India's Military Conflicts and Diplomacy
India's armed forces have maintained national security and territorial integrity better than those of most other developing, democratic nations. The credit for these successes, however, goes less to its defence management apparatus and more to those responsible for operational planning and execution. Many a time, India has failed to convert hard-won operational achievements into long-term strategic successes. Why does that happen? In this path-breaking book, V.P. Malik looks back on his career and presents some recent examples of India's military conflicts. Among these are accounts of Operation Pawan, in which an Indian peacekeeping force was sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 with tragic results, and Operation Cactus in the Maldives, a quick commando action where India's armed forces foiled an attempted coup d'etat in less than twenty-four hours. Alongside are examples of India's military diplomacy in a range of circumstances. With a new Preface to the paperback edtion, this book will fascinate anyone who has a stake in India's national security.
Rendezvous with Rebels
Rajeev Bhattacharyya walked nearly 800 kilometres, over some of the most hostile terrain and through no man's land. His journey, which took three months and twenty days to complete, is unprecedented in Indian journalism. He visited the rebel bases in Eastern Nagaland, which covers a part of Myanmar's Sagaing Division, stayed in the ULFA camp and interviewed its chief of staff Paresh Baruah, as also chairman of the NSCN (Khaplang), S.S. Khaplang himself. He interacted with rebels from banned outfits like the NDFB, UPPK, PLA and other groups - for many of them, this was their first conversation with an Indian journalist. Bhattacharyya is one of very few journalists in the world to have made this journey, and among the fewer still to have had such intimate access.Rendezvous with Rebels is the story of that journey. It is as much a travel memoir as it is a hard-hitting political account of the fissures that mark the conflicts in India's Northeast and Myanmar's Sagaing Division. Bhattacharyya analyses the historical and current role of ULFA, NSCN and other rebel forces, and sizes up the current situation in Eastern Nagaland vis-a-vis the changes taking place in Myanmar specifically, and the subcontinent generally. It is, ultimately, an up-close examination of a very thorny conflict.
Attendant Lords
Bairam Khan and his son, Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan were soldiers, poets and courtiers whose lives reflected the turbulent times they lived in. In telling their stories, Attendant Lords spans the reigns of four emperors -- Babur, Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir -- and covers over a hundred years of Mughal history, a time when these two noblemen were at the very heart of the court's labyrinthine politics. After Humayun's untimely death, Bairam Khan was regent to the young Emperor Akbar for four critical years. Abdur Rahim became one of the most important generals of the Mughal Empire, but he is best remembered for his literary prowess, most particularly for his famous 'dohas'. This unusual dual biography traces the lives of these two noblemen against the backdrop of the courtly intrigues, brutal power struggles and the grand literary endeavours of the Mughal court. And it looks at their afterlives -- how politics and the Hindi-Urdu debate reincarnated them as national heroes; how both men came to be seen as standing at the confluence of Hinduism and Islam; and how history, religion and literature combine in the broader context of nationalism and nation building.
Kargil
In February 1999, Pakistani Army personnel, disguised as jihadi militants, infiltrated into mountainous Kargil and occupied key vantage points. Their intrusion triggered a limited war between the world's newest nuclear states. It was a bitter battle, and one that threw up important lessons for India's defence preparedness, as also its responses to conflicts such as this. This incisive book by General V.P. Malik, former Chief of the Army Staff, analyses the reasoning behind the Pakistani Army's moves and tactics and reviews crucial issues such as the extent of intelligence and surveillance failure on the Indian side and the measures necessary to redress these failings. Away from questions of strategy and tactics, however, Kargil is also a reminder of the unalloyed heroism that was on display during those grim weeks, heroism that become a benchmark for valour.
Securitisation and Islamism in Egypt and Saudi Arabia
This book provides a comparative analysis of how Egypt and Saudi Arabia have framed Islamism as a security threat to consolidate power. Using securitisation theory, it explores how both regimes systematically criminalise Islamist movements--blurring the line between political opposition and extremism--to justify sweeping authoritarian measures. It exposes the far-reaching implications of this securitisation for governance, civil liberties and human rights by examining mass incarcerations, legal restrictions and state-controlled narratives. Situating these practices within broader global security and counterterrorism discourses, the book highlights how securitisation reinforces authoritarian resilience and shapes international perceptions of political Islam. It critiques global support for repressive policies enacted under the guise of counterterrorism and advocates for inclusive governance that upholds human rights and fosters long-term stability. This book serves as a vital resource for scholars, policymakers and students seeking critical insights into the nexus of security, governance and human rights in the contemporary Middle East.
Introduction to Political Psychology
This fifth edition of Introduction to Political Psychology explores the many psychological patterns that influence individual political behavior.
Foreign Aid of Gulf States
This book explores how Gulf States' foreign aid strategies have transformed in the wake of 9/11 and the 2011 Arab uprisings. It traces the shift from a solidarity- based model to aid increasingly driven by political and military objectives, particularly in conflict zones like Yemen, Libya, and Syria. The book analyzes enduring traits and evolving trends in aid allocation, highlighting a growing emphasis on humanitarian assistance, transparency, and alignment with global governance norms. Yet, a persistent preference for bilateral aid raises questions about long- term impact and transparency.The politicization of aid post- 2011 reveals how Gulf donors wield aid as a tool of geopolitical influence. Looking ahead, the book outlines a research agenda that examines the rebranding of Gulf aid, the implications of its militarization, the role of economic diversification, and the influence of shifting regional dynamics-- such as Saudi- Iran relations and the Abraham Accords-- on future strategies.This book is essential reading for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners in international development, political science, Middle Eastern studies, and global governance.The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.
Combatant Experiences in Multi-Ethnic Extremist Groups
This book uses Boko Haram as a case study to delve into the operations of extremist groups in sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on the unique cultural contexts in which they function.The book explores how such groups navigate ethnically diverse environments and manage to forge a sense of collective homogeneity, even in the face of internal diversity. Drawing from first-hand interviews with ex-fighters and a thorough examination of the group's operational dynamics--including recruitment, indoctrination, combat leadership, and unit behaviour--the book identifies moments when, despite Boko Haram's aim to transcend ethnic boundaries, ethnicity nonetheless becomes a defining factor within specific combatant units. It develops a theoretical framework to explain these instances, building on and extending existing socialisation theories to understand when and why socialisation processes fail, ultimately causing ethnicity to resurface within these units. By exploring how tribal and ethnic considerations influence the group's functioning, this book provides a more nuanced understanding of contemporary insurgent groups and the social forces that shape them.This book will be of much interest to students of political violence, African politics, and security studies.
Commoning Labour and Democracy at Work
This book investigates the return of workers' self-management in recent decades as responses to recurring neoliberal crises. In particular, the book homes in on worker-recuperated enterprises (WREs), a promising form of workers' self-organization whereby workers restart troubled, bankrupt, or shuttered companies as cooperatives or other forms of democratic workplace.The book argues that WREs are prefigurative of new forms of work based on equality and sustainability. Framed by the concepts of autogesti籀n, the labour commons, and prefigurative ethico-political practices, the book argues that WREs contribute to the construction of more directly democratic community economies. Drawing on a range of contemporary case studies from numerous countries in the Global South and North, as well as new theories of workers' self-management, the book contributes a critical development, political economic, and class-struggle Marxist perspective to the re-emergent labour question within anti-systemic social movements, while theorizing the transformative nature of WREs for workers, work organizations, and communities.Bringing a class-analysis back into current discourses and debates concerning democracy at work and alternatives to global capital, this book will be of interest to researchers across the fields of development studies, labour studies, political economy, sociology of development, sociology of work, and political science.
To Whom Much is Given
"To Whom Much Is Given" by Lucia True Ames Mead is a compelling exploration of social responsibility and civic duty, written at the close of the 19th century. Mead eloquently argues that those who possess greater advantages and opportunities bear a heightened responsibility to contribute to the betterment of society. She advocates for active engagement in social reform, emphasizing the importance of peace, justice, and the common good. This thought-provoking work examines the interconnectedness of individual actions and collective progress, urging readers to recognize their potential to effect positive change. Mead's insightful observations on the obligations of privilege make this book a relevant and enduring commentary on social ethics and the pursuit of a more equitable world. It offers valuable perspectives on the role of individuals in shaping a just and peaceful society, encouraging readers to consider their own contributions to the greater good.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
At the Heart of Conflict
A ground-breaking new book that dares to bridge the divide between peacemakers and military strategists.As the world reels from an unprecedented surge in destructive wars and international crises, a new and critically important book challenges conventional wisdom and asks: Can peace be built by dialogue alone? When is the use of force necessary? Is there cause for hope? With 20 unflinching first-person accounts, the book uniquely gives voice to both sides of the conflict resolution debate from seasoned UN negotiators and grassroots peacebuilders to intelligence experts and military veterans.This book is an essential read for those studying conflict resolution, international relations, or working in the field, looking to know more about the lived experiences of UN officials, translators, ambassadors, NGOs and military personnel.Includes interviews with: 1. Victor ?ngelo - Former Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT)Interviewed by In礙s Almeida2. Gershon Baskin - Israeli peace activist focused on Middle East peace and reconciliation.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida3. Nurcan Baysal - Human rights defender, author, and journalist.Interviewed by Cheryl Robson4. Saskia Binet - Middle East North Africa Coordinator for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).Interviewed by In礙s Almeida5. Caroline Brooks - Senior Advisor on Organisational Develop-ment and Conflict Management for Amnesty International.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida6. Latif Fayaz - Afghan translator who worked with both NATO and the UN.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida7. Paulo Gon癟alves -Led UN aerial operations during Angola's 1992 electoral process.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida8. Maria Hadjipavlou - Founding member at Gender Advisory Team in Cyprus and President of Hands Across the Divide.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida9. John Holmes - Former MI6 and Military Cross Recipient with expertise in global security.Interviewed by Martina Valusiakova10. Corey Levine - Human rights and peacebuilding consultant.Interviewed by Francesca Guetchev11. Simon Mann - Private Security Expert with experience in Angola and Sierra Leone.Interviewed by Martina Valusiakova12. Patrick McGrann - Programme Director at Voices from the Void, advocating for peace in conflict zones.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida13. Sandra Melone - Chairwoman and founder of peacebuilding organizations in Burundi and Europe.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida14. Julie Norman - Associate Professor in Politics and International Relations at UCL.Interviewed by Caroline Hendrickson15. Jehan Perera - Executive Director at National Peace Council of Sri Lanka.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida16. Tony Schiena - Intelligence expert and Founder of Multi Operational Security Agency Intelligence Company (MOSAIC).Interviewed by Cheryl Robson17. Simon Smith - Former UK Ambassador to Ukraine, focusing on international diplomacy and securityInterviewed by Cheryl Robson18. Anjan Sundaram - War reporter, author and academic focused on conflict zones and global issuesInterviewed by Caroline Hendrickson19. Emily Winterbotham - Director of Terrorism & Conflict Group, Royal United Services Institute.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida20. Heela Yoon - Founder of Afghan Youth Ambassadors for Peace, empowering the next generation of leaders.Interviewed by In礙s Almeida
Social Psychology of Leadership and Crowds
This timely volume brings together research on leadership and social movements, exploring the psychological and social processes at the intersection of crowd psychology and leadership studies.
Three Faces of Populism in Asia
Drawing on evidence from eight case studies from across three Asian subregions, this volume highlights the distinctive features of Asian populism in comparison with Western experiences. In contrast to the latter, populist practices in Asia tend to exhibit an ambiguous nature, often characterized by ad hoc and mixed ideological add-ons.The case studies shed light on the cultural dimension of populism, an aspect that has been largely overlooked in Western contexts. Empirical evidence shows that political culture and identity politics exert an influence on populist practices in Asia. In the meantime, populist attitudes towards the role of politicians, the popular will and the relationship between the elite and the people can serve as an explanatory variable for political outcomes. The relationship between populism and democracy in Asia is observed to be more intricate than that in Western contexts. Populism is not necessarily endogenous to democracy, and thus its emergence may not solely be a response to the crisis of democracy.The book presents a valuable resource for scholars and students of Asian politics and those looking at the phenomenon of populism through a comparative lens.
Nepal's Peace Process
This volume provides a holistic overview of the long peace process in Nepal following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2006.The date of 21 November 2021 marked the 15th anniversary of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) which concluded the decade-long civil war that had ravaged Nepal. Despite avoiding a resurgence of statewide conflict, Nepal's post-conflict era has been far from perfect. This era has witnessed ethnic violence, rampant corruption, the politicisation of key public institutions and a failure to fully implement the provisions of the CPA. The resulting lack of socio-economic progress has led to large-scale dissatisfaction within the country and even given rise to elements within Nepal who reject the framework of the CPA and the 2015 constitution.With a focus on the years following the 2015 constitution, this book offers an analysis of post-conflict Nepal and explores issues relating to ex-combatants, transitional justice, women, socio-economic affairs, and federal governance. The contributors are all scholar-practitioners, some of whom had direct involvement in the peace process, and are therefore able to offer unique insights into the processes and challenges of Nepal's long journey to addressing past grievances and promoting future peace in the country.This book will be of interest to students of peace studies, Asian politics, security studies and International Relations.
China-US Great-Power Rivalry
This edited volume examines the competitive dynamics of two order-building projects in the Indo-Pacific, namely China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the US-led Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).
Importing the American Way of War?
This study takes a closer look at the adoption of the U.S. military concept of network-centric warfare (NCW) by the British and the German armed forces. The book uncovers the striking differences between NCW adoption in the UK and in Germany in terms of timing, pace, concept faithfulness and implementation. Relying on the process tracing technique and framed by an institutionalist argument the study establishes that a different composition of efficiency/effectiveness and legitimacy-related drivers in the two cases can account for the different adoption outcomes. In the case of NCW adoption, the British military was an efficiency maximiser whereas the German military was a legitimacy maximiser.
French in Multilingual Anglophone Africa
Examining the impact of French language in Nigeria, this book discusses the prospects of French language use for development as well as its connection to literature and translation.Despite its ambiguous and indistinct official status in the country, French remains the preferred foreign language in Nigeria and academia. Michael Akinpelu and Tunde Ajiboye's, French in Multilingual Anglophone Africa: Language, Literature, and Translation in Nigeria discusses how the French language is not only taught as a foreign language in Nigerian higher education, but is also an important linguistic code for literary creation, translation, and interpretation, blending local and international francophone cultures. Part I explores issues related to bilingualism, language resource management, and comparison between French and local languages. Part II considers the French language's exploitation in relation to translation and interpretation with particular interests in cultural challenges. Part III provides historical context tracing the evolution of literary engagement of Nigerian writers' contact with French and evolving perspectives on the language in Nigerian literature from the 1930s to present day. Using case studies, classroom fieldwork, and policy analyses, this book shows how French in multilingual Africa is not just a mode of communication, but a powerful instrument of socio-economic integration and mobility in a globalized world.
Humor as Social Critique
This interdisciplinary collection by Jennalee Donian and Andrea Hurst brings together insights from various humanities disciplines to examine humor's role in navigating complex political, cultural, and personal landscapes.Humor as Social Critique: Widening the African Perspective explores how humor functions as a powerful tool for social critique in the African context. Part I delves into humor's relationship with political critique, analyzing how comedians, writers, and artists use humor to resist oppressive power structures and foster dialogue. Part II examines humor's potential for socio-cultural critique, exploring how it reflects and shapes cultural norms, identities, and power dynamics. Part III investigates the role of humor in self-critique, highlighting its therapeutic potential and ability to promote humility and self-awareness. By centering African perspectives while engaging with global voices, Humor as Social Critique challenges the notion that humor is a uniquely localized phenomenon. Instead, it celebrates humor's ability to transcend geographical and cultural boundaries, enriching the tapestry of human experience. This book offers valuable insights for scholars and readers interested in the intersections of humor, culture, and social justice.
From Friends to Collaborators
Italy and Germany's relations are intense and manifold, but undergo a structural estrangement since the end of the cold war. This book provides with a sound analysis of those changes. It compares Italo-German relations after German unification with the period before, and shows how solidarity among 'friends' have become challenged by the individualist pragmatism of 'collaborators'. The study addresses two shortcomings in the existing literature: The lack of theory-driven analysis of bilateral relations in general, and of the Italo-German relationship in particular. Employing a constructivist understanding of inter-state relations, it develops a theoretical model of three different layers of bilateral relations, pertaining to interaction, interests and identities. In the empirical part, six case comparisons give deep insight into the development of Italo-German relations over time. They are based on an extensive analysis of newspapers, government documents, and expert interviews. Results draw a picture of alienated partners who have to renegotiate the very basis of their relationship - and so this study is also a plea for renewed Italo-German cooperation in Europe.
The Monstrosity of Our Century
The Monstrosity of Our Century: The War on Palestine and the Last Western Man by Amir Nour provides a comprehensive tour from Israel's massive offensive against Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, and Iran, to a projection of the grand transformation of the world that this is bringing into being after more than three centuries of complete Western domination. Addressing the crimes of starvation and genocide that UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories Francesca Albanese termed "the monstrosity of our century," Nour documents the historical events that set the stage for this tragedy, implicating the West for its decisive contribution to conditions of apartheid and the open-air prison that all but made the October 7th, 2023, attack on Israel inevitable and Israel's genocidal reaction predictable. The October 7th attack on Israel was a feat of no small moment, described by military analyst Scott Ritter as "not a terrorist attack罈., in fact the "most successful military raid of this century罈. The claims by Israel and Western media of beheaded or burned babies and mass rapes are debunked. Disputing the Israeli state's claims to act on behalf of world Jewry, Nour asks: Who are "the Jews"? He addresses the many hotly conflicting and contradictory secular and Judaic components. both within Israel and in the diaspora. Who were the historical instigators of the Zionist project, long before the Jews? Nour enumerates the historical markers of Christian Zionist engagement. What prevents antisemitism and anti-Zionism from even being discussed and what can happen when its narrative is challenged? Nour foresees that a process of de-Westernization is dawning. While the West's triumphal unipolar moment at the fall of the Soviet Union led to Francis Fukuyama's claims of The End of History and the Last Man and the global establishment of liberal democracy, in actuality the wrenching transition from a hegemonic world order now underway is progressively leading not just to the abandonment of democratic values by those countries who pursued its ascendancy, but a global repugnance at their flagrant complicity in genocide. The war on Palestine is providing a more convincing depiction of the trajectory of human civilization, more precisely of the destiny of the "Last Man," in actuality the last Western man, whose spiritual nihilism, lack of empathy, and unbridled will to power may lead the world to destruction.
Arab Spring and Its Legacies
The essays in this edited volume seek to understand the regional and international ramifications of the wave of protest demonstrations that swept across West Asia and North Africa in the early 2010s, both on the ground and online. Dissatisfaction with political repression and corruption, economic difficulties and inequities, and a desire for freedom and democracy all played a role in the Arab Spring uprisings. It deposed long-standing dictatorships, ushering in a period of insecurity and instability that would have long-term consequences for the region's political economy and international relations. Although the protests have ended, the legacy of that turbulent era will live on, most notably in the acceleration of regional change and transformation.Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)
The Struggle for Abolition
Can the genie be returned to the bottle? This book investigates the pursuit by states, civil society groups, and international organisations of nuclear abolition. Detailing the evolution of the institutional architecture for multilateral nuclear disarmament from the 1960s onwards, this book tells a story of high hopes, broken promises, and clashing views of history, security, and the future.Global nuclear politics deals in material power and security but is also shot through with contests over prestige, justice, and mutual recognition. Waves of innovation in multilateral nuclear disarmament diplomacy have typically come about on the back of crises of legitimacy within the broader nuclear order.The book concludes with a discussion of policy implications and a reflection on successes and failures in the history of multilateral nuclear disarmament. The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of diplomacy, history, and politics and international relations.
The Dogs of Diplomacy
The Dogs of Diplomacy: Exploring the Radical Geographies of Modern Times by Daniele-Hadi Irandoost investigates diplomacy through the lens of radical geography as a conceptual framework. Engaging with international relations theory, comparative foreign policy, and the global political economy, Daniele foregrounds postcolonial global justice and the positioning of subaltern social groups within dominant discourses of power. Grounded in his immigrant experience, Daniele's critical qualitative research draws on literary fiction such as Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe to challenge conventional geopolitical maps. Daniele-Hadi Irandoost is based at Glasgow University and works at the intersection of surveillance capitalism, sociology in action, and social movements. In addition to contributions to social science, he is also the author of two espionage books and has written a volume on the philosophy of education.
Silencing the Guns, Volume 2
This book, part of a two-volume set, explores a wide range of critical topics related to 'Silencing the Guns' (STG) agenda in Africa. Key themes include: From Conception to Practice: Examining the Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations of 'Silencing the Guns'; Seven Years On: Can Africa Achieve the Silencing the Guns Agenda?; Hindsight, Insight, and Foresight: Three Perspectives on Assessing Progress in Silencing the Guns in Africa; Private Military Companies and Their Role in Silencing the Guns; Oil Governance and Its Impact on the African Union's Silencing the Guns Agenda; Extremism and Transnational Terrorist Organizations in the Context of Silencing the Guns; The 'New Scramble for Africa' and Its Implications for the Silencing the Guns Initiative on Africa's Peace and Security, Climate Governance and the Silencing the Guns Agenda in Africa. This comprehensive exploration provides a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities for peace and security in Africa, examining the intersection of armed conflict, mass atrocities, small and light weapons proliferation, and conflict prevention. This book appeals broadly to academia and to fields such as peace and conflict studies, international relations, international law, and African studies.
Most Agonizing Path to Greatest Tomorrow
This book traces the history of humankind from its earliest days on Earth, through generations, into the pre-colonial and colonial eras, and onward to the period of Africa's independence. It explores how Africa's global standing declined following the industrialization of Europe, a shift that brought immense suffering to its people. The book also delves into the early post-colonial period, which presented its own set of challenges. Despite the hardships, signs of a brighter future have gradually begun to emerge.
Foreign Policy And Commerce; Speeches Delivered At A Dinner Given By The Commercial Community Of Glasgow To David Urquhart, Esq., On The 23d Of May, 1838
This volume contains speeches delivered at a dinner given in Glasgow to David Urquhart in 1838, focusing on foreign policy and commerce. Urquhart, a diplomat, writer, and politician, was known for his strong views on British foreign policy and his advocacy for free trade. The speeches offer insights into the commercial and political concerns of the time, reflecting the debates surrounding international relations and economic policy in 19th-century Britain.Foreign Policy And Commerce provides a valuable historical perspective on the development of British trade policy and the intellectual currents that shaped it. It is a useful resource for scholars interested in the history of economic thought, British foreign policy, and the commercial history of Glasgow.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Breakneck
For close to a decade, technology analyst Dan Wang--"a gifted observer of contemporary China" (Ross Douthat)--has been living through the country's astonishing, messy progress. China's towering bridges, gleaming railways, and sprawling factories have improved economic outcomes in record time. But rapid change has also sent ripples of pain throughout the society. This reality--political repression and astonishing growth--is not a paradox, but rather a feature of China's engineering mindset.In Breakneck, Wang blends political, economic, and philosophical analysis with reportage to reveal a provocative new framework for understanding China--one that helps us see America more clearly, too. While China is an engineering state, relentlessly pursuing megaprojects, the United States has stalled. America has transformed into a lawyerly society, reflexively blocking everything, good and badBlending razor-sharp analysis with immersive storytelling, Wang offers a gripping portrait of a nation in flux. Breakneck traverses metropolises like Shanghai, Chongqing, and Shenzhen, where the engineering state has created not only dazzling infrastructure but also a sense of optimism. The book also exposes the downsides of social engineering, including the surveillance of ethnic minorities, political suppression, and the traumas of the one-child policy and zero-Covid.In an era of animosity and mistrust, Wang unmasks the shocking similarities between the United States and China. Breakneck reveals how each country points toward a better path for the other: Chinese citizens would be better off if their government could learn to value individual liberties, while Americans would be better off if their government could learn to embrace engineering--and to produce better outcomes for the many, not just the few.
Imperial Sexism
Communities across the world engage in gender practices that are seen by many as in conflict with women's rights, such as Muslim women's face veils and polygyny. But in Imperial Sexism, Denise M. Walsh argues that culture and women's rights are not inherently at odds. The root problem is imperial sexism: the legacy of colonial-era racism and sexism and their compounding harms. Through a cross-regional comparative analysis of three dissimilar policy debates in three very different democracies--the 2014 French "burka ban" adjudicated at the European Court of Human Rights, the 1998 legalization of polygyny in post-apartheid South Africa, and the 1985 reform of the "marrying out" rule for Indigenous women in Canada--Walsh confirms that a clash between culture and women's rights is always avoidable, examines why the presumption of a clash endures, and highlights the damage this presumption causes. She centers the voices of women who experience imperial sexism, many of whom resist the notion of a clash and instead harmonize cultural, religious, and women's rights by focusing on their plural identities and lived experiences. By contrast, when politicians and conservative group leaders insist upon a clash, they rely on imperial myths, binaries, and tropes, and a misuse of history. Ultimately, by amplifying the arguments of women most affected by controversial gender practices, Imperial Sexism develops a framework to promote justice, reject colonial prejudice, and strengthen the indivisibility of human rights and democratic inclusiveness.
Imperial Sexisn
Communities across the world engage in gender practices that are seen by many as in conflict with women's rights, such as Muslim women's face veils and polygyny. But in Imperial Sexism, Denise M. Walsh argues that culture and women's rights are not inherently at odds. The root problem is imperial sexism: the legacy of colonial-era racism and sexism and their compounding harms. Through a cross-regional comparative analysis of three dissimilar policy debates in three very different democracies--the 2014 French "burka ban" adjudicated at the European Court of Human Rights, the 1998 legalization of polygyny in post-apartheid South Africa, and the 1985 reform of the "marrying out" rule for Indigenous women in Canada--Walsh confirms that a clash between culture and women's rights is always avoidable, examines why the presumption of a clash endures, and highlights the damage this presumption causes. She centers the voices of women who experience imperial sexism, many of whom resist the notion of a clash and instead harmonize cultural, religious, and women's rights by focusing on their plural identities and lived experiences. By contrast, when politicians and conservative group leaders insist upon a clash, they rely on imperial myths, binaries, and tropes, and a misuse of history. Ultimately, by amplifying the arguments of women most affected by controversial gender practices, Imperial Sexism develops a framework to promote justice, reject colonial prejudice, and strengthen the indivisibility of human rights and democratic inclusiveness.
Foreign Policy And Commerce; Speeches Delivered At A Dinner Given By The Commercial Community Of Glasgow To David Urquhart, Esq., On The 23d Of May, 1838
This volume contains speeches delivered at a dinner given in Glasgow to David Urquhart in 1838, focusing on foreign policy and commerce. Urquhart, a diplomat, writer, and politician, was known for his strong views on British foreign policy and his advocacy for free trade. The speeches offer insights into the commercial and political concerns of the time, reflecting the debates surrounding international relations and economic policy in 19th-century Britain.Foreign Policy And Commerce provides a valuable historical perspective on the development of British trade policy and the intellectual currents that shaped it. It is a useful resource for scholars interested in the history of economic thought, British foreign policy, and the commercial history of Glasgow.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Understanding Modern Warfare
Understanding Modern Warfare has established itself as a leading text in professional military education and undergraduate teaching. This third edition has been revised throughout to reflect dramatic changes during the past decade. Introducing three brand new chapters, this updated volume provides in-depth analysis of the most pertinent issues of the 2020s and beyond, including cyber warfare, information activities, hybrid and grey zone warfare, multi-domain operations and recent conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, and Syria. It also includes a range of features to maximise its value as a learning tool: a structure designed to guide students through key strategic principles; key questions and annotated reading guides for deeper understanding; text boxes highlighting critical thinkers and operational concepts; and a glossary explaining key terms. Providing debate driven analysis that encourages students to develop a balanced perspective, Understanding Modern Warfare remains essential reading both for officers and for students of international relations more broadly.
Aid Dynamics in Jamaican Development: Empowering Communities Through Loans and Grants
Achieving sustainable development goals in Jamaican communities requires addressing persistent obstacles that have hindered progress in the past. This book examines how accessing loans and grants can help communities overcome these barriers, focusing on fostering accountability and sustainability in long-term initiatives. By investigating the impact of these funding sources on communities, it aims to shed light on essential strategies that maximize their benefits for community members. In Jamaica, loans and grants are vital financial tools that support both economic and social development. Loans primarily empower economic growth by providing much-needed capital to local businesses and entrepreneurs, fueling job creation and financial stability. Grants, on the other hand, target social needs and fund community development projects that contribute to sustainable growth. The book presents an integrated approach, demonstrating how the complementary roles of loans and grants can uplift Jamaican communities, strengthening the path toward prosperity and equity. The Book reveals a significant insight: many communities hesitate to utilize loans due to concerns about repayment obligations. This book encourages a shift in perspective, emphasizing that loans, like grants, can play an essential role in meeting community needs and building resilience. Ultimately, this book serves as a resource for policy guidance, offering recommendations that foster community resilience through effective use of both loans and grants. It identifies key challenges and opportunities unique to Jamaica, providing a roadmap that stakeholders can adopt to enhance the impact of these financial resources on community development. Comprehensive analysis highlights ways to ensure these tools drive meaningful change in Jamaican and Caribbean communities, offering a unique and valuable contribution to the discourse on sustainable community development.
The Prince
"Everyone sees what you seem to be, few know what you really are; and those few do not dare take a stand against the general opinion." - Machiavelli, The Prince."Contemporary Americans, perhaps more than anyone else, could learn a lesson or two from Machiavelli." - John T. Scott, Robert Zaretsky and Michael Gonchar, The New York Times. "Machiavelli's The Prince is one of those rare brain-children with which all respectable minds claim acquaintance." -- Lloyd Eshleman, The New York Times."The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him." - Machiavelli, The Prince."His city's tempestuous history taught Machiavelli a lesson he tries to convey to future readers: that no one man can overpower a free people unless they let him." - Erica Benner, The Guardian.Machiavelli is often portrayed as the first honest teacher of dishonest politics." - Erica Benner, The Guardian.The Prince is a manual for those who wish to win and keep power. Plato and Aristotle viewed politics as an aspect of ethics. They described an ideal state and presumed that a good leader would aim to create an ideal state, and that the pursuit of virtue would lead to the success of the leader and the state. Niccol簷 Machiavelli set aside political ideals and went straight to the truth of how things really work. For him, virtue was the set of characteristics that lead to success. Machiavelli had read widely on the military and political history of Rome, Greece, and Persia, and, from his position as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic, in charge of diplomacy and warfare, he observed the fortunes of the warring Italian states and their leaders. Florence was caught between the much greater powers of Milan, Venice and Rome, and relied more on diplomatic strategy than military strength for its security.Machiavelli's careful, concise analysis of human nature over the ages has made The Prince as important in political science as Plato's Republic and Thomas More's Utopia, and it deserves a careful reading.Niccol簷 Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine republic. His most famous work is The Prince. However, his writing includes the lengthy Discourses on Livy, and works of poetry, fiction, and drama. Machiavelli is regarded as the first political scientist.
Is Membership of NATO the Best Alternative for Bulgaria's National Security?
After the collapse of Soviet Union and the disintegration of Warsaw Pact followed by basic political and social changes in Central and Eastern Europe, most of the former socialist states have remained vulnerable to aggression and coercion. Bulgaria is one of them. The Central and Eastern European region is continuing to accumulate tension and to produce threats based on ethnic and religious principles. It seems that NATO has remained the only power capable of guaranteeing peace and security in the region. It is simply impossible for Bulgaria to protect its national security and national sovereignty alone. The most reasonable solution to the problem is joining a powerful union such as NATO. But many Bulgarians still cannot look at NATO as a friend and a protector. They still suffer from the consequences of the former ideology. For writing my paper I used different periodicals published in Bulgaria such as "Bulgarian Military Review", published by the Bulgarian Ministry of Defense and "Security Policy"-Information Bulletin of the Bulgarian Ministry of Defense.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Venezuela and Chavez
The next 10 years will bring many challenges and opportunities for the United States and its involvement with the Ch獺vez government of Venezuela. The question on how should the United States prepare its interaction with an increasingly hostile Venezuelan government can be better answered through the use of scenario-planning methodology, a process of five phases: Orient, Explore, Synthesize, Act, and Monitor. With Ch獺vez and Venezuela, the scenario-based methodology process begins by identifying potential changes in events or forces between the US and Venezuela. These events or forces are combined in different ways to create a set of four stories about how the future could unfold. With the creation of these four stories, implications are derived, adding depth of each scenario. At the end, indicators are developed for monitoring events that could unfold, providing insight to potentially predicted outcomes. In order to ensure national and regional security policy success in the Western Hemisphere, the United States' government must always consider national security strategies for potential future interaction with the Ch獺vez government of Venezuela.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ukrainian Missile Nonproliferation
The nonproliferation of Ukraine's advanced ballistic missile technologies is a key challenge for Ukraine and the United States. Ukraine was the developer of many types of advanced Soviet ballistic missiles and space systems, and its challenge is to find economically and commercially viable alternatives for its missile design and manufacturing expertise. This is particularly important because Ukraine's need for hard cash increases its temptation to sell missile technology to "rogue" natins. The challenge for the U.S. is to facilitate Ukraine's economic transformation toward a market economy while discouraging the profitable sale and proliferation of its sensitive technologies. To this end, the U.S. has allowed Ukraine to compete in the U.S. space launch market, has encouraged international joint space ventures, and has helped Ukraine develop an export control system. Ukraine officially supports missile nonproliferation and has agreed to abide by the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Nevertheless, the U.S. has been concerned about the possibilities of missile technology leakage and the Ukrainian government's ability and willingness to control it. The U.S. must continue to offer incentives to help strenghtn Ukraine's commitment to missile nonproliferation, minimize technology leakage, and encourage it to give up its ballistic missile capabilities. But the U.S. must also be sensitive to and address the economic, military, and political disincentives for Ukraine to fully support U.S. nonproliferation interests.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cooperative Threat Reduction
In response to the dangers presented by the possible diversion of WMD or the technology to rogue nations, the U.S. Congress initiated the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program in 1991. This program is designed to provide Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia with assistance in the destruction, transportation, storage, and safeguarding of WMD. CTR is projected to be a multi-billion dollar effort. Critics have charged that the program has provided little results and that the money should be redirected. Is the proliferation threat real, can it be stopped and is CTR the appropriate method of reducing the threat? The threat of proliferation from the new republics is enormous when considering the sheer size of the former Soviet arsenal. Proliferation can occur from many different sources; smuggling, technology transfer, scientist hired by outside countries, theft of whole weapons, etc. CTR addresses a whole range of possibilities and assists in the destruction of active systems which are designed to destroy the U.S. CTR has been successful in helping reduce the nuclear weapons delivery systems, through providing destruction equipment and dismantlement help. Clearly, the program should be continued and possibly expanded.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Genocide in Darfur Sudan
Despite the cry of "Never Again", the world community has been incapable of preventing genocide. Between 60 million and 150 million people perished in episodes of mass killing in the twentieth century alone.1 The first genocide of the twenty first century began in Darfur, Sudan and quickly highlighted the international community's inability to stop the killings. Extant data suggests that between 350,000 and 400,000 Darfurian's perished between February 2003 and July 2005, and a recent U.N. mortality assessment indicates more than 6,000 continue to die every month.2 Others report that between 218,000 and 306,000 died between April 2003 and February 2005.3 Regardless of whose numbers you follow, the misery in Darfur has been mind numbing. The African Union has taken the lead on stopping the genocide in Darfur by installing African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) forces in the region. However, these forces are not organized, trained or equipped to handle this type of mission, and have been ineffective in stopping the genocide. Absent action or intervention by a better-equipped force, the deeply inadequate African Union force will continue to fail at stopping the genocide.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Repaving the Silk Road
The vast territory between the Black Sea in the West and China in the East was once home to the major trade route connecting Europe to the Far East, known as the "Silk Road". Today, this area, referred to as the Trans-Caspian region, includes the nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan (Central Asia) along with Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan (the South Caucasus). The Trans-Caspian is an area rich in natural resources, and its vast oil and natural gas reserves may soon establish the region as a major energy supplier to global markets. Situated between China, Russia, and the Middle East, the nations of the region are also geopolitically significant to the world's major powers. However, despite their bountiful resources and a steadily increasing global interest, the nations of Central Asia and the South Caucasus are also among the world's poorest, socially repressed, and politically corrupt.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Western Saharan Conflict
The last war of decolonization on the African continent, the conflict in the Western Sahara has and continues to reflect patterns in international diplomacy. The conflict, initiated when the Spanish withdrew from the territory, was perpetuated by the Cold War and now continues in the context of the Global War on Terrorism. Following the Spanish withdrawal, Algeria provided further aid to the insurgent group they supported during the Spanish decolonization and in doing so, they permitted the development of the insurgent group, the Polisario, to develop into the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. Through the course of the Cold War, Algerian support for the Saharawi and US support for Morocco permitted the war to stalemate allowing time for the Saharawi to develop a relatively strong civil society. This paper will show that because of the intransigence that has developed between the two parties and the development of the Saharawi state, in the relative near-term, the conflict is likely to continue in its stalemated state and the Polisario will be unlikely to return to arms.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Taming the Bear
European energy supplies are not secure. While individual nations have varying levels of energy security, too many European Union (EU) members, particularly those in Central and Eastern Europe, rely almost completely upon Russian state-owned monopolies for their energy supply. These monopolies act at the behest of the Kremlin and political motivations often outweigh financial incentives. The Putin administration has proved time and again in Ukraine, Czech Republic, Belarus, Poland, the Baltics, Georgia and others nations that it is willing and able to wield its energy dominance as a weapon of foreign policy. This paper's thesis is to determine how the United States and EU can limit this Russian influence over Europe. The paper begins with an analysis of the current key issues in the European-Russian energy relationship, including pipelines and infrastructure, Russian politics in the energy industry, and a history of past energy disputes while building an argument on why action is required. It then examines potential methods of countering Russian influence through increasing pipeline, supplier, and energy source diversity; enforcing current laws; and reforming the EU energy market. Critical analysis shows that gas market reform and diversifying suppliers are the best methods.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Mobility-Pivotal Non-Lethal Capability
United Nations(UN)-sponsored peacekeeping is on the rise since the end of the Cold War. The character of peacekeeping has changed, expanding to include intruding into internal stateelections, policing, human rights review, and other traditionallysovereign institutions. Since the end of the Cold War, America is the sole remaining superpower, and the world looks to the US tocontinue its leadership role. Our new national strategy of engagement and enlargement recognizes the benefit of global stability and clearly identifies peacekeeping as not the centerpiece, but nonetheless, an important tool in implementing our national security strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Is it in U.S. National Interests to Maintain Forward Deployed Military Forces in Asia?
Before World War II, the U.S. had only negligible involvement in Asia. However, the defeat of the Japanese, the need to provide assistance to former European colonies and the perceived need to prevent the spread of Communism, left the U.S. as the major power in the region militarily, diplomatically and economically. As the fear of Communist expansion increased in the region, the U.S. extended its containment policy from Europe to Asia and signed a series of security alliances with Asian nations in the early 1950s to enhance regional security and prevent the rise of a unified, Communist Sino-Soviet monolith. This policy of containment with respect to China only began to change in 1969 as President Richard M. Nixon's Administration initiated a rapprochement. President James E. Carter's Administration completed the process in 1979 by recognizing Mainland China as the legal government of China to include Taiwan. Further requirements to contain the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 with its internal collapse. With the end of the Soviet Union, the U.S. began reducing American forces in the region by roughly eleven percent from 1991 to 1995. The intent was to begin transferring security responsibilities to U.S. Allies in the region. Only President William J. Clinton's promise in 1995 to maintain 100,000 military personnel in Asia prevented a further reduction of forces. However, today the U.S. is again continuing to shift the responsibility for Asia's security to its regional Allies, an example being Australia. In July 2000, U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen called on Australia to take the lead in formulating policies regarding instability...in the region. This is a result of the changing strategic balance following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Asian economic crisis, and U.S. military constraints in manpower and budget. In light of a decade of change in Asia with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, military budget and manpower constraints, and the changing U.S.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Key to Stability on the Korean Peninsula
As another crisis looms on the horizon for the Korean Peninsula, the major powers in Northeast Asia are working to defuse the situation. Since 1950, the United States has been a key player in the defense of the Republic of Korea (ROK). This paper will explore the national security relationships between the United States, China and Japan and how they relate to both the Republic of Korea and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK). The current security environment including the 1954 Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of Korea and the United States; the role of the current military structure, the ROK-US Combined Forces Command; and the threat that North Korea presents will be highlighted. Several regional powers also exert influence on the Korean Peninsula. A key ally for the United States is Japan. This security relationship is based on the Japan-US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
China's New Relationships With Its Neighbors
The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has figured in the strategic calculus of the United States since the defeat of the Nationalist forces in 1949. As the PRC struggles with internal change it is reaching out to the region, and its success bears directly on US policy, force structure, and influence in the Asia Pacific. This study examines the PRC's relationships focusing primarily on Northeast and Southeast Asia. The primary research method is an open source search covering the history of the PRC and its foreign policy tenets since Mao's death. Findings and Conclusion: In the last couple of years, China's economic capabilities have multiplied, expanding its international interactions. As theory predicts, China is converting a portion of its economic gain into military improvements, but the security gains are modest and specifically focused on hampering any US cross-straits response. The PRC's pragmatic decision to accommodate US military power while focusing on a daunting array of domestic priorities is likely to restrain PRC defense improvements for the foreseeable future. This study shows that China's economic influence has had limited effects on other realms of national power. The US has not lost influence as a result of Chinese actions; however, the prestige of the United States may have suffered as a result of its own doing. The US must tend to issues important to Asians or the region may just look for another option that China would be all too happy to accommodate.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
