How Biology Works
Discover everything you need to know about biology, with the simplest most visual guide to the science of life. How do vaccines work? What is special about stem cells? How did we evolve from bacteria? The science of life can be dauntingly complex, and it can be hard to separate "good" science from "bad", fundamental truths from the much-hyped breakthroughs reported in the media. With clear, easy-to-understand graphics and packed with fascinating facts, How Biology Works demystifies both the core biology that may have eluded us at school, and the cutting-edge life science that makes the news, answering the questions that spark our curiosity. With power to every page, this striking science book: - Is illustrated entirely by specially commissioned, boldly-colored, distinctive, flat, vector graphics that explain each topic clearly and engagingly.- Uses clear, distinctive, eye-catching graphics to make even complex biology easy to understand.- Offers a practical, no-nonsense approach to each subject. Building from life's fundamental ingredients, such as carbon and water, the book explains chemical processes in living cells, controlled by the ultimate biochemical, DNA. It shows how DNA is made of units called genes, which are shuffled in each generation of offspring, leading to variation and evolution. It covers topics from school biology, such as how plants work and how animals, including humans, work, and goes on to ecology and biotechnology. Beyond school science, however, it covers the background to the latest medical technology and biotechnology: how gene therapy works, what stem-cell research is achieving, and how our immune systems, boosted by vaccines, are in an arms race with ever-mutating viruses and other pathogens. At DK, we believe in the power of discovery. So why stop there? How Biology Works is part of DK's widely successful How Stuff Works series. Discover the inner workings of the mind with How the Brain Works, succeed in all things science with How Science Works and discover the cosmos like you've never known before with How Space Works. Whatever topic sparks your interests, there's a plethora of knowledge to discover!
Phytochemicals
This Reprint, entitled "Phytochemicals: Extraction, Optimization, Identification, Biological Activities, and Applications in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Industries," comprises original research articles and critical reviews on increasing the value of compounds derived from plants. Interest in natural plant extracts has grown in areas related to food and beverage formulation, food technology enhancement, and their potential use in the prevention and management of a variety of diseases. The salutary attributes conferred by diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains result not only from fiber, vitamins, and minerals, but also from a myriad of phytochemicals. Among those, phenolic compounds represent major classes of plant secondary metabolites with biological antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. These make phenolics of special relevance to the prevention of diseases, health maintenance, and the development of functional ingredients in nutraceutical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. This Reprint compiles recent advances in phytochemical chemistry, extraction techniques, analytical methods, and biological activity characterization. It also emphasizes studies that interpret molecular mechanisms of action using established and advanced bioanalytical approaches. Researchers have contributed both original investigations and comprehensive reviews, offering updated insights into the role of phytochemicals in health and industry applications.
Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals
Following the success of the first edition, the second edition of the Reprint "Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals" continues to showcase significant advances in veterinary medicine, with a particular focus on innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the health, welfare, and quality of life of companion animals. This Reprint brings together high-quality contributions addressing emerging approaches such as regenerative medicine, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and precision medicine, reflecting the rapid evolution of treatment options for both chronic and acute conditions in small animal practice. Building on the momentum established previously, the articles included in this Reprint highlight notable progress in diagnostic techniques, personalized treatment strategies, and minimally invasive and image-guided procedures. Special attention is given to the integration of advanced technologies and interdisciplinary perspectives, emphasizing collaboration among veterinarians, researchers, and biotechnologists as a driving force for innovation in companion animal therapy. Through original research articles, clinical studies, case-based analyses, and comprehensive reviews, this Reprint provides a valuable overview of state-of-the-art therapeutic developments and their practical implications. Collectively, the contributions offer an informative resource for veterinary professionals and researchers seeking to remain at the forefront of advanced therapeutic approaches in companion animal medicine.
Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Activity of Natural Products, 2nd Edition
The second edition of this Special Issue, entitled "Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Activity of Natural Products", contains 12 research and 2 review articles. They present recent advancements in the discovery of bioactive compounds from plants, essential oils, and microbial metabolites. These contributions discuss the mechanisms of action, highlighting anti-virulence strategies, biofilm inhibition, and immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, this collection explores synergistic associations with conventional antibiotics and integrates in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence. This volume provides critical insights into the clinical prospects of natural products in combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Effect of Dietary Antioxidants in Chronic Disease Prevention
It is well accepted that a high intake of dietary antioxidants is associated with a decreased chronic disease risk. According to in vitro and in vivo studies, dietary phytochemicals possess therapeutic potential for chronic diseases by modulating different signaling pathways and/or reshaping the gut microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these activities are not quite clear yet, and further studies are needed to discover the cross-connection in signaling pathway networks between oxidative stress and disease prevention.This Reprint comprises a total of 11 articles, encompassing one Editorial, two clinical cohort studies, three in vivo experimental studies, three in vitro experimental studies, and two reviews. These studies collectively demonstrate the significant potential of dietary antioxidants in mitigating chronic diseases through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which highlight the importance of targeted nutritional interventions in chronic disease prevention and management. Future research should focus on elucidating the deeper mechanisms and conducting larger-scale clinical trials to further validate these promising results and optimize dietary recommendations.
Feed Additives in Pig Feeding
Dear colleagues, We are pleased to present a series of 14 articles published in the Special Issue of Animals entitled "Feed Additives in Pig Nutrition: Second Edition". The aim of this Special Issue was to present nutritional strategies that can reduce the impact of intensive pig production on climate change, the natural environment, as well as on the pigs themselves. You will find here nine original research articles and five review papers related to this topic. The authors demonstrate how the use of various nutritional strategies such as feed additives, including probiotics, bioactive substances, minerals, vitamins, or sweeteners, can effectively reduce the negative impact of pig production.
Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture
Modern agriculture is a significant contributor to climate change and environmental degradation, and various environmental stressors-significantly exacerbated by climate change-affect cropping systems, decreasing yields and product quality. Therefore, it is imperative to identify innovative, biobased approaches to improve the sustainability of cropping systems, reduce their contribution to climate change, and make agriculture more resilient and productive. In this context, the valorization of agro-industrial waste represents a strategic and relevant way to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and increase its productivity. Some recent studies have focused on producing biostimulants and biofertilizers from agro-industrial wastes, thereby advancing a circular economy paradigm. Furthermore, within the scope of promoting third-generation biorefinery, following pretreatment for the extraction/production of valuable substances, this kind of biomass can be utilized for anaerobic digestion for energy production and finally converted into (bio)fertilizers.This Special Issue provides an overview of innovative and cutting-edge research on the potentialities of biomass, including the research on obtaining biostimulants, biofertilizers, and composting from natural resources and waste. The studies also focused on producing biogas or biomethane from agro-industrial waste for energy production.
New Insights into the Genetic Regulation and Quality Improvement of Grapes
Grapevines are among the earliest domesticated plants and are also one of the most widely cultivated and commercially important fruit trees worldwide. Grapes can not only be consumed as fresh fruits but can also be used for industrial processing to produce goods such as wine, dried fruits, and fruit juice. Grapevines are characterized by abundant germplasm resources, which are reflected in significant differences in fruit quality (berry weight, sugar, acid, anthocyanin, and aroma) and resistance mechanisms (to biotic and abiotic stress). Therefore, analyzing the genetic characteristics of different resources and optimizing cultivation can provide a more solid theoretical basis for high-quality grapevine production. This reprint collects the latest research achievements of researchers in the field of grapevine genetic regulation mechanisms and quality improvement, aiming to promote the sustainable development and high-quality and efficient production of the grape industry.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Quality of Horticultural Commodities
Diet Composition, Eating Habits and Their Impact on Metabolic Diseases
Advances in Research for Legume Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding
Legumes provide food, feed, grain, oil, and fiber for domestic consumption. Horticultural legumes are grown specifically for human diets and are useful in terms of enhancing the living environment. Legumes are an excellent source of protein and are low in fat and sodium and high in dietary fiber, iron, zinc, potassium, magnesium, vitamins, folate, etc.This Reprint of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences focuses on recent "Advances in Research for Legume Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding". The highlighted research will accelerate legume improvement by using genetic, genomic, and molecular breeding approaches.
Effects of Environmental Exposure on Host and Microbial Metabolism
Trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, reside in our gastrointestinal tract and play an essential role in human health and disease. The gut microbiota can be disrupted by various factors, including environmental exposure. Disruptions of the gut microbiota by environmental exposure may exert adverse effects on human health by affecting host metabolism, intrinsic microbial metabolism, and gut microbiota-host co-metabolism. This Reprint investigates a wide spectrum of these influences, from emerging environmental pollutants like microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and bisphenol S to traditional contaminants such as fluoride and epoxiconazole fungicide. It also evaluates the role of dietary factors, including non-caloric sweeteners, probiotics, prebiotics, and natural compounds. The research compiled here marks a significant advance in deciphering the complex relationship between our environment, our metabolism, and our microbial inhabitants. These findings are crucial in unraveling the intricate metabolic processes that shape both human health and the dynamics of our microbial partners. While these findings are pivotal, they also underscore the need for further research to establish the causal roles of the gut microbiota in disease development and progression. A deeper understanding of these interdependencies is essential to guide the development of precise and effective strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
Recent Advances in Assessment and Rehabilitation of Individuals with Communication and Language Disorders
This Reprint focuses on the latest research and clinical advances in the assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with lifelong communication and language disorders. Highlighting interdisciplinary approaches from speech-language pathology, neuroscience, psychology, and education, it explores innovative diagnostic methodologies, evidence-based therapeutic interventions, and emerging technologies that enhance clinical outcomes. The contributions examine speech, language, voice, and swallowing disorders from both developmental and acquired perspectives, addressing theoretical frameworks alongside practical applications. Special attention is given to personalized rehabilitation strategies, cross-linguistic and cultural considerations, and the integration of digital tools in clinical practice. By presenting cutting-edge studies, systematic reviews, and novel intervention models, this Reprint offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and educators seeking to improve assessment precision and therapeutic effectiveness.
Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy
This reprint, part of the Biology and Medicines section of Nanomaterials, presents a curated collection of peer-reviewed articles from the successful third edition of our Special Issue. Building on the achievements of previous editions, this volume highlights cutting-edge research on the design and application of nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy.The included works explore innovative strategies such as targeted drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, theranostic platforms, and advanced imaging agents. Topics range from experimental studies at the cellular, preclinical, and clinical levels to computational modeling of nanomaterial-biological interactions. Together, these contributions demonstrate how nanotechnology is transforming precision oncology and diagnostic imaging.This reprint serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals seeking the latest developments in nanomedicine and cancer treatment.
Biomolecular Structure, Function and Interactions
This Reprint contains eleven papers published in the Special issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences entitled "Biomolecular Structure, Function and Interactions". These papers bring together examples of various experimental, computational, and machine-learning methodologies in biophysical chemistry. Biophysical chemistry is a truly interdisciplinary research area combining the principles of physics, biology, and chemistry to explore the processes in biological systems and their underlying physical and chemical properties. The focus of the researchers in this field is on understanding how biological molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, interact with each other and with their environment at the molecular level. Thus, biomolecular interactions are a fundamental part of biophysical chemistry. Biophysical chemists are also occupied with the determination of the structure and function of biomacromolecules.
Advances in Plant-Sourced Natural Compounds as Anticancer Agents
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in countries with higher life expectancy, education levels, and standards of living, despite significant advances in early detection and treatment over recent decades. As a result, there is growing interest in exploring alternative and complementary strategies, such as the use of natural compounds as adjuvant therapies, to improve patient outcomes.The plant world has emerged as a rich source of bioactive molecules for the discovery and development of new anticancer drugs. Several plant metabolites have served as lead structures for the development of FDA-approved chemotherapeutics. Research into medicinal plants continues to grow because novel therapeutics derived from them offer the promise of more effective, less toxic treatment options for patients, particularly when conventional therapies are limited by resistance or intolerable side effects. Plant extracts and isolated phytochemicals have demonstrated strong potential to improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients, as evidenced by a growing body of preclinical and clinical research. In addition to direct cytotoxic effects, many phytochemicals modulate key signaling pathways involved in tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. They may enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to existing treatments.
Underwater Acoustic Technologies for Sustainable Fisheries
This Reprint brings together nine studies that illustrate the essential role of acoustic methods in modern fisheries science and ecosystem conservation. It highlights practical and advanced applications that support sustainable fisheries, enhance monitoring accuracy, and facilitate broader ecological research.Key topics include foundational work on Target Strength (TS) estimation, crucial for species identification and biomass assessment. Several papers address challenges in broadband quantification, validate theoretical models such as the KRM, and establish TS-length relationships important for reliable resource evaluation. Other contributions examine the use of scientific echosounders to analyze species' spatiotemporal distribution and to assess fish stock recovery in inland waters, offering strong evidence for the effectiveness of conservation policies such as China's fishing ban.This Reprint also features studies that utilize acoustic cameras to monitor large aquatic organisms. Some works combine imaging acoustics with deep learning and tracking algorithms to achieve automated and efficient target identification and counting. This Reprint also extends to passive acoustic monitoring, which provides non-invasive insights into endangered species such as the Yangtze Finless Porpoise, informing conservation strategies.
Establishment of State-of-the-Art Methods/Techniques and Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Brain Tumor Diagnosis
Rapid progress in brain tumor diagnostics is reshaping practice across neuro-oncology. In line with the newly updated WHO classification of CNS tumors, which formalizes an integrated diagnosis that combines histopathological criteria with tumor-specific molecular signatures, current research is expanding the set of markers and tools that refine tumor recognition and classification. Parallel advances in methodology are streamlining workflows and improving diagnostic accuracy.This Special Issue presents recent advancements and breakthroughs in brain tumor diagnosis. It focuses on the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers, the development and assessment of new diagnostic techniques, and the implementation of state-of-the-art methods for detection and classification. Content spans neuroimaging, molecular biology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis, with an emphasis on approaches that support precision diagnostics and inform treatment selection.
Biomolecular Approaches and Drugs for Neurodegeneration
This reprint presents a collection of recent contributions addressing the urgent challenges posed by neurodegenerative diseases. In more detail, it explores therapeutic convergence through natural products, drug repurposing, and biomolecular targets, while also examining specific topics like the selective vulnerability of neuronal populations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), cholesterol metabolism in microglia, and innovative approaches to prion inhibition. We also report on studies highlighting mitochondria as key modulators of neurodegeneration. The work also presents nutraceutical strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD) models and investigates anti-inflammatory compounds able to regulate microglial activity. The reprint further expands on the neuroprotective potential of plant-derived molecules, adrenergic receptor signaling in AD, immune system involvement in multiple sclerosis, and therapeutic strategies for spinocerebellar ataxia. Collectively, the different topics discussed in this work emphasize the multifaceted nature of neurodegeneration research, demonstrating how molecular insights, pharmacological innovation, and translational approaches converge to pave the way for future neurotherapies.
Advances in Wine Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Health Benefits
This Reprint, prepared within the Special Issue "Advances in Wine Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Health Benefits", presents a collection of published articles that highlight current progress in understanding the composition, quality, and potential health-related properties of wine. The collected contributions reflect the diversity and innovation of contemporary wine science. They explore topics ranging from the influence of vineyard environment and winemaking practices on the aromatic and phenolic profile of wines to the use of advanced analytical techniques such as non-destructive spectroscopy and chemometric modeling. Special attention is given to identifying compounds responsible for physicochemical characteristics, sensory perception, and antioxidant activity, supporting the view of wine as a potential functional food. Additional studies examine the role of microorganisms, the impact of technological innovations, and consumer perception, opening opportunities for wines tailored to evolving market expectations and health-conscious lifestyles.By assembling these insights, this Reprint offers a clear overview of the latest research directions and demonstrates how multidisciplinary approaches continue to deepen understanding of wine as a complex chemical, sensory, and biological system. It provides a valuable resource for readers interested in the scientific foundations of wine quality and its potential contribution to well-being.
Editorial Board Members' Collection Series
Human activities have induced conspicuous global changes including, inter alia, climate change, land use change, nitrogen deposition, and biological invasions, which negatively impact biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Anthropocene. The decline in biodiversity and the deterioration of ecosystem functions and services may hamper the sustainable development of both the economy and society. Although numerous studies have been conducted over the past few decades, the biological and ecological mechanisms governing how global changes affect biodiversity and ecosystem functions are not fully understood. This reprint presents studies that advance our understanding of how global change drivers affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology
Fruit tree physiology and molecular biology, a key branch of agricultural science, is key to maintaining the sustainability of the global fruit industry amid worsening conditions due to climate change and the growing demand for high-quality, diverse fruits. Critical physiological changes in fruit trees-flower bud differentiation, fruit/seed development, sugar-acid/color formation, rootstock impacts on tree/fruit quality, and stress responses-guide production, and analyzing their molecular mechanisms remains a focus of research, as this drives practical guidance.​ This Reprint "Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology" presents the latest work by global researchers in this field, focusing on four core areas: extreme environment adaptation, efficient resource use, precise quality improvement, and variety innovation. It covers apples, pears, grapes, etc., integrating multi-omics, CRISPR/Cas9, and cultivation techniques to explore stress resistance, nutrient regulation, and germplasm innovation mechanisms, solving industry issues (low efficiency, poor resilience, etc.).​ Our motivation for compiling this Reprint lies in addressing challenges (nutrient imbalance, pear ring rot, lab-field gaps, etc.) and consolidating progress (key genes, YOLOv10 models, etc.), and gaps (molecular-physiological links) are bridged via theory-practice research. The targets of this Special Issue Reprint include researchers (new mechanisms), agronomists (field optimization), and students (trends). It aims to inspire collaboration, accelerate technological translation, and advance a climate-resilient, high-quality industry for food security.
Role of Food Digestion and Digestive System in the Nutritional, Functional and Health Properties of Food Bioactives
Understanding the complex process of food digestion is an area of intense research due to its direct liaison with nutrition and health. Over the last few years, consumers have been paying more attention to how nutritional factors and the consumption of certain foods may impact human well-being, as food components may display either beneficial or adverse effects in the digestive system, and therefore, in human health. Hence, our gastrointestinal tract is exposed to a large variety of food components once they are processed, released, and eventually transported across the intestinal barrier. Food compounds are thus metabolized and subjected to different changes in the digestive system, and scientists working on functional foods aim to uncover this challenge to better determine the health implications of food bioactives. While the simulation of the physiological conditions of the digestion process is a crucial step, there is growing evidence regarding the health impact of the modulation of digestive functions through dietary substances. Therefore, the goal of this Special Issue was to gather the latest research on the three-way interplay between the digestive system, the food matrix and composition during digestion, and the nutritional and functional properties of food bioactives, highlighting investigations applying model systems of food gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, bioavailability, and gut microbiota, but also novel studies and future scientific trends about the nutritional and biological functions of digested food products and their bioactive molecules in health and disease.
Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition
The fundamental element of systematic periodontal or endodontic therapy is the removal of bacterial biofilms from the outer and inner surfaces of the teeth. In some cases, the use of an antibiotic that is effective against the individual germ spectrum may be justified in order to control disease processes and prevent the spread of inflammatory processes to other areas of the body. However, the possible side effects on the whole organism or even the development of resistance must be considered. Alternative approaches, such as antimicrobial photochemical, photodynamic, and photothermal methods, use laser energy to induce a toxic effect on microorganisms. In the context of the treatment of periodontitis of different stages and severity, as well as endodontic therapy measures, such methods show promising results, especially in adjuvant application to conventional approaches, and could therefore be a useful complement to existing periodontal and endodontic antimicrobial treatment measures. This Special Issue focuses on actual studies on the use of antimicrobial therapy approaches in periodontal and endodontic therapy.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Healthcare Data Processing and Analyzing
This Special Issue presents recent progress in applying machine learning and deep learning techniques to healthcare data analysis and clinical decision support. Modern healthcare systems generate extensive and diverse data sources, including physiological signals, medical imaging, electronic health records, wearable sensor outputs, and multimodal patient monitoring streams. Deriving reliable clinical insights from these data demands approaches that are robust, interpretable, and efficient for real-time or resource-constrained environments. The contributions in this collection demonstrate innovative models and practical methodologies for addressing key challenges such as the detection of Parkinson's disease, prediction of Alzheimer's disease progression, forecasting clinical outcomes in microsurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms, prediction of lumbar disc herniation, and the development of medical image-based decision support systems. Overall, the Special Issue highlights methods that improve diagnostic accuracy, streamline data processing workflows, and support integration into clinical and point-of-care practice.
Grand Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
This Special Issue of Diagnostics, titled "Grand Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases", offers a comprehensive collection of original research and reviews spanning major advances in both heart and brain health. The topics covered range from acute and chronic cardiovascular syndromes to cerebrovascular emergencies. Original investigations examine coronary imaging in Kawasaki disease, the neurological impact of intra-aortic balloon pump and ECMO support, and the prognostic role of inflammatory markers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in large vessel occlusion stroke. The novel approaches highlighted in this collection include the use of machine learning models for stroke prediction in atrial fibrillation, the application of atherogenic indices to population-level risk stratification, and the functional characterization of SOX4 as a genetic determinant of familial atrial fibrillation. Complementing these are state-of-the-art reviews on atrial cardiomyopathy, acute heart failure and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, and frameworks for early detection of pre-heart failure. Collectively, the Reprint underscores the role of imaging, genetics, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence in shaping the next generation of diagnostics and therapeutics. Guest edited by Prof. Dr. Sonu M. M. Bhaskar, this Special Issue provides a multidisciplinary perspective for clinicians, researchers, and policy leaders committed to reducing the global burden of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish
The Special Issue "Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish" focuses on the application of morphological and physiological research conducted on fish, with the goal of providing information on the relevance of morphological studies and their relationships to functions. Fish are not only the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, but they also have a wide range of applications in research and industry. Furthermore, aquaculture is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly ways to generate high-quality protein. In addition, in recent years, fish have emerged as an intriguing model system in biomedical research, owing to their strong resemblance to mammals in terms of several fundamental systems. Morphological studies give us context for understanding the spatial organization and link between physiological and biochemical data, as well as the molecular machinery that is rapidly being explained using molecular approaches focused on the genome, transcriptome, and proteome. As a result, new morphological and physiological studies of fish would improve our comprehension of these species, with extraordinary and exciting implications for both basic and applied studies. Many authors contributed to the Special Issue with ten original pieces and four reviews. The themes covered ranged from descriptive morphology to morphometry, stress markers to toxic compounds, wild to aquaculture or model species, and involved various organs and apparatus. Morphometrical and morphological research were the most numerous contributions in this Special Issue.
Management of Forest Pests and Diseases
Forests are complex ecosystems sustained by interactions among countless organisms. Insects and microorganisms play essential roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow, yet many also act as pests and pathogens, threatening forest health and stability. This paradox-the presence of organisms that support ecological balance but can also disrupt it-is intensified by two global forces: the introduction of alien species and climate change. Global trade and travel facilitate biological invasions, while rising temperatures and shifting climates expand the range and reproduction of many pests and pathogens, contributing to recent outbreaks. Effective surveillance and monitoring are crucial for sustainable forest management. Early detection, rapid response, and long-term planning will help to mitigate their impacts, guide targeted control strategies, and advance scientific understanding.In this Special Issue, we compile interdisciplinary research addressing the interactions between pests, pathogens, climate, and human activity. By informing policy and management, we aim to support healthier, more resilient forests and foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration
It is generally recognized that the success of bone regeneration depends not only on the choice of a particular surgical technique and the clinical experience of the therapist but also on the knowledge, correct selection, and use of various biomaterials. Therefore, the science of biomaterials is one of the fastest growing disciplines in dentistry, and a more thorough knowledge of the properties of existing biomaterials and the development of new biomaterials are certainly areas that require special research attention. We believe that the topic of this Special Issue is of great importance to professionals working in the field of tissue engineering, dental implantology, and regenerative dentistry.
Functional Foods and Gut Microbiome
Functional Foods and Gut Microbiome covers the concept of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics along with their potential as functional foods for improved gut microbiome and health. A significant part of the population is consuming various probiotics in form of traditional fermented food or commercial supplements. The use of probiotics along with prebiotics and synbiotics has increased in recent times due to increase in public awareness on functional foods. Recent advances in management of disorders and diseases with functional foods are discussed. This book is useful tool for graduate students, PhD scholars as core subject and information source. Researchers, academicians and dieticians, biochemists, microbiologists, biotechnologists and other life science disciplines will find it useful for their concept, update and recent information.
Clinical Management of Patients with Heart Failure
One of the world-wide leading causes for increased morbidity and mortality is heart failure, which also leads to increased costs for the healthcare systems. It usually evolves with repeated episodes of decompensation, representing one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization in the cardiology or internal medicine units but also aggravating the course of other pathologies. Even in its more stable form, chronic heart failure may affect patients' wellbeing and quality of life, impacting their level of activity and reducing their ability to practice self-care, as well as generating socio-economic consequences for patients and their families. This Special Issue focuses on original articles, reviews, meta-analyses and case reports carrying out groundbreaking research regarding the clinical management of heart failure.
The Role of Vascular Dysfunction in Neuronal Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment
The present Special Issue is dedicated to the role of vascular dysfunction in neurodegeneration and the resultant cognitive impairment. It identifies some mechanisms involved in processes that predominantly originate in the vasculature and lead to neurodegeneration with resultant cognitive decline.
Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Aging entails the alteration of a plethora of mechanisms at the cell and organ level that ultimately contribute to the functional decline of an organism. As a consequence, older individuals undergo a complex condition named frailty, which includes alterations to their physical and psychological abilities. Frailty is characterized by weakness, lower physical activity, worsening of psychological conditions, and low-grade chronic inflammation, which can be fatal in adverse health circumstances. Frailty has been demonstrated to be a tunable condition, and its onset and development is correlated to several factors such as socioeconomic background, nutritional conditions, and physical exercise.The present Issue delves into age-related diseases and frailty and reports on strategies that promote healthy aging and elucidate how factors connected to one's lifestyle, including physical exercise, environmental and economic conditions, and other factors, can modulate the quality of aging.
The Sacred Brain
In the quest to understand the boundaries of human awareness, modern laboratory tools are exposing how seemingly intangible phenomena map onto tangible neural circuits. This journey intrigues those seeking evidence-based insight into how spiritual awakening and meditative states can reshape perception, behaviour, and community bonds. Here, accessible explanations of how neuroscience of spirituality intersects with mystical experiences offer a fresh perspective on the mind-body link. By exploring brain plasticity, brain wave research, and emerging findings in science and faith, readers gain a roadmap to navigate the subtle dance between physiological processes and transcendent revelations. Seasoned seekers and curious newcomers alike will discover how harnessing meditative states can lead to greater clarity, while investigating the neural correlates sheds new light on the elusive nature of higher consciousness. Ultimately, this resource delves into spiritual awakening and consciousness exploration as phenomena we can study, yet never fully reduce to numbers. Walk away with a deeper appreciation of the human brain's adaptability, ready to apply evidence-informed tools to everyday life, and perhaps unlock new dimensions of self-awareness in the process.
Genetics and Breeding in Aquaculture
This Reprint brings together ten original research articles that represent recent advances in genetics and breeding for aquaculture. Covering a broad range of topics, including sex differentiation, sex-biased gene expression, mutagenesis breeding, growth trait heritability, and immune response mechanisms, the studies highlight both fundamental biological insights and applied breeding strategies. Key model and non-model aquaculture species are featured, including tilapia, grass carp, bullfrog, and zig-zag eel, offering species-specific approaches to genetic improvement. Methodological innovations span from RNA interference and gene expression profiling to mutagenesis and quantitative trait analysis, reflecting the integration of molecular and quantitative tools in aquaculture breeding programs. This collection provides a comprehensive overview of how omics technologies and functional validation are being leveraged to enhance performance traits and disease resistance, paving the way for more precise, sustainable, and efficient aquaculture systems.
Extraction, Utilization and Conversion of Woody Biomass
Woody biomass has increasingly emerged as a versatile feedstock for the sustainable production of bioactive compounds, energy carriers, and advanced materials. This Special Issue consolidates recent advances across three interrelated domains: (1) the selective extraction of high-value molecules such as phenolics, flavonoids, and triterpenoids using conventional and green solvents and supercritical technologies; (2) the improvement of biochemical and thermochemical conversion pathways for the generation of fuels, hydrogen, and carbonaceous materials; and (3) comprehensive sustainability evaluations at the system level, encompassing life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants
This Reprint comprises a collection of interdisciplinary research on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in crop plants, emphasizing their relevance for modern agriculture. The contributions examine how environmental stressors affect plant metabolism and how antioxidant systems contribute to crop tolerance and yield stability. Integrating molecular, physiological, and agronomic perspectives, the Reprint highlights both fundamental discoveries and practical implications for crop improvement. It serves as a reference for researchers, breeders, and agronomists seeking innovative approaches to enhance plant resilience in the face of climate change and environmental stress.
Edible Fungi
This Reprint presents a comprehensive collection of research advancing the science of edible fungi. It explores innovative strategies for quality preservation, including controlled atmosphere storage and cold plasma treatment, to extend the shelf-life of mushrooms. Significant focus is given to combating fungal diseases, examining both direct inhibitory agents and the genomic basis of pathogens. This Reprint also delves into the nutritional and functional potential of fungi, from the structural analysis of bioactive polysaccharides and the improvement of Vitamin D status through consumption, to the application of fungal dietary fiber in enhancing food product quality. This collection synthesizes critical insights for improving the sustainability, safety, and health value of the mushroom industry.
Feature Review in Agricultural Soils
This Special Issue covers a wide range of basic and applied research on agricultural soil health spanning from the molecular level to the field level. It also explores the impacts of various soil degradation processes and the effectiveness of soil conservation.
Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy
This Special Issue, "Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Pathology: 2nd Edition", aimed to publish original research works, reviews and case reports within these topics, highlighting their importance in the search for new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for animal diseases. This Reprint consists of 12 articles that present recent insights and advancements in the fields of animal anatomy and pathology, addressing contemporary issues through multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary methods, from the anatomy of the monkey to modern imagistic methods (computed tomography, endoscopy, ultrasonography, electrophysiology) used in the diagnosis and treatment of various animal pathology, or the biocompatibility of some new biomaterials on animal experimental models. Other subjects of interest include the use of infrared thermography for rapid diagnostic orientation in acute intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs, ultrasonography of the liver in hepatocutaneous syndrome of dogs, electroencephalography in a dog with seizures consequent to a portosystemic shunt, the protective effect of 1% hyaluronic acid ophthalmic gel against corneal abrasion during general anaesthesia, a rapid method for the determination of ochratoxins in maize, and a first case report of intoxication with copper bilysinate in sheep.
Current Advances in Oxytocin Research
In 1950, the amino acid sequences of vasopressin and oxytocin were determined, and both peptides were chemically synthesised. This characterisation of oxytocin led to the Nobel Prize being awarded to Vincent du Vigneaud in 1955. The common evolutionary origin of vasopressin and oxytocin dates back to millions of years ago, which suggests that oxytocin has effects that go beyond uterine contractions and pregnancy. Nevertheless, such evidence was uncovered only in early 2000, when mice depleted of either oxytocin or its receptor were observed to develop late-onset obesity and metabolic syndrome, thus establishing the involvement of oxytocin in the regulation of energy and metabolism. The effects of oxytocin on fat and energy are both direct, since oxytocin is anorexigenic, and indirect, since oxytocin regulates the lean/fat mass composition in skeletal muscle. Peripheral oxytocin promotes osteoblast differentiation and function. Oxytocin acts on fat, muscle, and bone. Evolutionarily, the anabolic effect of oxytocin on bone and muscle makes sense since oxytocin concentrations increase during stressful physiological situations, including pregnancy and lactation in mammals, and triggers aggressive behaviour that, in females, is important for the protection of offspring after labour, when they are most vulnerable to predators and plasma oxytocin is at its peak. This demonstrates that the effects of oxytocin are beneficial in the management of osteoporosis, body fat gain, and sarcopenia, indicating the therapeutic potential but also challenges, namely, to find a single route able to reach all the targets.
Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials
Bone is a typical mineralized tissue that plays a critical role in protecting and maintaining the shape of the human body. Meanwhile, bone is also a place where inorganic ions are stored and various blood cells are produced. The treatment of bone diseases is one of the most important issues in the clinical work of orthopedics, in which the use of biomaterials is becoming increasingly important. In terms of chemical composition, the types of bone biomaterials include metals, inorganic non-metals, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and cell-derived materials, which are used in the form of porous scaffolds, membranes, hydrogels, nanomaterials, etc. In recent decades, the development of bone biomaterials has rapidly promoted the clinical treatment strategies of orthopedic diseases.This Reprint hosts papers (communications, articles, and reviews) related to the latest findings and trends in the field of bone biomaterials. Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following: bone implants, metal/ceramic biomaterials, surface modification, biomimetic materials, biomineralization, bone/cartilage regeneration, 3D/4D printed scaffolds, biosafety/bioactivity evaluation, and bone tumor-related nanomedicine.
The Application of EEG in Neurorehabilitation
The integration of electroencephalography (EEG) into neurorehabilitation practices has emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing our understanding of brain function and facilitating recovery following neurological injury or disease. This special edition of Brain Sciences explores the diverse applications of EEG in neurorehabilitation, exploring its role in assessing neural plasticity, guiding personalized treatment strategies, monitoring therapeutic interventions and developing EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. Through a collection of scholarly articles, this volume aims to illuminate the latest advancements, challenges and future directions in the use of EEG technologies to optimize rehabilitation outcomes and promote neurological recovery.
