Used, Abused, and Sidelined
Since it was published in 1776, the Declaration of Independence has been used to advocate for social justice and to maintain inequitable social hierarchies; it has served as a model for justifying revolutions in other nations and for the Confederacy's secession from the US federal government. But as we approach its 250th anniversary, this book asks: Does the Declaration still matter?In this volume, leading scholars explore how this remarkably pliable document has been used for progressive and regressive politics alike and track its impact on independence movements across the globe. The essays begin with the Declaration's immediate reception and masculine style of prose and then move on to its central role in interpreting civic action between state and federal governments, most notably secession in the Antebellum era, questions of sovereignty between Indigenous nations in the United States, and the United States' relationship with Latin America. The next section focuses on the ways the Declaration was called upon to urge imperative moral action, especially in terms of human rights, in the US Civil Rights Movement and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and, in contrast, how it was cast aside in the Syrian Revolution. The final section teases out the tension between the needs reflected in the original document and the needs of the contemporary political world.Used, Abused, and Sidelined demonstrates how this foundational document prepares us to tolerate and to resist-and it points to how we might leverage the Declaration to create a different kind of political future.
Women Leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions
Women Leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions is an insightful and comprehensive study that explores the dynamic role of women leaders within the framework of India's grassroots democratic system, with a special focus on Andhra Pradesh. This book is organized into five well-structured chapters: Chapter I: Introduction - sets the context by discussing the historical evolution and significance of women's political participation in rural governance. Chapter II: Panchayati Raj Institutions in Andhra Pradesh - An Overview - provides a detailed account of the structure, functioning, and evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in the state.Chapter III: Empowerment of Women in Panchayati Raj System - examines how constitutional provisions, reservations, and socio-political initiatives have facilitated the empowerment of women at the grassroots level. Chapter IV: Problems of Elected Women in PRIs - analyzes the multifaceted challenges faced by women leaders, including socio-cultural barriers, administrative hurdles, and gender-based discrimination. Chapter V: Suggestions and Conclusion - offers practical recommendations to strengthen women's leadership.
An Introduction to Indian Parliament
This book presents a comprehensive introduction to Indian Parliament encapsulating the process and practices since its inception.
Trump
Trump: Unaliving a Former President - 2 Disappearing Attempts Later, a BulletProof Presidential Campaign is a provocative and gripping exploration of resilience, power, and the unbreakable force of one of the most polarizing figures in modern political history. This book delves into the harrowing events surrounding two mysterious attempts on former President Trump's life and how these experiences galvanized his political resurgence. A riveting blend of political intrigue, conspiracy, and comeback story, this narrative examines the unyielding determination of a man who refuses to be sidelined, raising questions about the intersection of leadership, danger, and the indomitable human spirit.
The Civil Service Paradox
In this groundbreaking examination of African civil service systems, Dr. Evance Moses Silumbwe presents a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities facing public institutions across the continent. Drawing from extensive research and theoretical frameworks, including Principal-Agent Theory and Good Governance Theory, this book offers an incisive look at how political patronage has undermined the effectiveness of civil service institutions in Africa. Through meticulous analysis of structural weaknesses, bureaucratic challenges, and their impact on governance and economic development, Dr. Silumbwe provides a roadmap for transforming Africa's civil service into a professional, merit-based institution. The book presents compelling evidence for the need to establish robust legal frameworks, independent oversight mechanisms, and transparent recruitment processes. Most importantly, it offers practical solutions for policymakers, civil society organizations, and public sector leaders committed to building more accountable, efficient, and democratic institutions.
Rethinking Abortion Rights After Dobbs
This book offers a novel account of the normative foundations of abortion rights informed by political theory and feminist theory. Stanley revisits the debate between privacy and equality as rationales for abortion rights that erupted after Roe v. Wade. First, Stanley argues that we can reconceptualize privacy along feminist lines, contra its feminist critics. Second, this reconceptualization allows us to see privacy and equality as essential allies and supplements to each other. When operating in tandem, privacy and equality provide a powerful theoretical and practical foundation not only for abortion rights but also for an expansive vision of reproductive justice informed by an intersectional understanding of the reproductive burdens endured by those multiply marginalized by gender, race, and class. This reproductive justice framework is the most promising basis for a powerful post-Dobbs political coalition seeking to restore and greatly expand the promise of reproductive freedom symbolically represented by Roe.
The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Exclusion in Nigeria
This book examines the politics of ethnic and religious exclusion in Nigeria, focusing on how these dynamics shape governance, social cohesion, and access to public services. The objective is to identify the key drivers and consequences of exclusion based on ethnicity and religion within Nigeria's political landscape. Employing a qualitative approach through literature review and stakeholder engagement, the study draws on theories of social exclusion, identity politics, and governance. Findings reveal that over-centralization of power, competition for resources, institutional biases, and socio-cultural stereotypes perpetuate exclusion at multiple levels-macro (state), meso (institutions), and micro (individual). This exclusion fuels inter-group mistrust, political marginalization, and violent conflicts, undermining national integration and democratic governance. The study concludes that ethnic and religious exclusion remains a significant barrier to inclusive development and political stability in Nigeria. It recommends decentralization, equitable resource distribution, enforcement of anti-discrimination policies, and promotion of inter-ethnic and inter-religious dialogue.
The People's Princes
A new window into Machiavelli's idea of virtuous leadership and the appropriate relationship among leaders, common citizens, and elites. For more than a decade, John P. McCormick has been at the forefront of a new wave of scholarship that reveals the anti-elitist and democratic commitments at the center of Niccolo Machiavelli's political thought. In The People's Princes, McCormick turns his attention to Machiavelli's conception of virtuous leadership and Machiavelli's views on the appropriate relationships among individual leaders, common citizens, and elites. While most people think of Machiavelli as a cynical advisor of tyrants--a man who counseled leaders to aggrandize themselves, by any means necessary, at the expense of their subjects and citizens--The People's Princes fundamentally challenges this understanding. Drawing from Machiavelli's major political works a normative standard for leadership that emphasizes the mutually reinforcing relationship of civic leadership and popular government, McCormick delineates Machiavelli's method of "political exemplarity" by analyzing in detail the Florentine's case studies of leaders and their interactions with populaces throughout ancient and modern history. McCormick argues that Machiavelli suggests that civic leaders should enhance their reputations by providing for their own eventual obsolescence; specifically, they should establish institutional means through which common citizens rule themselves more directly and substantively. The People's Princes invites readers to consider Machiavelli anew, and also reflect on insights that remain relevant in the twenty-first century amidst growing concerns that political leaders are not accountable or responsive to popular majorities.
The People's Princes
A new window into Machiavelli's idea of virtuous leadership and the appropriate relationship among leaders, common citizens, and elites. For more than a decade, John P. McCormick has been at the forefront of a new wave of scholarship that reveals the anti-elitist and democratic commitments at the center of Niccolo Machiavelli's political thought. In The People's Princes, McCormick turns his attention to Machiavelli's conception of virtuous leadership and Machiavelli's views on the appropriate relationships among individual leaders, common citizens, and elites. While most people think of Machiavelli as a cynical advisor of tyrants--a man who counseled leaders to aggrandize themselves, by any means necessary, at the expense of their subjects and citizens--The People's Princes fundamentally challenges this understanding. Drawing from Machiavelli's major political works a normative standard for leadership that emphasizes the mutually reinforcing relationship of civic leadership and popular government, McCormick delineates Machiavelli's method of "political exemplarity" by analyzing in detail the Florentine's case studies of leaders and their interactions with populaces throughout ancient and modern history. McCormick argues that Machiavelli suggests that civic leaders should enhance their reputations by providing for their own eventual obsolescence; specifically, they should establish institutional means through which common citizens rule themselves more directly and substantively. The People's Princes invites readers to consider Machiavelli anew, and also reflect on insights that remain relevant in the twenty-first century amidst growing concerns that political leaders are not accountable or responsive to popular majorities.
System Crash
It is the greatest crisis in human history. We are hurtling towards an abyss. The system is terminally diseased. Pandemic, climate crisis, endless war, mega-slums, police repression, creeping fascism, economic stagnation: these shape our world. On one side, grotesque greed and rampaging corporate power. On the other, poverty, oppression, and despair. Capitalism came into the world, Marx wrote, 'dripping from head to toe, from every pore, with blood and dirt'. Now, the ageing system is putrescent and gangrenous. But the last decade has seen explosions of revolt from below, firecracking across the globe, toppling dictators, resisting austerity, protesting racism, defending abortion rights, fighting for democracy. Here is the embryo of an alternative future. Revolution - ending the rule of capital and the state - has become an existential necessity. This book is a call to arms.
The Power to Destroy
How the antitax fringe went mainstream--and now threatens America's future The postwar United States enjoyed large, widely distributed economic rewards--and most Americans accepted that taxes were a reasonable price to pay for living in a society of shared prosperity. Then in 1978 California enacted Proposition 13, a property tax cap that Ronald Reagan hailed as a "second American Revolution," setting off an antitax, antigovernment wave that has transformed American politics and economic policy. In The Power to Destroy, Michael Graetz tells the story of the antitax movement and how it holds America hostage--undermining the nation's ability to meet basic needs and fix critical problems. In 1819, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the power to tax entails "the power to destroy." But The Power to Destroy argues that tax opponents now wield this destructive power. Attacking the IRS, protecting tax loopholes, and pushing tax cuts from Reagan to Donald Trump, the antitax movement is threatening the nation's social safety net, increasing inequality, ballooning the national debt, and sapping America's financial strength. The book chronicles how the movement originated as a fringe enterprise promoted by zealous outsiders using false economic claims and thinly veiled racist rhetoric, and how--abetted by conservative media and Grover Norquist's "taxpayer protection pledge"--it evolved into a mainstream political force. The important story of how the antitax movement came to dominate and distort politics, and how it impedes rational budgeting, equality, and opportunities, The Power to Destroy is essential reading for understanding American life today.
Conference of Officers in Charge of Government Hospitals Serving Veterans of the World War
Step into a pivotal moment in history with "Conference of Officers in Charge of Government Hospitals Serving Veterans of the World War," a compelling exploration of veterans' healthcare history that has been out of print for decades and is now revitalized by Alpha Editions. This restored edition is not just a reprint; it's a collector s item and a cultural treasure, meticulously crafted for today s and future generations. Delve into the urgent discussions and decisions that shaped military medical care for World War I veterans, as officers convened to address the pressing healthcare services for those who served our nation. This book offers a unique glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of government hospitals for veterans, highlighting the evolution of healthcare policy and the ongoing struggles surrounding veterans' health issues. With its rich historical accounts and insights into military hospital administration, this work appeals to both casual readers and classic literature collectors. Experience the reverence of a literary tribute that honors the sacrifices of our veterans while igniting a passion for understanding the vital role of government support in their recovery and well-being. Rediscover this essential piece of history and join the conversation on veterans affairs, as you explore the legacy of those who fought for our freedom and the healthcare services that serve them.
Reflections of an Unconventional Mind
Reflections of an Unconventional Mind is an intellectual tapestry interweaving history, philosophy, and contemporary discourse, focusing on challenging entrenched narratives. It addresses contentious yet pertinent topics such as the Aryan Invasion Theory, Cancel Culture, and Wokeism while providing a vision for a Viksit Bharat rooted in truth, inclusivity, and innovation. What makes this book unique is its synthesis of traditional Bhartiya thought with contemporary challenges, offering profound insights on a wide range of issues, including women empowerment, Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), and India's evolving global role. Blending critical analysis with reflective commentary fosters an engaging dialogue on the essence of Indian identity and the journey toward a harmonious and progressive future. This work is a critique and a call to rethink, rebuild, and rediscover, inspiring readers to question conventional perspectives and contribute to a brighter, more inclusive world.Professor Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit is a distinguished academic and administrator currently serving as the Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She completed her education at Presidency College, Chennai, before earning her MPhil and PhD in International Politics from Jawaharlal Nehru University. Fluent in six languages, Prof. Pandit began her teaching career at Goa University (1988), followed by her long stint at Savitribai Phule Pune University as a professor. Her major works include Parliament and Foreign Policy in India (1990) and Restructuring Environmental Governance in Asia-Ethics and Policy (2003). She has co-authored and edited multiple volumes, including Transformation of India's Foreign Policy: Shaping the Global Order as a Responsible Power (2024). Prof. Pandit is the recipient of multiple honours and is actively involved in cultural and social initiatives, encouraging societal progress through community engagement.
An Introduction to Indian Parliament
This book presents a comprehensive introduction to Indian Parliament encapsulating the process and practices since its inception. It discusses crucial themes including the emergence of Parliament and its contours; constitutional provisions and rules of procedure; role of President as a part of the Parliament; parliamentary devices; privileges, norms of standards and etiquettes; legislation process and budget; accountability to Parliament and outreach; relationship with judiciary and media; Parliament and international institutions; and the role of Parliament on issues related to gender, minorities and reservation in India.This book will be an essential read for students of political science, Indian politics, and political institutions, along with journalists, political analysts, professionals in Indian think tanks, and Indian politicians.
Vision 2015
The United States Department of State is the US equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries. The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing US foreign policy and diplomacy efforts. The collection of publications of the US Department of State contains federal budget proposals, reports on the status of troops around the world, economic status reports on the nation's trading partners, summaries of urgent matters of national security, and more. These publications reflect the Department's responsibilities of protecting and assisting US citizens living or traveling abroad, assisting US businesses in the international marketplace, coordinating and providing support for international activities of other US agencies, and keeping the public informed about US foreign policy and relations with other countries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Iraqi Ministry of Interior Forces
An examination of ethnic demography, historical governments, political parties, force structure, organization, and partnership efforts within the Iraqi Ministry of Interior includes several recommendations that must be accomplished in order to provide permanent security and stability to the nation. These variables must be considered and delicately balanced as the United States and its coalition partners assist the nation of Iraq in its democratization. This thesis examines the Iraqi Ministry of Interior, focusing on the Iraqi Police Services, and the ongoing efforts to provide internal security to the nation without regard to ethnicity, religious beliefs, or political ties. Instead, the reformation of this organization requires an increased national capacity and capability within the Ministry of Interior to sufficiently recruit, vet, and develop an adequate force structure to secure the nation during an extremely complex insurgency. The thesis also identifies the need to develop an organization responsible for nation's internal security that unifies ethnic factions that will protect and serve the entire people of Iraq and protect their constitution in order to prevent a future authoritarian regime. Finally, this thesis presents some recommendations to ongoing development efforts that could provide rigidity to a fragile police infrastructure for the nation of Iraq. If implemented, these recommendations would enhance the Ministry of Interior's ability to effectively govern, secure, and police the nation in order to provide security and stability and facilitate reconstruction throughout the nation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sub-State Actors and Leadership in the Evolution of the African State
This study investigates the role of sub-state actors and leadership in the stabilization, the collapse or the renewal of the African state. Understanding the root causes of the mutations occurring in today's African states will help to build legitimacy for future Internal Security Assistance Programs and Military Operations Other Than War. The study explains how the emergence or the empowerment of traditional, civil society, and religious leaders loosens the states' authority, by atomizing the centers of decision. Then, to promote stability in the continent, shape a better environment, prevent conflicts or respond to crisis will always depend on how sub-state actors are managed in order to empower leadership at national level. This thesis advocates to implement long term strategies designed to progressively erode the influence of traditional and religious leaders while using them in focused areas and at limited levels to fulfill intermediate objectives.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluating the Impact of Drug Trafficking Organizations on the Stability of the Mexican State
Since 2007, when President Felipe Calderon declared his government's war on the drug trafficking organizations operating in his country, the level of narcotics related violence has increased dramatically. The violence, which had been largely confined to factions of the cartels, now threatens every citizen and is devastating the economy of the border region. This thesis evaluates the impact of Mexican drug cartels on the stability of the Mexican State and on the security of the U.S. The primary conclusion drawn is that the Mexican state is unlikely to fail as state failure is defined, but the Mexican government is likely to return to a one party system under which drug trafficking and corruption are tolerated but the violence does not directly affect the average Mexican. While current U.S. efforts toward increased border security and assistance to Mexico in the form of the Merida Initiative have made positive impacts, it is only by decreasing U.S. demand for illegal narcotics and encouraging Mexican economic growth that both nations can make real progress in the drug war.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sub-State Actors and Leadership in the Evolution of the African State
This study investigates the role of sub-state actors and leadership in the stabilization, the collapse or the renewal of the African state. Understanding the root causes of the mutations occurring in today's African states will help to build legitimacy for future Internal Security Assistance Programs and Military Operations Other Than War. The study explains how the emergence or the empowerment of traditional, civil society, and religious leaders loosens the states' authority, by atomizing the centers of decision. Then, to promote stability in the continent, shape a better environment, prevent conflicts or respond to crisis will always depend on how sub-state actors are managed in order to empower leadership at national level. This thesis advocates to implement long term strategies designed to progressively erode the influence of traditional and religious leaders while using them in focused areas and at limited levels to fulfill intermediate objectives.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
By Understanding the Maoist Approach to Revolution and its Inherent Contradictions, Insights Will Be Gained on Taliban Vulnerabilities
The Maoist Revolutionary model provides a template of a successful revolution. Both the Taliban and the Chinese underwent similar circumstances. Both movements formed as a result of failed states seeking ways to restore unity and order within their environments. The purpose of this thesis is to use the Maoist revolutionary model to gain insights in vulnerabilities within the current Taliban strategy. First, the thesis examines the history behind both movements to determine if there are any contextual similarities. Second, it studies Mao璽€~s philosophies on revolution using his major works. These philosophies are applied to the Taliban to gain insights on their weaknesses. Last, the thesis looks at Mao璽€~s ideas in protracted war and problems conducting guerrilla warfare. The relevance of these ideas are applied to the Taliban to understand what threatens their strategic overall success from a Maoist perspective.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Role of Civil Military Relations in Stability Operations in Chile
This study investigates the role of civil military relations in stability operations in Latin America, using Chile as a case study. This study analyzes the pattern of civil military relations that exists in Chile according to a model constructed on Huntington's theory of civil military relations. Objective control of the military by the legitimate government, as opposed to varying forms of subjective control, is the most effective pattern of civil military relations in modern society. This study examines the factors necessary to achieve objective control, beginning with the establishment of a professional, nonpolitically involved military. The resulting analysis provides a basis for determining what measures may be taken by Chile to achieve an objective pattern of civil military relations that supports regional stability. The model used in this study, based on Huntington's theory of civil military relations, analyzes three primary factors to determine the pattern of civil military relations. The factors used are the relative power that the military has in relationship to other institutions or groups within the government, the level of professionalism within the military, and the political ideology that exists within the nation in terms of supporting the military.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
U.S. Embargo on Cuba
The United States imposed an embargo on Cuba in 1959. Has the time come for the United States to lift the 44-year-old embargo? The embargo on Cuba was part of America's cold war strategy against the Soviet Union; imposed on the basis that Cuba was a threat to U.S. national security because of their alliance with the Soviet Union, Fidel Castro's support of revolutionary forces in Latin America and the expropriation of U.S. property. The cold war ended 12 years ago. Democracy and political stability in Latin America are at an all time high, with Cuba being the only non-democratic nation in Latin America. In 1998, the Defense Intelligence Agency concluded that Cuba no longer poses a significant threat to U.S. national security or other countries in the region. The expropriation of U.S. property will not be solved by an embargo and lastly, for the eleventh year in a row, the United Nations has called for the end to the embargo. The most recent vote of the General Assembly on 12 November 2002, overwhelmingly voted 173 in favor to 3 opposed. Yet America continues to endorse a policy of isolation with no intentions of removing the embargo now or any time in the near future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers Report
The United States Department of State is the US equivalent to the foreignministries of other countries. The Department was crated in 1789 and was thefirst executive department established. The Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing US foreignpolicy and diplomacy efforts. The collection of publications of the US Department of State contains federal budgetproposals, reports on the status of troops around the world, economic status reportson the nation's trading partners, summaries of urgent matters of national security, and more. These publications reflect the Department's responsibilities of protectingand assisting US citizens living or traveling abroad, assisting US businesses in theinternational marketplace, coordinating and providing support for internationalactivities of other US agencies, and keeping the public informed about US foreignpolicy and relations with other countries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Attitudes Toward Political Authoritarianism in Economically Advanced Democracies
This Element focuses on how individuals' gender values and populations' gender norms influence their attitudes toward political authoritarianism in economically advanced democracies. First, it theorizes that individuals' higher support for gender equality and freedom of sexuality (GEFS) decreases their support of political authoritarianism. This operates directly through the development of a belief system that is incompatible with political authoritarianism as a system rooted in and sustained through conformity to hegemonic masculine dominance. Additionally, this operates indirectly by strengthening support for pluralism, strengthening support for democratic socialization in households, and increasing rejection of the use of violence to control household social relations. Second, it theorizes how GEFS norms and political authoritarian norms are mutually reinforcing in shaping political culture at the country-level. The Element shows evidence consistent with these theories through analysis of data on OECD countries from 1995 to 2022 based on waves 3-7 of the World Values Surveys.
Efficacy of Security Force Assistance in Countering Violent Extremist Organizations in Failed and Potentially Failing States
The 2008 National Defense Strategy identifies promoting security as one of the nation's strategic objectives, using Security Force Assistance (SFA) as a method to build partner capacity. The primary threat addressed is violent extremist organizations operating in failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas. Current doctrine with respect to Security Force Assistance is inconsistent in its explanation of various critical principles as well as ambiguous in addressing the "whole of government" approach that is vital to conducting these types of operations. Additionally, definitions of violent extremist organizations and failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas vary both domestically across the interagency as well as internationally, creating confusion at the strategic level that translates to the operational and tactical levels. Presented first in this thesis are analyses of Security Force Assistance doctrine in its current state and of the definitions of violent extremist organizations and failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas. Presented next are two historical case studies of Security Force Assistance operations: Somalia and Colombia. These case studies examine Security Force Assistance operations of varying intensity in failed and potentially failing states that contain violent extremist organizations. This thesis identifies anomalies in doctrine, particularly with respect to incorporation of the interagency and the integration of the elements of national power outside of the military. This thesis by identifying Security Force Assistance doctrinal gaps that are critical to the efficacy of the concept in failed states and ungoverned areas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Security Service, Career Development Program
The United States (U.S.) Department of State's (DOS) Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) is tasked with ensuring the safety and security of all U.S. diplomatic missions around the world. Domestically, DSS Special Agents investigate Passport and Visa fraud, as well as protect visiting foreign dignitaries. DSS today faces the unprecedented challenge of staffing a large number of Special Agents in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan (AIP) in order to maintain the security needs for U.S. personnel working in those locations. As an incentive to serve in these less desirable locations, DSS Special Agents serving in AIP are given priority for their follow-on assignment. It is becoming increasingly difficult for a DSS Special Agent serving domestically to obtain an overseas assignment, which is a requirement for promotion under the current DSS career development program. This thesis addresses the question, "what changes are needed to the current DSS career development program?" Utilizing open-source data from the DOS, as well as past Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports, it was determined that the current DSS assignment process is not sustainable; thus a change in the DSS career development program is necessary. This will require a change of culture within DOS. Suggestions are made based on the Kotter Model for how to best make the needed changes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Crony Attack
Major Tolbert details how a nation can use crony attack to disrupt, if not destroy, "key elite supporters of an enemy leader to effect policy change in the attacker's favor." He defines crony attack, discusses its methodology, and outlines ways in which its effectiveness can be measured by offering the Slobodan Milosevic regime as a case study.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessment of the Philippine Counterinsurgency Operational Methodology
The roots of the Philippine communist insurgency problem are multidimensional, encompassing political and socioeconomic dimensions. The Arroyo administration recognized this when it formulated the National Internal Security Plan (NISP) in 2001. The NISP developed the Strategy of Holistic Approach (SHA) with the following components: 1) legal, diplomatic and political; 2) peace and order and security; 3) socioeconomic and psychosocial; and 4) information. The SHA involves the mobilization of the whole government bureaucracy from the national down to the regional and local levels to address the different aspects of the communist insurgency problem including its root causes. The NISP intends to implement the SHA in four phases called Clear-Hold-Consolidate-Develop (C-H-C-D). This study attempts to examine the government's success so far in implementing the C-H-C-D operational methodology. The government still shows interest in pursuing the series of peace negotiations the two parties have been conducting on and off for a long time. But although CPP negotiators sit with the government there is yet no indication until this time that the CPP has any genuine interest in settling differences with the government peacefully. Meanwhile, military efforts to neutralize the insurgents fall short on their own targets. There is a greater need for the military to intensify intelligence and combat operations to effectively reduce insurgency strength and incapacitate its politico-military building capability. Rather than concentrate in clearing villages the military should focus on thwarting the insurgents' efforts to expand its mass base operations and establish guerrilla fronts. The military and civilian defense forces' shortcomings in military and civil-military operations are some of the main obstacles in effectively countering the expansion campaign of the insurgents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
One Nation Always Under God
A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLERSenator Tim Scott explains that in every state, in every decade, America has been built on faith.From our Founding Fathers to today's heroes of faith, Christianity has been the bedrock of our nation's greatness. In One Nation Always Under God, South Carolina Senator Tim Scott shows how Christian values forged our legal system, educational institutions, healthcare, social services, and more.One Nation Always Under God is filled with inspiring stories of American Christians whose heroic advocacy has moved the nation forward, includingAbolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, who faced an angry mob trying to destroy his newspaperApollo 13 astronaut Jim Lovell, whose faith sustained him 200,000 miles from EarthDorothea Dix, who revolutionized how America dealt with mental healthEddie Rickenbacker, an aging WWI ace who stepped up to command soldiers stranded in the Pacific in 1942Norman Borlaug, a scientist whose discoveries saved a billion people from starvation...and more. These stories exemplify both the American spirit of adventure and the Christian love of serving others.Far from being confined to the Constitutional Convention or church pews, faith has been the driving force behind America's innovation, prosperity, and moral leadership, Scott asserts. While the forces of secularism and moral relativism try to ban God from the public square, they cannot truly remove Him from our national DNA.Senator Scott reminds us that we stand on the shoulders of giants--courageous Christians who faced seemingly insurmountable odds yet persevered through faith. Their stories will stir the heart and awaken the hero within you. One Nation Always Under God is more than a history lesson. It's a rallying cry for all who believe that America's promise is rooted in timeless biblical principles.
Impacts of Corruption on Economic Development in Afghanistan
This thesis addresses the economic costs associated with corruption in Afghanistan. Accountability of government spending and growing emphasis on anti-corruption in Afghanistan justify this study. The goal is to recommend a course of action to responsibly and systematically reduce corruption and increase confidence in the government of Afghanistan. The study examines both beneficial and detrimental effects of corruption using theory, as well as empirical analyses of corruption on transnational countries facing similar levels of perceived corruption and economic development levels. Evaluation of factors associated with economic growth and corruption levels from 2005 to 2010 determine which corruption theories apply best to Afghanistan. The results indicate that increased corruption levels have resulted in a decline of gross domestic product of some 87 percent from 2005 to 2010. Afghanistan also experienced an increase in the level of corruption and inflation in this period.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Just-War Theory and Future Warfare
The future global system of international relations, the clash of civilizations, the revolution in military affairs, and the expansion of war present significant challenges to just-war theory. The problem is that modern definitions of just-war principles address conventional war between states; therefore, they may not apply to information-age warfare or complex conflict between transnational, national, subnational groups. Thus, the central research question is: Should American strategists accept, modify, or reject modern just-war theory as evaluation criteria of military operations in future warfare? Three case studies tested just-war theory: netwar, Operation Allied Force in Kosovo, and the strategic air campaign during Operation Desert Storm. The first step applied modern just-war theory to the military course of action to determine whether it was just or unjust. The second step applied realistic tests of power and national interests to determine whether to use or refrain from unjust military force. The third step evaluated absolute principles and moral consequences to determine if there is cause to modify just-war theory. Netwar and Kosovo recommended that strategists should modify the modern definitions of jus ad bellum to return to the classic definitions. Desert Storm recommended that strategists should accept the modern definitions of jus in bello.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Challenges and Prospects of Liberal Democracy in West Africa
The bitter lessons of history have taught West Africa that there are no longer respectable alternatives to democracy after the collapse of communism. Nonetheless, governance in West Africa in the 21st century remains the greatest problem because illiberal democracies seem to be gaining legitimacy due to the fact that they are reasonably democratic. Such illiberal democratic governments if not exposed will continue to plunge the sub-region into a vicious cycle of semi-authoritarianism rule which does not promote economic prosperity. This thesis therefore examines the challenges and prospects of the nature of liberal democratic system of governance in West Africa, through a comparative assessment of Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. The thesis argues that though other attributes of liberal democracies are important, the environment in West Africa calls for a political system marked by guaranteed safety and security, respect for the rule of law and human rights, free and fair elections, a vibrant civil society and a system of transparency and accountability within the sub-region. This is the best way to ensure a reversal to the cycle of political instability and poverty that has characterized West Africa for decades.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reevaluating the United States Approach to Conflict and Military Intervention
The realist paradigm is the USG's dominate perspective for conflict analysis. Historically, this perspective has served the United States well, leading to its ascension from colonial possession to global hegemon in less than two centuries. There is mounting evidence, however, that this perspective and its associated approaches are inadequate for the conflicts it is currently and will continue to engage in the 21st Century. Recent trends suggest that the U.S.' future conflicts will be more emotional and intractable than the ones it traditionally prepared. The realist paradigm with its explicit focus on rational decision-making and substantive issues fails to provide insight into and lacks the concepts, methods, and tools to effectively address intractable conflict's multiple dimensions. The systems paradigm, specifically the dynamical systems approach, provides valuable insights into conflict formation, maintenance, and resolution that practitioners can use to design and monitor more effective resolution strategies. More importantly, it provides an overarching framework that incorporates the relative strengths of multiple conflict paradigms into a cohesive holistic approach. This thesis argues that adopting a more holistic approach to conflict resolution would increase the effectiveness of USG's international intervention efforts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Community-Oriented Policing and Counterinsurgency
Community-oriented policing is a model for police operations used in many countries. The goal of policing is to provide law enforcement of behaviors that a society considers criminal and to help the society in the process of control of those actions that may not be criminal but are undesirable in a community. It consists of three main elements: strategic, neighborhood-oriented, and problem-oriented policing. This method encourages community input into the government system and that helps establish needs and priorities for government and social services. The successful British counterinsurgency in Malaya is used as a case study to examine the community-oriented policing model in the light of concrete experience. The case study reveals that the pattern of operation and the final organization of the security forces in Malaya conformed closely to the community-oriented policing model laid out in chapter 2. The model is then compared to current operations in Afghanistan to see what recommendations may be made. This paper concludes that community-oriented policing is a model useful for counterinsurgency, that U.S. military policing doctrine be expanded and improved, and that the U.S. ability to provide policing and police training abroad be expanded.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
By Understanding the Maoist Approach to Revolution and its Inherent Contradictions, Insights Will Be Gained on Taliban Vulnerabilities
The Maoist Revolutionary model provides a template of a successful revolution. Both the Taliban and the Chinese underwent similar circumstances. Both movements formed as a result of failed states seeking ways to restore unity and order within their environments. The purpose of this thesis is to use the Maoist revolutionary model to gain insights in vulnerabilities within the current Taliban strategy. First, the thesis examines the history behind both movements to determine if there are any contextual similarities. Second, it studies Mao璽€~s philosophies on revolution using his major works. These philosophies are applied to the Taliban to gain insights on their weaknesses. Last, the thesis looks at Mao璽€~s ideas in protracted war and problems conducting guerrilla warfare. The relevance of these ideas are applied to the Taliban to understand what threatens their strategic overall success from a Maoist perspective.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluating the Impact of Drug Trafficking Organizations on the Stability of the Mexican State
Since 2007, when President Felipe Calderon declared his government's war on the drug trafficking organizations operating in his country, the level of narcotics related violence has increased dramatically. The violence, which had been largely confined to factions of the cartels, now threatens every citizen and is devastating the economy of the border region. This thesis evaluates the impact of Mexican drug cartels on the stability of the Mexican State and on the security of the U.S. The primary conclusion drawn is that the Mexican state is unlikely to fail as state failure is defined, but the Mexican government is likely to return to a one party system under which drug trafficking and corruption are tolerated but the violence does not directly affect the average Mexican. While current U.S. efforts toward increased border security and assistance to Mexico in the form of the Merida Initiative have made positive impacts, it is only by decreasing U.S. demand for illegal narcotics and encouraging Mexican economic growth that both nations can make real progress in the drug war.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Compelling Other Governments to Capitulate
There is not a clearly defined framework within the national security dialogue of the United States, which sufficiently details compelling another government to capitulate as an end-state to the use of military force. When deciding to use military force the U.S. should consider all options. One option is to force a belligerent government to capitulate. Governmental capitulation is defined as "The situation in a country at the national level, where the ruling authorities have relinquished power and do not control the country. The military is destroyed or rendered incapable of conducting medium or large- scale operations. The populace is subjected to martial law by an occupying force." My research revealed how the roots of strategy, diplomacy, peace, and security intertwine to reveal models or frameworks that best detail what courses of action can be taken when nations are faced with threats to national security. Part of this research included historical examples where governmental capitulation was achieved and produced long-term peace and stability. It includes examples where governmental capitulation was not achieved and peace and stability were not secured. This thesis outlines a model for planning and analyzing the conditions for governmental capitulation to be used as part of the national security dialogue prior to commitment of U.S. Armed Forces.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Political Impact of Islamic Revival in a Plural Society
Like many other multiethnic countries, Malaysia has seen a revival in Islamic fundamentalism in her Muslim populace since the seventies. The ongoing revival has led to pressures on the Malaysian government to establish an Islamic state in the country. Since the eighties, this revival is associated with a deterioration in political relations between Muslims and non-Muslims and a heightening of domestic tensions in the country. This study examines the process by which the activities of Islamic revival movements have contributed to the polarization in Malaysia's domestic politics. The study analyzes the characteristics of the revival and the impact on some key areas of Malaysian politics. These areas include Muslim and non-Muslim interests, governmental response to the revival, responses of major political parties, and changes in the alignment of popular support for these political parties. The study shows that the government has adopted conciliatory responses toward the demands of Muslim revivalists because of the pivotal role of the Muslim vote in the electoral process. Such responses have been detrimental to the interests of non-Muslims, resulting in a deterioration in relations between Muslims and non-Muslims at the grassroots level, and a polarization of support for political parties along ethnic lines. If the momentum of the revival continues, interethnic relations are likely to continue deteriorating.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Creating Effective Post-Conflict Transition Organizations
The contemporary operational environment includes a host of variables that make the management of post-conflict transitions a challenge. Constructing the optimal management organization is a key component of successful post-conflict transition. This thesis examined four organizations: the Military Support Group-Panama which was established following the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989, the Office of the High Representative which was at the center of the peace operation in Bosnia from 1995 to the present, the post-conflict transition in Afghanistan following the U.S.-led invasion in 2001, and the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. The Military Support Group-Panama illustrated the strengths and weaknesses of a purely military organization and how it worked in the unique situation of Panama. However, the Bosnia situation called for broader international involvement and the Office of the High Representative served as the focal point for a complex organization. The ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq offered a comparison of vastly different organizations operating in the contemporary operating environment. The four case studies showed that post-conflict transition and reconstruction and stabilization operations can benefit from a tailored management organization that emphasizes simplicity, responsiveness, flexibility, sustainability, and efficiency to achieve maximum success.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Singapore's Defense Policy
This research explores the ambivalence that surrounds Singapore's post-independence defense policy. On the one hand, Singapore's defense policy has complemented the nation's overall development with its robust efficacy and fiscal efficiency. However, the magnitude of the country's defense expenditure has also led to the occasional raised eyebrow. For example, Singapore's reported defense budget for 2009 was more than that of Malaysia's and Indonesia's put together, which some may find surprising given the relative sizes and populations of these three neighboring countries. This research found that Singapore's decision to pursue a rigorous and generously-funded defense policy paid early dividends by reducing Singapore's initial vulnerability as a newly-independent nation. Since then, the role of Singapore's defense policy has evolved alongside changes in the security environment. Thus, while maintaining a credible deterrence will always remain the raison d'?atre of Singapore's defense policy, its contemporary manifestation pertains more directly to expanding Singapore's international influence through its synergistic impact on Singapore's economic and diplomatic instruments of national power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Is Federalism Based on Ethnic Partition a Viable Solution in Iraq?
The U.S. strategy in Iraq from 2003 to 2007 focused on transitioning Iraq into a unified democratic nation state with majority and minority leaders working toward common goals. One seemingly unforeseen issue was that primordial nationalism overshadowed modern nationalism. Primordial nationalism provided an exploitable seam for outside actors and internal ethnically driven leaders to create instability despite the efforts of the United States. Under the confines of the initial U.S. strategy, the rift between the ethnic groups resulted in increased insecurity within the country and sectarian violence similar to Bosnia. This thesis analyzed the sectarian rifts, the potential establishment of ethnic provinces with security and governance, and a multi-ethnic national government. This thesis concluded that federalism based on an ethnic partition of Iraq is viable. The solution to primordial nationalism is to provide each group an equal level of authority in the nation. A change in strategy permitting the groups to use their current militias as the provincial police force will provide the security for each province. The unit structure in the Iraqi Army requires equality of leadership and membership at every conceivable level. The Iraqi government requires restructuring to provide equal sharing of power between Sunnis, Shias, and Kurds.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Counterinsurgency in West Africa
Among the most challenging issues of West Africa, is its security. This region had experienced and is still experiencing many insurgencies. The Senegalese Armed Forces had been containing the insurgents in Senegal's southern Casamance region for more than twenty years. They have conducted many successful military operations against the rebels but still now the region is not completely secured. Despite this long insurgency, the Republic of Senegal seems more fortunate than some of its neighbors in West Africa, such as Liberia or C?織te d'Ivoire. In these two countries, the insurgency reached such high levels that United Nations peacekeeping forces' interventions were required to avoid a general chaos in those countries. To bring back and maintain peace and stability, these countries, have unsuccessfully tried predominantly a military lethal approach. They have also experienced numerous political negotiations, helped by neighboring countries, West Africa's sub-regional organization known as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN). This thesis explores some non-lethal Lines of operations within a coherent counterinsurgency strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Government's Strategy Against the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal broke out when the international situation was unfavorable for the Communists, and it grew faster than anticipated. The Government of Nepal's (GoN's) effort was not well planned; however, many of the counterinsurgency (COIN) principles established by Joint Publication (JP) 3-24, Counterinsurgency Operations, were employed. Some of the principles were partially effective in the initial stage, but most of the principles were not. The main reasons behind the GoN's ineffectiveness in the COIN campaign are as follows: the GoN demonstrated a lack of commitment to defeat the insurgency, there was a lack of resources, and a lack of adequate international support. The lack of commitment by the GoN led to its failure to formulate a well defined COIN strategy. The GoN received support from various countries, but the resources available were inadequate. Hence, the overall COIN effort of GoN was less effective until 2001. The unstable political situation leading to lack of strong commitment of the state, and unreliable support of international community in terms resources impacted the overall COIN effort. In overall, the political factors, lack of resources and international support were the key COIN principles which resulted in the failure of the COIN effort.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evolution of the Communist Theory of Insurgency With Special Attention to Southeast Asia From 1945 to 1966
"The greater our knowledge and understanding of the Communist theory of insurgency -as they themselves see it -the greater the probability of our ultimate victory." This document discusses the following topics: modern insurgency- the new tactic of communism; original thoughts of the old guard- Marx, Lenin, and Stalin; new wave from the east- the thought of Mao Tse-tung; reflections from the south- Truong and Giap; case study- Laos, Troika that failed; the anatomy of insurgency- a proposal; and conclusions- a pattern of progress?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Efficacy of Security Force Assistance in Countering Violent Extremist Organizations in Failed and Potentially Failing States
The 2008 National Defense Strategy identifies promoting security as one of the nation's strategic objectives, using Security Force Assistance (SFA) as a method to build partner capacity. The primary threat addressed is violent extremist organizations operating in failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas. Current doctrine with respect to Security Force Assistance is inconsistent in its explanation of various critical principles as well as ambiguous in addressing the "whole of government" approach that is vital to conducting these types of operations. Additionally, definitions of violent extremist organizations and failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas vary both domestically across the interagency as well as internationally, creating confusion at the strategic level that translates to the operational and tactical levels. Presented first in this thesis are analyses of Security Force Assistance doctrine in its current state and of the definitions of violent extremist organizations and failed and potentially failing states and ungoverned areas. Presented next are two historical case studies of Security Force Assistance operations: Somalia and Colombia. These case studies examine Security Force Assistance operations of varying intensity in failed and potentially failing states that contain violent extremist organizations. This thesis identifies anomalies in doctrine, particularly with respect to incorporation of the interagency and the integration of the elements of national power outside of the military. This thesis by identifying Security Force Assistance doctrinal gaps that are critical to the efficacy of the concept in failed states and ungoverned areas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers Report
The United States Department of State is the US equivalent to the foreignministries of other countries. The Department was crated in 1789 and was thefirst executive department established. The Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing US foreignpolicy and diplomacy efforts. The collection of publications of the US Department of State contains federal budgetproposals, reports on the status of troops around the world, economic status reportson the nation's trading partners, summaries of urgent matters of national security, and more. These publications reflect the Department's responsibilities of protectingand assisting US citizens living or traveling abroad, assisting US businesses in theinternational marketplace, coordinating and providing support for internationalactivities of other US agencies, and keeping the public informed about US foreignpolicy and relations with other countries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
![A Brief Statement Of The Bradford Church-rate Case [by B.b. Popplewell And G. Pollard]](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/6192/9781024706192m.webp?Q=41648 "A Brief Statement Of The Bradford Church-rate Case [by B.b. Popplewell And G. Pollard]")
A Brief Statement Of The Bradford Church-rate Case [by B.b. Popplewell And G. Pollard]
"A Brief Statement Of The Bradford Church-rate Case" delves into a significant legal and social issue of its time. Authored by B.B. Popplewell and G. Pollard, this document provides an account of the Bradford Church-rate case, offering insights into the complexities surrounding church rates, which were taxes levied to support the local parish church. This statement likely presents arguments and perspectives related to the case, shedding light on the legal, religious, and political dimensions of the debate. It serves as a valuable resource for understanding the historical context of church-state relations and the challenges faced by those who opposed mandatory church levies. The work offers a glimpse into the dynamics of religious dissent and the struggle for civil liberties during the period.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
