Exploiting Terrorist Vulnerabilities
This paper explores some of the vulnerabilities that are present within terrorist organizations that the United States can exploit in order to deter, dismantle, dissuade, and defeat terrorist organizations. In addition, the paper will explore the ways in which terrorist organizations have been defeated in the past, so the United States can utilize these understandings in order to develop a better approach to fighting terrorist organizations. The first section provides an overview of Arab culture, an overview of the main tenets of Islam, and an overview of Jihad history. These overviews build upon one another and demonstrate that in order to uncover vulnerabilities within an Islamic terrorist organization; one must understand the belief system upon which the organization was founded. This section also begins to recommend that the United States has a need for a different approach in order to fight terrorist organizations. One that does not rely solely on conventional military might, but one that is based on stronger cognition -- comprehension, reasoning, and decision-making -- for the 21st century. The next section explores the ways by which other terrorist organizations have been defeated. In addition, vulnerabilities of terrorist organizations are examined and three cases studies will be reviewed in order to demonstrate that conventional military forces are not always the correct response to terrorist organizations. A full spectrum of national and international resources, to include law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, legislatures, humanitarian agencies, and other "soft" powers, in cooperation with limited military engagements, is a better approach to defeating terrorist organizations. The monograph closes with three recommendations that the United States should consider to improve the effectiveness of fighting terrorist organizations. A greater emphasis on the cognitive war (war of ideas), synchronization, and greater adaptability would assist the UniThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Efficacy at the Operational Level
The interagency process is a series of hierarchical committees that set the conditions for the President to achieve national objectives by synchronizing the instruments of national power. After the fall of the Soviet Union, increased integration and coordination within the interagency was required in order to contend with increasingly complex global contingencies. This caused a colossal struggle between the President and Congress that redefined the role of the President in dealing with these contingencies. To address interagency coordination in this complex environment, President Clinton established PDD 56, The Clinton Administration's Policy on Managing Complex Contingency Operations. However, due to continued congressional pressure, organizational friction at the department level, and insular Presidential level decision-making, the changes in PDD 56 were never fully implemented. What is needed is strong, supra-departmental control of the interagency process at the operational level. Such control will enable effective oversight of interagency planning and reduce departmental friction in order to provide the President with an integrated approach to problem solving in the post-Cold War environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
New Tool of Terrorism
Since last September terrorism has become our most dangerous enemy. The suicidal criminals have discovered a unique way of getting the world's attention. In this research paper I analyze the new tool of terrorism, hijacking airliners and using them as guided missiles. This paper presents the background and the reason for terrorist hijacks of commercial airplanes, and assesses possible terrorists' motivation for such actions. I analyze the mistakes made in the last decade, which enabled the terrorists to complete their mission in the horrible method they used on September 11, 2001. I believe that we can eliminate this kind of catastrophe by putting more emphasis on improving intelligence and gathering more information about terrorist groups. We also need to rethink and work out a new security system, and change many rules both in airport security and flying security for commercial airliners. In this paper I make some proposals concerning security issues, and explain where we should place more emphasis to protect ourselves and decrease the threat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Challenges of Budgeting for Defense in an Era of Uncertainty and Unpredictability
Does the Department of Defense have adequate funding to meet its requirements? Does it have what it needs to defend the interests of the United States? Does the defense budget need to increase, or can the Department accomplish the National Military Strategy with less? Finally, what threats are driving defense budgets today and what type of military force is required? On the surface, these questions seem easy to answer, but in reality, they are quite difficult. They are difficult because of the uncertain and unpredictable environment in which today's Department of Defense operates. The "comfort" days of the Cold War, where the United States required a large conventional force to deter a major state actor are long gone. Currently, no strong nation state threatens the United States. Will this remain true in the future, or will an emerging power, such as China, grow to threaten US interests and those of its allies? Will the United States continue to face irregular warfare threats from weak or failed states, terrorists, or other non-state actors? Will the successes of current terrorist groups embolden others to do the same, and what kind of military force is required to meet these uncertainties?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Can the US Break Free of Middle East Oil?
It's Your Fault the U.S. is Addicted to Middle East OilIt's your fault the U.S. is addicted to Middle East oil. Yes, you, Joe Average American. If you are an average American you get 21 miles per gallon in your vehicle, live further and further from where you work in a sprawling suburbia, and drive more with each passing year. You hold the key to freeing the U.S. from Middle East oil with some simple steps that you refuse to take. You can help the U.S. free itself from Middle East oil by moving closer to town, driving less, and getting a more fuel efficient vehicle. Two out of every three barrels of oil consumed in this country are used for transportation. Fifteen percent of all the oil consumed in the U.S. comes from the Persian Gulf region. It would be relatively easy to decrease the amount of oil consumed for transportation to a level that would negate the need for Persian Gulf oil, but the Americans continue to choose a lifestyle that supports increasing gasoline consumption.More and more people are choosing suburban life over urban life. It started in the 1950's with the explosion of the car culture and massive infrastructure development in the form of roads and interstates. This allowed people to move away from where they worked. Families could get a bigger house with a little bit of land and drive to work. The post-World War II environment gave people the means to afford vehicles and the interstate system gave them a way to commute. Suburbia was born. Since the birth of suburbia, it has flourished. People consume more land today than they did just 30 years ago. All told, per person developed acreage has increased by .05 acres since 1982. Not my fault, you say? It's the developers' fault. Wrong. Developers build it because you demand it.In fact, you are willing to pay top dollar to live away from the city.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stealth, Precision and the Making of American Foreign Policy
The end of the Cold War greatly reduced the risk that a limited, peripheral conflict would escalate to a major war between the great powers. It would seem, with this constraint removed, that the United States should be freer to intervene militarily in the affairs of other peoples. Indeed, in the last decade of the twentieth century, the United States intervened militarily as many times as it had during the full forty years of the Cold War. Alternatively, the decision to intervene had always been based on the best interest of America. With the fall of the Soviet Union, America's most vital national interest, its security, was assured. Logic would dictate a less-interventionist foreign policy, as the need to intervene was drastically reduced. This study examines the paradox by investigating the presidential decision making process that leads to military intervention, determining the relative weight for intervention before and after the Cold War, and assessing the importance of technology - in this case the maturity of the combination of stealth aircraft and precision guided weapons - that made the president's decision to intervene after 1990 easier.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Universal
The 2025 Massey Lectures delivered by human rights activist and former secretary general of Amnesty International Canada Alex Neve. Universality is the core promise of the human rights order born out of the devastation of World War II and the Holocaust: these rights extend to everyone, everywhere, at all times, without exception. But the cruel reality is that the word universal also screams of our profound failure to keep the promise. Too often, human rights are applied selectively, withdrawn on the whims of political leaders, or ignored altogether, and the broken promise is palpable in humanity's darkest moments, not only in violent conflict, but also in the economic, political, and social structures of our fractured world. This is not universality's finest hour. At a time of immense global challenges, including the climate crisis, mass atrocities, and the rise of hate, the promise of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is deeply contested and frayed, even as people demand and embrace their rights as never before. Weaving together law, history, and stories from decades on the front lines of the struggle for human rights, Alex Neve investigates where we went wrong, how we have progressed, and what we can do to fulfill the promise that human rights are inherent, inalienable, and applicable to all people.
Institutionalizing Security Force Assistance
This monograph examines the role that Security Force Assistance plays in the development and execution of US foreign policy. It looks at the manner in which security assistance guidance is developed and executed. An examination of national level policy and the guidance from senior military and civilian leaders highlights the important role of Security Force Assistance. Further inquiry into the execution of Security Force Assistance reveals a discrepancy between what is necessary and what is available. With 243,000 Soldiers deployed or forward stationed in 76 countries worldwide a way to reduce the gap is to build capabilities and capacities of allies and partners. The uniqueness of the United States and the topic hindered the use of actual case studies in this monograph, however where suitable, references and linkages to other examples of Security Force Assistance are provided. The expected generational length of the Long War, the transformation of the US Army into a future force and the desire to empower allies, partners and friends necessitate a change in the way the US Army conducts Security Force Assistance. The US Army requires an institutionalized capability to conduct Security Force Assistance beyond Special Forces and Transition Teams (TTs) in Afghanistan and Iraq.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework
A common perspective among U.S. interagency partners today is that any step towards more effective and coordinated responses to contemporary security challenges requires an improved and shared understanding of the nature of the conflict and the environment in which it exists or may potentially emerge. They also agree that this requires both a joint interagency process for conducting the assessment and a common conceptual framework to guide the collection and analysis of information. In October 2008, an interagency committee officially adopted the Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework (ICAF) as the conceptual tool which informs interagency planning for conflict prevention, mitigation and stabilization. Because the Army is increasing its practice of deploying more planners to support interagency planning while also involving more interagency partners in its planning, this demonstrates the need to examine ICAF methodology in order to determine its compatibility with and utility within Army doctrinal planning processes. In March 2010, design was officially introduced into Army doctrine as a new conceptual planning component complementing detailed planning. It is a meta-perspective approach that provides military leaders with advanced cognitive tools to address complex, ill-structured problems common to contemporary conflict operations. By way of extensive literature reviews and comparative analysis, this study will establish that the ICAF and Army design have considerable differences but also share many similar systems thinking perspectives. The comparative analysis reveals that the ICAF, while compatible with design, is incomplete. This monograph will recommend that the two methodologies are compatible and integrating the ICAF with Army design can be advantageous in establishing a useful interagency approach to learning and understanding the nature of conflict and the context in which it exists or might emerge.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Re-Tasking
The explosion of information technology has enabled real-time intelligence to become an invaluable tool to the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC). This capability has led to an increased drive to allow the JFACC tighter control over airborne assets, adding flexibility to the JFACC's response options, but, in effect, "centralizing" execution. What is the implication of this centralization on the decision making process involving airborne missions? What is the appropriate level of control for the processing of real time intelligence in future air operations? Does the responsibility lie within the Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC)? The primary purpose of this paper is not to answer these questions, rather it is to pose them and other issues as items to consider for operations and identify areas for future research. In doing so it examines the JAOC structure, the relationship of information to the Master Air Attack Plan and methods of distributing that information to the warfighter through the Air Tasking Order and alternately through Dynamic Re-tasking. It briefly discusses the cognitive decision making process, examines real time intelligence integration, and the possible results of exploitation of that process. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of Dynamic Re-tasking and a discourse on Centralized vs. Decentralized Execution.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shaking Hands With the Dragon
The United States and the People's Republic of China share similar interests with respect to energy security. Each depends on imported energy for economic growth and stability. Protecting the flow of that energy also affects each country's strategic thinking. Yet differences on other issues have created mutual suspicion and mistrust that limit dialogue between the two countries' militaries. Energy security offers opportunities for military-to-military engagement without directly confronting more sensitive issues of military capability, strategy, and operations. Several considerations, including domestic politics, transparency, legal compliance, and the interests of allies, affect the suitability of any topic as a basis for exchanges. Energy security as a broad subject fits within those considerations, and the specific topics of conservation, renewable energy sources, clean coal, and synthetic fuels can serve as focus areas for exchanges that build on existing civil and military activities. Security, environmental concerns, economic risks, and the difficulties of working with large government bureaucracies represent significant but manageable obstacles. Ultimately, successful engagement in the area of energy security may help establish the trust needed to expand military-to-military contact on more traditional national security topics, reducing the potential for misunderstandings and conflict between two major powers of the early twenty-first century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hezbollah
Hezbollah, a successful and respected terrorist organization, has survived over a 28 year period by creating and extending its mobilization base. Hezbollah's recruitment process has contributed to its successful growth. However, little is known about the recruitment processes employed by this organization. There is little to no data available, except for those figures published by Hezbollah through their formal communications. The purpose of this monograph is to examine Hezbollah's recruitment process combining the strengths of political science and mathematical modeling communities by applying qualitative analysis and quantitative modeling to the dynamics of terrorist recruitment. The novel contributions of this monograph are: [1] it addresses an area seldom examined in terrorism research, the dynamics of recruitment; [2] it blends techniques from deterministic mathematical modeling with qualitative techniques of case study analysis from the political science discipline; and [3] it provides a novel model of recruitment based on enzyme kinetic dynamics. The results of this monograph comprise four findings that may be useful to the military researcher. The first finding suggests that the indirect approach is more likely to degrade a recruiter's ability to recruit than the direct approach of targeting the recruiter. Building on the first finding, the second finding implies that reducing the following parameters (in order of preference) contribute to the degradation of recruiter's ability to conduct the recruitment process: non-suicide violence, education, and then the numbers of recruiters. The third finding highlights logistic growth as a driver of adaptation for Hezbollah's recruitment process. Building on the third finding, the fourth finding illustrates the utility of using the logistic growth model to estimate the potential recruitment pool of Shiite youths in the absence of validated data - approximately 1 in 12 eligible Shiite youths joined Hezbollah.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Commercial Imagery Proliferation
This paper examines the proliferation of commercial satellite imagery, the degree of risk this poses to US security, and the general effectiveness of possible countermeasures. A problem-solution approach is used to examine the subject beginning with a review of international space agreements and US space policies to frame the regulatory environment influencing the industry. Specific examples of adversarial uses of commercial imagery are analyzed to establish the depth and breadth of the threat, with potential users ranging from nation-states to terrorists using personal computers. Various countermeasures are examined which demonstrate the United States has some capability to counteract the use of commercial imagery. There are significant risks attached to such measures including collateral damage to other space assets and the diplomatic complexities of targeting private companies in other countries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ethanol
The 2006 US National Security Strategy contains three tenets that appear to be at odds with US ethanol policies--free trade and open markets, "energy independence," and decreased carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the relationship of ethanol to the economic, energy, and environmental security realms, with the objective of assessing their compatibility with the current NSS. In terms of economic security, the research addresses both sides of the ethanol import tariff, the creation of domestic and foreign jobs, and the alleged link of ethanol to rising food prices. In reference to energy security, the paper discusses the misunderstood term "energy independence" and the sustainability of ethanol production. In regard to environmental security, it analyzes both greenhouse gases and land use concerns. The paper concludes that US ethanol policy is consistent with energy and environmental security concerns, but drastically opposes economic security issues. It recommends the removal of the ethanol import tariff once a target price is reached, to help stimulate competition and consumer ethanol demand. Further, it suggests government incentives for cellulose biomass sourcing, in order to continue the trends of energy efficiency and minimal environmental impact. It concludes with stricter legislative recommendations, and advocates a new NSS to reflect ethanol‟s corrected relationship with US national security.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing USAF General Purpose Forces for Building Partner Nation Aviation Capacity
This paper will establish the need for the Air Force to deploy GPF Airmen as air advisors by analyzing USAF SOF advisor capacity, including the extensive training requirements to develop SOF advisors, and evaluating this capacity against current requirements. After establishing the SOF manning shortfall, it will discuss how the Air Force has trained GPF Airmen since 2006 for this SOF core mission task and current plans to establish an Air Advisor Academy specifically chartered with training GPF Airmen. The paper will then review how the US Army and US Marine Corps are training their GPF for advisor duty and analyze the differences between USAF SOF advisor training and USAF GPF training as well as the differences among the USAF, US Marines and Army programs. The paper will conclude with recommendations on how the Air Force should modify its concept for the Air Advisor Academy to develop a more effective GFP advisory capacity General Schwartz calls for in his IW strategy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Are Issues Keeping the Air National Guard From Being Effective?
After being a member of the Air National Guard for almost twenty years, this is an issue that has been brought up over and over again. Every time we have a crisis, every time the National Guard is needed, the controversy starts again. Is the Air National Guard effective? When can Air National Guard members be used? Why can we not just use the Active Duty? This paper will attempt to answer those questions and more. I will focus primarily on their response to natural disasters, since this is when these issues come up most often. I feel that one of the biggest issues is lack of knowledge of the part of Commanders, Governors (or their staff), and others involved in the process of activating or mobilizing Air National Guard members. Another big issue is miscommunication, not only while the disaster is happening but afterwards as well. What I mean by this is that the Guard will get bad press, things will get reported that are not true, or the story will get reported without all the information.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Impediments to the Creation of a Specialized Force for Stability Operations
This study is an assessment of the Department of Defense's response to the call to create specialized forces to address the exigent strategic requirement for stability and reconstruction operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. To make an assessment it was necessary first to understand the reason for the call by analyzing the different proposals and the analogy made with the Vietnam-era CORDS program. That analysis revealed that the passage of time has sanitized the memory of CORDS from the political considerations that facilitated its creation. Today, there are significantly more political issues to address before implementing a force development program. The analysis exposed DOD's response to the call for new organizations. The DOD response did not directly prevent creating specialized units for stability operations, but it did delay the serious consideration of those proposals. How DOD embraced the need for stability and reconstruction operations while fending off the creation of specialized units is a story that reveals in bold relief the salient features of congressional defense and budgetary politics. The study found that advocates for a specialized force fail to realize that strategic requirements are only one of the important factors that the Department of Defense must weigh before undertaking resource intensive initiatives. As an agency of the US government, the Department of Defense must navigate a course that addresses the political environment as well as operational requirements. In today's political environment, the DOD must consider the partisan political relationship between the executive and legislative branches along with the impact that a new initiative will have upon the implementation of ongoing programs. The Department must also identify the consequences associated with creating additional resource demands and the effect of the new demands on the budget distribution between existing programs, agencies, and current operations. By considering these inThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Government Assistance Center
In this monograph, Professor Raymond Millen proposes a way for non-military organizations to render assistance and development to fragile states through an organizational approach. Accordingly, he proffers the concept of the Government Assistance Center as a vehicle for effective coordination and cooperation in Whole of Government and Comprehensive approaches. Conceptually, the Government Assistance Center embodies a standardized camp and an organizationalstructure for decision-making.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Defining the Air Force Contribution to CENTCOM Operations
Defining the Air Force Contribution to CENTCOM Operations--An Exercise In Strategic Communication America is a nation at war and suffering economic woes. It is necessary for the Air Force to successfully articulate its value to the Nation if it is to achieve its stated long-term goal to remain the "guardian of America's freedom, security and prosperity--the Nation's force of first and last resort.". The ongoing war in Central Command's (CENTCOM) area of responsibility (AOR) has raged over 6 years. The United States has successfully engage terrorist organizations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Horn of Africa, Philippines and deterred aggression in other parts of the world, but the war in CENTCOM's AOR is rightly where the nation focuses its attention.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using Strategic Communications to Address Critical Threats to Border Security
Abstract Border security improvements have certainly been made since the tragic events of 9/11, but there are still critical areas that threaten United States' borders and continue to leave the country open to future terrorist attacks. Some of the critical areas include: lack of information and intelligence sharing, sheer size of the borders and number of entry points, number of people looking to cross into the United States, weak inspection systems at customs and ports of entry, and a lack of synchronization between the federal government and local communities most directly affected by border security issues. Considering all the threats and security challenges that currently face the United States and its borders, an effective communications strategy must be implemented to earn the public's support and understanding of the initiatives needed to solve the border security problems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss those critical areas that threaten U.S. borders and make recommendations on what can be done to improve them. Additionally, the paper will help show how an effective communications strategy can influence public opinion and put pressure on government agencies to make the changes necessary to improve the country's overall border security situation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Remote Sensing and Mass Migration Policy Development
Mass migration is a global problem affecting both displaced persons, their countries of origin, and the nations that voluntarily or involuntarily receive them. The 2010 U.S. National Security Strategy recognized the domestic and international perils that refugees and the underlying causes for their dislocation represent and acknowledged that future conflicts caused by scarce resources, environmental disasters, or refugees were possible. In his Congressional testimony regarding the 2010 Threat Assessment, Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair expressed concern about the prospect of mass migration from Cuba or Haiti to the United States.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
USAF Force Protection
This paper will discuss the past, present and future of Force Protection in the United States Air Force. Force Protection Past will be defined as the period immediately following the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing through the beginnings of the Expeditionary Air Force in 1999. The ultimate success of the Air Force's force protection program will depend a great deal upon how well the Air Force is able to instill in its personnel the concept that force protection is everyone's responsibility. Without this understanding the Air Force will needlessly increase the risk to U.S. airpower.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fighting Islamic Terrorists With Democracy
The response of U.S. foreign policy to the volatile rise of global jihadism in the wake of the 9/11 attacks has been sweeping and multifaceted. One key pillar of U.S. strategic response has been the active promotion of Western representative democracy in those regions of the Islamic world identified as jihadist centers of incubation (namely: Afghanistan and Iraq). This objective-commitment to establishing representative democracies in Afghanistan and Iraq-has required, and continues to require, an impressive investment of U. S. resources, political capital, and international goodwill. In light of such continuing investment, the salient question that his monograph explores is whether the pursuit of representative democracy is a feasible and profitable, or quixotic and damaging project for U.S. strategic interests. Upon examining the minimum requirements for representative, pluralistic democracy compared with both the insistence of Middle Eastern nations to enshrine the Qur'an as the constitution of the state and the fundamentalist (therefore literal) interpretation of the Qur'an-the interpretation held by Islamic jihadiyyeen terrorists-the conclusion reached is that not only is democratization of the Middle East an ill-suited strategic project, it exacerbates the emergence of Islamic terrorists. Instead of pursuing democratization of the Middle East, our nation should focus all resources upon neutralizing those terrorist organizations which pose the greatest threat. This monograph shows that strategies attempting to indirectly and comprehensively defeat Islamic terrorists by drastically changing the political environment in which they are thought to emerge is based upon false assumptions and invalid arguments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Terrorist Vulnerability
The deployment of US armed forces to areas of unrest exposes them to possible attack from hostile state and non-state actors. US forces represent American interests and provide an opportunity for an adversary to attempt to influence US public or political opinion through violence or threat of violence. For the purposes of this paper, the focus will be on the threat of terrorist bomb attacks against US forces abroad. When it comes to protecting deployed United States military forces against terrorism, is force protection provided sufficient priority under current US security policies and guidance? Traditional research methods were used to analyze and provide possible solutions to the problem. US government publications, military manuals, and professional journals provided the primary information sources to avoid possible periodical and newspaper bias. Also, the suicide bombing of the US Marine barracks in Lebanon in 1983 and the Khobar Towers bombing in 1996 are used as case studies to illustrate the similarities and differences of the findings, recommendations, and force protection guidance resulting from each of two mass-casualty bombings, 13 years apart. There are similarities between the two bombings, but while there is certainly more guidance and written policy concerning the terrorist threat to US forces since 1983, there does not appear to be a truly united effort among the armed forces to protect themselves against terrorist attack. This requires the creation of a true joint doctrine leading to better training, education, and resources to protect deployed US forces and deter terrorism.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving Interagency Coordination and Unity of Effort
This research seeks to answer one primary research question: What organizational and institutional factors are hindering effective interagency coordination and unity of effort within the contemporary Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)? To answer this question, this research conducts a comparative analysis between two case studies; a current operational-level PRT and a PRT-equivalent organization that operated during Vietnam. It logically focuses and justifies analytical results based upon sound measures of effectiveness drawn from Mary Jo Hatch's Organization Theory. These measures of effectiveness focus on Hatch's organizational core concepts of environment, social structure, technology, culture, and physical structure. Applying these measures of effectiveness along with the application of the three perspectives of modernism, symbolic-interpretivism and postmodernism enables a complete examination of the contemporary and historical PRT organizations, identifying those factors that inhibit or promote effective interagency coordination and unity of effort. This research demonstrates that while hierarchical control is certainly a critical organizational factor driving interagency coordination and unity of effort within the PRT, it is not the only factor. Analyzing both cases studies, this research reveals that other factors such as a favorable security environment, cross-cultural functional teaming, charismatic leadership that embraces cultural differences in pursuit of a PRT-wide identity, integrative technologies, and physical structure are also essential to producing a cohesive and optimal PRT system that maximizes interagency coordination and unity of effort. Finally, this research shows that there is a pressing need for interagency doctrine that drives institutional interagency training and leadership programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Interagency Command for Homeland Protection
Since September 11, 2001, re-organization within the United States Government has dominated the homeland security agenda. While this strategic focus is required, it has left numerous questions unanswered at the operational level. After four years, these new organizations are still wrestling with fundamental questions that require definitive answers in order to shape an effective homeland security and homeland defense solution. This paper provides an evaluation of the terms defense and security, related interagency perspectives, and recent exercises that highlight operational command and control as a challenge. This review also highlights several inconsistencies that must be addressed before further steps can be taken to streamline an overarching operational construct. Several items are discussed which shape a solution to this interagency command and control problem. Most prominently is the evaluation of pros and cons of an interagency command at the operational level.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Natural Resource Scarcity and Adaptive States
This study examines states that have adapted to natural resource scarcity. The author builds a framework for analyzing selected case studies based on the social and economic factors scholars argue are necessary for states to adapt. In the cases studied, governments were the key agents in managing resource scarcity but they did not do it directly through policy or legislative efforts. Governments did, however, have an indirect but vital role in setting the social and economic conditions that were favorable for adaptation. Working in an environment with favorable conditions, individuals emerged with creative and innovative solutions that solved the state's resource shortages. The final section of the study compares states that have adapted to resource scarcity to a modern state that is not adapting to pressures from its natural resources. The social and economic factors common to adaptive states are absent in the nonadaptive state. The state will likely continue to struggle with the management of its resources until steps are taken to address weaknesses in the underlying social and economic environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing Military Interagency Experts
Developing Military Interagency Experts describes how the Global War on Terror and post-conflict stability and reconstruction operations increasingly require synchronized interagency efforts to be effective. Military officers will increasingly be called upon to wage war alongside other interagency players, and their success will hinge largely on an ability to navigate fluently in the complex interagency environment. Military interagency specialists are needed to close departmental "culture gaps" by maintaining a working knowledge of other departments through experience and by educating agencies outside the Defense Department on military capabilities and limitations. This paper addresses the value of effective interagency operations and examines whether the military needs interagency experts. It also attempts to define the specific role that military interagency specialists need to play. By illustrating the current strategic and operational state of affairs that affects interagency coordination, and by analyzing a successful Joint Interagency Task Force, this paper introduces additional measures to enhance the development of military interagency experts both within the Department of Defense and within the existing national security policy apparatus.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving Security Force Assistance Capability in the Army's Advice and Assistance Brigade
The U.S. Army's renewed emphasis on developing organizations to conduct Security Force Assistance (SFA), particularly the Advise and Assist Brigades, is indicative of both increased operational requirements in Iraq and Afghanistan and renewed interest in developing defense capacity in allied and partner nations. With over 255,000 soldiers deployed worldwide in 2009, the Army needs to develop a more effective conventional SFA apparatus to train indigenous forces to manage their own internal security requirements. By properly selecting, training, and utilizing quality conventional force personnel to fulfill SFA requirements, the Army can meet its current operational commitments while improving its ability to respond to emerging needs. Previous attempts by the French in Algeria and the U.S. Army in Vietnam and Korea to incorporate advisory missions into conventional operations highlight the need for developing highly skilled advisors capable of managing SFA tasks within Full Spectrum Operations. Current selection, training, and utilization models used by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (OMLT) program, the U.S. Marine Corps'; Training and Advisor Group (MCTAG), and the U.S. Army's transition teams provide comparative analysis tools for developing a way forward. What is missing from each of these programs is a centralized identification and selection process, robust yet efficient training regimen, and a utilization mechanism to ensure highly skilled and trained advisors are serving where the Army needs them most, at the brigade. Historical precedents and current training programs suggest that though the U.S. Army has vastly improved its conventional advisory efforts since the Korean War, it still requires a new approach to Security Force Assistance. The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review reemphasized the importance of assisting partners and allies with their own internal defense. By creating a functional area for advisors, the AThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Winning Hearts and Minds Through Medicine
Broadly speaking, this paper will explore the role military medicine can play to further AFRICOM's goals, and will comprise three sections. First, AFRICOM itself will be briefly discussed in regard to stated objectives for the command, commander's intent, and how military medicine fits into the furtherance of these. Second, it is impossible to discuss potential military medicine roles without first exploring some of the issues and problems indigenous to current African health systems. Lastly, but most importantly, this paper will examine the roles military medicine can play, and some it should not try to play, that will have a truly lasting impact on the African people. The central thesis of this paper then, is that the new United States Africa Command may be just the right organization at just the right time to allow military medicine the opportunity to effectuate real change in African healthcare. However, this can occur only if the considerations discussed and recommendations listed are incorporated into US Africa Command's overall theater security strategy as part of its "medical diplomacy". Otherwise, military medicine will continue down a "business as usual" approach to African healthcare challenges without availing itself of the unique opportunities the AFRICOM organizational structure provides.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
More for Less
Strategic nuclear force structure requirements for the 1990s must be considered in light of the changing security environment, and particularly in terms of the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START). Because START will shape the relative strategic capabilities of the US and Soviet Union for the foreseeable future, it is imperative that the US devise the most cost-effective nuclear deterrent force possible within expected START constraints. The authors examine a number of force structure alternatives as to triad size and composition (or tetrad, if cruise missiles are considered) to determine how we might obtain the best possible deterrent guarantee for the best price under START limitations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
US Efforts to Counter Use of Islamic Charitable Organizations to Fund Terrorism
The United States government has focused on impeding support to terrorist organizations since 9/11, to include financial support received through Islamic charitable organizations. While Islamic charities serve many useful purposes to include operation of schools and hospitals, many have also been used as a funding source by terrorist organizations. The U.S. was aware of this problem in the 1990s but failed to counter it because of its low priority and perceived threat level. After 9/11, the U.S. government reorganized to focus on this threat and passed several laws making it illegal to support terrorist organizations. These changes were effective at stopping the use of domestic charities to fund terrorism, but international efforts have been lacking. Through the United Nations, the U.S. pushed countries to close charities known to fund terrorism, seize their assets, and prosecute responsible individuals. In doing so, they failed to take into consideration other nation's reliance on the services these charities perform and the sensitivities of their populace. The U.S. needs to change its international policy from one focused on seizure of charities assets to a strategy of tracking and following the financial trail from sources of funding to those who commit terrorist acts. By focusing our efforts on identifying specific individuals instead of seizing the assets of entire charities, we will gain real international support for our counterterrorism efforts without alienating foreign populations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hybrid Power
This monograph introduces a method of better capturing the interaction of hard and soft power termed "Hybrid Power." Hybrid power captures the essence of simultaneity as hard and soft power is exerted by a single element to create the desired foreign policy effects. The term hybrid power also eliminates the politically charged and divisive term, "smart power." The basis of the research question for this monograph is to analyze the potential for military forces, Mobility Air Forces (MAF) in particular, to contribute to foreign policy in other than hard power methods. This monograph asks: what contribution, if any, does the USAF's Mobility Air Forces have in the execution of smart power in United States foreign policy? The hypothesis of this monograph is that the military, particularly MAF, can contribute both positively and negatively to the hard and soft power elements of foreign policy. This hypothesis also challenges CSIS'; categorization of separate but complementary soft and hard power as smart power and asks if there is a better way to approach those activities to further United States policy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
USAF Force Protection? Do We Really Care?
The US Air Force provides the preponderance of the world's most lethal, technologically superior airpower, yet does comparatively little to protect it when its most vulnerable?on the ground. Although the Air Force concept of force projection requires deployment into hostile zones, it traditionally placed little emphasis on protecting its force, unlike its sister services and close NATO partner, the Royal Air Force. Plainly, the Air Force has yet to institutionalize force protection. Service leadership continues to wrestle with integrating force protection with the flying mission, historically reacting to security events vice protecting against them, and therefore repeating the lessons of history. Without a greater understanding of modern force protection roles and missions, Air Force leadership is unwittingly increasing the criminal and combat risk to American airpower.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Empowering Interagency Capability
In an age predominated by states but rife with non-state actors, failing states, increasingly fluid boundaries, disenfranchised yet interconnected populations, and increasingly self-aware cultures, the United States must develop a foreign policy structure that is adaptive to these circumstances. This foreign policy structure must be able to leverage the unique and varied technical capabilities of the United States and be able to apply them to diverse cultures across the globe. It must be able to win over allies and partners to gain regional influence and appeal. It must be able to leverage relationships with regional partners and entities through prolonged presence built into trust. When action is required, it must be flexible enough to respond across a range of responses from strictly civilian capabilities to military action. Finally, it must be able to act with the full support and confidence of the President and possess the responsibility and accountability to match. This research demonstrates the current foreign policy architecture does not possess the capacity required to meet this challenge. Likewise, the current reforms both within the military and within the interagency are insufficient to the tasks required. As a result, it is necessary to reform the interagency to be able to adequately match the desired ends of the National Security Strategy with more agile and diverse ways and means. This research proposes developing Regional Interagency Consulates with an Ambassador in charge and a military deputy that is dual-hatted as the Regional Combatant Commander. It contains functional Assistant Secretaries with staffs from most Cabinets and many executive agencies and government corporations. It meets the aforementioned challenges by being robust enough to offer the President options, both military and non-military, to prevent crises from occurring and to respond if they occur. It can operate in a state construct just as easily as in a construct of sub-nationalThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Feasibility of Djibouti as an Intermediate Staging Base for U.S. Land Force Operations in the Middle East
As the United States (U.S.) sustains the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) and the prospect of invading Iraq looms imminent, there remains a pressing need for viable intermediate staging bases (ISB) in the Middle East to conduct decisive military operations. Recent policy changes and attitudes by the region's predominantly Muslim inhabitants have limited the US's choices for staging operations within the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility (AOR). Djibouti's geography, infrastructure, and capacity to accommodate a sizable military formation make it an ideal operations and logistics hub . The study provides an overview of Djibouti and the Horn of Africa region by examining its historical background, socio-economic structure, political system, religious and cultural idiosyncrasies and the impact on military operations. It also defines optimal ISB standards and discusses the country's ability to support military operations. Finally, the study analyzes current regional disparities that affect U.S. and global interests and the likelihood for U.S. military intervention.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving the ARFORGEN Model
The purpose of this monograph is to provide a new lens to view the ARFORGEN model, as it has largely been accepted without constructive criticism or analysis of its impacts since its inception in 2006. This monograph is an attempt to synthesize elements of complexity science, the Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) model, and Army National Guard (ARNG) Brigade Combat Team (BCT) deployments since 1999. In addition, there have been numerous policy memoranda issued by various levels of command throughout the Defense Department that have affected the ARFORGEN model and the ARNG BCT's. The analysis of these memos attempt to show the non-linearity associated with policy and the ARFORGEN model. The content of this monograph is based on complexity science concepts and theories, as well as multiple Department of Defense policy letters, Congressional testimony by senior Defense Department leadership, a case study of the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Arkansas Army National Guard, and the development of a mathematical modeling product based off commercially available queuing computer software. The findings of this monograph show the decrease in dwell time for ARNG BCT's since ARFORGEN was implemented in 2006. The Office of the Secretary of Defense 12-Month Mobilization Policy for Reserve Component units--which became official in 2007--further exacerbated the lack of dwell time for ARNG BCT's. The U.S. Army RESET model for equipment also limits the amount of training time within the first year of ARFORGEN, which leads to cascading negative effects on the BCT's overall readiness. The findings also highlight that ARFORGEN was not implemented in a vacuum--the ARNG BCT's have provided forces from 1999 to the present, and the demands for ARNG BCT's from various Combatant Commands has not diminished since that time. The monograph provides a series of recommendations to increase the amount of dwell time for ARNG units and ARNG soldiers. Due to the unique nature of Reserve CompThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Connecting the Spots
This paper proposes four key USG actions to develop, enhance, and leverage ISF abroad to combat transnational terrorist groups: (1) rescind or amend the legislative prohibition on training foreign police, (2) institute an interagency coordination group to synchronize and assess CT training and assistance globally, (3) improve information sharing with ISF, and (4) apply a global oil spot strategy to ISF development. These actions will allow USG agencies and international organizations to optimize resources in order to better leverage ISF worldwide. Additionally, through the combined development of ISF and information sharing networks in at-risk nations, "oil spots of security'"̋ can be incrementally expanded and connected to isolate and defeat transnational terrorist groups.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enforced Disappearances
Enforced Disappearances: On Universal Responses to a Worldwide Phenomenon discusses the UN human rights (both treaty bodies and special procedures) response to the key challenges of missing persons and enforced disappearances, including reparations, family rights, involvement of non-state actors, and the migration context. The book also includes several illustrative case studies from Latin America, Africa, Mexico, Western Balkans, and the Asia-Pacific region, which demonstrate the current challenges and problems relating to enforced disappearances in domestic or regional settings. The book includes contributions from experts in this issue working across a global range of jurisdictions. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Woodside vs the Planet
Why is Australia doubling down on fossil fuels?The world may have committed at Paris to hold back dangerous climate change, but Australia's fossil-fuel giant Woodside is doubling down: it has bold new plans to keep producing gas out to 2070. Support from the major parties is locked in, so something has to give.This is a story of power and influence, pollution and protest. How does one company capture a country? How convincing is Woodside's argument that gas is a necessary transition fuel, as the world decarbonises? And what is the new "energy realism" narrative being pushed by Trump's White House?In this engrossing essay, Marian Wilkinson reveals the ways of corporate power and investigates the new face of resistance and disruption. The stakes could not be higher."The gas companies and the Labor governments in WA and Canberra had refined their defence: the gas industry was helping the world decarbonise, curbing its emissions and providing energy security. It sounded like the planet could hardly have a better friend than Australia's LNG industry and companies like Woodside." -Marian Wilkinson, Woodside vs the PlanetThis issue contains correspondence relating to Hard New World by Hugh White from Lachlan Harris, Emma Shortis, Ali Wyne, James Curran, Susannah Patton, Mark Edele, Brendan Taylor, Clive Edwards, and Hugh White.
Inside Salafi-Jihadist Governance
In the years following the Arab Spring, a number of Islamist insurgent groups conquered swaths of territory across the Middle East and North Africa and began governing civilian populations. These groups have been faced with the complexities of administering justice, collecting taxes, and providing public services such as health care and education. How do Salafi-jihadist armed groups, which typically claim to be committed to ideological purity, approach administration, and what does this reveal about rule by insurgent forces? This book is a groundbreaking comparative exploration of Salafi-jihadist governance, drawing on in-depth case studies of the Islamic State in western Iraq and eastern Syria, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in northwestern Syria, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in southern Yemen. Marta Furlan examines rebels' experiments in ruling, considering issues such as the treatment of non-Muslims, the extent of civilian participation, the use of coercive measures, and the scope of social and political change. She assesses whether there is a single model of Salafi-jihadist governance, the degree to which ideology and doctrine inform the behavior of rebel rulers, and the similarities and differences between Salafi-jihadists and other armed nonstate groups. Offering a window into the inner workings of government and civilian life under Islamist power, Inside Salafi-Jihadist Governance sheds new light on rule by nonstate groups more broadly.
Stability and Politicization in Climate Governance
Tackling climate change requires long-term commitment to action, yet an array of influential parties with vested interests stand opposed to this. How best to engage and balance these positions for positive change is of increasing concern for advocates and policy makers. Exploring a discord within climate change policy and politics, this insightful volume critically examines the competing assumptions and arguments underpinning political 'stability' versus 're/politicization' as a means of securing effective, long-term climate action. A range of cases exemplify the different political systems and power structures that underpin this antagonism, spanning geographical approaches, examples of non-governmental action, and key industries in the global economy. Authored by an international team of scholars, this book will be of interest to researchers of local, national, and international legislation, specialists on climate governance policy, and other scholars involved in climate action. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Reforming Social Services in New York City
Reforming Social Services in New York City examines efforts across six decades to respond to poverty, joblessness, and homelessness through the establishment and periodic restructuring of the city's Human Resources Administration (HRA) and related social welfare agencies.As Thomas J. Main shows through archival research and interviews with key figures, the HRA has been the focus of several mayoralties. The John Lindsay administration's creation of the HRA in 1966 was a classic liberal effort to fight poverty; Rudy Giuliani brought dramatic change by implementing work-oriented welfare reform; and the Bill de Blasio administration attempted to install a progressive social welfare agenda within the city's social service agencies to reduce inequality. Reforming Social Services in New York City tells the story of these efforts, assessing the strategies employed and the success of their outcomes, concluding that major nonincremental change in urban welfare policy is not only possible but has been effective.
Inside Salafi-Jihadist Governance
In the years following the Arab Spring, a number of Islamist insurgent groups conquered swaths of territory across the Middle East and North Africa and began governing civilian populations. These groups have been faced with the complexities of administering justice, collecting taxes, and providing public services such as health care and education. How do Salafi-jihadist armed groups, which typically claim to be committed to ideological purity, approach administration, and what does this reveal about rule by insurgent forces? This book is a groundbreaking comparative exploration of Salafi-jihadist governance, drawing on in-depth case studies of the Islamic State in western Iraq and eastern Syria, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in northwestern Syria, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in southern Yemen. Marta Furlan examines rebels' experiments in ruling, considering issues such as the treatment of non-Muslims, the extent of civilian participation, the use of coercive measures, and the scope of social and political change. She assesses whether there is a single model of Salafi-jihadist governance, the degree to which ideology and doctrine inform the behavior of rebel rulers, and the similarities and differences between Salafi-jihadists and other armed nonstate groups. Offering a window into the inner workings of government and civilian life under Islamist power, Inside Salafi-Jihadist Governance sheds new light on rule by nonstate groups more broadly.
Enforced Disappearances
Enforced Disappearances: On Universal Responses to a Worldwide Phenomenon discusses the UN human rights (both treaty bodies and special procedures) response to the key challenges of missing persons and enforced disappearances, including reparations, family rights, involvement of non-state actors, and the migration context. The book also includes several illustrative case studies from Latin America, Africa, Mexico, Western Balkans, and the Asia-Pacific region, which demonstrate the current challenges and problems relating to enforced disappearances in domestic or regional settings. The book includes contributions from experts in this issue working across a global range of jurisdictions. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
"I do not wish them (women) to have power over men; but over themselves." -Mary Wollstonecraft: Britain's first feminist.Step into one of the founding texts of modern feminism-a fearless and revolutionary call for equality that continues to resonate today. This groundbreaking work stands among the earliest and most powerful arguments for gender equality. Wollstonecraft contends that women are rational beings, fully capable of reason, virtue, and independence-and therefore deserving of the same educational and civil rights as men.Philosopher, political thinker, and mother of Frankenstein author Mary Shelley, Wollstonecraft left a lasting mark not only on literature but on feminist history. Her critique of the patriarchal norms of her time remains strikingly relevant, echoing in today's debates on education, gender roles, and human rights.Whether you are exploring feminist ideas for the first time or deepening your understanding of their origins, this essential work offers a powerful lens through which to view the past-and the present-struggles for women's rights.
Prisoner of Lies
A "riveting" (The Economist), "gripping" (Kirkus Reviews, starred review) true story of the longest-held prisoner of war in American history, John Downey, Jr., a CIA officer captured in China during the Korean War and imprisoned for twenty-one years. John (Jack) Downey, Jr., was a new Yale graduate in the post-World War II years who, like other Yale grads, was recruited by the CIA. He joined the Agency and was sent to Japan in 1952, during the Korean War. In a violation of protocol, he took part in an air drop that failed and was captured over China. His sources on the ground had been compromised, and his identity was known. Although he first tried to deny who he was, he eventually admitted the truth. But government policy forbade ever acknowledging the identity of spies, no matter the consequences. Washington invented a fictitious cover story and stood by it for four administrations. As a result, Downey was imprisoned during the decades that Red China, as it was called, was considered by the US to be a hostile nation, until 1972, when the US finally recognized the mainland Chinese government. He had spent twenty-one years in captivity. Downey would go on to become a lawyer and an esteemed judge in Connecticut, his home state. Prisoner of Lies is based in part on a prison memoir that Downey wrote several years after his release. Barry Werth fluently weaves excerpts from the memoir with the Cold War events that determined Downey's fate. Like a le Carr矇 novel, this is a "thrilling, richly informative" (Stephen Kinzer, author of The Brothers) story of one man whose life is at the mercy of larger forces outside of his control; in Downey's case as a pawn of the Cold War, and more specifically the Oval Office and the State Department. His freedom came only when US foreign policy dramatically changed. Above all, Prisoner of Lies is an inspiring story of remarkable fortitude and resilience.
Circular Food Economy
Circular Food Economy explores how transforming linear food systems into circular models can address pressing sustainability challenges like food waste, resource depletion, and climate change. This book examines the principles and strategies behind the circular economy, food waste reduction, and resource recovery, guiding readers to a deeper understanding of how these concepts create resilient and sustainable food systems.Understand how the circular economy redefines food production, processing, and consumption for greater sustainabilityExplore key drivers of food waste reduction and their role in supporting climate change mitigationLearn about resource recovery strategies that close nutrient and material loops across the food supply chainGain insight into sustainable agriculture practices that enhance soil health, reduce water use, and boost productivitySee how food recycling and valorization transform by-products into valuable resources, reducing landfill and emissionsFamiliarize yourself with global policy frameworks and incentives accelerating the transition to circular food systemsDiscover the importance of collaboration among stakeholders-farmers, retailers, consumers, and policymakers-in advancing a resilient food economyLearn how digital technologies and data-driven approaches support transparency and traceability in circular food systemsCircular Food Economy is your essential resource for understanding sustainable agriculture, food waste reduction, and the circular economy. Perfect for professionals and students seeking to support resilient food systems, this book equips you with the knowledge to advance environmental and sustainability goals in a rapidly changing world.
