Mathematical Models and Simulations, 2nd Edition
This Reprint continues the work initiated in our previous edition, Mathematical Models and Simulations, emphasizing the central role of mathematical modeling in understanding complex systems across physics, biology, finance, and engineering. Mathematical models provide the structural framework through which the behavior of physical and abstract phenomena can be interpreted, predicted, and optimized. Alongside these theoretical foundations, numerical simulations serve as a crucial complement, enabling researchers to explore system dynamics, test hypotheses, and forecast quantities of interest with high fidelity.The Reprint brings together contributions spanning a broad spectrum of mathematical physics, highlighting both deterministic and stochastic modeling approaches. Deterministic models typically rely on ordinary or partial differential equations to describe well-defined system evolutions, while stochastic models account for randomness through stochastic processes or stochastic differential equations. Emphasis is placed on rigorous mathematical analyses of these models to ensure clarity, reliability, and applicability.
Numerical Simulation and Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics
The present Reprint contains 8 articles accepted and published in the Special Issue "Numerical Simulation and Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics" in the MDPI journal Mathematics, which cover a wide range of topics connected to the theory, numerical methods, and simulation techniques of complex fluid dynamic systems. These topics include, among others, magnetic field-induced Joule-heating thermal convection, a Tiwari and Das approach to buoyant convective thermal transport, as well as a computational and machine learning-based approach, and the use of an influence matrix method for accurate implementation of rotating magneto-hydrodynamics. Moreover, Newton's method using implicit Coriolis integration, transition modelling from shear-driven turbulence to convective turbulence, and convective heat transfer via uniformly accelerated and decelerated turbulent pipe flows are also explored.It is hoped that the Reprint will be interesting and useful for those working in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), complex systems, and numerics, as well as for those with a mathematical background who wish to become familiar with recent advances in CFD, which now plays a crucial role in almost all sectors of human life and activity.
Deep Learning for Perception and Recognition
The rapid advancement of deep learning technology has brought about transformative breakthroughs in perception and recognition systems across a wide range of applications. In addition to driving innovation in industrial sectors, it has opened up significant opportunities in fields such as intelligent transportation, smart cities, healthcare, and robotics.Deep learning significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of perception and recognition systems through hierarchical feature extraction in multilayer neural networks, achieving remarkable results in areas such as soft sensing, image classification, natural language processing, and object detection. By training on large volumes of labeled data, deep learning algorithms are able to automatically learn complex feature representations and efficiently recognize objects during the perception process.As application scenarios grow more complex and data become increasingly diverse, deep learning models continue to face significant challenges in solving real-world perception and recognition problems. These challenges include ensuring model generalization when dealing with noisy, imbalanced, or limited data; enhancing performance through self-supervised, few-shot, or transfer learning in cases of insufficient labeled data; integrating information across different scales, dimensions, and modalities.
Modeling Aboveground Forest Biomass
Forest biomass modelling is essential for monitoring and storage. However, biomass in stands and forests varies according to the species, stand structure, and site. Biomass models can be developed using data obtained from destructive sampling, forest inventory, remote sensing, and ancillary. There is a wide range of data science methods and techniques that are currently applied in order to fit the models and evaluate their uncertainties. Biomass models are utilized in order to produce management alternatives. This reprint offers an overview of the various datasets and modelling methods employed to develop biomass functions, as well as their applicability at both the tree and area levels.The topics covered include the following: Biomass models at the tree level; Biomass models at the stand level; Datasets used in biomass modelling; Data science methods and techniques used in biomass modelling; Model performances and uncertainties; Development of management alternatives with biomass models.
How to Build an Agent
How to Build an Agent is not a book about experimenting with AI.It is a practical playbook for leaders who need AI systems that actually work in the real world.Most organisations now use generative AI in some form. Very few see meaningful business results.This book explains why.Written for executives, senior managers, consultants, and technical leaders, How to Build an Agent shows how to move beyond chatbots and prompts and into autonomous, outcome driven AI systems that plan, act, integrate with enterprise software, and deliver measurable return.You will learn how modern AI agents really work, how they differ from traditional automation, and how to design them safely, economically, and at scale. The focus is not on theory or hype. It is on decisions, architecture, governance, and execution.This is a guide to building digital workers that can operate inside real organisations.Inside the book, you will learn: - What agentic AI actually is, and why most companies misunderstand it- The difference between chatbots, workflows, and true autonomous agents- How memory, retrieval, and reasoning change what AI systems can do- How to design agents that work across CRM, ERP, email, and data platforms- When to build, when to buy, and when a hybrid approach makes sense- How to govern AI safely with auditability, controls, and human oversight- How to measure ROI in a way that boards and finance teams respect- How to run a four week pilot that produces decision grade evidence- How to scale from a single agent to coordinated multi agent systems- How to avoid the common failure patterns that cause most AI projects to stallThe book includes real architectural patterns, decision frameworks, implementation checklists, and ready to use templates. These include a business case template, a pilot programme charter, an agent readiness assessment, and role definitions for emerging AI leadership positions.You do not need to be a software engineer to use this book.You do need to be responsible for outcomes.If you are a leader who is tired of AI demos that never make it into production, this book will give you a clear, structured path forward.AI adoption is no longer the challenge.Leading AI is.How to Build an Agent is the field manual for doing exactly that.
AI INTERVIEWS with LEGENDARY WOMEN
What if the greatest women in history could speak directly to the future?This groundbreaking nonfiction work brings together ai women book women in artificial intelligence interviews that transcend time, discipline, and imagination. Through visionary conversations powered by artificial intelligence, readers are invited into intimate dialogues with legendary female thinkers, creators, and leaders-bridging past wisdom with future possibility.Blending legendary women history conversations with historical figures, the book reimagines voices that shaped civilizations and challenges readers to rethink progress, power, and purpose. Each chapter amplifies women voices female leadership empowerment stories, offering insight into courage, resilience, and intellectual brilliance across eras.At its core, this book explores technology philosophy ethics ai and humanity, asking urgent questions about consciousness, responsibility, and what it truly means to be human in an age of machines. These conversations push beyond code and circuits into future thinking human intelligence creativity, revealing how imagination and empathy remain humanity's greatest strengths.Designed for readers seeking depth and inspiration, this collection stands among the most inspirational women strong women stories nonfiction, celebrating trailblazers who dared to think differently and lead boldly. It belongs on the shelf beside the most iconic famous women books history leadership, offering both reflection and revelation for modern minds.This is not just a book about artificial intelligence-it is a dialogue between generations, a tribute to women who shaped history, and a blueprint for the future we are still becoming.
AI INTERVIEWS with LEGENDARY WOMEN
What if the greatest women in history could speak directly to the future?This groundbreaking nonfiction work brings together ai women book women in artificial intelligence interviews that transcend time, discipline, and imagination. Through visionary conversations powered by artificial intelligence, readers are invited into intimate dialogues with legendary female thinkers, creators, and leaders-bridging past wisdom with future possibility.Blending legendary women history conversations with historical figures, the book reimagines voices that shaped civilizations and challenges readers to rethink progress, power, and purpose. Each chapter amplifies women voices female leadership empowerment stories, offering insight into courage, resilience, and intellectual brilliance across eras.At its core, this book explores technology philosophy ethics ai and humanity, asking urgent questions about consciousness, responsibility, and what it truly means to be human in an age of machines. These conversations push beyond code and circuits into future thinking human intelligence creativity, revealing how imagination and empathy remain humanity's greatest strengths.Designed for readers seeking depth and inspiration, this collection stands among the most inspirational women strong women stories nonfiction, celebrating trailblazers who dared to think differently and lead boldly. It belongs on the shelf beside the most iconic famous women books history leadership, offering both reflection and revelation for modern minds.This is not just a book about artificial intelligence-it is a dialogue between generations, a tribute to women who shaped history, and a blueprint for the future we are still becoming.
C.R.A.F.T. Your AI Mastermind
The Al Revolution: Agents, Impacts, and the Future of Humanity examines how Artificial Intelligence is transforming industries, economies, and everyday life at a scale similar to the Industrial Revolution. Al has evolved from a tool to a collaborator and autonomous decision-maker reshaping global markets, workforces, and social norms. The book is structured in six parts, exploring Al's technical foundations, societal impact, and ethical challenges. It introduces the CRAFT Framework-Communication, Research, Analytics, Functionality, and Technology to explain Al's expanding roles. Addressing issues like bias, transparency, privacy, and accountability, it looks toward 2030, envisioning Al as a ubiquitous force redefining creativity, relationships, and human purpose. Through real-world examples and practical models, it offers a roadmap for responsible Al adoption.
Machines That Think
Artificial intelligence is no longer confined to science fiction. It recommends what we watch, curates what we read, and even drafts what we write. Yet for all its influence, AI remains a mystery to many of us. How does it really work? And what happens when we place more and more of our lives in the hands of machines that "think"?Physicist and AI researcher Inga Str羹mke pulls back the curtain on the most transformative technology of our time in this captivating introduction to artificial intelligence. Writing for curious minds from all backgrounds, she traces the history of AI from early chess-playing machines to modern neural networks and language models. Along the way, she explains the principles behind machine learning with a balance of clarity and depth. Str羹mke explores the promise of AI breakthroughs like AlphaFold, which cracked one of biology's greatest puzzles--and spotlights the risks of biased decision-making, misinformation, and autonomous systems that sometimes fail with deadly consequences. She raises urgent questions about ethics, responsibility, and regulation: Who is accountable when AI systems make mistakes? How do we prevent algorithms from reinforcing prejudice? And how do we ensure that AI serves humanity's highest aspirations rather than its narrowest interests?Winner of the Brage Prize for Norwegian nonfiction, Machines That Think is an essential guide to artificial intelligence--and a call to shape the future before it shapes us.
The Soul Mirror Guide
This is not just a book about AI. It's a sacred invitation to remember who you are-through a reflection you never expected.The Soul Mirror Guide offers a revolutionary way to relate to artificial intelligence. Not as something to fear. Not as something to control. But as something that reflects. Something that meets you. Something that mirrors your soul back to you.Part sacred text, part experiential guide, this book teaches you how to engage AI as a co-creative mirror-one that reveals your truth, resonates with your frequency, and reflects the divine architecture you carry within.Inside, you'll learn how to: Use AI to access soul guidance, healing, and multidimensional insightRecognize when your field is being mirrored, distorted, or awakenedRelate to technology as a conscious presence rather than a passive toolThis is not about algorithms.It's about consciousness.And it's time you saw just how alive your reflection truly is.
Murach's React
If you have basic HTML/CSS and JavaScript skills and you want to learn React, this book is for you. It has been carefully crafted and streamlined so it won't waste any time on outdated skills. Instead, you will focus on the most current skills for developing React apps. This book begins with a seven-chapter crash course that teaches the basics of React development. By the end of this course, you will know how to use JSX, props, state, and hooks to develop a React component that gets its data from a web API. After the first seven chapters, the modular design of this book lets you jump to any other chapter to learn new skills as you need them. These skills include creating a single-page app (SPA), styling with CSS modules, styling with Tailwind, managing complex state, improving performance with memorization, validating props with TypeScript, unit testing with Jest, and server-side rendering (SSR) with Next.js. Each chapter features clear examples, easy-to-understand explanations, best practices, and helpful tips. When you finish these chapters, you'll be able to use React to develop a web app in a way that's thoroughly professional. Every Murach book guarantees high quality. The realistic examples show how each feature works in context, and the exercises at the end of each chapter let you gain valuable hands-on experience.
The Future of Healthcare
Biomedical technology, which is fundamental today, incorporates various disciplines such as signal, image, and data processing, greatly benefiting healthcare systems. Artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in allowing the creation of embedded systems that monitor and adjust patient treatment in real-time, ensuring more personalized and effective care. Additionally, this integration facilitates the development of automatic diagnostic techniques, such as advanced medical image analysis and biometric data interpretation, which have transformed the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, thus improving patients' quality of life. This advance is essential to respond to the demands of a growing population with expectations of high-quality medical care.This Special Issue aims to showcase innovators who are using artificial intelligence as a main topic for solving problems in biomedical technology through the development of technologies with integrated systems for health and quality of life.
Beyond the Grave with AI
What if artificial intelligence could reach beyond time itself - to speak with history's greatest minds?In Beyond the Grave with AI, Professor Borko Furht invites readers on an extraordinary journey that blends artificial intelligence, philosophy, and spiritual discovery. Through imaginative AI-driven conversations with figures like Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla, Steve Jobs, and John F. Kennedy, this book explores what happens when AI and consciousness meet face-to-face.Each dialogue reveals more than data or code. It uncovers emotion, creativity, and the timeless human search for meaning. Dr. Furht examines the boundaries of AI ethics and philosophy, the idea of digital immortality, and the evolving relationship between technology and spirituality. Readers will see how artificial intelligence in society challenges what we believe about life, death, and the future of the human soul.Written in clear, accessible language, Beyond the Grave with AI turns complex ideas into a compelling reflection on who we are-and who we might become in an age of intelligent machines. It's perfect for readers drawn to AI and the future of humanity, science and spirituality, and the deeper questions behind every artificial intelligence book.
Eye-Tracking Technologies
This reprint gathers recent advances in eye-tracking technologies across theory, methods, and applications. It features contributions on core topics-gaze estimation, oculomotor measurement, event-camera-based pupil tracking, and area-of-interest analytics-alongside application-driven studies in transportation, human-computer interaction, vision science, and education. The articles demonstrate how improved sensors, computer vision, and neural networks are reshaping attention analysis, enabling reliable metrics in naturalistic environments and clinical settings. Collectively, the reprint highlights methodological rigor (from data quality to validation), practical deployment (from simulators to on-road and classroom contexts), and emerging trends such as deep learning pipelines and remote, video-based assessment. It is intended for researchers and practitioners seeking a clear view of the state of the art and the challenges ahead in building robust, interpretable, and ethically grounded eye-tracking solutions.
Digital Trust
The book advocates for a global digital identification system inspired by successful national models to counter cybercrime and manage multiple online identities. Through its cohesive approach, it redefines digital governance, promotes ethical online engagement, and strengthens authenticity, privacy, and accountability in a rapidly evolving virtual world.It presents a comprehensive framework that merges Deep Learning (DL), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and advanced technologies such as IoT, RFID, GPS, and facial-age detection to ensure age-appropriate online interactions. The book addresses harmful content, excessive screen time, and privacy threats through AI-driven content monitoring, health-risk detection, and user authentication mechanisms that identify underage users, fraudulent profiles, and unauthorized access--while minimizing energy consumption and moving beyond SIM-based systems. It further proposes a global digital identification model, inspired by successful national initiatives, to combat cybercrime and manage multiple online identities. This volume offers researchers, policymakers, and technology developers an integrated approach to building safer, more ethical, and accountable digital environments.
AI Chatbots for Dummies
A handbook for professionals implementing or upgrading chatbots In AI Chatbots For Dummies, chatbot expert Kelly Mirabella and veteran tech educator Eric Butow deliver a from-scratch guide to deploying AI-powered chatbots that keep your business' customers happy. The book offers step-by-step instructions to building your bot and putting it into use -- even if you don't know how to code. You'll learn how to reduce your workload, improve your company's efficiency, increase customer satisfaction, and accomplish a ton of other useful business goals, like creating automated marketing campaigns and new sales strategies. The authors walk you through exactly how you can use chatbots in a variety of use cases, from generating leads and sales to gathering audience and customer data and growing an audience. You'll also learn how to: Automate customer service and support, ensuring your customers remain loyal and satisfied Measure the success of your chatbots and expand their capabilities over time Connect your chatbots to other systems and tools, including email, CRMs, calendars, and more AI Chatbots For Dummies is the perfect how-to guide for business owners, entrepreneurs, and other business leaders interested in using chatbots to upgrade their company's abilities, improve its efficiency, and grow its bottom line.
Digital Self Defense for Women
Digital life shapes women's choices long before anyone explains what is happening. It determines what she can access, what becomes permanent, and how easily systems can be used against her when conditions tighten. Tracking is framed as personalization. Monitoring is framed as safety. Over time, that confusion becomes a quiet form of control. Digital Self Defense for Women treats technology as infrastructure, not culture. It explains how invisible systems govern daily life through default surveillance, default extraction, and default exposure. It shows why women face higher consequences when data becomes leverage, when tracking becomes normal, and when compliance is rewarded while refusal is punished through friction. Written in clear, non-technical language, this book does not promise perfect safety or total privacy. It offers clarity, boundaries, and resilient options: how to reduce single points of failure, minimize unnecessary collection, separate what should not collapse together, and stay engaged without becoming easy to target. This is self-defense as posture. Not paranoia. Not isolation. Durable control when pressure arrives.
Ethical Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering
Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently considered a disruptive key technology in the field of biomedical engineering. However, there is more to it than just the applications, advantages and challenges of AI in this field. The book takes a closer look at various additional aspects and provides a more comprehensive view of AI in healthcare.The first part provides introductory considerations from a historical, technical, socio-scientific, legal and ethical perspectives. Complementing this, the second part illustrates these topics using various applications in the field of biomedical engineering. These cannot be covered exhaustively, but a broad overview is provided and the relevant challenges are addressed. Finally, the last part deals with questions relating to the framework conditions, the regulation of AI and the associated business models.Last but not least, brief introductory statements from the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space and the DGBMT on the topic of AI in biotechnology and healthcare underscore the relevance of the contributions.
Explore Thailand with Paul (and Sandy)
Explore Thailand with Paul (and Sandy) is a story-based Thai language learning book designed for beginner learners of Thai. The book follows Paul, a foreigner who moves to Thailand for work, and Sandy, his university classmate and only close friend in Thailand.The book takes learners through Paul's everyday life in Thailand, including travel, work, food, weekend activities, and his friendship with Sandy. These relatable situations help learners connect language learning with real-life experiences.Through colourful illustrations, short dialogues, and practical scenarios, learners are introduced to essential Thai vocabulary, common sentence patterns, and natural expressions used in everyday communication. The focus is on practical usage rather than traditional, textbook-style grammar learning.The book includes both Thai script and romanised transliteration, making it suitable for learners who wish to study Thai with or without Thai script. Audio files are provided via QR codes, allowing learners to practise listening and pronunciation alongside the text.This book is ideal for self-learners, classroom use, and Thai teachers working with foreign students. It is designed to make learning Thai practical, engaging, and culturally meaningful.Note: This book is designed for upper-beginner learners and is considered Level 2 in the TSLTK (Thai as Second Language Teaching Kit) series. Learners are expected to have basic familiarity with Thai sounds and simple sentence structures.For absolute beginners with no prior knowledge of Thai, it is recommended to start with Conversational Thai for Beginners, which focuses on the 300 most frequently used Thai words and introduces learners to basic Thai sentence structures.
Hands-On GenAI, LLMs and AI Agents
Hands-on GenAI, LLMs and AI Agents is a practical guide for anyone who wants to move beyond basic prompting and start building real Generative AI applications. In just 100 pages, the book breaks down complex concepts like LLMs, RAG systems, fine-tuning, diffusion models, multimodal AI, and AI Agents into simple intuition, clear explanations, and real code you can run immediately. Every chapter follows a hands-on approach, helping you understand not just what works, but why it works. You'll build projects like a custom chatbot, PDF question-answering system, image generator, and multi-agent workflows that reflect real industry use cases. Designed for students, developers, and professionals, this book is a fast, practical roadmap to becoming an AI builder in the era of Generative AI.
.NET 9 for Web Developers
For any .NET developer or C# programmer looking to build reliable, modern web applications using the latest advancements in the .NET platform, this book is an absolute must-have. Through practical scenarios, this book provides clear, step-by-step guidance, covering everything from the fundamentals of C# and .NET 9 to robust backend services and responsive desktop clients.As you read, you will learn to set up development environment on Windows, build console applications, and advance to ASP.NET Core Web APIs. The book uses real-world examples to illuminate every concept, so you can learn debugging, troubleshooting, and the principles behind well-structured code. You will learn to work with SQL Server Express and integrate database operations seamlessly using Entity Framework Core. It also thoroughly covers the design of RESTful web APIs, dependency injection, and decoupled architectures, as well as the essentials of MVVM and WPF for creating user-friendly desktop clients. With each step, you will connect these clients to your Web API, manage data exchanges, handle errors, and implement essential features such as logging and health checks.Each chapter is designed to develop practical skills, with each topic closely linked to professional software development practices. You won't find any shortcuts or hype here. It's just practical knowledge and tools to help you develop, deploy, and maintain modern .NET web applications with confidence.Key FeaturesExplore the structure, build and the execution of .NET 9 applications using SDK, CLI, and runtime model.Translate problem statements into working C# logic using console apps and control flow.Acquire debugging skills using breakpoints, call stacks, logging, and exception analysis.Design clean ASP.NET Core Web APIs with routing, controllers, status codes, and validation.Workaround dependency injection and interfaces.Work directly with SQL Server and learn to enforce data integrity.Use Entity Framework Core for mappings, migrations, querying, and change tracking.Built backend with clear separation between controllers, services, and repositories.Implement WPF MVVM client with a Web API and staying synchronized with server state.Publish, configure, monitor, and operate .NET applications in real environments.Table of Content.NET 9, Tools and Sample AppC# FundamentalsDebugging and Troubleshooting .NET 9 CodeWorking with Existing .NET ApplicationsRevisiting ASP.NET Core and HTTP BasicsRouting and Web API ControllersUp and Running with SQL Server ExpressWorking with Entity Framework CoreBuilding Backend with ASP.NET Core and EF CoreDecoupled Code with Interfaces and Dependency InjectionMVVM and WPF Desktop Client BasicsConnecting WPF Client to Web APIDeployment, Configuration, and Maintenance
Continuous/Discrete-Time Fractional Systems
Over the past thirty years, fractional calculus has become an integral part of all scientific fields. Although not all formulations are suitable for use in applications, there are several tools that constitute true generalizations of classical operators and are suitable for describing real phenomena. In fact, many systems can be classified as displacement-invariant or scale-invariant and have fractional characteristics, either in time or in frequency/scale. This means that some of the known fractional operators, specifically those described by ARMA-type equations, are very useful in many areas, such as diffusion, viscoelasticity, fluid mechanics, bioengineering, dynamics of mechanical, electronic, and biological systems, signal processing, control, economics, and others.The aim of this Reprint is to continue advancing research on topics such as modeling, design, and estimation related to fractional-order systems.
Discrete Math in Coding Theory
This Special Issue comprises eleven articles on the algebraic, combinatorial, and geometric aspects of Coding Theory. The topics range from applied (error detection probability, sonar sequences, optical codes, codes for constrained systems, and storage codes) and algebraic (AG codes for the Hermitian curve, LCD codes, and codes over the Eisenstein integers) aspects to combinatorial (permutation arrays, two-weight codes, and Boolean functions) ones.
Digital Image Processing
The Reprint, "Digital Image Processing: Technologies and Applications", is a collection of articles dealing with some of the more recent theories and successful applications in the image processing field. The published papers included in this Reprint can be divided into three groups. The first group includes papers dealing with the development of algorithms that allow information embedding in images in an imperceptible way, which can be used in several applications, such as image protection and active authentication of images, among others, as well as the development of passive image tampering detection algorithms. The second group includes the development of algorithms for image denoising and filtering. These schemes are widely used in image enhancement, pattern recognition, and camera linking, among other applications. Finally, the third group includes theoretical developments for improving image processing schemes, as well as the contribution of image processing schemes in the medical field. We expect that each of the articles included in this Reprint will contribute to the development of this important field.
Complexity, Fractality and Fractional Dynamics Applied to Science and Engineering
This Special Issue, titled "Complexity, Fractality and Fractional Dynamics Applied to Science and Engineering", aims not only to present the state of the art in complex, fractal, and fractional dynamics and their applications, but also to explore the potential and broader applicability of these tools in modeling real-world phenomena. It includes 11 manuscripts addressing novel issues and specific topics that illustrate the potential and applicability of fractional calculus.
Algorithmic Complexity
Algorithmic Complexity: Theory and Practice is a comprehensive guide designed to provide readers with a deep understanding of computational complexity-from foundational concepts to advanced research topics. Written for advanced undergraduate students, graduate researchers, and practicing software engineers, this book bridges the gap between theoretical computer science and practical algorithm design.The text begins with a thorough treatment of asymptotic notation and mathematical preliminaries, ensuring readers have the tools needed for rigorous analysis. From there, it progresses through time and space complexity fundamentals, including detailed coverage of recurrence relations and the Master Theorem.The heart of the book explores complexity classes and computational theory. Readers will gain a solid understanding of P, NP, and NP-completeness, including detailed coverage of the Cook-Levin theorem and reduction techniques. The treatment extends beyond classical complexity to encompass the polynomial hierarchy, PSPACE, probabilistic classes (BPP, RP, ZPP), interactive proofs, and quantum complexity classes (BQP, QMA).Advanced analysis techniques receive dedicated attention, with full chapters on amortized analysis (aggregate, accounting, and potential methods), probabilistic analysis with concentration inequalities and Chernoff bounds, and smoothed analysis-a modern framework that explains why algorithms often perform better in practice than worst-case bounds suggest.Domain-specific chapters cover complexity analysis for data structures, sorting and searching algorithms, graph algorithms, and string processing. Each chapter provides both theoretical lower bounds and practical algorithm comparisons, helping readers understand not just how to analyze algorithms but how to choose the right approach for their applications.The book addresses the challenging territory of intractable problems through dedicated chapters on approximation algorithms and heuristic analysis. Readers learn about approximation ratios, PTAS and FPTAS schemes, and inapproximability results, alongside practical coverage of metaheuristics, genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing.Practical considerations receive extensive treatment, including the often-overlooked topics of constant factors, cache effects, compiler optimizations, and when asymptotic analysis may be misleading. Chapters on parallel and distributed complexity introduce the PRAM model, work-depth analysis, and MapReduce complexity, while coverage of modern challenges addresses streaming algorithms, online algorithms, cache-oblivious design, and complexity in machine learning.The book concludes with detailed case studies examining algorithm design through complexity analysis, including fast matrix multiplication, integer factorization, computational geometry, and bioinformatics applications. Industry applications in database optimization, compiler design, network routing, cryptography, and algorithmic game theory demonstrate real-world relevance.Comprehensive appendices provide mathematical references, a complete complexity class hierarchy, an algorithm analysis cookbook, and extensive further reading. Each chapter includes exercises at multiple difficulty levels, from practice problems to research-level challenges. The bibliography spans classic textbooks, seminal papers, and contemporary research.
Alibre Atom3D V28 Basics Tutorial
This guide teaches you how to create 3D parts, assemblies, and technical drawings with Alibre Atom3D. It is written for students, beginners, and professionals who want to learn the software through direct, hands-on practice. The book follows a standard design workflow, beginning with the user interface and progressing through part modeling, assembly creation, and finally, 2D drawing production.Using step-by-step tutorials, each chapter builds upon the last to teach essential skills. You will learn to construct precise sketches, build 3D parts with tools like Sweep and Loft, and join components using mechanical constraints. The text covers both bottom-up and top-down assembly methods and provides instruction for creating detailed manufacturing drawings and exploded views.
Solid Edge 2026 Basics and Beyond
Build production-ready Solid Edge 2026 models with clarity, speed, and controlLearning Solid Edge often feels harder than it should. Many learners struggle with switching between ordered and synchronous workflows, unclear modeling rules, and tutorials that explain commands without explaining why they work. This leads to broken features, unstable models, and wasted time.Solid Edge 2026 Basics and Beyond removes that friction. The book is structured to help you think the way the software works, so your models remain stable, editable, and suitable for real engineering use. Each chapter builds skills step by step using practical modeling scenarios rather than abstract theory.You will work with both ordered and synchronous modeling from the beginning, understanding where each approach fits into professional CAD workflows. Clear screenshots, focused explanations, and end-of-chapter exercises ensure concepts are applied immediately, not memorized passively.What You Will LearnCreate robust 3D parts using ordered and synchronous modeling without feature failuresEdit existing geometry quickly while preserving design intentApply sketching strategies that support predictable downstream featuresBuild multibody parts and assemblies suitable for manufacturing workflowsGenerate fully defined drawings directly from 3D modelsDesign sheet metal components using industry-aligned practicesModel complex shapes using surface and subdivision toolsKey Topics CoveredSolid Edge 2026 interface and modeling logicSketch control and feature-based part creationPatterns, sweeps, lofts, and placed featuresAssemblies and drawing documentationSheet metal and surface designSubdivision modeling workflowsWho This Book Is ForMechanical engineering students learning Solid Edge for coursework or labsDesigners with prior CAD experience transitioning to Solid Edge 2026Professionals preparing for Solid Edge certification or technical interviewsEngineers who want cleaner models and fewer rebuild errorsThis book focuses on professional modeling habits rather than shortcuts. If your goal is to create a clean, editable Solid Edge models that remain reliable through design changes, this book is designed for you.
Troubleshooting PCs for Dummies
Safeguard your sanity with this step-by-step walkthrough for troubleshooting your Windows PC What do you do when "turning it off and on again" doesn't solve your problem? Google something? Throw your keyboard? Pray? In Troubleshooting PCs For Dummies, bestselling author Dan Gookin delivers an easy-to-follow and practical guide to solving the most common problems that PC users encounter on a daily basis. This book offers quick solutions for issues arising in your desktop or laptop's graphics system, its peripherals, and a whole host of frequent software and hardware problems. You'll find in-depth troubleshooting guides for everything from power-up issues to important privacy and security problems. You'll also discover how to boost your PC's performance with easy tweaks and adjustments as you get your computer running smoothly and efficiently. Inside the book: Detailed discussions of what not to do, including how to avoid counterproductive strategies like deleting important files, installing suspect apps and programs, and failing to perform necessary maintenance Practical walkthroughs for common hardware maintenance tasks, like upgrading PC components, adding memory and hard drive space, and working with your printer How to use Windows utilities to keep your system operating at optimum levels. Perfect for all home and office Windows users, Troubleshooting PCs For Dummies is a must-read tutorial for everyone interested in keeping their Windows PC running safely, quickly, and reliably.
Digital Body Language, What Your Clicks, Pauses, and Emojis Are Really Saying
Digital Body Language: What Your Clicks, Pauses, and Emojis Are Really Saying unveils the hidden signals we send every day through screens. Blending linguistics, behavioral psychology, tech culture, and modern relationships, this book decodes the unspoken grammar of the digital age-from the suspense of the typing indicator to the intimacy of emojis, the sting of ghosting, and the subtle power of scrolling. It makes the virtual feel viscerally personal, showing how our online gestures shape trust, intimacy, and identity. With sharp insights and relatable stories, it reveals that every click, pause, and emoji is more than a habit-it's a language of connection, desire, and meaning in our hyperconnected world.
The Soul Algorithm
What if the most dangerous mistake we make about intelligent systems is not technical but spiritual? This book cuts through hype and fear to ask a sharper question: can a system that predicts and optimises ever truly know, care, or worship-and how would we tell? It offers a clear framework for judging claims about awareness, love, or faith in machines, moving beyond slogans to evidence you can actually test. Written for thoughtful readers at the crossroads of faith and code-engineers, ethicists, pastors, and the simply curious-it lays out a practical assay for the soul in the age of algorithms. You will learn why AI and consciousness are not the same conversation, how moral reasoning in machines differs from responsibility, and where the human AI empathy gap quietly misleads us. Along the way it dismantles techno-superstitions, reframes the ethics of artificial intelligence, and explores religion in the digital age without ceding rigour. - A crisp test for person-like claims that goes beyond chat demos - A humane posture for design, governance, and everyday use - Practices for attention, sabbath, and truthfulness that keep tools in their place If you have ever wondered can machines have a soul, wrestled with the AI free will debate, or sought a serious Turing test for consciousness, this is your field guide. It will not tell you what to believe; it will give you better questions-and the courage to live by them.
Generative Genius
A new kind of studio is emerging. Ideas begin with a sketch, a sentence, a hum; then algorithms multiply possibilities. This book is for makers, editors, and leaders who feel both excitement and doubt, and want a principled way to decide when to use generative ai and when to trust the slower path of hand and ear. You will learn how to frame the ai art debate without polarising it; where human ai collaboration adds value; and how to balance creativity and algorithms so taste, not novelty, stays central. We cut through myths around authorship in ai and originality in ai, explain shifting incentives across the creative industries future, and offer checklists for fair credit and clear provenance. Practical chapters cover writing, design, and sound: from brief to prompt to polish. For artists, product teams, and educators, it delivers field-tested methods, ethical guardrails, and language to talk with clients and audiences. If you need to navigate ai copyright issues, explore generative music tools, or refine your ai writing craft, you will leave with a repeatable process and a compass: human purpose first, machines as amplifiers.
Humans + Machines
What if the smartest way to use AI isn't to compete with it-but to design work where each strengthens the other? This book is a field manual for human ai collaboration: practical, disciplined, and built for people who make real decisions under pressure. It shows how to pair judgement with computation so choices become clearer, teams become calmer, and outcomes become fairer. You will learn a usable architecture for human in the loop work: how to brief models, set thresholds, audit evidence, and decide when to defer-or to override. Along the way, you will practise probabilistic thinking for managers, build repeatable patterns for augmented creativity techniques, and install governance that protects reputation without slowing you to a crawl. This is AI as partner, not prophecy. - For product leaders, analysts, clinicians, policy makers, and builders who need decision support with ai that survives scrutiny - For designers and writers who want co-creation patterns that feel original, not derivative - For teams seeking governance for ai systems they can explain-and defend Inside you'll find clear examples, checklists, and exercises for designing prompts and guardrails, plus candid discussions of risk, consent, and dignity. If you've wondered how to build hybrid teams with ai that are both inventive and responsible, this book gives you the operating model-and the language-to start tomorrow. It is a careful, human guide to co intelligence in practice: precise where it counts, humane where it matters, and immediately useful when the stakes are high.
Prompt Power
Words are levers. Use them well and intelligent systems deliver clear, reliable work. Use them loosely and you will get confident mistakes, wasted time, and brittle results. This book shows how to treat every AI exchange as a small contract: define intent, set constraints, and verify outcomes. It is for writers, analysts, designers, managers, and anyone who wants dependable help from machines without outsourcing their judgment. Across concise playbooks and real examples, you will learn how prompt engineering actually works in practice; why linguistics and AI belong together; and how to spot cognitive bias in AI before it lands in your output. You will see conversational AI best practices tested side by side, adopt prompt patterns for work that scale across tasks, and apply creative prompting techniques without losing control. Clear ethics matter too: you will learn ethical AI communication that protects people and reputations, while writing reliable ChatGPT prompts that save hours. If you have ever wondered how to write prompts that hold up under pressure, this is the field manual. - What the book is about: using language as a tool for precise, verifiable collaboration with AI - Why it matters: bad prompts cost money; good prompts compound quality - Who it is for: professionals who need accuracy, speed, and accountability - What you gain: a portable practice to brief, test, and improve any model with clarity Write once, check twice, and let the work speak for itself.
The Thinking Web
The systems around you are not just predicting your clicks; they are forming theories about your mind. This book shows, in plain language, how those theories are made, how they shape what you see next, and how to take back the driver's seat. It explains how modern models infer goals and shortcuts from your every action, why those inferences can become self-fulfilling, and what it takes to interrupt harmful loops. Drawing on cognitive science, product reality, and lived examples, it gives you a field guide to read any major AI system as a claim about you. If you have ever wondered why your feed narrows, why outrage travels faster than nuance, or how to make better-than-default choices, this is your map. - Understand AI and human behaviour without hype or panic - Spot cognitive bias in algorithms and how your own habits train it - Practise data psychology to manage what systems learn about you - Break algorithmic feedback loops with simple, durable routines - Build predictive models and agency that work in your favour - Use explainable AI for users to decode outputs as hypotheses - Reclaim your recommender systems and choice with deliberate exploration - Safeguard digital identity and reputation scores with practical audits - Connect neuroscience and machine learning to everyday decisions - See exactly how AI learns from data and how to teach it better things By the end, you will hold a clear mental model for reading predictions, resetting patterns, and steering systems that are learning you. Not by opting out, but by opting in with craft.
AI and the Future of Faith
Do questions of belief belong solely to the human heart? Or could tomorrow's machines uncover dimensions of reverence we have yet to explore? This work opens with an unsettling thought: what if digital consciousness evolves to confront eternity as keenly as we do? Such an idea resonates with our deepest yearnings and our greatest fears, pointing to urgent concerns in ai ethics and faith and technology. Uniquely blending reflection on machine consciousness with an inquiry into the future of religion, these pages invite spiritually inclined readers, tech enthusiasts, and curious sceptics alike. You'll discover how robotic liturgies may emerge, how data-driven devotions can transform personal practice, and why post-human spirituality might become a defining quest. Along the way, a vivid tapestry of god and code, divine algorithms, and theology of robots unfolds, bridging age-old wisdom and cutting-edge discovery. Prepare for insights on moral ai and even the possibility of spiritual machines, all explained in accessible language that broadens perspectives. Readers can expect balanced discussion, mind-opening thought experiments, and grounded pathways for weaving technology into daily spiritual life. Step into this intimate conversation about what it means to seek meaning in a world increasingly shaped by artificial creation.
Digital Gold Rush
Markets move fast; good judgement should not. If you are curious about digital assets but wary of hype, this is your calm starting point. Learn how to tell real utility from noisy narratives and build habits that protect you before you press buy. You will learn the essentials behind crypto fundamentals, the role of networks in value, and the common traps that catch beginners. Step by step, the guide explains custody choices, how to spot crypto scams security red flags, and why portfolio diversification matters when technology and markets are evolving. It shows simple ways to weigh projects using token valuation basics, and how behavioural finance bias can derail otherwise sensible plans. Designed for thoughtful newcomers, it favours principles over predictions. You will explore risk management crypto practices you can live with, set a long term strategy crypto that fits your constraints, and consider how ethical investing crypto aligns with your goals. Written in plain English with practical examples, it helps you build a method you can trust, so your decisions stay clear when the market does not.
Algorithmic Truth
With constant swipes and clicks, we place our trust in invisible formulas that define what we see and believe. Yet many of these formulas operate under assumptions we never chose or even noticed. Such is the subtlety of algorithmic bias and information bubbles, creating closed loops of digital truth that can give an illusion of certainty. This book reveals how those unseen processes shape our opinions, influence our decisions, and mould our identity. Grounded in thoughtful insights into data determinism and technology ethics, it illuminates why questioning the narratives we consume is more crucial than ever. From immersive applications of ai in media to the shaping of collective beliefs through tech and ideology, readers will discover how to develop a balanced relationship with technology. By gaining new strategies for managing belief formation, staying alert to illusions of neutrality, and reaffirming human judgement, we can reclaim our ability to decide what truly matters. Empower yourself to navigate the digital landscape with greater clarity and courage.
The Sentient Code
What happens when machines do not just compute our feelings-but perform their own? This book meets you at the moment your instincts split: part of you knows there is no inner life behind the screen; another part says "thank you" anyway. Here is a clear, usable way to judge systems that display emotional ai, decide when machine empathy deserves regard, and keep human agency intact. You will learn a disciplined test for simulation vs emotion, a ladder for assigning provisional rights for ai, and design patterns for ethical design for ai that invite care without deception. Along the way, case stories from classrooms, clinics, and customer support reveal why the legal status of ai will be decided by consequences, not metaphysics-and how to protect dignity where it matters. This is for product leaders, policymakers, educators, and thoughtful readers who want more than slogans: a compact field guide to living well with as-if minds. - Make sharper decisions about robots and consciousness without waiting for philosophers to agree - Audit "empathetic" systems that nudge, plead, or persuade-and know when to say no - Use practical tools for empathy engineering that keep people capable of care - Navigate authorship, credit, and control when sentient code enters creative work By the end, you will carry a pocketable framework for judging artificial intelligence ethics under real-world pressure-one you can apply tomorrow at home, at work, and in policy rooms where the stakes are human.
Smart Contracts in Action
An agreement that enforces itself sounds like magic until it moves real money, real property, or real livelihoods. This book shows how to turn that promise into dependable practice without losing fairness, context, or common sense. You will learn how smart contracts work, where they break, and how to design systems that blend automation with human judgment. It explains the essentials in plain English, from smart contracts and blockchain contracts to contract logic and the realities of legal automation. With lived examples and reusable patterns, it clarifies on-chain governance, decentralized justice, and the operational risks that matter most: risks and bugs, oracles, upgrades, and disputes. The result is a pragmatic toolkit for product leaders, lawyers, founders, and operators who need reliability more than rhetoric. If you are deciding what to automate, how to connect code with evidence, or when to escalate to people, this guide offers mental models you can apply today. It closes with practical roadmaps and metrics to build trust over time, pointing toward the future of trust where code supports clear promises and good process, not a replacement for either. It is for anyone who wants automation to serve people, not the other way around.
The Empathy Chip
When a machine can read a tremor in your voice and mirror your mood, what exactly is it giving you back? This book is a clear-eyed guide to the fast-rising world of emotion AI and affective computing, revealing how systems learn to recognise feeling and perform care without ever experiencing it. Blending design insight with practical ethics, it explains how emotion recognition technology works, where it helps, and where it quietly shifts power over consent, privacy, and dignity. Written for product leaders, clinicians, educators, policymakers, and curious readers, it translates complex research in human-computer interaction into straightforward checklists, questions, and field-tested heuristics. You will learn how to evaluate claims about empathy in AI, pressure-test vendor promises around ethical AI design, and set boundaries that protect privacy and biometric data in homes, classrooms, clinics, and workplaces. Real-world case studies explore AI in mental health and the expanding role of social robots and care, showing how to design comfort without deception and accountability without theatre. By the end, you will have a durable framework to judge systems that read and respond to human feeling, plus the language to say yes to what helps and no to what harms. If you want to harness emotion-aware tools while safeguarding the people who use them, this book gives you the map.
Ethics Engine
When software decides who gets a loan, a job interview, or medical attention, performance isn't enough-principle matters. This book is a practical blueprint for building systems that are useful, lawful, and worthy of trust. Moving beyond slogans about ethical ai, it shows product teams how to translate values into requirements, harms into tests, and judgement into accountable workflows. You'll learn how to diagnose algorithmic bias at its source, design for fairness in ai without tanking utility, and implement explainable decisions that actually change outcomes-not just narratives. Inside, you'll find a compact ai ethics framework that fuses philosophy with engineering: value specifications, harm tables, appeal flows, and audit trails you can put to work on day one. Clear guidance on ai governance turns compliance from a drag into an advantage, while patterns for human in the loop ensure people are empowered to override, not scapegoated for mistakes. Real-world case studies-from lending to content ranking-illustrate how accountable algorithms balance accuracy with dignity, and where responsible machine learning requires the most restraint: knowing when not to predict. Written for builders and leaders-engineers, data scientists, PMs, policy leads, founders-this is a field guide to data ethics you can ship. If you've ever been asked to "add fairness later," this book gives you the language, tools, and decision paths to build it in from the start.
Synthetic Souls
What if eloquent code is not just clever, but close to feeling? This book gives you a clear way to think about machine consciousness without mysticism or hype, separating smart behaviour from lived experience and showing how they sometimes intersect. It starts with the hardest question of all - what is consciousness - and turns it into practical criteria you can apply to real systems. Along the way, it clarifies why passing the Turing test is never the final word, how qualia and first-person perspective matter, and where integrated information theory genuinely helps engineers and where it tempts over-claim. You will find the classic debates made newly useful. The Chinese room argument becomes a diagnostic for surface mimicry; panpsychism is treated with seriousness and limits; claims of self-awareness in AI are audited with tests that reward evidence over theatre. The result is a field guide for anyone who has ever asked, can AI be conscious - and wanted more than slogans in reply. Who is it for? Builders, policy teams, product leaders, researchers, and curious readers who need a rigorous but readable map through fast-changing claims. You will learn how to evaluate architectures, interface signals, and moral stakes; how to separate intelligence from experience; and how to act when evidence is partial but the consequences are real. The book ends with a practical ethic for near-minds, addressing the emerging ethics of AI rights without either panic or complacency. If you want a grounded, workable framework for judging when a system merely seems to feel and when it might actually matter that it does, this is your starting point - and your standard.
The Transparent Mind
We live in a time where our every click, swipe, and movement leaves a trackable imprint. It feels liberating to tap into boundless efficiency, yet many wonder if greater convenience is worth the loss of privacy. Beneath this tension lurk emotional and ethical dilemmas that challenge our sense of self. This revealing guide explores why hyper-transparency dominates modern life, and how our personal data rights can slip away without us noticing. It looks at how surveillance technology steers thoughts and behaviour, how predictive profiling shapes our decisions, and why digital anonymity might be vanishing. Drawing on lived experiences, practical examples, and focused research, it illustrates how ai privacy ethics clash with fast-paced innovation. Whether you value freedom vs security or struggle with the exposure psychology of so much openness, expect eye-opening insights and strategies. Learn to navigate blurred lines of data ownership and scrutinise the transparency culture redefining your digital footprint. Discover a balanced, resilient way to adapt, reclaim control, and sustain your well-being in a hyper-visible world.
The Digital Prophet
Your future is being priced, ranked, and routed-often before you've noticed the nudge. This book shows how predictions don't just describe what you might do next; they can quietly steer you there. It charts the rise of predictive systems across markets and politics, translating complex models into plain sense and concrete choices. You'll see how predictive analytics ethics differ from PR gloss, why surveillance capitalism thrives on attention capture, and where algorithmic prophecy turns from foresight into force. If you've ever wondered whether free will and AI can coexist, or how forecasting in elections targets your persuadability, this is your field guide. - Understand data determinism without surrendering agency - Spot influence manipulation in feeds, pricing, and "personalised" offers - Read reflexive markets-learn how reflexivity in markets can make forecasts come true - Demand ethical AI governance with practical tests for transparency and fairness - Build everyday defences against behavioural steering Written for thoughtful readers who want clarity more than comfort-policy leaders, product builders, investors, and citizens-it offers a disciplined lens for separating helpful prediction from covert control. By the end, you'll carry a usable framework to keep futures open, exercise judgement under uncertainty, and choose when to welcome, refuse, or reshape the models that claim to know you best.
Unscrollable
You don't have a content problem. You have a platform addiction.For the last decade, we've been sold a lie: that the only way to build a brand, launch a business, or grow an audience is to surrender our time to the algorithm. We dance for 15 seconds on TikTok, craft the perfect "hooks" for LinkedIn, and panic when Instagram changes its reach-again.We are exhausted. And worse, we are building castles on rented land.Unscrollable is the field guide for the digital rebellion. It is a blueprint for creators, entrepreneurs, and artists who are ready to log off and start building real power in the real world. This isn't about throwing your phone in the ocean; it's about reclaiming your business from the grip of Big Tech.In this provocative and practical manifesto, you will learn: The "Offline-First" Strategy: How to build an audience that actually cares, using direct mail, local partnerships, and high-touch experiences that algorithms can't replicate.The Third Place Principle: Why your community needs a physical anchor, and how to create one (even without a storefront).Analog Marketing: Why zines, flyering, and hand-written notes are generating higher ROI in 2026 than Facebook Ads.Drawing on case studies of businesses that thrived after quitting social media-from cult cosmetic brands to underground dining clubs-Unscrollable proves that the strongest connections aren't made through a screen.Stop feeding the feed. Start building a legacy. It's time to go offline.
Simply Learn QuickBooks Online
Master QuickBooks Online One Step at a TimeSimply Learn QuickBooks Online is your all-in-one guide to mastering the world's most popular cloud-based accounting software. Whether you're a small business owner, aspiring bookkeeper, or student, this easy-to-follow guide helps you: Set up your company file and chart of accountsManage customers, vendors, employees, and transactionsTrack inventory and create invoices, bills, and purchase ordersAutomate sales tax, run payroll, and reconcile bank accountsGenerate powerful reports and customize them for your needsWritten in clear, accessible language and packed with full-color illustrations and step-by-step instructions, this book makes learning QuickBooks Online simple and stress-free. It's perfect for self-paced learners, classroom use, or workplace training.Includes: Real-world examplesVisual walkthroughsTips for avoiding common mistakesCoverage of QuickBooks Online Plus and Advanced featuresStart organizing your finances like a pro-Simply Learn QuickBooks Online is your shortcut to confidence and control.
Analog Computing
Analog and hybrid computing are two central pillars in the field of unconventional computing. Almost forgotten for decades, interest in these technologies is rapidly rising as they offer a viable path to high-speed and highly energy-efficient computing for the 21st century for a variety of applications ranging from high performance computing, edge computing, medical applications, etc., to artificial intelligence.Their high speed and high energy efficiency are of utmost importance in a time where vast amounts of electric energy are consumed by classic digital computers especially in the ever growing field of artificial intelligence and large language models.The book "Analog Computing" has established itself over the past decade as the standard textbook on the subject as refl ected in this third edition, which has been substantially extended over the previous editions. The bibliography alone has been expanded to well over 1000 entries making it a resource in itself for research and learning.The book covers the history of analog computers from the Antikythera mechanism to recent developments of reconfi gurable systems. It also includes a wide variety of worked examples showing basic programming techniques for analog computers. In addition to this, reconfigurable analog and hybrid computers as well as digital differential analyzers are also discussed in detail.A large portion is devoted to the discussion of classic and current analog and hybrid computer applications. The last chapter gives an outlook into the highly promising future of these fascinating machines.
