Policy Changes for Acquisition of Offensive Cyberspace Weapon Systems
Because the cyberspace environment is changing so quickly, the slow, methodical Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition process may not suffice. By following the evolutionary acquisition method and incorporating five policy caveats, the DoD acquisition process can acquire effective systems quickly. The purpose of this research is to provide recommended policy changes in the acquisition of offensive cyberspace weapon systems for the Air Force and DoD in general. This paper describes the current DoD acquisition process, explains how cyberspace is different from the other domains, discusses a few innovative acquisition and development approaches, and concludes with the recommended policy changes. A literature search on the cyberspace community along with DoD and Air Force doctrine provided the bulk of the research. The recommended acquisition policy changes fall into the following categories: expanding the network of development activities, building payloads for specific target sets, security classification, sustainment of cyberspace capabilities and testing throughout the acquisition process.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Toward Cyber Omniscience
It is widely accepted that cyberspace is a vulnerable and highly contested environment. The United Sates has and will face threats to its national security in the realm. As a result, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) has decided to consider new and evolving theories of deterrence to address the cyber domain. This OSD-sponsored paper examines a new cyberspace deterrence option know as cyber omniscience. Set in the year 2035, this paper will begin the process of developing the theory of cyber omniscience as a DoD deterrent. At the heart of cyber deterrence lays this question: "As technology rapidly advances in the contested cyber domain, can hostile individuals be deterred from employing highly advanced technologies through cyberspace that threaten national survival?" To answer this question, this paper will investigate a number of issues with regard to cyberspace deterrence: anticipated life (societal norms) and technology in 2035, hostile individual threats, what cyber omniscience entails, privacy issues, and policy recommendations. This multi-pronged approach will serve as the catalyst to a better understanding of the future of cyberspace, the threats, and deterrence.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in an Anonymous Routing Environment
Network-centric intelligence collection operations use computers and the Internet to identify threats against Department of Defense (DoD) operations and personnel, to assess the strengths and weaknesses of enemy capabilities and to attribute network events to sponsoring organizations. The security of these operations are paramount and attention must be paid to countering enemy attribution efforts. One way for U.S. information operators to avoid being linked to the DoD is to use anonymous communication systems. One such anonymous communication system, Tor, provides a distributed overlay network that anonymizes interactive TCP services such as web browsing, secure shell, and chat. Tor uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and is thus vulnerable to a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack that can significantly delay data traversing the Tor network. This research is the first to explore DDoS mitigation in the anonymous routing environment. Defending against DDoS attacks in this environment is challenging as mitigation strategies must account for the distributed characteristics of anonymous communication systems and for anonymity vulnerabilities. In this research, the TLS DDoS attack is mitigated by forcing all clients (malicious or legitimate) to solve a puzzle before a connection is completed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Virtualization Technology Applied to Rootkit Defense
This research effort examines the idea of applying virtualization hardware to enhance operating system security against rootkits. Rootkits are sets of tools used to hide code and/or functionality from the user and operating system. Rootkits can accomplish this feat through using access to one part of an operating system to change another part that resides at the same privilege level. Hardware assisted virtualization (HAV) provides an opportunity to defeat this tactic through the introduction of a new operating mode. Created to aid operating system virtualization, HAV provides hardware support for managing and saving multiple states of the processor. This hardware support overcomes a problem in pure software virtualization, which is the need to modify guest software to run at a less privileged level. Using HAV, guest software can operate at the pre-HAV most privileged level. This thesis provides a plan to protect data structures targeted by rootkits through unconventional use of HAV technology to secure system resources such as memory. This method of protection will provide true real-time security through OS attack prevention, rather than reaction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Information Systems Security and Privacy
This book constitutes the refereed post-proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy, ICISSP 2023 and 2024, held in Lisbon, Portugal, and in Rome, Italy during February 22-24, 2023 and February 26-28, 2024, respectively. The 15 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 285 submissions. These papers have been organized under the following topical sections: Management and operations; Applications and services; and Technologies and foundations.
Supplementing an Ad Hoc Wireless Network Routing Protocol With Radio Frequency Identification Tags
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a broad and varied range of applications, yet all of these are limited by the resources available to the sensor nodes that make up the WSN. The most significant resource is energy; a WSN may be deployed to an inhospitable or unreachable area leaving it with a non-replenishable power source. This research examines a technique of reducing energy consumption by augmenting the nodes with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags that contain routing information. It was expected that RFID tags would reduce the network throughput, AODV routing traffic sent, and the amount of energy consumed. However, RFID tags have little effect on the network throughput or the AODV routing traffic sent. They also increase ETE delays in sparse networks as well as the amount of energy consumed in both sparse and dense networks. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the amount of user data throughput received. The density of the network is shown to have an effect on the variation of the data but the trends are the same for both sparse and dense networks. This counter-intuitive result is explained and conditions for such a scheme to be effective are discussed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Metamorphism as a Software Protection for Non-Malicious Code
The software protection community is always seeking new methods for defending their products from unwanted reverse engineering, tampering, and piracy. Most current protections are static. Once integrated, the program never modifies them. Being static makes them stationary instead of moving targets. This observation begs a question, "Why not incorporate self-modification as a defensive measure?" Metamorphism is a defensive mechanism used in modern, advanced malware programs. Although the main impetus for this protection in malware is to avoid detection from anti-virus signature scanners by changing the program's form, certain metamorphism techniques also serve as anti-disassembler and anti-debugger protections. For example, opcode shifting is a metamorphic technique to confuse the program disassembly, but malware modifies these shifts dynamically unlike current static approaches. This research assessed the performance overhead of a simple opcode-shifting metamorphic engine and evaluated the instruction reach of this particular metamorphic transform. In addition, dynamic subroutine reordering was examined. Simple opcode shifts take only a few nanoseconds to execute on modern processors and a few shift bytes can mangle several instructions in a program's disassembly. A program can reorder subroutines in a short span of time (microseconds). The combined effects of these metamorphic transforms thwarted advanced debuggers, which are key tools in the attacker's arsenal.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geolocation of a Node on a Local Area Network
Geolocation is the process of identifying a node using only its Internet Protocol (IP) address. Locating a node on a LAN poses particular challenges due to the small scale of the problem and the increased significance of queuing delay. This study builds upon existing research in the area of geolocation and develops a heuristic tailored to the difficulties inherent in LANs called the LAN Time to Location Heuristic (LTTLH).LTTLH uses several polling nodes to measure latencies to end nodes, known locations within the LAN. The Euclidean distance algorithm is used to compare the results wit`h the latency of a target in order to determine the target's approximate location.Using only these latency measurements, LTTLH is able to determine which switch a target is connected to 95% of the time. Within certain constraints, this method is able to identify the target location 78% of the time. However, LANs are not always configured within the constraints necessary to geolocate a node. In order for LTTLH to be effective, a network must be configured consistently, with similar length cable runs available to nodes located in the same area. For best results, the network should also be partitioned, grouping nodes of similar proximity behind one switch.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Metamorphic Program Fragmentation as a Software Protection
Unauthorized reverse-engineering of programs and algorithms is a major problem for the software industry. Every program released to the public can be analyzed by any number of malicious reverse-engineers. These reversers search for security holes in the program to exploit or try to steal a competitor's vital algorithms. While it can take years and millions of dollars worth of research to develop new software, a determined reverser can reverse-engineer the program in a fraction of the time. To discourage reverse-engineering attempts, developers use a variety of software prote tions to obfuscate their programs. However, these protections are generally static, allowing reverse-engineers to eventually adapt to the protections, defeat them, and sometimes build automated tools to defeat them in the future. Metamorphic software protections add another layer of protection to traditional static obfuscation techniques. Metamorphic protections force a reverser to adjust their attacks as the protection changes. Program fragmentation combines two obfuscation techniques, outlining and obfuscated jump tables, into a new, metamorphic protection. Sections of code are removed from the main program flow and randomly placed throughout memory, reducing the programs locality. These fragments move while the program is running and are called using obfuscated jump tables, making program execution difficult to follow. This research assesses the performance overhead of a program fragmentation metamorphic engine and provides a qualitative analysis of its effectiveness against reverse-engineering techniques. Program fragmentation has very little associated overhead, with execution times for individual fragments of less than one microsecond. This low overhead allow a large numbers of fragments to be inserted into programs for protection. In addition, program fragmentation is an effective technique to complicate program of programs using two common disassembler/debugger tools. Thus, program fraThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enemy at the Gateways
Every day, hackers use the Internet to "virtually" invade the borders of the United States and its critical infrastructure. National leadership must determine whether these intrusions constitute an attack or merit the declaration of a national emergency. In times of war, cyber attackers may attempt to monitor communications or disrupt information systems and other systems critical to national infrastructure. Formed in 2002, the Department of Homeland Security(DHS) holds lead agency status for many initiatives of the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace (NSSC). The NSSC identifies critical infrastructures and key resources (CI/KR) that must be protected from physical or virtual attack. Current national strategy calls for the Department of Defense (DoD) to protect the defense industrial base (DIB), one of seven identified sectors of CI/KR. DoD components include the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Military Services, Unified and Specified Commands, Defense Agencies, and field activities. DoD can contribute significantly to the protection of the nation from attacks directed against the United States via cyberspace by leveraging current resources and capabilities to augment ongoing initiatives and working to develop more effective homeland defense solutions. Along the way, DoD must continue working to protect the DIB from the information collection efforts of foreign intelligence services and organized crime, as well as from potential terrorist efforts to destroy or hold hostage critical information. Sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information seems to be more at risk than classified program information at this time, so current DoD efforts aim to secure the unclassified networks and databases of defense contractors. DoD can and should exceed the expectations laid out by the President of the United States in national strategy. Cooperation and information sharing will be the key.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Formal Mitigation Strategies for the Insider Threat
The advancement of technology and reliance on information systems have fostered an environment of sharing and trust. The rapid growth and dependence on these systems, however, creates an increased risk associated with the insider threat. The insider threat is one of the most challenging problems facing the security of information systems because the insider already has capabilities within the system. Despite research efforts to prevent and detect insiders, organizations remain susceptible to this threat because of inadequate security policies and a willingness of some individuals to betray their organization. To investigate these issues, a formal security model and risk analysis framework are used to systematically analyze this threat and develop effective mitigation strategies. This research extends the Schematic Protection Model to produce the first comprehensive security model capable of analyzing the safety of a system against the insider threat. The model is used to determine vulnerabilities in security policies and system implementation. Through analysis, mitigation strategies that effectively reduce the threat are identified. Furthermore, an action-based taxonomy that expresses the insider threat through measurable and definable actions is presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Artificial Immune System-Inspired Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm With Application to the Detection of Distributed Computer Network Intrusions
Today's predominantly-employed signature-based intrusion detection systems are reactive in nature and storage-limited. Their operation depends upon catching an instance of an intrusion or virus after a potentially successful attack, performing post-mortem analysis on that instance and encoding it into a signature that is stored in its anomaly database. The time required to perform these tasks provides a window of vulnerability to DoD computer systems. Further, because of the current maximum size of an Internet Protocol-based message, the database would have to be able to maintain 25665535 possible signature combinations. In order to tighten this response cycle within storage constraints, this thesis presents an Artificial Immune System-inspired Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm intended to measure the vector of tradeoff solutions among detectors with regard to two independent objectives: best classification fitness and optimal hypervolume size. Modeled in the spirit of the human biological immune system and intended to augment DoD network defense systems, our algorithm generates network traffic detectors that are dispersed throughout the network.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Formal Mitigation Strategies for the Insider Threat
The advancement of technology and reliance on information systems have fostered an environment of sharing and trust. The rapid growth and dependence on these systems, however, creates an increased risk associated with the insider threat. The insider threat is one of the most challenging problems facing the security of information systems because the insider already has capabilities within the system. Despite research efforts to prevent and detect insiders, organizations remain susceptible to this threat because of inadequate security policies and a willingness of some individuals to betray their organization. To investigate these issues, a formal security model and risk analysis framework are used to systematically analyze this threat and develop effective mitigation strategies. This research extends the Schematic Protection Model to produce the first comprehensive security model capable of analyzing the safety of a system against the insider threat. The model is used to determine vulnerabilities in security policies and system implementation. Through analysis, mitigation strategies that effectively reduce the threat are identified. Furthermore, an action-based taxonomy that expresses the insider threat through measurable and definable actions is presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing a Gualia-Based Multi-Agent Architecture for use in Malware Detection
Detecting network intruders and malicious software is a significant problem for network administrators and security experts. New threats are emerging at an increasing rate, and current signature and statistics-based techniques are not keeping pace. Intelligent systems that can adapt to new threats are needed to mitigate these new strains of malware as they are released. This research detects malware based on its qualia, or essence rather than its low-level implementation details. By looking for the underlying concepts that make a piece of software malicious, this research avoids the pitfalls of static solutions that focus on predefined bit sequence signatures or anomaly thresholds. 14. ABSTRACT This research develops a novel, hierarchical modeling method to represent a computing system and demonstrates the representation's effectiveness by modeling the Blaster worm. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Support Vector Machines abstract concepts are automatically generated that can be used in the hierarchical model for malware detection. Finally, the research outlines a novel system that uses multiple levels of individual software agents that sharing contextual relationships and information across different levels of abstraction to make decisions. This qualia-based system provides a framework for developing intelligent classification and decision-making systems for a number of application areas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Application of Automated Theorem Provers to Computer System Security
The Schematic Protection Model is specified in SAL and theorems about Take-Grant and New Technology File System schemes are proven. Arbitrary systems can be specified in SPM and analyzed. This is the first known automated analysis of SPM specifications in a theorem prover. The SPM specification was created in such a way that new specifications share the underlying framework and are configurable within the specifications file alone. This allows new specifications to be created with ease as demonstrated by the four unique models included within this document. This also allows future users to more easily specify models without recreating the framework. The built-in modules of SAL provided the needed support to make the model flexible and entities asynchronous. This flexibility allows for the number of entities to be dynamic and to meet the needs of different specifications. The models analyzed in this research demonstrate the validity of the specification and its application to real-world systems.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing a Gualia-Based Multi-Agent Architecture for use in Malware Detection
Detecting network intruders and malicious software is a significant problem for network administrators and security experts. New threats are emerging at an increasing rate, and current signature and statistics-based techniques are not keeping pace. Intelligent systems that can adapt to new threats are needed to mitigate these new strains of malware as they are released. This research detects malware based on its qualia, or essence rather than its low-level implementation details. By looking for the underlying concepts that make a piece of software malicious, this research avoids the pitfalls of static solutions that focus on predefined bit sequence signatures or anomaly thresholds. 14. ABSTRACT This research develops a novel, hierarchical modeling method to represent a computing system and demonstrates the representation's effectiveness by modeling the Blaster worm. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Support Vector Machines abstract concepts are automatically generated that can be used in the hierarchical model for malware detection. Finally, the research outlines a novel system that uses multiple levels of individual software agents that sharing contextual relationships and information across different levels of abstraction to make decisions. This qualia-based system provides a framework for developing intelligent classification and decision-making systems for a number of application areas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Accelerating Malware Detection via a Graphics Processing Unit
Real-time malware analysis requires processing large amounts of data storage to look for suspicious files. This is a time consuming process that (requires a large amount of processing power) often affecting other applications running on a personal computer. This research investigates the viability of using Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), present in many personal computers, to distribute the workload normally precessed by the standard Central Processing Unit (CPU). Three experiments are conducted using an industry standard GPU, the NVIDIA GeForce 9500 GT card. Experimental results show that a GPU can calculate a MD5 signature hash and scan a database of malicious signatures 82% faster then a CPU for files between 0 - 96 kB. If the file size is increased to 97 - 192 kB the GPU is 85% faster than the CPU. This demonstrates that the GPU can provide a greater performance increase over a CPU.These results could help achieve faster anti-malware products, faster network intrusion detection system response times, and faster firewall applications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Establishing the Human Firewall
Hackers frequently use social engineering attacks to gain a foothold into a target network. This type of attack is a tremendous challenge to defend against, as the weakness lies in the human users, not in the technology. Thus far, methods for dealing with this threat have included establishing better security policies and educating users on the threat that exists. Existing techniques aren't working as evidenced by the fact that auditing agencies consider it a given that will be able to gain access via social engineering. The purpose of this research is to propose a better method of reducing an individual's vulnerability to social engineering attacks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Study to Determine Damage Assessment Methods or Models on Air Force Networks
Damage assessment for computer networks is a new area of interest for the Air Force. Previously, there has not been a concerted effort to codify damage assessment or develop a model that can be applied in assessing damage done by criminals, natural disasters, or other methods of damaging a computer network. The research undertaken attempts to identify if the Air Force MAJCOM Network Operations Support Centers (NOSC) use damage assessment models or methods. If the Air Force does use a model or method, an additional question of how the model was attained or decided upon is asked. All information comes from interviews, via e-mail or telephone, of managers in charge of computer security incidents at the Major Command level. The research is qualitative, so there are many biases and opportunities for additional, more research. Currently, there is some evidence to show that several Network Operations Support Centers are using some form of damage assessment, however, each organization has highly individualized damage assessment methods that have been developed internally and not from a re-producible method or model.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Course Curriculum Development for the Future Cyberwarrior
Cyberspace is one of the latest buzzwords to gain widespread fame and acceptance throughout the world. One can hear the term being used by presidents of states to elementary children delving into computers for the first time. Cyberspace has generated great enthusiasm over the opportunities and possibilities for furthering mankind's knowledge, communication, as well as, creating more convenient methods for accomplishing mundane or tedious tasks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using Sequence Analysis to Perform Application-Based Anomaly Detection Within an Artificial Immune System Framework
The Air Force and other Department of Defense (DoD) computer systems typically rely on traditional signature-based network IDSs to detect various types of attempted or successful attacks. Signature-based methods are limited to detecting known attacks or similar variants; anomaly-based systems, by contrast, alert on behaviors previously unseen. The development of an effective anomaly-detecting, application-based IDS would increase the Air Force's ability to ward off attacks that are not detected by signature-based network IDSs, thus strengthening the layered defenses necessary to acquire and maintain safe, secure communication capability. This system follows the Artificial Immune System (AIS) framework, which relies on a sense of "self," or normal system states to determine potentially dangerous abnormalities ("non-self").This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Detecting Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Against Transport Layer Security Connections With Timing Analysis
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is a vital component to the protection of data as it traverses across networks. From e-commerce websites to Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), TLS protects massive amounts of private information, and protecting this data from Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks is imperative to keeping the information secure. This thesis illustrates how an attacker can successfully perform a MitM attack against a TLS connection without alerting the user to his activities. By deceiving the client machine into using a false certificate, an attacker takes away the only active defense mechanism a user has against a MitM. The goal for this research is to determine if a time threshold exists that can indicate the presence of a MitM in this scenario. An analysis of the completion times between TLS handshakes without a MitM, with a passive MitM, and with an active MitM is used to determine if this threshold is calculable. Any conclusive findings supporting the existence of a timing baseline can be considered the first steps toward finding the value of the threshold and creating a second layer defense to actively protect against a MitM.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Passwords
The purpose of this research was to see how individuals use and remember passwords. Specifically, this thesis sought to answer research questions addressing if organizational parameters are influencing behaviors associated with password choice and to what effect. Volunteers answered the research questions via a web-survey. The research identified the need for an evaluation of how organizations limit password choice by setting parameters for individuals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Scalable and Fault Tolerant Group Key Management
To address the group key management problem for modern networks this research proposes a lightweight group key management protocol with a gossip-based dissemination routine. Experiments show that by slightly increasing workload for the key update mechanism, this protocol is superior to currently available tree-based protocols with respect to reliability and fault tolerance, while remaining scalable to large groups. In addition, it eliminates the need for logical key hierarchy while preserving an overall reduction in rekey messages to rekey a group. The protocol provides a simple "pull" mechanism to ensure perfect rekeys in spite of the primary rekey mechanism's probabilistic guarantees, without burdening key distribution facilities. Benefits of this protocol are quantified versus tree-based dissemination in Java simulations on networks exhibiting various node failure rates.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using Sequence Analysis to Perform Application-Based Anomaly Detection Within an Artificial Immune System Framework
The Air Force and other Department of Defense (DoD) computer systems typically rely on traditional signature-based network IDSs to detect various types of attempted or successful attacks. Signature-based methods are limited to detecting known attacks or similar variants; anomaly-based systems, by contrast, alert on behaviors previously unseen. The development of an effective anomaly-detecting, application-based IDS would increase the Air Force's ability to ward off attacks that are not detected by signature-based network IDSs, thus strengthening the layered defenses necessary to acquire and maintain safe, secure communication capability. This system follows the Artificial Immune System (AIS) framework, which relies on a sense of "self," or normal system states to determine potentially dangerous abnormalities ("non-self").This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cryptanalysis of Pseudorandom Number Generators in Wireless Sensor Networks
This work presents a brute-force attack on an elliptic curve cryptosystemimplemented on UC Berkley's TinyOS operating system for wireless sensor networks.The attack exploits the short period of the pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) usedby the cryptosystem to generate private keys. The attack assumes a laptop is listeningpromiscuously to network traffic for key messages and requires only the sensor node'spublic key and network address to discover the private key. Experimental results showthat roughly 50% of the address space leads to a private key compromise in 25 minuteson average.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geolocation of a Node on a Local Area Network
Geolocation is the process of identifying a node using only its Internet Protocol (IP) address. Locating a node on a LAN poses particular challenges due to the small scale of the problem and the increased significance of queuing delay. This study builds upon existing research in the area of geolocation and develops a heuristic tailored to the difficulties inherent in LANs called the LAN Time to Location Heuristic (LTTLH).LTTLH uses several polling nodes to measure latencies to end nodes, known locations within the LAN. The Euclidean distance algorithm is used to compare the results wit`h the latency of a target in order to determine the target's approximate location.Using only these latency measurements, LTTLH is able to determine which switch a target is connected to 95% of the time. Within certain constraints, this method is able to identify the target location 78% of the time. However, LANs are not always configured within the constraints necessary to geolocate a node. In order for LTTLH to be effective, a network must be configured consistently, with similar length cable runs available to nodes located in the same area. For best results, the network should also be partitioned, grouping nodes of similar proximity behind one switch.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Distributed Agent Architecture for a Computer Virus Immune System
Information superiority is identified as an Air Force core competency and is recognized as a key enabler for the success of future missions. Information protection and information assurance are vital components required for achieving superiority in the Infosphere, but these goals are threatened by the exponential birth rate of new computer viruses. The increased global interconnectivity that is empowering advanced information systems is also increasing the spread of malicious code and current anti-virus solutions are quickly becoming overwhelmed by the burden of capturing and classifying new viral stains. To overcome this problem, a distributed computer virus immune system (CVIS) based on biological strategies is developed. The biological immune system (BIS) offers a highly parallel defense-in-depth solution for detecting and eliminating foreign invaders. Each component of the BIS can be viewed as an autonomous agent. Only through the collective actions of this multi-agent system can non-self entities be detected and removed from the body. This research develops a model of the BIS and utilizes software agents to implement a CVIS. The system design validates that agents are an effective methodology for the construction of an artificial immune system largely because the biological basis for the architecture can be described as a system of collaborating agents. The distributed agent architecture provides support for detection and management capabilities that are unavailable in current anti-virus solutions. However, the slow performance of the Java and the Java Shared Data Toolkit implementation indicate the need for a compiled language solution and the importance of understanding the performance issues in agent system design. The detector agents are able to distinguish self from non-self within a probabilistic error rate that is tunable through the proper selection of system parameters. This research also shows that by fighting viruses using an immune system model, tThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Spear Phishing Attack Detection
This thesis addresses the problem of identifying email spear phishing attacks, which are indicative of cyber espionage. Spear phishing consists of targeted emails sent to entice a victim to open a malicious file attachment or click on a malicious link that leads to a compromise of their computer. Current detection methods fail to detect emails of this kind consistently. The SPEar phishing Attack Detection system (SPEAD) is developed to analyze all incoming emails on a network for the presence of spear phishing attacks. SPEAD analyzes the following file types: Windows Portable Executable and Common Object File Format (PE/COFF), Adobe Reader, and Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint. SPEAD's malware detection accuracy is compared against five commercially-available email anti-virus solutions. Finally, this research quantifies the time required to perform this detection with email traffic loads emulating an Air Force base network. Results show that SPEAD outperforms the anti-virus products in PE/COFF malware detection with an overall accuracy of 99.68% and an accuracy of 98.2% where new malware is involved. Additionally, SPEAD is comparable to the anti-virus products when it comes to the detection of new Adobe Reader malware with a rate of 88.79%. Ultimately, SPEAD demonstrates a strong tendency to focus its detection on new malware, which is a rare and desirable trait. Finally, after less than 4 minutes of sustained maximum email throughput, SPEAD's non-optimized configuration exhibits one-hour delays in processing files and links.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geographic Location of a Computer Node Examining a Time-to-Location Algorithm and Multiple Autonomous System Networks
To determine the location of a computer on the Internet without resorting to outside information or databases would greatly increase the security abilities of the US Air Force and the Department of Defense. The geographic location of a computer node has been demonstrated on an autonomous system (AS) network, or a network with one system administration focal point. The work shows that a similar technique will work on networks comprised of a multiple AS network. A time-to-location algorithm can successfully resolve a geographic location of a computer node using only latency information from known sites and mathematically calculating the Euclidean distance to those sites from an unknown location on a single AS network. The time-to-location algorithm on a multiple AS network successfully resolves a geographic location 71.4% of the time. Packets are subject to arbitrary delays in the network; and inconsistencies in latency measurements are discovered when attempting to use a time-to location algorithm on a multiple AS network. To improve accuracy in a multiple AS network, a time-to-location algorithm needs to calculate the link bandwidth when attempting to geographically locate a computer node on a multiple AS network.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of the Performance and Security of J2SDK 1.4 JSSE Implementation of SSL/TLS
The Java SSL/TLS package distributed with the J2SE 1.4.2 runtime is a Java implementation of the SSLv3 and TLSv1 protocols. Java-based web services and other systems deployed by the DoD will depend on this implementation to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. Security and performance assessment of this implementation is critical given the proliferation of web services within DoD channels. This research assessed the performance of the J2SE 1.4.2 SSL and TLS implementations, paying particular attention to identifying performance limitations given a very secure configuration. The performance metrics of this research were CPU utilization, network bandwidth, memory, and maximum number of secure socket that could be created given various factors. This research determined an integral performance relationship between the memory heap size and the encryption algorithm used. By changing the default heap size setting of the Java Virtual Machine from 64 MB to 256 MB and using the symmetric encryption algorithm of AES256, a high performance, highly secure SSL configuration is achievable. This configuration can support over 2000 simultaneous secure sockets with various encrypted data sizes. This yields a 200 percent increase in performance over the default configuration, while providing the additional security of 256-bit symmetric key encryption to the application data.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of Biometric Technology as an Enabler to Information Assurance
The use of and dependence on Information technology (IT) has grown tremendously in the lasttwo decades. Still, some believe we are only in the infancy of this growth. This explosive growthhas opened the door to capabilities that were only dreamed of in the past. As easily as it is to seehow advantageous technology is, it is also clear that with those advantages come distinctresponsibilities and new problems that must be addressed. For instance, the minute we beganusing information processing systems, the world of information assurance (IA) became far morecomplex as well. As a result, the push for better IA is necessary.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Graph Theoretical Analysis of Network-centric Operations Using Multi-layer Models
As the Department of Defense continues its transformations to a network centric force, evaluating DoD's progression towards net-centricity remains a challenge. This research proposes to extend the Network Centric Operation Common Framework Version 2.0 (draft) with the metrics based in graph theory and, specifically addresses, among other metrics, the measurement of a net-centric force's mission effectiveness. The research incorporates the importance of understanding network topology for evaluating an environment for net-centricity and using network characteristics to help commanders assess the effects of network changes on mission effectiveness.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Dynamically Configurable Log-Based Distributed Security Event Detection Methodology Using Simple Event Correlator
This research effort identifies attributes of distributed event correlation which make it desirable for security event detection, and evaluates those attributes in a comparison with a centralized alternative. Event correlation is an effective means of detecting complex situations encountered in information technology environments. Centralized, database-driven log event correlation is more commonly implemented, but suffers from flaws such as high network bandwidth utilization, significant requirements for system resources, and difficulty in detecting certain suspicious behaviors. This analysis measures the value in distributed event correlation by considering network bandwidth utilization, detection capability and database query efficiency, as well as through the implementation of remote configuration scripts and correlation of multiple log sources. These capabilities produce a configuration which allows a 99% reduction of network syslog traffic in the low-accountability case, and a significant decrease in database execution time through context-addition in the high-accountability case.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Metamorphism as a Software Protection for Non-Malicious Code
The software protection community is always seeking new methods for defending their products from unwanted reverse engineering, tampering, and piracy. Most current protections are static. Once integrated, the program never modifies them. Being static makes them stationary instead of moving targets. This observation begs a question, "Why not incorporate self-modification as a defensive measure?" Metamorphism is a defensive mechanism used in modern, advanced malware programs. Although the main impetus for this protection in malware is to avoid detection from anti-virus signature scanners by changing the program's form, certain metamorphism techniques also serve as anti-disassembler and anti-debugger protections. For example, opcode shifting is a metamorphic technique to confuse the program disassembly, but malware modifies these shifts dynamically unlike current static approaches. This research assessed the performance overhead of a simple opcode-shifting metamorphic engine and evaluated the instruction reach of this particular metamorphic transform. In addition, dynamic subroutine reordering was examined. Simple opcode shifts take only a few nanoseconds to execute on modern processors and a few shift bytes can mangle several instructions in a program's disassembly. A program can reorder subroutines in a short span of time (microseconds). The combined effects of these metamorphic transforms thwarted advanced debuggers, which are key tools in the attacker's arsenal.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Offensive Cyber Capability
The subject of cyberterrorism has become a topic of increasing importance to both the U.S. government and military. Offensive cyber capabilities provide a means to mitigate risk to U.S. systems that depend on the Internet to conduct business. In combination with passive security measures, offensive cybercapabilities seem to add to the level of Internet security thereby securing cyberspace for all Americans. The intent of this monograph is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of an offensive cyber capability in order to visualize the various options and tradeoffs necessary to achieve an acceptable level of security. The idea of convergence continues to bring together separate technologies using the Internet in order to interact and become more efficient. The effect of this phenomenon has increased the speed with which information is shared, helped business become more competitive and provided different means to distribute information. This same convergence has made the Internet a prime target as it has the potential to affect the economy, critical infrastructure and limit the freedoms of others in the cyberspace arena. Due to the increasing complexity of technology, vulnerabilities will continue to surface that can be taken advantage of. Technology is also becoming cheaper and easier to operate granting any motivated individual with access to the Internet the ability identify network vulnerabilities and exploit them. These themes are important as they identify that the U.S. is highly dependent on the Internet making it imperative that feasible security options must be identified in order to secure cyberspace. A cyberterrorist act has not occurred therefore there is no empirical evidence to develop case studies upon and generate learning. An agent based model using basic parameters learned from the literature review and logical deductions reveals key several key relationships. First, there is a balance between an offensive cyber capability and passive defensive mThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Suspicion Modeling in Support of Cyber-Influence Operations/Tactics
Understanding the cognitive process of IT user suspicion may assist organizations in development of network protection plans, personnel training, and tools necessary to identify and mitigate nefarious intrusions IT systems. Exploration of a conceptual common ground between psycho-social and technology-related concepts of suspicion are the heart of this investigation. The complexities involvedd in merging these perspectivess led to the overall questrion: What is the nature of the suspicion towrds IT? The research problem/ phenomenon wasaddress via extensive liteaturereview, and use of the Interactvie Qualitative Analysis methodogly. A problem/phenomenon. Analysis of the system led tot he development of a model of IT suspicion as a progenitor for future experimental constructs that measure or assess behavior as a result of cyber attacks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stochastic Estimation and Control of Queues Within a Computer Network
An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate size and packet arrival rate of network queues. These estimates are used by a LQG steady state linear perturbation PI controller to regulate queue size within a computer network. This paper presents the derivation of the transient queue behavior for a system with Poisson traffic and exponential service times. This result is then validated for ideal traffic using a network simulated in OPNET. A more complex OPNET model is then used to test the adequacy of the transient queue size model when non-Poisson traffic is combined. The extended Kalman filter theory is presented and a network state estimatoris designed using the transient queue behavior model. The equations needed for the LQG synthesis of a steady state linear perturbation PI controller are presented. These equations are used to develop a network queue controller based on the transient queue model. The performance of the network state estimator and network queue controller was investigated and shown to provide improved control when compared to other simplistic control algorithms.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mission Assurance
Military organizations have embedded information technology (IT) into mission processes to increase operational efficiency, improve decision-making quality, and shorten the sensor-to-shooter cycle. This IT-to-mission dependence can place the organizational mission at risk when an information incident (e.g., loss or manipulation of an information resource) occurs. Non-military organizations typically address this type of IT risk through an introspective, enterprise-wide focused risk management program that continuously identifies, prioritizes, and documents risks so control measures may be selected and implemented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Passwords
The purpose of this research was to see how individuals use and remember passwords. Specifically, this thesis sought to answer research questions addressing if organizational parameters are influencing behaviors associated with password choice and to what effect. Volunteers answered the research questions via a web-survey. The research identified the need for an evaluation of how organizations limit password choice by setting parameters for individuals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Accelerating Malware Detection via a Graphics Processing Unit
Real-time malware analysis requires processing large amounts of data storage to look for suspicious files. This is a time consuming process that (requires a large amount of processing power) often affecting other applications running on a personal computer. This research investigates the viability of using Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), present in many personal computers, to distribute the workload normally precessed by the standard Central Processing Unit (CPU). Three experiments are conducted using an industry standard GPU, the NVIDIA GeForce 9500 GT card. Experimental results show that a GPU can calculate a MD5 signature hash and scan a database of malicious signatures 82% faster then a CPU for files between 0 - 96 kB. If the file size is increased to 97 - 192 kB the GPU is 85% faster than the CPU. This demonstrates that the GPU can provide a greater performance increase over a CPU.These results could help achieve faster anti-malware products, faster network intrusion detection system response times, and faster firewall applications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Psychological Operations Within the Cyberspace Domain
The importance of cyberspace and the utility of networked computer systems have grown exponentially over the past 20 years. For this reason, this study advances a concept for employing the mission essential functions of Psychological Operations within the cyberspace domain to influence an adversary, key decision makers and relevant publics across the full range of military operations in support of the Joint Force Commander. It addresses the different types of persuasive technologies and the advantages that this domains offers to Psychological Operations professionals. The analysis demonstrates that PSYOP capabilities developed to exploit the unique nature of the cyberspace domain can be extremely persuasive if properly integrated into Joint Force Operations. Effects created within the cyber domain can have real-world results that drive relevant publics to make decisions favorable to the Joint Force.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Polymorphic Reconfiguration to Effectively Cloak a Circuit's Function
Today's society has become more dependent on the integrity and protection of digital information used in daily transactions resulting in an ever increasing need for information security. Additionally, the need for faster and more secure cryptographic algorithms to provide this information security has become paramount. Hardware implementations of cryptographic algorithms provide the necessary increase in throughput, but at a cost of leaking critical information. Side Channel Analysis (SCA) attacks allow an attacker to exploit the regular and predictable power signatures leaked by cryptographic functions used in algorithms such as RSA. In this research the focus on a means to counteract this vulnerability by creating a Critically Low Observable Anti-Tamper Keeping Circuit (CLOAK) capable of ontinuously changing the way it functions in both power and timing. This research has determined that a polymorphic circuit design capable of varying circuit power consumption and timing can protect a cryptographic device from an Electromagnetic Analysis (EMA) attacks. In essence, we are effectively CLOAKing the circuit functions from an attacker.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Historical Analysis of the Awareness and Key Issues of the Insider Threat to Information Systems
Since information systems have become smaller, faster, cheaper and more interconnected many organizations have become more dependent on them for daily operations and to maintain critical data. This reliance on information systems is not without risk of attack. Because these systems are relied upon so heavily the impact of such an attack also increases, making the protection of these systems essential. Information system security often focuses on the risk of attack and damage from the outsider. High-profile issues such as hackers, viruses and denial-of-service are generally emphasized in literature and other media outlets. A neglected area of computer security that is just as prevalent and potentially more damaging is the threat from a trusted insider. An organizational insider who misuses a system whether intentional or unintentional is often in a position to know where and how to access important information. How do we become aware of such activities and protect against this threat? This research was a historical analysis of the insider threat to information systems to develop a understanding and framework of the topic.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Software Obfuscation With Symmetric Cryptography
Software protection is of great interest to commercial industry. Millions of dollars and years of research are invested in the development of proprietary algorithms used in software programs. A reverse engineer that successfully reverses another company's proprietary algorithms can develop a competing product to market in less time and with less money. The threat is even greater in military applications where adversarial reversers can use reverse engineering on unprotected military software to compromise capabilities on the field or develop their own capabilities with significantly less resources. Thus, it is vital to protect software, especially the software's sensitive internal algorithms, from adversarial analysis. Software protection through obfuscation is a relatively new research initiative. The mathematical and security community have yet to agree upon a model to describe the problem let alone the metrics used to evaluate the practical solutions proposed by computer scientists. We propose evaluating solutions to obfuscation under the intent protection model, a combination of white-box and black-box protection to reflect how reverse engineers analyze programs using a combination white-box and black-box attacks. In addition, we explore use of experimental methods and metrics in analogous and more mature fields of study such as hardware circuits and cryptography. Finally, we implement a solution under the intent protection model that demonstrates application of the methods and evaluation using the metrics adapted from the aforementioned fields of study to reflect the unique challenges in a software-only software protection technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using a Distributed Object-Oriented Database Management System in Support of a High-Speed Network Intrusion Detection System Data Repository
The Air Force has multiple initiatives to develop data repositories for high-speed network intrusion detection systems (IDS). All of the developed systems utilize a relational database management system (RDBMS) as the primary data storage mechanism. The purpose of this thesis is to replace the RDBMS in one such system developed by AFRL, the Automated Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE), with a distributed object-oriented database management system (DOODBMS) and observe a number of areas: its performance against the RDBMS in terms of IDS event insertion and retrieval, the distributed aspects of the new system, and the resulting object-oriented architecture. The resulting system, the Object-Oriented Automated Intrusion Detection Environment (OOAIDE), is designed, built, and tested using the DOODBMS Objectivity/DB. Initial tests indicate that the new system is remarkably faster than the original system in terms of event insertion. Object retrievals are also faster when more than one association is used in the query. The database is then replicated and distributed across a simple heterogeneous network with preliminary tests indicating no loss of performance. A standardized object model is also presented that can accommodate any IDS data repository built around a DOODBMS architecture.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Software Obfuscation With Symmetric Cryptography
Software protection is of great interest to commercial industry. Millions of dollars and years of research are invested in the development of proprietary algorithms used in software programs. A reverse engineer that successfully reverses another company's proprietary algorithms can develop a competing product to market in less time and with less money. The threat is even greater in military applications where adversarial reversers can use reverse engineering on unprotected military software to compromise capabilities on the field or develop their own capabilities with significantly less resources. Thus, it is vital to protect software, especially the software's sensitive internal algorithms, from adversarial analysis. Software protection through obfuscation is a relatively new research initiative. The mathematical and security community have yet to agree upon a model to describe the problem let alone the metrics used to evaluate the practical solutions proposed by computer scientists. We propose evaluating solutions to obfuscation under the intent protection model, a combination of white-box and black-box protection to reflect how reverse engineers analyze programs using a combination white-box and black-box attacks. In addition, we explore use of experimental methods and metrics in analogous and more mature fields of study such as hardware circuits and cryptography. Finally, we implement a solution under the intent protection model that demonstrates application of the methods and evaluation using the metrics adapted from the aforementioned fields of study to reflect the unique challenges in a software-only software protection technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Patching the Wetware
In the practice of information security, it is increasingly observed that the weakest link in the security chain is the human operator. A reason often cited for this observation is that the human factor is simpler and cheaper to manipulate than the complex technological protections of digital information systems. Current anecdotes where the human was targeted to undermine military information protection systems include the 2008 breach of USCENTCOM computer systems with a USB device, and the more recent 2010 compromise of classified documents published on the WikiLeaks website. These infamous cases, among others, highlight the need for more robust human-centric information security measures to mitigate the risks of social engineering. To address this need, this research effort reviewed seminal works on social engineering and from the social psychology literature in order to conduct a qualitative analysis that establishes a link between the psychological principles underlying social engineering techniques and recognized principles of persuasion and influence. After this connection is established, several theories from the social psychology domain on how to develop resistance to persuasion are discussed as they could be applied to protecting personnel from social engineering attempts. Specifically, the theories of inoculation, forewarning, metacognition, and dispelling the illusion of invulnerability are presented as potential defenses.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
