Evolution of Al Qaeda
Al Qaeda is a significant threat to the national security of the United States and its allies. This makes it important for individuals in these countries, both military and civilian, to understand the evolution of this threat. This thesis analyzes Al Qaeda's evolution from 1989 to 2006. Despite numerous assaults by the United States and its allies, Al Qaeda has evolved to continue its jihad. However, the War on Terror is not the only factor that influenced its evolution. Al Qaeda is a product of the forces of globalization. Increasing access to global finances, international travel, and sophisticated technology is what has enabled Al Qaeda to evolve into its current form. The conclusion is that Al Qaeda's evolution has made it a more formidable opponent.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Understanding the Links Between Organized Crime and Terrorism in Military Operations
Organized crime is becoming a large-scale business that is conducting global commerce for the trafficking of illegal services and products as well as developing the associated supply chains. Criminal organizations are conducting commerce across traditional nation-state boundaries allowing criminal groups to work in coordination with other like groups; this coordination is called transnational crime. The United Nations (UN), aware of this activity, has stated that "the traditional hierarchical forms of organized crime groups have diminished; replaced with loose networks who work together to exploit new" markets of opportunity (UNODC 2006d, paragraph 2). These loose networks have many resources available to affiliates that include financial services, global transportation, and the weapons industry. Criminals, organized crime, and terrorist networks have access to these valuable resources via this affiliation. Currently: 1. Illegal drugs make up 8 percent of the world trade or $322 billion (Drug Policy Alliance 2004, paragraph 4) 2. Global prostitution industry is estimated to be $52 billion (Hughes 2000, paragraph 16) 3. Worldwide money laundering activity is at roughly $1 trillion a year (Ashcroft 2001, paragraph 4) 4. Weapons smuggling is a multi-billon dollar industry (UNODC 2006d, paragraph 3) Organized crime, consequently, may be used as a tool of war.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Leader Development Process in Pakistan Army at the Tactical Level
This study focuses on the leader development process of Pakistan Army at the tactical level, i.e. up to a maximum of seven years of service. It analyzes the present leader development process of Pakistan Army to see its effectiveness to train leaders at the tactical level to perform effectively in future. The study uses the writings of a few Pakistani authors and Stephen P. Cohen, other than personal experience as the primary references to describe the influences on the present leader development model. It also uses a number of writers from Pakistani and US military to establish the requirements of future. The study identifies the focus for the leader development process of Pakistan Army for the leaders at the tactical level by comparing the attributes and skills cultivated by the society and military culture and the requirements of future. The established focus is then used as a measure of effectiveness to assess the present leader development model to ascertain its usefulness to train leaders for future. It concludes by providing a list of attributes and skills promoted and cultivated by the society and military culture and those that are required to meet the future environments. After concluding that the present leader development process does not train leaders at tactical level to perform effectively in future, it provides specific recommendations in all three components of the leader development process. In the end the study also identifies a few areas for further research.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Impact of Military Coups D'etat on West Africa's Socio-Economic and Political Development
Following the period from 1957-1960, when most countries in West Africa broke loose from colonialism and became independent, the need for an integrated and classless society was one of paramount concern to most, if not all, West Africans. Up to date, the impact of colonialism was still being felt at every stratum of the sub-region. As former colonies of European powers began to gain independence from their colonial masters, the educated class eventually dominated and controlled the political landscape of their respective countries. The educated elites representing their countries' leadership with inherent authority over the military rarely used the armed forces for the intended purpose for which they were created. As the results of the military being used by politicians as an instrument of fear against their own citizens coupled with political misrule, the military soon began to seize and control state power through military coup d'etats. There were, however, disagreements and dissatisfactions within the ranks and file of the military which led to counter-coups and more often than not civil wars. As the results of these and many more, the sub-region's social-economic and political institutions have been devastated for the past three to four decades from which they are yet to recover.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Achieving Unity of Effort at the Operational Level Through the Interagency Process
Since the end of the Cold War, the US has employed its armed forces into a host of contingency operations in countries, such as Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia. More recently, the US has undertaken operations in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of the larger Global War on Terrorism. Throughout each operation, the military was not the lone instrument of national power employed into the region. As such, these operations have proved particularly complex as the US military has experienced difficulty achieving unity of effort with the other involved US governmental agencies through the operational level interagency process. This thesis tests the proposition of whether problems achieving unity of effort are due to the organizational structure of agencies functioning at the operational level, the operational framework wherein coordination takes place, or organizational culture. To help answer this question, this thesis will review the interaction of military and nonmilitary organizations at the operational level during three operations: Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti (1994-1997), the Global War on Terrorism's Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (2001 - present), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (2002 - present). Using Graham Allison's three conceptual models for analyzing governmental decision making, study into the interaction of organizations through the interagency process will provide insight into where obstacles to unity of effort originate and potential ways they can be overcome.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Command and Control Structure for Joint Interagency Counterterrorism Operations Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction Within a Regional Commander-in-Chief璽€(TM)s Area of Responsibility
The threat of state or nonstate actors conducting terrorism utilizing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against U.S. personnel, property, or other locations of U.S. interest outside the continental U.S. or its territories represents a serious threat to U.S. vital interests. While numerous U.S. government agencies have joined the effort to prepare against this possibility, the system remains disjointed and inefficient. This study presents a command and control structure that meets the requirements of the operation to solve this dilemma. The study first examines the WMD counterterrorism environment and the agencies currently involved to determine what is required to counter the threat. From this a set of command and control criteria is established to compare against current command and control models. The results of comparing the requirements to current models revealed two gaps in the command and control of these operations. The study continues to propose an organizational structure that maintains the strengths of the current system and fills the gaps discovered during the research.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Overt Indicators of Islamic Extremism in Nigeria
This thesis examines characteristics of Islamic extremism in Nigeria. Specifically, the thesis examines the strategic indicators for an Islamic extremist safe haven and the presence of those indicators in Nigeria. The thesis includes four chapters beginning with a brief introduction, followed by a review of literature pertaining to global Islamic extremism ideology and Islam in Nigeria. The analysis chapter first establishes criteria from which to analyze the characteristics of a safe haven and then looks at how these indicators manifest themselves in Nigeria. The premise is that if these characteristics exist in any country or region, global Islamic extremist insurgents will use the country or region to promote its extremist ideology and promulgate activities conducive to the organization's goals. The fourth chapter makes recommendations to US planners on how to better characterize an Islamic extremist safe haven.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Near Term Command and Control of Homeland Air and Missile Defense
The events of 11 September 2001 revealed that America was no longer impervious to aggression. When terrorists attacked, no defensive forces were immediately available to defend the homeland. One of the comprehensive changes was an update of the Unified Command Plan creating a new command, NORTHCOM, to oversee defense of North America and splitting the Unified Command of NORAD and USSPACECOM. NORAD aligned under NORTHCOM while USSPACECOM was subsumed by STRATCOM. This created the paradox of what to do with the mission of homeland air and missile defense. The geographic combatant command of NORTHCOM retained NORAD's mission of aerospace defense of the homeland, while STRATCOM's functional command gained the integrated missile defense mission. Missiles can traverse multiple AORs, yet the defense remains the geographic commander's responsibility. It is not viable to split the roles and missions of the limited assets performing the dual role of air and missile defense. Applying the FAS test to different COA determined that it is best to maintain the AMD mission but divide the assets between the two commands based upon system capabilities and threat launch locations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Intelligence Analysts at State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers
Fusion Centers have grown in importance and capability since the attacks on September 11th, 2001. The primary roles fusion centers provide are to exchange information and provide intelligence to other agencies at the state, local, federal and tribal entities, as well as private sector. This research paper originally sought to determine the optimal education and training necessary for intelligence analysts at the fusion centers, however no programmed curriculum could be established due to the discovery of more fundamental questions involving the role analysts play within fusion centers. Specifically, several unanticipated questions arose during the research: how can a fusion center or its intelligence analysts be assessed without clearly established performance standards, should fusion centers even produce finished intelligence products, and do fusion centers have the capability to produce finished intelligence? These questions must all be answered prior to developing and implementing a structured education and training program for fusion center intelligence analysts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Vulnerability in the Nation璽€(TM)s Homeland Security
The operational tempo of the Army has increased over 300 percent since the Gulf War, yet the size of the Army has decreased by one-third. Many of the capabilities of the active Army have been shifted to the reserve components. This has led to an increased utilization of the Army's reserve components in order to meet the needs of the Army. Today, soldiers from the active Army, the US Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard have been fully integrated into a full spectrum of operations to accomplish the Army's missions. However, this increase in workload for a part-time force structure comes at a cost. This thesis attempts to define the impact of the increased utilization of the reserves on local police department because many reservists are also police officers in their civilian careers. Has their recent, lengthy, and more frequent deployments created vulnerability in this nation's homeland security? The most significant result of this project was the validation of the fact that the increased activation of reserves over the last decade has indeed had an impact on local law enforcement agencies and has caused them to use overtime to fill the gaps left by officers mobilized with their reserve units. This was validated by interviews with law enforcement agency administrators and existing surveys and poles completed in the last two years by the PERF, IACP, and National League of Cities. Unfortunately, the degrees to which these challenges have affected the nations homeland security were not discovered.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Organizational Anomaly of US Army Strategic Counterintelligence
The US Army conducts counterintelligence and law enforcement operations consistent with the laws and procedural statutes that govern these same operations in the US Air Force, US Navy, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Yet the Army has divided these investigative responsibilities under two separate and distinct organizations, thereby creating an organizational anomaly within the national strategic framework. Because law enforcement and American strategic counterintelligence activities serve as the principal means by which the nation protects its citizens and ensures national security abroad, it is important to acknowledge this anomaly and understand its ramifications. Effective collaboration between law enforcement and counterintelligence forces has been and will continue to be critical to national interests. This thesis explores the effectiveness of the Army's strategic organization for counterintelligence as overlaid on the theoretical and practical underpinnings of strategic Army intelligence, counterintelligence, and law enforcement. By incorporating this research with interview results, this thesis examines whether or not an intelligence organization is the most effective organizational construct for the prosecution of the Army's strategic, domestic counterintelligence mission and concludes with a broad examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the Army counterintelligence sociotechnical system in a modern context.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of the Sources of Islamic Extremism
The United States is a nation at war. It will be a long war. The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 were the catalyst that brought the US to this war: the Global War on Terrorism. However, US and coalition responses to Islamic extremism since 11 September 2001 have not prevailed and in some cases have exacerbated the problem of Islamic radicalization even further. It is increasingly clear that understanding the root causes or sources of Islamic extremism is critically important to designing a viable long-term strategy to counter or eliminate them. In general terms, this thesis seeks to identify the sources of Islamic extremism. Specifically, this thesis seeks to answer the question, Has The National Security Strategy of the United States of America March 2006 properly identified the sources of Islamic extremism? In doing so, this thesis considers multiple perspectives including those of the US government, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations and experts, and Islamic extremists themselves.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Southeast Asia
America's strategy to combat terrorism, resulting from Al-Qaeda's 2001 attacks, falls short of its intent to defeat transnational terrorism. While the tenets of the current counterterrorism strategy were written broadly to enable global employment, this template approach proved ineffective. While focusing its efforts on dismantling terrorist organizations in Afghanistan and Iraq, America neglected parts in Southeast Asia that provided sanctuary to Islamic terrorists. Such sanctuaries facilitated the regrouping, recruiting, and training of Al-Qaeda operatives to conduct subsequent attacks against America and its allies throughout the world. The central research question is: What strategy can the US employ to eliminate Al-Qaeda's influence throughout the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines? Recommended strategy changes were generated from applying a three-step analysis approach. First, analyzing the adversary established a foundation from which to develop recommendations to counter Al-Qaedas operations. Second, analyzing three Southeast Asian governments' responses to terrorist threats within their country assisted in the formulation of a counterterror strategy for the region. Finally, the analysis of the current counterterror strategy resulted in recommended adjustments to each of America's instruments of national power--diplomatic, informational, military, and economic--to facilitate elimination of Al-Qaeda's influence in Southeast Asia. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Counterintelligence
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Police Leadership Challenges in a Changing World
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research, development and evaluation agency of the US Department of Justice. The NIJ is dedicated to improving knowledge and understanding of crime and justice issues through science. NIJ provides objective and independent knowledge and tools to reduce crime and promote justice, particularly at the state and local levels. Each year, the NIJ publishes and sponsors dozens of research and study documents detailing results, analyses and statistics that help to further the organization's mission. These documents relate to topics like biometrics, corrections technology, gun violence, digital forensics, human trafficking, electronic crime, terrorism, tribal justice and more. This document is one of these publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Impact of City-County Consolidation of the Rural-Urban Fringe
This document is part of the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA)Rural Development Publications collection. This collection includes publicationsthat relate to rural development in America, including from such series as RuralDevelopment Research Reports, Rural Development Perspectives, AgriculturalEconomic Reports, and Agriculture Information Bulletins, as well as selectedEconomic Research Staff Reports, Yearbook of Agriculture and the first 300 volumesof Agriculture Handbooks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Leading Air Mobility Operations in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
The Maxwell Papers, the Air War College's occasional papers series, focus oncurrent and future issues of interest to the Air Force and US Department of Defense.The first Maxwell Papers was published in May of 1996 with the Air UniversityCommander's signature on the foreword. Maxwell Papers are open to all interestedauthors, particularly Air War College faculty and students, but also to other officersand analysts. Maxwell Papers have been distributed to over 400 addresses includingall senior Air Force and US Department of Defense decision makers, ProfessionalMilitary Education (PME) schools, contractors, and other US agencies, and morethan 40 foreign air forces and institutions. This document is a Air War CollegeMaxwell Paper.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapons of Mass Destruction
This study analyzes the characteristics and capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to determine their capability to carry weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The author presents an overview of the various forms of WMD-chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. The objective is to review the characteristics of both UAVs and WMD to determine if they are capable of being used together as an effective weapon. The result indicates that there is great potential for the use of UAVs as delivery systems for WMD, particularly by developing nations and nonstate actors such as terrorist groups who may not have the technical capability to employ other means. The potential exists for the proliferation of both UAVs and WMD to become widespread and thus a major security concern. There is no clear solution to this problem; however, actions including bringing the issue to the forefront, strengthening export and arms controls, deterrence, and defense will have a synergistic effect that will help mitigate this threat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Military Dimension of the Niger Delta Crisis
The Niger Delta region is the nerve of the Nigerian economy. The region has witnessed series of conflicts largely due to the oil resources therein. Violent militancy in the Niger Delta assumed a new dimension in the mid nineties as the residents demanded resource control in the face of environmental degradation by multinational oil companies; and complaints of government marginalization. Past military operations conducted to curb militancy in the region further alienated the locals and gave the federal government a cruel face. The Joint Task Force (JTF) was thus established in 2003 to ensure security of oil installations and maintain stability in the region. This study considers military operations as a part of a holistic federal government strategy for lasting peace in the Niger Delta region. In particular, the study analyzes military information operations (IO) based on selected case studies. The research further proffers structural, doctrinal and infrastructural solutions to security forces' IO processes in the Niger Delta. These solutions, if adopted, are expected to make security forces more effective as part of the federal government's efforts to bring to a lasting and amicable end, the lingering crisis in the Niger Delta.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Restructuring of the United States Army Civil Affairs
The Civil Affairs (CA) structure the Army now knows should cease to exist. From this current structure, the best and brightest CA noncommissioned officers (NCOs) and officers should be extracted to fill the slots in the newly recommended structure. In the recommendation, there will be no reserve component (RC) CA units. CA NCOs and officers will be on the S, G, C, or J5 staffs. There will only be RC individual military augmentees (IMAs). Every maneuver company level unit in the Army will send two NCOs per platoon to a two, three or four week CA course in order to train combat arms maneuver soldiers to perform basic assessments. The first sergeant will also attend this course. The first sergeant will consolidate and verify these assessments and forward them to the CA officer at battalion. For these NCOs, this CA designator creates a future possibility should he ever wish to become a CA NCO on a battalion, brigade, division, corps, or theater staff. All of the CA positions at battalion and above are active component (AC), and permanently assigned to the maneuver units, with the exception of the CA specialists. CA specialists will be temporarily tasked to the maneuver units to perform a specific function. They may be RC or AC.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Study of the Need for Cross-Cultural Capability Development in the Members of the United States Military
The National Security Strategy of the United States has made it clear that the global war on terror knows no boundaries. In direct support of the National Security Strategy, the National Military Strategy has obligated US troops to combat terrorism wherever the need arises, as expeditiously as possible. This translates into the high probability of US Armed Forces rapidly deploying to parts of the world they know very little about. If the United States military does not educate its members in matters of culture during peacetime, there may not be time to educate them during times of conflict. Thus, the primary research question of this project is: Does the United States military need to better develop the cross-cultural capabilities of its members? To answer the primary research question, a research methodology was followed to ensure the available literature was researched and applied in a relevant and scholarly manner. The collected data was then analyzed and synthesized into conclusions and recommendations. The study concluded that the US military does need to increase efforts to develop the cross-cultural capabilities of its members. Additionally, the study recommends that a task force be created to create and implement training, and the task force be led by a qualified civilian to avoid unnecessary redundancies or individual service deficiencies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Toxic Industrial Chemical
Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) proliferation is recognized as a serious threat across the operational spectrum--from the deployment of forces to posthostility activities, but there is a misconception when it comes to toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) as equal to CW (CW) agents threats. Release of these TICs could inflict the same damage as a military CW agent, albeit larger quantities of the TIC would be required. Thus, this thesis addresses the following question: Do TICs pose a weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threat, and what are their effects on joint military doctrine for operations in chemical environments? A significant array of books, periodicals, government documents, and Internet materials dealing with WMD as they relate to CW agents' (i.e., TICs) toxicities at low levels were reviewed. This thesis concludes that in the hands of terrorists, aggressive states or nonstate actors, TICs will serve as WMD, undermine regional stability, and threaten US interests. In general, joint doctrine for combat and noncombat operations inadequately take account of current TIC realities. Based on the documents cited in this thesis, the US Armed Forces have not collectively identified overall force structure requirements for dealing with this threat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Case Study of Joint Planning Implementation in an Organization Undergoing Transformation to Joint Force Headquarters in One State
The National Guard has been in a nearly constant state of change, in one form or another, since its inception. The events that have transpired since the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 demonstrated the need for the next major evolution of the National Guard. The National Guard began the process of transforming the State Military Headquarters in all 54 states and territories by converting from an Administrative and Oversight Headquarters to a Joint Operational Activity in 2003. This study investigates the changes brought about by the implementation of the joint planning process with relation to the transformation to Joint Force headquarters in California. It explores the impact of the joint planning process to current operational plans within California and the challenges and successes experienced during the process. In doing so, it focuses on the effects the JFHQ transformation process has had in California. One critical component to operating in a joint environment is the ability for the organization to conduct Joint Planning using the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) format. All of the existing plans for each state would have to be updated and converted to the JOPES format, adding to the challenges of learning a new planning format and training planners to use the new format. This study finds that resourcing has been the most significant challenge to the transformation process with regards to joint planning. The planning staff within the J-5 has suffered from a lack of sufficient personnel to conduct both strategic and operational planning simultaneously. Strategic planning has been extremely effective while operational planning has produced mixed results. Personnel within the joint staff have not been trained on the Joint Operations Planning Process (JOPP) which further hampers its operational planning capability.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cooperation or Conflict
This study explores the interaction between U.S. military forces and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in military operations other than war (MOOTW). The thesis is that some problems identified in this interaction during recent MOOTWs can be traced to the nature of both the military and NGOs as values-based institutions. Successful interaction between the military and NGOs has been defined as key to the success of MOOTWs. The military has developed doctrinal guidelines to minimize some of the organizational points of contention. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the perspectives, values, and the organizational culture of NGOs when developing doctrinal guidelines for interaction. This study acknowledges the value of the Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) concept as a means for orchestrating unity of effort between the military and NGOs. It proposes expansion of the CMOC to include additional specialized functions as well as additional training for CMOC staffs. It also maintains that formal, systematic consideration of NGO perspectives is an equally key part of future attempts to improve military performance in this area.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Instilling the Army Core Values at the Unit Level
This study focuses on an analysis of the revised final draft FM 22-100, Army Leadership and its usefulness for unit leaders in instilling the Army core values. Within this research effort, the investigator evaluated the doctrine presented to include the framework, and character development model introduced. The doctrinal framework and model were compared to theory in the field. In addition, the investigator interviewed FM 22-100 authors, and surveyed officers familiar with the revised final draft FM 22-100 to assess the usefulness of FM 22-100 as a tool for use by unit leaders to instill Army core values in their organizations. The analysis showed that the final draft FM 22-100 is theoretically sound, and is fully supported by scholarly writings in the areas of character and values development. In addition, those surveyed felt that the FM 22-100 was a useful document for use by unit leaders. In addition, those served indicated several areas that should be emphasized and resources provided to augment FM 22-100 as it is introduced to the force. Implications of the research findings were discussed as well as issues requiring further research were recommended.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of the Emergence of Transnational Terrorism in Southeast Asia
Transnational terrorism has recently emerged as a serious security threat in Southeast Asia. This thesis examines the conditions, causes, and nature of the transnational terrorist threat in the region. It analyses the historical, political, economic, sociocultural, religious-ethnic, and geostrategic factors in Southeast Asia, and the history, goals, strategy, operations, and transnational relationships of four selected Islamic fundamentalist groups in the region (namely Jemaah Islamiyah, Kumpulan Mujahideen Malaysia, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and Laskar Jihad) that contribute to the emergence of the threat. The analysis demonstrates that the underlying conditions and causes are complex, comprising both contributing and countervailing elements. The nature of the threat displays limited indigenous roots, underpinnings of temporal and non-lasting political and economic problems, and strong external influences. It concludes that the emergence of transnational terrorism in Southeast Asia is essentially an external-influenced phenomenon with limited and weak internal coherence, and is therefore not an inherent and irreversible process. A clear understanding of the conditions, causes, and nature of the threat can provide a framework for the development of effective regional and national strategies to combat it.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Humanitarian Assistance Operations
This study examines the command and control issue that joint forces encounter during United Nations sponsored humanitarian assistance operations. By analyzing current doctrine for forming and operating joint task forces, the thesis offers insight into the organizational problems faced by joint planners and commanders. An investigation of current command and control theory illustrates the dilemma of building an organization that contains military structure while at the same time is flexible enough to adapt to its environmental changes. This environment, which includes a variety of governmental and non-governmental organizations, is shown as the critical element that the commander must consider when designing his force structure. The case studies of Operations PROVIDE COMFORT and SUPPORT HOPE illustrate joint and combined humanitarian assistance operations. The study concludes that disaster relief and humanitarian assistance operations force commanders into environments which require adjustments to traditional methods of command and control. The commander must develop an early understanding of what the military organization must accomplish and then structure it accordingly.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving Interagency Planning and Execution at the Operational Level
Over the past fifteen years, many have argued that the military's overwhelming battlefield successes stem from the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reformation Act of 1986. While few can debate the efficacy of joint US military operations in a high-intensity conflict, many still debate the effectiveness of the interagency community's attempts at winning the peace. Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq illustrate the lack of interagency unity of effort at the operational level and cry out for an enduring solution similar to Goldwater-Nichols. This thesis explores three distinct courses of action for improving operational interagency unity of effort and presents a cogent argument for creating a new component within a joint task force to address all stability and reconstruction tasks. This stability and reconstruction component would capitalize on the momentum gained by the State Department's Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stability Operations (S/CRS) and utilize resources already in place or expected to be in place to support S/CRS' Advance Civilian Team concept. The component would be led by a civilian interagency representative and be staffed by both military personnel and interagency representatives pulled from S/CRS' Active Response Corps (ARC).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Irish Defense Forces
The Irish Defense Forces have conducted peacekeeping operations since 1958. Many of these have had a humanitarian aspect. Since 1994, however, the Defense Forces have become involved in dedicated humanitarian operations, notably in Africa, Central America, and the Balkans. These operations have been unorthodox in that they have deployed unarmed troops, who are on special leave, in civilian attire and under the auspices of international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), or Irish governmental organizations such as the Agency for Personal Service Overseas (APSO). These organizations acknowledge that Irish operations have been successful in the limited sense that they have temporarily benefitted both the host nations and their citizens, but it is debatable whether they are successful in terms of sustainability and security. They have also lacked a proper command structure, thereby leading to a potential breakdown in discipline. In their favor, they contribute to a far better military/civilian relationship than do orthodox military humanitarian operations. This thesis will examine whether there are better ways of conducting such operations, in the light of recent changes in the international environment, such as Ireland's membership of Partnership for Peace, developments regarding the Special High Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG), European security evolvement, and other options.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
AFRI Research Paper 2009-3, Understanding Airpower
The general purpose of this monograph is to help prevent or reduce error in debates over all aspects of airpower. Since we humans, our institutions and procedures, and our behavior are friction prone and apt to err, it is sensible to try to diminish the pile of assumptions, beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that are plainly wrong. Much of the eternal debate on defense issues cannot usefully be approached with a view to locating error. But, large swathes of frequently contested debating terrain can be cleared definitively. As a scholar it is my duty to "recognize and eliminate the weeds" of falsehood to which Clausewitz referred in one of the epigraphs to this text. This study examines and exposes nine fallacies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Building the Wall
The construction of a US-Mexico border fence has proved an increasingly divisive method for securing the southern US border since its initial construction as the San Diego Fence in 1990. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 the construction of a US-Mexico border fence has morphed from a method to stem the tide of illegal immigration from Mexico into a legislated method to prevent the entrance of terrorists. All terrorists except two have gained entrance into the US through manipulation of the US immigration system. Those two exceptions crossed the US-Canada border. This thesis analyzes what threat Mexico poses as a transit for terrorists attempting to enter the US by surreptitious means, and what deterrent or defeat effect a US-Mexico fence provides. The absence of a terrorist attempt to gain entrance into the US via Mexico indicates that Mexico does not provide the essential support required for an Al Qaeda terrorist, and that other countries and other means of entrance provide a more viable option and likelihood for success. The one support element that could provide a terrorist entrance from Mexico is that of the "coyote". A strategy of vigorous enforcement against illegal immigration without combating the motives for illegal immigration has helped to enable the "coyote" to gain the capability to transport a terrorist into the US from Mexico. The US-Mexico border fence has a limited deterrent effect against terrorists as demonstrated by the migration of illegal immigrants to more remote crossing sites. Finally, this thesis provides recommendations to better secure US land borders.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
China's Anti-Satellite Test
On January 11, 2007, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) launched a direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon and destroyed one of their satellites. Uncovering Chinese motivations for this action has been problematic because the Chinese government has given virtually no explanation for this act. China seems to be actively attempting to challenge other nations' freedom to maneuver in space. Thus, the central research question is: Is the motivation behind current Chinese efforts in its ASAT program to challenge U.S. freedom of maneuver in space? China is not without precedent. During the 1960's to the late 1980's both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. conducted extensive ASAT tests in the development and deployment of ASAT weapons as part of their military space programs. In the Case of the U.S.S.R., ASAT weapons were extensively tested and deployed, but their relatively low success rate and marginal military value led the Soviet government to abandon the program in favor of arms control negotiations. In the Case of the U.S., ASAT was another component to ensure national security of all space assets. The U.S.S.R. study illustrates the inherent political instability of pursuing space weapons, while the U.S. study illustrates the political desire to remain weapons free in space, but retain the right to defend space assets with force if necessary. China, with its notion of active defense and deterrence doctrine, would seem to align closely with the U.S. in ASAT employment, and not challenge U.S. freedom of maneuver in space per se, but ensure its own freedom of maneuver in space as it continues to grow a dependence on space assets in the future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Africans' Perception of the United States' Post-9/11 Africa Policy and Africom
The United States' post-9/11 global strategy demonstrates an interest in Africa that contrasts with decades of relative indifference. The 2006 National Security Strategy has stated the United States' commitment to promote security, stability, democracy, and economic prosperity in the continent. Yet, beyond these idealist declarations of good intentions, some foreign policy experts consider that the turnaround in the United States' Africa policy stems from the rising value of the continent for tangible American economic and security interests. They hold the actual objectives of the United States to be to secure its access to energy sources, to counter global terrorism, and to contain the influence of China. In that regard, they see the creation of a dedicated combatant command, the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM), as the reflection of the dramatic evolution in the US policymakers' perceptions of US interests in Africa." However, the deployment of that unprecedentedly vigorous strategy is facing the reluctance of significant segments of the African intellectual and political elite, due essentially to China's increasing influence, the push-back effect of the War on Terror, AFRICOM's weak security concept, and the continent's marked preference for collective security systems built around its regional organizations and the United Nations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mortgaging National Security
The operations tempo of the Army has increased over 300 percent since the Gulf war. In that same period the size of the Army has decreased by one-third. Many of the capabilities from the active Army have been shifted to the reserve components. This has led to an increased utilization of the Army's reserve components to meet the needs of the Army. Today, soldiers from the active Army, US Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard are fully integrated across the full spectrum of operations to accomplish the Army's missions. However, this increase in workload for a part-time force structure must come at a cost. This thesis attempts to define the impacts of the increased utilization of the reserves and to determine how they might affect the ability to mobilize for a major war. It demonstrates that the increase has positive effects at the macro (or Army) level, as training and experience increase while aggregate operations tempo decreases; and negative effects at the micro (or soldier) level as increased reserve obligations put stress on soldiers, families, and employers. This project also examines the role that the reserve components play in the execution of the national military strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessment of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program
The abrogation of the United States (US) Military Bases Agreement in 1992 left the Philippines with very limited military capabilities. With a weak economy, what was left was an Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) that can barely contain its internal security threats and has no external defense capabilities. Republic Act (RA) 7898 signed in 1995 provided the legal basis for the implementation of the AFP Modernization Program. It approved the fifteen-year program in the amount of 331 billion pesos. This study aimed to determine the current state of the AFP Modernization Program by assessing the implementation of the Capability, Materiel, and Technology Development (CMTD) of the program from 2000 to 2006. Using the descriptive-evaluative research method, several factors were identified to have influenced in the implementation of the program, namely: funding, lengthy acquisition process, changes in acquisition policies, shifting of priorities and programs, and assignment of key personnel. The successful implementation of the AFP Modernization Program will need the commitment of the AFP, the Philippine Congress, and the government leadership.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Security Strategy of the Bureau of Diplomatic Security
The Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS) is the law enforcement and security organization of the U.S. Department of State. As such, it is responsible for many law enforcement and security related issues within the Department of State. One of these issues is to provide security to American embassies, consulates, their staffs, and other designated American interests overseas. This thesis examined the strategy used by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security to provide security for American civilian interests overseas and whether this strategy remains relevant in the current threat environment. The examination was divided into three areas: (1) the current operational environment; (2) current DS operations; and (3) trends influencing future DS security operations. The current operational environment revealed a continuing threat to American civilian interests overseas. The review of current DS operations illustrated an organization attempting to address the current threats, but involved in a seemingly never ending threat, counter-threat escalation with those that wish to do harm to American civilian interests overseas. Finally, the review of future trends revealed DS will continue to expand its role as the Department of State becomes involved in more non-permissive environments and humanitarian crises.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Strategies for Preparing United States Army Combat Organizations for the Inevitability of Casualties
In this author's opinion, the United States Army is not doing enough to prepare combat organizations for the inevitability of casualties. This thesis proposes the following primary research question: How can United States Army combat organizations better prepare for the inevitability of casualties? The United States of America has been in a state of war for over 11 years. Every passing day our nation's most precious commodity, our soldiers, are being killed or wounded in action on the battlefield. Yet, every day organizations across the Army are either preparing for war or are actively engaged in conflict without being properly prepared to face the grim reality that they will most likely lose someone within their ranks. This qualitative research effort seeks to identify effective strategies and techniques to assist United States Army combat organizations to prepare for the inevitability of casualties. The secondary research questions are: (1) What can be done to better prepare United States Army combat organizations prior to the occurrence of casualties; (2) What can be done to assist United States Army combat organizations to execute their duties once there has been a casualty? This thesis will enable organizational leaders to understand and incorporate strategies and techniques that will assist them in preparing their units for the realities of combat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Replicating the AC-130's Urban Close Air Support Capabilities Around the Clock
Given that half of the world's populace currently resides in urban environments, the United States armed forces find themselves at odds with the challenges urban combat imposes. For example, dense terrain features, noncombatants interspersed with enemy forces, and restrictive rules of engagement combine making urban operations problematic. To meet current and future urban combat demands the USAF must develop an airframe or system specifically designed for urban close air support situations. The central question is therefore: Given the current urban operating environments, what capabilities would be required to replicate the AC-130's ability around the clock? The study analyzes the AC-130's capabilities and defines them in terms of desirable urban battlefield effects. Using the AC-130 as an urban close air support effects benchmark other USAF close air support aircraft are qualitatively compared to determine which could best replicate the AC-130's effects during times when the gunship is not available. This study contends that no single aircraft can currently replace the AC-130, however, a combination of airframes can adequately encompass the AC-130's ability to provide persistence, precision low collateral damage on call fires, integrated command and control, and exceptional intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance support to ground forces in the urban environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing Leaders for the Third Generation Singapore Army
The Singapore Army is transforming towards a Third Generation fighting force to meet the challenges of the contemporary security environment. As part of this transformation, the Singapore Army needs to review the training and education roadmap of its officers to develop the adaptive leaders required for full spectrum operations. Emphasis must be given to strengthen the professional military education, and develop the intellectual capacity, military ethics, and knowledge of the military profession of the officers. To this end, the Singapore Army needs to establish a singular doctrinal concept that defines the profession of arms in the Singapore context. Various initiatives can be considered to enhance the leadership development of its officers, including the promotion of self-education, unit education program, participation in inter-ministry/agency work attachments and multinational exercises, active management of the civilian education of the military officers, infusion of appropriate levels of broad liberal education at various stages of the military career, continual and high-level emphasis on critical and creative thinking and military ethics, and leveraging on partnerships with established institutions of higher learning to deliver the content for these subjects.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Examining the Capacity of the Philippine Army's Enlisted Corps to Accomplish the Government's Counterinsurgency Strategy
The Philippines faces a 39-year old communist insurgency. For years, it tried in vain to solve the problem by kinetic means. Deeply rooted in poverty, resolving this insurgency calls for non-kinetic approaches. This led to the creation of the Special Operations Team (SOT) concept which supports the Philippines' Strategy of Holistic Approach (SHA) which is comparable to the interagency process. A product of military innovation, SOT becomes the main COIN tool. The most salient point is the troops' immersion into communist-influenced communities to conduct wide-ranging activities designed to address people's grievances while achieving military objectives to dismantle enemy politico-military structure, set up counter organizations, and introduce developmental projects. The Army's enlisted corps is the backbone of the SOT program. The object of this study is to examine the capacity of this force based on the five critical areas of training, doctrine, leadership, resources and interagency support. It turns out that the enlisted corps is severely handicapped to accomplish the SOT mission due to substantial deficiencies based on each of the five criteria. To empower the enlisted force, the AFP must institutionalize SOT training, refine its COIN doctrine, re-educate its officer corps, boost SOT-intended resources and strengthen its interagency capability.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Intelligence Reform
On 22 July 2004 the 9/11 Commission released its report on the events surrounding the attacks of 11 September 2001. The 9/11 Report renewed calls for reform of the intelligence community (IC), continuing a long series of intelligence reform efforts that began shortly after the National Security Act of 1947 laid the foundation of the modern IC. As reform proceeds and government officials consider further changes, three topics remain relevant: (1) the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols reform of the Department of Defense and its applicability to the IC, (2) the common findings and recommendations of past reform efforts of the IC, and (3) the competing interests inherent in the IC that influence the pace and character of actual reform. This study explores these topics in the context of the 9/11 Report and the subsequent reform efforts initiated by the executive and legislative branches. While there was common motivation between the latest effort to reform the IC and the earlier DOD reform effort as embodied in the Goldwater-Nichols Act, it remains less clear if the measures taken in the DOD case are equally applicable to the IC. One reason to question the applicability of DOD reform efforts to the IC is the unique organizational context of the IC-an interagency organization supporting multiple departments as well as national policy makers. Reform of the IC is unlike reform of a single cabinet-level department, for at its most basic level the IC exists to enhance the effectiveness of multiple departments and senior policy makers in the accomplishment of their assigned functions. In short, the IC serves varied interests with sometimes shared and sometimes conflicting intelligence needs. This organizational context suggests that successful reform requires an on-going recalibration of competing interests to meet the changing demands inherent within a dynamic national security environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Rainbow in the Dark
The 21st Century has been dubbed an "era of persistent conflict" by U.S. military leaders. As a result, United States' defense forces will have to operate in environments requiring a variety of "full spectrum operations" for the near future. Stability operations are now considered as having equal importance to major combat operations and this thesis will explore an institutional approach to prepare U.S. military forces to conduct these types of operations. This thesis will analyze four themes: U.S. views on future stability and security operations, the United States' conventional force role in future stability and security operations, current efforts to institutionalize stability and security operations, and past U.S. institutional changes in response to threats in the strategic environment. Unfortunately, there is little unity of effort and ownership to institutionalize stability operations in the U.S. Army. This thesis recommends a new institution to educate and develop leaders to maximize unity of effort, flexibility and responsiveness for stability operations: the Stability and Security Center of Excellence.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Global Mobility
The United States Air Force's Center for Strategy and Technology was established atthe Air War College in 1996. Its purpose is to engage in long-term strategic thinkingabout technology and its implications for United States national security. The Center(CSAT) focuses on education, research, and publications that support the integrationof technology into national strategy and policy. This document is one of thesepublications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Radical Islam in West Africa and Effects on Security in the West Africa Sub-Region
While in the past two decades, the region of West Africa has experienced various armed conflicts, a new security threat that has emerged is the growing threat of violence by radical Islamist groups. This phenomenon has assumed prominence in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States of America. Against the background of a politically unstable region, impoverished by poverty, disease, conflicts, and a high rate of illiteracy, a foothold by radical Islamist groups could destabilize the whole region. The recent escalation of violence perpetuated by radical Islamists groups in the northern parts of Nigeria and other countries poses a grave threat to the region as Nigeria is home to approximately half the population of the region. Some measures that governments, in concert with other stakeholders can take include poverty alleviation measures, economic development of deprived areas, socio-political reforms, inter-faith dialogue and consultations, prevent institutionalization of Sharia law, promotion of good governance and inter-governmental cooperation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fixing the Reserve Officer Training Corps' Recruiting Problems
The organization charged with producing three quarters of the Army's officer corps has failed to meet requirements for thirteen years running. In 1989, the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) produced over 8,000 new lieutenants, today it can't produce half of that figure. Many reasons have been given for this failure, to include everything from a declining national propensity to inadequate budgets. Whatever the reason, the impact on the Army is clear, and that is a shortage of leadership. If the Army is to meet the challenges of the new millennium, which includes an asymmetric threat, digitization and information overload it must have the required number of officers within its ranks. Until now, the Army has allowed the National Guard and Reserves to pay the bill, while keeping the ranks of the Active Army full. However, with the increased deployment of reserve forces to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kosovo, that bill will be coming due again, and this time only big Army can pay it. If not, the country could pay the ultimate cost in lives of our leaderless soldiers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
How can the United States Army Improve Human Intelligence in Peace Operations?
In military operations every soldier is a human intelligence (HUMINT) collector. The new doctrine and current peace operations regarding the G2X position fails to incorporate all HUMINT collectors under the G2X. Additionally, the new doctrine also fails to incorporate nonintelligence HUMINT collectors involved in peace operations. Current doctrine calls on the many "secondary" HUMINT collectors to collect information or intelligence as part of their mission. These secondary collectors, such as the Military Police, Psychological Operations, Civil Affairs and Line Units conduct liaison with international and local police forces, host-government official, nongovernment organizations, and local leaders. These are same individuals with whom the primary HUMINT collectors liaison. But the secondary HUMINT collectors do not fall under the G2X's ability to deconflict. The lack of deconfliction and coordination leads to redundant coverage of sources and circular reporting. If the efforts of the secondary and primary collectors could be deconflicted, it would reduce circular reporting and redundancy. The eliminated redundancy would free primary HUMINT collectors to concentrate on sources that require street craft and resources not available to secondary collectors.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Military Interaction With Nongovernmental Organizations
The U.S. Army must develop leaders that understand the emerging global trends in which national security depends upon the full spectrum of operations and the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGO). By comparing the medical logistics capabilities of the military and private relief organizations, this essay addressed the question: How should U.S. Commanders plan to use military assets to support the medical logistics activities of NGOs in future foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) operations? Ultimately, this research confirmed that the military has a limited and defined role in relief operations. The military's contributions to FHA must concentrate on its unique capabilities and seek a rapid transition to civilian authorities. Concerning medical logistics, the difference in missions and scope of operations indicated that the intersection between the military and NGOs is inappropriate except for rare situations. Nevertheless, understanding the goals and capabilities of NGOs is imperative because effective coordination with non-military organizations is vital to humanitarian emergencies, support operations, and stability operations. Detailed research into the procedures of NGOs provided insight into the military planning requirements for future operations and clarified the concepts surrounding military-civilian interaction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Efficacy of Regional Headquarters for National Guard Civil Support and Homeland Defense Missions
The purpose of the study is to determine whether a regional headquarters concept would improve the National Guard's ability to accomplish Homeland Defense and Civil Support with greater efficiency and effectiveness. In order to make that determination, this paper begins by reviewing the works of authors advocating regional headquarters in the National Guard. It then notes experiences of other organizations with a regional structure. Once the theoretical benefit of a regional structure has been established, the researcher attempts to identify areas where greater efficiency or effectiveness could be achieved if the National Guard was organized with a regional structure. Finally, interviews with state- level senior leaders of the National Guard add their perspectives for consideration. If this paper shows the regional headquarters concept could add efficacy for National Guard Civil Support and Homeland Defense missions, it could be an impetus for a major organizational and structural change in the National Guard. This study has the potential to demonstrate potential benefits to participating individual states, as well as refining the focus for future planning, training, and exercises.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
