated creation of abstracts and indexes. But today's requirements are more closely related to searching for information through the use of queries. At the heart of the query process is the removal of search terms with little or no significance to the search being performed. More often than not stop-lists are constructed from the most commonly occurring words in the English language. This approach may be fine for systems, which handle information from very broad categories.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Metamorphic Program Fragmentation as a Software Protection
Unauthorized reverse-engineering of programs and algorithms is a major problem for the software industry. Every program released to the public can be analyzed by any number of malicious reverse-engineers. These reversers search for security holes in the program to exploit or try to steal a competitor's vital algorithms. While it can take years and millions of dollars worth of research to develop new software, a determined reverser can reverse-engineer the program in a fraction of the time. To discourage reverse-engineering attempts, developers use a variety of software prote tions to obfuscate their programs. However, these protections are generally static, allowing reverse-engineers to eventually adapt to the protections, defeat them, and sometimes build automated tools to defeat them in the future. Metamorphic software protections add another layer of protection to traditional static obfuscation techniques. Metamorphic protections force a reverser to adjust their attacks as the protection changes. Program fragmentation combines two obfuscation techniques, outlining and obfuscated jump tables, into a new, metamorphic protection. Sections of code are removed from the main program flow and randomly placed throughout memory, reducing the programs locality. These fragments move while the program is running and are called using obfuscated jump tables, making program execution difficult to follow. This research assesses the performance overhead of a program fragmentation metamorphic engine and provides a qualitative analysis of its effectiveness against reverse-engineering techniques. Program fragmentation has very little associated overhead, with execution times for individual fragments of less than one microsecond. This low overhead allow a large numbers of fragments to be inserted into programs for protection. In addition, program fragmentation is an effective technique to complicate program of programs using two common disassembler/debugger tools. Thus, program fraThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Multi-Class Classification for Identifying JPEG Steganography Embedding Methods
Over 725 steganography tools are available over the Internet, each providing a method for covert transmission of secret messages. This research presents four steganalysis advancements that result in an algorithm that identifies the steganalysis tool used to embed a secret message in a JPEG image file. The algorithm includes feature generation, feature preprocessing, multi-class classification and classifier fusion. The first contribution is a new feature generation method which is based on the decomposition of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients used in the JPEG image encoder. The generated features are better suited to identifying discrepancies in each area of the decomposed DCT coefficients. Second, the classification accuracy is further improved with the development of a feature ranking technique in the preprocessing stage for the kernel Fisher's discriminant (KFD) and support vector machines (SVM) classifiers in the kernel space during the training process. Third, for the KFD and SVM two-class classifiers a classification tree is designed from the kernel space to provide a multi-class classification solution for both methods. Fourth, by analyzing a set of classifiers, signature detectors, and multi-class classification methods a classifier fusion system is developed to increase the detection accuracy of identifying the embedding method used in generating the steganography images.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enemy at the Gateways
Every day, hackers use the Internet to "virtually" invade the borders of the United States and its critical infrastructure. National leadership must determine whether these intrusions constitute an attack or merit the declaration of a national emergency. In times of war, cyber attackers may attempt to monitor communications or disrupt information systems and other systems critical to national infrastructure. Formed in 2002, the Department of Homeland Security(DHS) holds lead agency status for many initiatives of the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace (NSSC). The NSSC identifies critical infrastructures and key resources (CI/KR) that must be protected from physical or virtual attack. Current national strategy calls for the Department of Defense (DoD) to protect the defense industrial base (DIB), one of seven identified sectors of CI/KR. DoD components include the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Military Services, Unified and Specified Commands, Defense Agencies, and field activities. DoD can contribute significantly to the protection of the nation from attacks directed against the United States via cyberspace by leveraging current resources and capabilities to augment ongoing initiatives and working to develop more effective homeland defense solutions. Along the way, DoD must continue working to protect the DIB from the information collection efforts of foreign intelligence services and organized crime, as well as from potential terrorist efforts to destroy or hold hostage critical information. Sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information seems to be more at risk than classified program information at this time, so current DoD efforts aim to secure the unclassified networks and databases of defense contractors. DoD can and should exceed the expectations laid out by the President of the United States in national strategy. Cooperation and information sharing will be the key.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Artificial Immune System-Inspired Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm With Application to the Detection of Distributed Computer Network Intrusions
Today's predominantly-employed signature-based intrusion detection systems are reactive in nature and storage-limited. Their operation depends upon catching an instance of an intrusion or virus after a potentially successful attack, performing post-mortem analysis on that instance and encoding it into a signature that is stored in its anomaly database. The time required to perform these tasks provides a window of vulnerability to DoD computer systems. Further, because of the current maximum size of an Internet Protocol-based message, the database would have to be able to maintain 25665535 possible signature combinations. In order to tighten this response cycle within storage constraints, this thesis presents an Artificial Immune System-inspired Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm intended to measure the vector of tradeoff solutions among detectors with regard to two independent objectives: best classification fitness and optimal hypervolume size. Modeled in the spirit of the human biological immune system and intended to augment DoD network defense systems, our algorithm generates network traffic detectors that are dispersed throughout the network.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Software Protection Against Reverse Engineering Tools
Advances in technology have led to the use of simple to use automated debugging tools which can be extremely helpful in troubleshooting problems in code. However, a malicious attacker can use these same tools. Securely designing software and keeping it secure has become extremely difficult. These same easy to use debuggers can be used to bypass security built into software. While the detection of an altered executable file is possible, it is not as easy to prevent alteration in the first place. One way to prevent alteration is through code obfuscation or hiding the true function of software so as to make alteration difficult. This research executes blocks of code in parallel from within a hidden function to obscure functionality.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
