Biopolymers and Biodegradable Polymers
In an era defined by environmental consciousness, this Reprint, titled "Biopolymers and Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, Application, and Degradation Behavior," emerges as a pivotal resource. This Reprint bridges the gap between fragmented research, offering a comprehensive and unified exploration of the burgeoning field of sustainable materials. It delves into the fundamental principles of biopolymer synthesis, unraveling the intricate relationships between molecular structure and material properties. Readers will gain a thorough understanding of the diverse applications that leverage the unique characteristics of these eco-friendly polymers, as well as a critical analysis of their degradation behavior. The chapters in this Reprint cover diverse topics, ranging from bio-based pavement stabilization to advanced polymer design, non-woven fabrication, and chitosan films. Readers can gain knowledge regarding deep learning for cell migration, PLA crystallization, and applications spanning ternary blends, flame retardants, dental polymers, and tissue regeneration. This Reprint shines a light on biopolymers' transformative potential for a greener future.
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Metals by Surface Treatments
Combined with the rapid development of new fields in science and technology, there is also a requirement for the necessary materials to have excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance, high-temperature features, corrosion resistance, etc., particularly in the fields of aerospace, marine science, and automobiles. Such materials can suffer from severe wear, corrosion, or high-temperature oxidation on their surface, resulting in their initial failure and even more severe losses. Therefore, the surface characteristics of these materials should be improved. We launched a Special Issue, titled "Enhanced Mechanical Properties by Surface Treatment", which intends to serve as a unique multidisciplinary forum covering a variety of materials, advanced manufacturing technology, advanced characterization methods, performance measurements, and numerical simulation. Now, the Special Issue has been closed, and 21 papers have been published. This Special Issue includes (but is not limited to) the following topics: materials, such as metal alloys, ceramic materials, polymers, and composites; performance properties, such as mechanical properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high-temperature oxidation, magnetic performance, and biocompatibility; and preparation methods, such as laser sintering, laser melting, PVD, CVD, and PEO.
Organic Chemistry (Transition from High School to College)
Organic Chemistry: Transition from High School to College is a comprehensive textbook on foundational organic chemistry which aims to provide a seamless link between the higher secondary and the undergraduate level. The book has been organized logically to provide an excellent coverage on the structure, reactions and synthesis of organic compounds. Advanced high school students and beginning undergraduates will find this book invaluable for their academic progression and also for competitive entrance examinations. Also students in pharmaceutics, polymer science and medicinal chemistry will find this book very useful.Key Features - Clear explanations of basic principles of organic chemistry. - Logical approaches from structure to reactions to synthesis of organic molecules. - Inclusion of spectroscopy and retrosynthesis as advanced topics. - Introduction to polymers and biomolecules as special topics. - Inclusion of in-chapter problems with detailed answers and end-of-chapter supplementary problems for practice.
Nanomaterials for the Environmental Remediation of Water and Soil
This Special Issue focuses on the prospects and challenges of nanoremediation and environmental clean-ups, presenting several interesting contributions from researchers exploring the use of waste-derived precursors for the preparation of nanomaterials aimed at the remediation of contaminated water and soil.
Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2024
Due to the success of the previous Special Issue "10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Inorganic Materials", published in 2023, and the high level of interest in this topic, the Editors decided to launch this Special Issue "Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2024" as a complementary Special Issue, with the aim of continuing the discussion on the recent advancements in the field of functional inorganic materials for a 'green' and sustainable future, with a specific focus on describing the production of inorganic materials following alternative eco-friendly methods, new protocols and strategies for the reuse of inorganic materials, and newly emerging areas of interest involving the sustainable use of inorganic materials.
Rheology Properties of Hydrogels
The book titled "Rheological Properties of Hydrogels" is structured into five chapters. Rheology of hydrogels refers to the study of their flow and deformation behavior under different conditions. Hydrogels are water-swollen, crosslinked polymer networks, and their rheological properties play a crucial role in determining their performance in various applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing.Hydrogels often exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior, meaning their viscosity depends on the shear rate. At low shear rates, hydrogels behave as viscous materials with high viscosity, while at high shear rates, they display shear-thinning behavior, where viscosity decreases. This characteristic is particularly important for applications like injectable drug delivery, where viscosity influences ease of administration.Additionally, thixotropic hydrogels exhibit time-dependent shear thinning-under stress, they become less viscous, and when the stress is removed, they gradually recover their original structure. This property is especially useful in applications such as controlled drug release or bioinks for 3D printing.
Mining Innovation
The contemporary exploitation of natural raw materials requires the execution of many interrelated exploration, access, preparatory, and exploitation excavations. Presently, at each stage of mining, modern computer-aided design programs are used to quickly estimate the deposit exploitation factor as well as the safety of the performed excavations. Mining is closely related to natural hazards; therefore, new solutions aimed at more effective mining methods and intelligent construction materials for excavation supports and their monitoring are being sought. Managing the project along with the execution of the work schedule is necessary to complete the excavations on time. Both mechanical driving and the use of explosives require the determination of the strength, deformation, and structural parameters of the rock mass to effectively and quickly ensure excavation. To best reflect the mining conditions, model tests are often performed to understand the processes occurring in industrial conditions. Laboratory and numerical tests, case studies of mining methods, cooperation of support with the rock mass, and the liquidation method of the post-mining space are the basis for the current and future state of mining areas.
Plant Electrochemistry
The book comprehensively views the intersection between electrochemistry and botany. It attempts to inform people about the capacity of electrochemistry to provide information of interest to plant science. This includes electrophysiology, plant communication, and plant defense responses, as well as chemoecological and phylogenetic aspects.
Applications of Modeling and Machine Learning in Additive Manufacturing
This Special Issue reprint includes thirteen articles on the applications of modeling and machine learning for the novel design of additively manufactured products, additive manufacturing processes, alloy design, tailoring microstructures, customized mechanical and chemical properties, improved creep resistance, fatigue life, serviceability, and reducing defects and residual stresses and distortion.
Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials
Globally, more than USD 400 million/year is spent on corrosion protection and productivity losses due to corrosion. Corrosion, a process associated with chemical/electrochemical reactions, often has deleterious consequences on mechanical properties, ultimately resulting in the degradation of a material. Metallic components, widely employed in various industries, i.e., oil, gas, marine, nuclear, fuel cells, medicine, and electricity generation, often suffer from severe corrosion, which might be detrimental to service life and even cause serious accidents. Meanwhile, some extreme corrosive environments are also the main restriction on the applications of advanced metallic materials with excellent mechanical properties. Thus, understanding corrosion behavior and its effect on mechanical properties will always be of great practical significance to the development and application of metallic materials. This Special Issue aims to provide a research forum for reporting corrosion behavior and related mechanical properties, chemical compositions, and microstructures of metallic materials, in order to address existing corrosion challenges and assist in the development of super corrosion-resistant materials. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the topics mentioned above, as long as they enhance our knowledge of corrosion protection.
Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture
Adsorption of Erichrome Black T using Activated Charcoal
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2024 in the subject Chemistry - Other, grade: A, language: English, abstract: The removal of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye from aqueous solutions using activated charcoal was investigated through batch adsorption studies. The effects of adsorption parameters such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were systematically examined. The results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal increased with higher adsorbent doses and longer contact times, attributed to the availability of adsorption sites and extended interaction periods. Transmittance measurements, obtained using a colorimeter, indicated a significant reduction in dye concentration post-adsorption. These findings suggest that activated charcoal is an effective adsorbent for EBT dye removal, highlighting its potential application in industrial wastewater treatment processes. Colorimetric analysis using transmittance measurements provided quantitative evidence of significant dye concentration reduction after treatment, confirming effective adsorption. The adsorption process was rapid initially, followed by a slower phase as equilibrium approached, suggesting multilayer adsorption and a potential chemisorption mechanism. These findings were consistent with the behavior observed in other kinetic studies involving synthetic dyes.
Recent Developments in Wood Polymer Composites
Wood polymer composites have emerged as a beacon of progress that is continuously evolving and attracting intensive research endeavors. The academic community has responded with a proliferation of publications, each presenting exciting results and advancements that hold significant potential for practical applications. However, wood polymer composites are also confronted with some challenges such as synthetic procedures, scale-up productions, performance enhancement, multifunctionality, biomimetic structures and functions, intelligent properties, underlying mechanisms of action, and high-tech applications. This reprint focuses on "Recent Developments in Wood Polymer Composites", which is the collaborative effort of several senior experts in this field. It aims to provide a concise and penetrating exploration of the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of wood polymer composites, thereby revealing their unique value in sustainable development and outlining the latest research advancements in this field. This reprint is designed for a multidisciplinary audience, including the professionals in forestry engineering, materials science, environmental science, and chemical engineering, as well as policymakers and business leaders with an interest in sustainable materials. We hope this reprint will serve as an invaluable reference for professionals in this field, contributing to the ongoing evolution of wood polymer composites.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Hydrothermal ore deposits are formed via the circulation of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids from a variety of sources within the crust, including fluids of mixed origin. Magmatic fluids have been found to potentially evolve into hydrothermal fluid that is mixed with meteoric water in many geological studies. These deposits may form near the surface, such as epithermal deposits, or at deeper levels, such as hypothermal deposits including porphyry deposits. Their formation is engendered by the various physicochemical conditions encountered by the related ore-forming hydrothermal fluids along their flow paths.This Special Issue aims to elucidate the role and importance of hydrothermal fluid in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits in a broad sense. This Special Issue contains research papers that apply analytical techniques, including geothermometry and geobarometry, geochemical techniques, and geological observations, to address the source and evolution of hydrothermal fluid. With this, we may be able to disclose the genesis of ore deposits, as well as their relevance to the exploration of these deposits.
Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems
Power electronics-interfaced devices have brought significant advantages in terms of flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability to modern power systems. However, PEDs have also profoundly changed the dynamics of power systems and introduced complex challenges, particularly in the areas of stability, control, and fault management. Modern power systems are increasingly characterized by reduced system inertia, weak damping, nonlinear interactions, and multiple time scale dynamics. These factors exacerbate challenges such as transient stability, voltage stability, frequency regulation, and fault detection. Furthermore, the rise in stochastic power generation and consumption introduces uncertainties that complicate the analysis and control of system behavior. Addressing these challenges requires innovative approaches that blend theoretical insights with practical solutions.This Special Issue presents a collection of cutting-edge research that addresses these challenges from diverse perspectives. From enhancing stability control mechanisms to advancing fault recovery strategies and leveraging data-driven tools, these studies provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art approaches being developed to address the complexities of power systems with high PED penetration. By combining theoretical advancements with practical applications, this collection aims to contribute to the development of resilient, efficient, and sustainable power.
Power System Analysis Control and Operation
With the increasing integration of renewable energy resources (RERs), energy storage resources (ESRs), and electric vehicles (EVs), power system operation has become more complex. Demand response mechanisms, enabling end-users to manage electricity usage during peak hours, add another layer of sophistication to energy management. Additionally, sector coupling, which bridges energy supply and end-use sectors, is gaining global attention as a method to enhance system efficiency, flexibility, and reliability.The reprint of the Special Issue "Power System Analysis, Control, and Operation" addresses the growing challenges and innovations in modern and future power systems. It compiles advanced research on topics such as power grid operation, optimal power flows, and the integration of RERs, ESRs, EVs, and distributed energy resources. It also explores data analytics, forecasting methods, and strategies for improving grid sustainability, reliability, and resilience. Studies on cross-sector coordination, such as the interaction between power and transportation systems, and sector coupling solutions further emphasize the need for innovative approaches to energy system integration.The collection offers valuable insights for researchers, professionals, and policymakers working to address technical challenges, close research gaps, and advance the design of smart, sustainable energy systems in an increasingly interconnected world.
The Princeton Field Guide to Sauropod and Prosauropod Dinosaurs
An authoritative illustrated guide to the long-necked herbivores that roamed the dinosaur world, from the enormous Brontosaurus and Brachiosaurus to their prosauropod ancestors New discoveries are transforming our understanding of the sauropod and prosauropod dinosaurs, revealing startling new insights into the lives and look of these awesome herbivores. The Princeton Field Guide to Sauropod and Prosauropod Dinosaurs provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the mighty plant eaters that ruled the earth for many tens of millions of years. This incredible guide covers some 275 species and features stunning illustrations of sauropodomorphs of many shapes and sizes. It discusses their history, anatomy, physiology, locomotion, reproduction, growth, size, and extinction, and even gives a taste of what it might be like to travel back to the Mesozoic. This one-of-a-kind guide also discusses the controversies surrounding these marvelous creatures, taking up such questions as the extreme size of the biggest land animals of all time and whether the super long-necked sauropods held their heads as high as multistory buildings.Features detailed species accounts of some 275 sauropod and prosauropod dinosaurs, with the latest size and mass estimatesShares new perspectives on iconic sauropodomorphs such as Plateosaurus and BrontosaurusCovers everything from the biology of sauropods and prosauropods to the colorful history of paleontologyFeatures a wealth of color and black-and-white drawings and figures, including life studies, scenic views, and original skeletal, skull, and muscle reconstructionsIncludes detailed color maps
Chemistry Calculations for Beginners
This textbook is not just about calculations but features many salient chemistry concepts such as the symbols of elements, balancing chemical equations, chemical formulae of ionic compounds, the Periodic Table, IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds, redox equations, the atom, and more.
Contents and Environmental Mobilities in Soils and Sediments Volume II
Researches Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide
Researches Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide
