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Dietary Supplements in Human Health and Disease
This Reprint brings together a curated selection of recent studies investigating the role of dietary supplements and naturally derived bioactive compounds in supporting human health. The contributions examine both potential benefits and safety considerations, with particular attention to mechanisms of action, interactions with physiological and pathological processes, and implications for clinical or functional applications. The articles encompass a broad spectrum of topics, including plant extracts with estrogen-like activity for the management of menopausal symptoms; myo-inositol supplementation for anxiety; epigenetic alterations induced by high-fat diets, highlighting EZH2 as a potential pharmacological target in metabolic dysfunction; and a comprehensive evaluation of the composition, bioaccessibility, pharmacokinetic interactions, and cellular effects of berberine-containing botanicals. Additional studies explore the therapeutic potential of purple corn extract in dry eye disease and the antiadipogenic activity of Euscaphis japonica fruit extract in models of adipocyte differentiation. Two further contributions investigate the impact of natural compounds in humans, examining the effect of mulberry fruit extract on postprandial glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes and the influence of lutein supplementation-both in free and esterified forms-on visual outcomes in healthy subjects. Together, these studies offer an integrated perspective on the opportunities and limitations of dietary supplements, underscoring the need for rigorous experimental and clinical approaches to assess their efficacy safety in human health.
Diagnosis, Classification, and Monitoring of Pulmonary Diseases
This Special Issue (SI) aims to inform, inspire, and guide researchers in the field of lung diseases. The focus is on the dynamics of change and the latest advancements, including the development of new methods and approaches in lung disease research. Key topics of interest include innovative imaging techniques that enhance diagnosis and treatment, and recent strategies for identifying causal biological pathways and clinically relevant biomarkers. Recent progress in lung disease research, particularly over the past year, has been remarkable and is a testament to the significant achievements of scientists and researchers. The heightened interest in lung health, intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the need to deepen our understanding of disease triggers and natural history.This SI emphasizes the evolution of research methods, technological innovations, and conceptual frameworks that have driven new discoveries and shaped modern approaches to studying lung diseases.
Brain Functional Connectivity
This reprint captures how functional connectivity research is revolutionizing brain science. The featured papers bridge fundamental discovery with tangible applications, uncovering the neural architecture of decision-making, social cognition, and clinical disorders. Integrating methods from electrophysiology to artificial intelligence, the contributions advance beyond correlation toward predictive modeling and mechanistic insight. This collection affirms that mapping brain networks is a foundational tool for progress in healthcare, neurotechnology, and our core understanding of the human mind.
Erectus
Erectus is a philosophical and scientific investigation into the possibility that the human species which endured was not the one best suited for long-term survival. Drawing on evolutionary biology, paleoanthropology, cognitive neuroscience, and existential philosophy, Felipe Heemann examines the profound disparity between our extraordinary technical efficacy and our catastrophic evolutionary effectiveness.Where Homo erectus persisted for more than a million years in relative ecological equilibrium, Homo sapiens developed a hypertrophied cortex and a recursive, symbolic language that allowed us to inhabit psychological pasts and imagined futures-temporalities that generate chronic anxiety, depression, and existential dread. These forms of suffering are not civilizational malfunctions to be corrected, but structural consequences of our neurocognitive architecture.Rejecting romantic primitivism and human exceptionalism alike, Erectus confronts the brutal naturalistic possibility that our survival was an accident whose costs we are only beginning to understand. Without consolation or optimism, the book invites the reader to face the mirror of our lineage with clarity, rigor, and a rare existential honesty.
Pests, Pesticides, Pollinators and Sustainable Farming
Modern agriculture faces the dual challenge of ensuring food production while preserving biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Crop pests remain a major threat to global food security, yet heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides has led to pest resistance, loss of beneficial organisms, pollinator decline, and environmental contamination. Addressing these issues requires sustainable pest management strategies that minimize chemical inputs, enhance ecosystem services, and protect pollinators-the cornerstone of agricultural productivity.This Special Issue, "Pests, Pesticides, Pollinators and Sustainable Farming," presents thirteen multidisciplinary papers advancing ecologically compatible crop protection. The studies span field ecology, biocontrol, precision agriculture, and pollinator-friendly management, offering a roadmap toward sustainable production aligned with the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy.Contributions highlight the value of habitat diversification and pollinator conservation, the potential of essential oils, microbial agents, and entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticides, and the use of unmanned aerial systems, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence for precision pest detection.
Sustainable Feed Ingredients in Freshwater Aquaculture
The cost of aquafeeds represents about 50-70% of the total production cost in intensive and semi-intensive freshwater aquaculture systems, and this has implications for the sustainable development of aquaculture. The decreasing proportion of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds has coincided with an increase in the introduction of alternative protein meals and oils from a variety of sources, including plant, animal, microalgae, and insect sources. There is growing interest in incorporating agro-industrial by-products, agri-food waste, or products from circular economic chains into aquafeeds. However, these new resources cause several adverse effects on the physiology and metabolism of fish. On the other hand, some benefits can be obtained if we consider, for example, the increased digestibility or the presence of several bioactive compounds in these new resources.This Collection provides an overview of the nutritional studies of freshwater fish, including the following: (1) The influence of diet on fish performance and nutrient utilization.(2) The influence of diet on the antioxidant defense system of fish.(3) The relationship and interaction between dietary ingredients and gut microbiota.
Cellular Redox Mechanisms in Inflammation and Programmed Cell Death
Redox reactions play an important role in the regulation of various physiological processes, resulting in the diversity of articles featured in this Special Issue (SI), from works studying mechanisms of antioxidant activity to a prospective randomized study of the effects of hypoxia-hyperoxia exposures on metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome in patients. In vitro, microbiota metabolites formed under inflammation and sepsis inhibit cyclooxygenase peroxidase activity. Macrophages are the most persistent cells at inflammatory sites, with phenotypes differing not only in cytokine secretion but also in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Neuronal dysfunction and pain may be caused by an imbalance in ROS/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and antioxidant defense; thus, compounds with antioxidant properties can be promising therapeutic agents to mitigate oxidative stress and alleviate pathological conditions. An example of this is manganese porphyrins, which target key pathways involved in neuropathic pain. In this SI, flavonoids, polyphenols, and selenium compounds are studied for their protective ability against inflammation and oxidative injury. Pre-treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors or maintenance of mitochondrial functions enables the safe rewarming of cooled cells. In contrast, excess glutamate triggers a cascade of oxidative and metabolic disorders causing neuronal ferroptosis, with mitochondria playing a central role in this vulnerability. While diverse in biological models, the articles in this SI all demonstrate that ROS/RNS disorder is both a driver of pathology and a target for therapeutic intervention.
Adenovirus Cell and Immune Interactions
Ever since their discovery in the early 1950s, human adenoviruses (HAdVs), the cause of respiratory diseases of young children, have been the subject of intense basic research as well as efforts to engineer HAdV vectors to ameliorate human diseases. Although much information has been gleaned over the past 67 years from laboratory and clinical investigations, we still have an incomplete picture of the critical associations of HAdV with host cells and specific components of the immune system. An ability to uncover additional information will likely influence the future success (or failure) for exploiting HAdV vectors for gene and vaccine therapies.Each contribution in this series will highlight the efforts and progress made to acquire basic knowledge of adenovirus host interactions and will indicate particular areas that remain to be uncovered. Topics in this new series include key steps in HAdV-host cell interactions as well as structure-based investigations of virus and virus capsid protein associations with cell receptors and innate immune molecules. These topics will culminate with discussions on examples of HAdV vector design and how these approaches are influenced by the accumulation of knowledge of host-vector interactions.
Cerebrovascular Diseases
This Special Issue of Current Issues in Molecular Biology explored the current knowledge and innovative concepts regarding preclinical and clinical research into stroke mechanisms, prevention, and treatment and provided a critical overview of the underlying factors involved in stroke-related brain injury, especially the role of cell signaling in excitotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, and the newly described types of cell death such as ferroptosis and their potential treatment. Gene and protein expression profiles after stroke and neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neuroplasticity are other important features in stroke and should lead to the better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute stroke.
Cadmium and Trace Elements Toxicity
This Reprint, entitled "Cadmium and Trace Elements Toxicity," brings together ten high-quality research articles that advance our understanding of the sources, mechanisms, and health impacts of cadmium and trace element exposure. The contributions span multiple disciplines, from molecular toxicology and environmental monitoring to plant science and risk assessment, providing a comprehensive overview of current research in this critical field. The articles address key topics including novel toxicity mechanisms, biomonitoring approaches, protective strategies, and environmental quality criteria.
Wild Flowers
Wild flowers presents a reflective exploration of the connections that shape the lives of plants and the insects that interact with them, offering an interpretation that blends observation with an appreciation for the subtle strategies that guide survival. The book introduces the idea that flowers function as active participants in their environments, developing colors, forms, and behaviors that support ongoing cycles of growth and renewal. Instead of focusing on specific events or characters, the narrative underscores how these organisms adapt to ensure continuation, forming partnerships that reveal the complexity of natural systems. The introductory section highlights the author's intention to examine hundreds of species through an accessible structure, using color as an organizing guide to help readers recognize patterns in nature. As the work unfolds, it emphasizes cooperation, interdependence, and the quiet intelligence displayed in the natural world. Through its careful observations, the book encourages a deeper appreciation of how small interactions contribute to broader ecological balance and how each flower participates in an ongoing dialogue between form, function, and the environment.
On The Reception Of The 'Origin Of Species'
On the reception of the origin of species offers an examination of how a ground breaking scientific work initially faced resistance before gradually altering the way life and its development were understood. The discussion begins with the atmosphere surrounding the introduction of a new explanation for biological change, one that challenged longstanding assumptions and prompted reactions shaped by tradition, belief, and limited familiarity with emerging scientific methods. Early responses included confusion, dismissal, and sharp criticism from various groups who struggled to reconcile established views with evidence-based reasoning. The narrative emphasizes how misunderstandings and deeply rooted expectations created barriers that slowed acceptance, even as growing scientific observations supported the ideas being introduced. Over time, the work highlights the shift from opposition to recognition as researchers and thinkers increasingly engaged with the concepts on their own merit. This transition illustrates the broader process through which scientific progress often moves from conflict to integration, reshaping perspectives across multiple fields. The text ultimately underscores the importance of evaluating knowledge through careful inquiry, encouraging openness to explanations grounded in observation and analysis rather than inherited assumptions.
The Formation Of Vegetable Mould Through The Action Of Worms
The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms examines the critical role of earthworms in transforming soil and creating fertile top layers essential for plant growth. The opening establishes the importance of studying these seemingly humble creatures, emphasizing how their behaviors influence broader ecological systems and agricultural productivity. Observations detail how worms feed, burrow, and produce castings, highlighting the instinctual actions that contribute to soil aeration and nutrient enrichment. Early sections present controlled experiments demonstrating the cumulative impact of these processes over time, showing how small, repetitive activities can lead to significant environmental change. The narrative underscores the interconnectedness of living organisms and their habitats, revealing how understanding minute natural processes provides insight into ecosystem dynamics. By focusing on detailed observation and scientific analysis, the work illustrates that even simple creatures play a foundational role in maintaining soil health, shaping landscapes, and supporting life, offering a careful and methodical study of natural contribution to fertility and ecological balance.
Luck
Luck or cunning as the main means of organic modification presents an argument that reconsiders how living beings change over generations by linking inherited traits to the persistence of memory. The work questions the idea that evolution operates solely through random variation, suggesting instead that the continuity between generations may be shaped by purposeful patterns that resemble remembered experience. The discussion highlights how organic development can be understood through a blend of observation, reasoning, and careful examination of biological processes. Early in the book, the narrator shifts from a general interest in classification to a closer look at evolutionary theory, emphasizing that understanding descent requires taking intention and structured influence into account. The text proposes that instinct should be viewed as memory carried forward, shaped not by chance alone but by influences that echo through successive generations. By exploring these ideas, the book invites readers to consider evolution as a process that blends adaptation, continuity, and an underlying sense of design, offering a perspective that moves beyond conventional interpretations.
The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication
The variation of animals and plants under domestication Volume II presents an examination of how living organisms change when shaped by human influence, focusing on the forces that drive alteration across generations. The work begins by clarifying that the goal is not to list every domesticated form but to highlight evidence that reveals how selection, environment, and inherited differences interact to produce noticeable shifts in structure and behavior. Through examples drawn from familiar species, the discussion shows how accumulated variations can become pronounced under sustained human guidance, emphasizing the roles of controlled breeding, altered surroundings, and natural variability. The opening chapters introduce foundational ideas about inheritance and the plasticity of life, suggesting that even small changes can build into significant transformations over time. The study encourages readers to consider the dynamic relationship between humans and the organisms they cultivate, presenting domestication as a process that uncovers deeper principles about adaptability and the ongoing modification of nature.
Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals
Following the success of the first edition, the second edition of the Reprint "Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals" continues to showcase significant advances in veterinary medicine, with a particular focus on innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the health, welfare, and quality of life of companion animals. This Reprint brings together high-quality contributions addressing emerging approaches such as regenerative medicine, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and precision medicine, reflecting the rapid evolution of treatment options for both chronic and acute conditions in small animal practice. Building on the momentum established previously, the articles included in this Reprint highlight notable progress in diagnostic techniques, personalized treatment strategies, and minimally invasive and image-guided procedures. Special attention is given to the integration of advanced technologies and interdisciplinary perspectives, emphasizing collaboration among veterinarians, researchers, and biotechnologists as a driving force for innovation in companion animal therapy. Through original research articles, clinical studies, case-based analyses, and comprehensive reviews, this Reprint provides a valuable overview of state-of-the-art therapeutic developments and their practical implications. Collectively, the contributions offer an informative resource for veterinary professionals and researchers seeking to remain at the forefront of advanced therapeutic approaches in companion animal medicine.
Phytochemicals
This Reprint, entitled "Phytochemicals: Extraction, Optimization, Identification, Biological Activities, and Applications in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Industries," comprises original research articles and critical reviews on increasing the value of compounds derived from plants. Interest in natural plant extracts has grown in areas related to food and beverage formulation, food technology enhancement, and their potential use in the prevention and management of a variety of diseases. The salutary attributes conferred by diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains result not only from fiber, vitamins, and minerals, but also from a myriad of phytochemicals. Among those, phenolic compounds represent major classes of plant secondary metabolites with biological antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. These make phenolics of special relevance to the prevention of diseases, health maintenance, and the development of functional ingredients in nutraceutical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. This Reprint compiles recent advances in phytochemical chemistry, extraction techniques, analytical methods, and biological activity characterization. It also emphasizes studies that interpret molecular mechanisms of action using established and advanced bioanalytical approaches. Researchers have contributed both original investigations and comprehensive reviews, offering updated insights into the role of phytochemicals in health and industry applications.
Effect of Dietary Antioxidants in Chronic Disease Prevention
It is well accepted that a high intake of dietary antioxidants is associated with a decreased chronic disease risk. According to in vitro and in vivo studies, dietary phytochemicals possess therapeutic potential for chronic diseases by modulating different signaling pathways and/or reshaping the gut microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these activities are not quite clear yet, and further studies are needed to discover the cross-connection in signaling pathway networks between oxidative stress and disease prevention.This Reprint comprises a total of 11 articles, encompassing one Editorial, two clinical cohort studies, three in vivo experimental studies, three in vitro experimental studies, and two reviews. These studies collectively demonstrate the significant potential of dietary antioxidants in mitigating chronic diseases through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which highlight the importance of targeted nutritional interventions in chronic disease prevention and management. Future research should focus on elucidating the deeper mechanisms and conducting larger-scale clinical trials to further validate these promising results and optimize dietary recommendations.
Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Activity of Natural Products, 2nd Edition
The second edition of this Special Issue, entitled "Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Activity of Natural Products", contains 12 research and 2 review articles. They present recent advancements in the discovery of bioactive compounds from plants, essential oils, and microbial metabolites. These contributions discuss the mechanisms of action, highlighting anti-virulence strategies, biofilm inhibition, and immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, this collection explores synergistic associations with conventional antibiotics and integrates in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence. This volume provides critical insights into the clinical prospects of natural products in combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
New Insights into the Genetic Regulation and Quality Improvement of Grapes
Grapevines are among the earliest domesticated plants and are also one of the most widely cultivated and commercially important fruit trees worldwide. Grapes can not only be consumed as fresh fruits but can also be used for industrial processing to produce goods such as wine, dried fruits, and fruit juice. Grapevines are characterized by abundant germplasm resources, which are reflected in significant differences in fruit quality (berry weight, sugar, acid, anthocyanin, and aroma) and resistance mechanisms (to biotic and abiotic stress). Therefore, analyzing the genetic characteristics of different resources and optimizing cultivation can provide a more solid theoretical basis for high-quality grapevine production. This reprint collects the latest research achievements of researchers in the field of grapevine genetic regulation mechanisms and quality improvement, aiming to promote the sustainable development and high-quality and efficient production of the grape industry.
Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture
Modern agriculture is a significant contributor to climate change and environmental degradation, and various environmental stressors-significantly exacerbated by climate change-affect cropping systems, decreasing yields and product quality. Therefore, it is imperative to identify innovative, biobased approaches to improve the sustainability of cropping systems, reduce their contribution to climate change, and make agriculture more resilient and productive. In this context, the valorization of agro-industrial waste represents a strategic and relevant way to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and increase its productivity. Some recent studies have focused on producing biostimulants and biofertilizers from agro-industrial wastes, thereby advancing a circular economy paradigm. Furthermore, within the scope of promoting third-generation biorefinery, following pretreatment for the extraction/production of valuable substances, this kind of biomass can be utilized for anaerobic digestion for energy production and finally converted into (bio)fertilizers.This Special Issue provides an overview of innovative and cutting-edge research on the potentialities of biomass, including the research on obtaining biostimulants, biofertilizers, and composting from natural resources and waste. The studies also focused on producing biogas or biomethane from agro-industrial waste for energy production.
Feed Additives in Pig Feeding
Dear colleagues, We are pleased to present a series of 14 articles published in the Special Issue of Animals entitled "Feed Additives in Pig Nutrition: Second Edition". The aim of this Special Issue was to present nutritional strategies that can reduce the impact of intensive pig production on climate change, the natural environment, as well as on the pigs themselves. You will find here nine original research articles and five review papers related to this topic. The authors demonstrate how the use of various nutritional strategies such as feed additives, including probiotics, bioactive substances, minerals, vitamins, or sweeteners, can effectively reduce the negative impact of pig production.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
In drug research and development, delivering drugs to the target sites is crucial to avoid serious off-target side effects and ensure effective medical treatment. Specifically, certain anti-cancer drugs exhibit their activity not only on cancer cells but also on normal cells, causing side effects such as nausea, skin disorders, or hair loss. Central nervous system drug candidates face challenges in penetrating the brain due to the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, incorrect drug distribution can often lead to adverse events in terms of other diseases. Therefore, precision drug delivery should be enhanced and eventually established. The modification of nanoparticles is relatively straightforward. Consequently, a variety of useful nanoparticles can be produced for drug-controlled release, barrier permeation, including cell membranes, and/or targeting. Additionally, nanoparticles protect their cargos from degradation by enzymes and inhibit their unsuitable activity expression, reducing the risk of off-target side effects. Multiple strategies can be integrated into nanoparticles. Currently, pharmaceutical researchers and healthcare workers are increasingly interested in nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery systems. Drug-loaded nanoparticles are employed differently based on the purpose and target area. Drug delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles as carriers represent promising strategies for achieving intelligent drug distribution.
The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders
This Reprint, entitled "The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders", compiles recent studies on this topic. It examines the roles of diet on Alzheimer's disease, retinal disease, and rare neurological disorders. The collection also addresses how the follow-up period affects findings regarding the role of vitamin D status on incidence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia, how ashwagandha supplementation improves cognitive function and mood, and how heavy metals affect cognitive function. It also includes a paper on how modifying the gut microbiome can affect autism presentation, as well as one on how obesity affects the risk of multiple sclerosis in overweight patients.
Cosmetics Ingredients Research
Cosmetics is a fast-developing domain, and it is important for researchers in the field to follow the significant progress that is being made. This Special Issue is the first in the series, and we hope that the printed version provides more accessibility and insight for cosmetology researchers.
Diet Composition, Eating Habits and Their Impact on Metabolic Diseases
The incidence of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, etc., is increasing worldwide, and they are already considered epidemics. These diseases are commonly associated with defects in insulin secretion and/or action, glucose homeostasis impairment, and lipid metabolism dysfunction. At the core of these defects is diet composition and nutritional status, as well as eating patterns. It is consensual that hypercaloric diets and some nutritional constituents contribute to the genesis of insulin resistance and to dysmetabolism, namely the consumption of sugar, fructose, and fat-enriched diets. Moreover, unhealthy eating habits such as skipping meals, replacing water with sodas, nocturnal eating, etc., have contributed enormously to the metabolic diseases' epidemic. In this context, both peripheral dysfunctions and brain circuit alterations act in concert, impacting food behavior and the management of nutrients.This Special Issue, "Diet composition, eating habits and their impact on metabolic diseases", highlights the effect of different eating habits on insulin action and glucose and lipid metabolism. It also unravels the mechanistic links between different diet consumption and the impact on peripheral and central circuits linked with food behavior and metabolic homeostasis.
Secondary Metabolites from Natural Products
Secondary metabolites remain an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the natural and applied sciences. Advances in extraction techniques, bioanalysis and structural characterization accelerate the discovery of compounds with potential pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial applications. This Special Issue of Molecules emphasizes the importance of integrating phytochemistry, microbiology, and biotechnology in order to fully utilize natural resources in innovations consistent with the principles of sustainable development. The studies collected in this Special Issue implement the objectives indicated in the Introduction: they verify ethnopharmacological premises (the richness of polyphenols and terpenoids), explore biodiversity (tropical plants, wood-inhabiting fungi and endophytes, marine microorganisms, etc.), develop 'green' extraction and dereplication methods (SFE, LC-HRMS/MS, network approaches, etc.), and also propose directions for practical implementations, from biocontrol and agroecology to functional foods and potential lead compounds in drug discovery.
Advances in Research for Legume Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding
Legumes provide food, feed, grain, oil, and fiber for domestic consumption. Horticultural legumes are grown specifically for human diets and are useful in terms of enhancing the living environment. Legumes are an excellent source of protein and are low in fat and sodium and high in dietary fiber, iron, zinc, potassium, magnesium, vitamins, folate, etc.This Reprint of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences focuses on recent "Advances in Research for Legume Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding". The highlighted research will accelerate legume improvement by using genetic, genomic, and molecular breeding approaches.
Effects of Environmental Exposure on Host and Microbial Metabolism
Trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, reside in our gastrointestinal tract and play an essential role in human health and disease. The gut microbiota can be disrupted by various factors, including environmental exposure. Disruptions of the gut microbiota by environmental exposure may exert adverse effects on human health by affecting host metabolism, intrinsic microbial metabolism, and gut microbiota-host co-metabolism. This Reprint investigates a wide spectrum of these influences, from emerging environmental pollutants like microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and bisphenol S to traditional contaminants such as fluoride and epoxiconazole fungicide. It also evaluates the role of dietary factors, including non-caloric sweeteners, probiotics, prebiotics, and natural compounds. The research compiled here marks a significant advance in deciphering the complex relationship between our environment, our metabolism, and our microbial inhabitants. These findings are crucial in unraveling the intricate metabolic processes that shape both human health and the dynamics of our microbial partners. While these findings are pivotal, they also underscore the need for further research to establish the causal roles of the gut microbiota in disease development and progression. A deeper understanding of these interdependencies is essential to guide the development of precise and effective strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Quality of Horticultural Commodities
Horticultural production is one of the most intensive sectors of agriculture, which develop very dynamically. As yields increase and quality criteria increase, greater emphasis is being placed on the biological balance of ecosystems. Therefore, new environmentally friendly production systems are being developed, in which growing methods and techniques are strongly based on environmental conditions. This involves breeding new cultivars with improved resistance to adverse factors, using crop rotation to limit exposure to pathogens in soil, controlled fertilization and organic mulching, stimulating biological processes in the rhizosphere, and applying biological preparations for plant protection and nutrition to improve product quality.Just like other food products, fruit, vegetables, edible flowers, and other horticultural commodities products offered to consumers should be of good quality and, above all, safe to eat. Each step from field to the table must be subject to procedures that ensure that relevant quality requirements are met. Aside from the growing method, pruning, pollination, protection and fertilization, product quality is affected by environmental conditions, the most notable of which include all macro- and microclimatic elements and soil environment.
Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy
This reprint, part of the Biology and Medicines section of Nanomaterials, presents a curated collection of peer-reviewed articles from the successful third edition of our Special Issue. Building on the achievements of previous editions, this volume highlights cutting-edge research on the design and application of nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy.The included works explore innovative strategies such as targeted drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, theranostic platforms, and advanced imaging agents. Topics range from experimental studies at the cellular, preclinical, and clinical levels to computational modeling of nanomaterial-biological interactions. Together, these contributions demonstrate how nanotechnology is transforming precision oncology and diagnostic imaging.This reprint serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals seeking the latest developments in nanomedicine and cancer treatment.
Biomolecular Structure, Function and Interactions
This Reprint contains eleven papers published in the Special issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences entitled "Biomolecular Structure, Function and Interactions". These papers bring together examples of various experimental, computational, and machine-learning methodologies in biophysical chemistry. Biophysical chemistry is a truly interdisciplinary research area combining the principles of physics, biology, and chemistry to explore the processes in biological systems and their underlying physical and chemical properties. The focus of the researchers in this field is on understanding how biological molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, interact with each other and with their environment at the molecular level. Thus, biomolecular interactions are a fundamental part of biophysical chemistry. Biophysical chemists are also occupied with the determination of the structure and function of biomacromolecules.
Recent Advances in Assessment and Rehabilitation of Individuals with Communication and Language Disorders
This Reprint focuses on the latest research and clinical advances in the assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with lifelong communication and language disorders. Highlighting interdisciplinary approaches from speech-language pathology, neuroscience, psychology, and education, it explores innovative diagnostic methodologies, evidence-based therapeutic interventions, and emerging technologies that enhance clinical outcomes. The contributions examine speech, language, voice, and swallowing disorders from both developmental and acquired perspectives, addressing theoretical frameworks alongside practical applications. Special attention is given to personalized rehabilitation strategies, cross-linguistic and cultural considerations, and the integration of digital tools in clinical practice. By presenting cutting-edge studies, systematic reviews, and novel intervention models, this Reprint offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and educators seeking to improve assessment precision and therapeutic effectiveness.
Advances in Plant-Sourced Natural Compounds as Anticancer Agents
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in countries with higher life expectancy, education levels, and standards of living, despite significant advances in early detection and treatment over recent decades. As a result, there is growing interest in exploring alternative and complementary strategies, such as the use of natural compounds as adjuvant therapies, to improve patient outcomes.The plant world has emerged as a rich source of bioactive molecules for the discovery and development of new anticancer drugs. Several plant metabolites have served as lead structures for the development of FDA-approved chemotherapeutics. Research into medicinal plants continues to grow because novel therapeutics derived from them offer the promise of more effective, less toxic treatment options for patients, particularly when conventional therapies are limited by resistance or intolerable side effects. Plant extracts and isolated phytochemicals have demonstrated strong potential to improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients, as evidenced by a growing body of preclinical and clinical research. In addition to direct cytotoxic effects, many phytochemicals modulate key signaling pathways involved in tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. They may enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to existing treatments.
Underwater Acoustic Technologies for Sustainable Fisheries
This Reprint brings together nine studies that illustrate the essential role of acoustic methods in modern fisheries science and ecosystem conservation. It highlights practical and advanced applications that support sustainable fisheries, enhance monitoring accuracy, and facilitate broader ecological research.Key topics include foundational work on Target Strength (TS) estimation, crucial for species identification and biomass assessment. Several papers address challenges in broadband quantification, validate theoretical models such as the KRM, and establish TS-length relationships important for reliable resource evaluation. Other contributions examine the use of scientific echosounders to analyze species' spatiotemporal distribution and to assess fish stock recovery in inland waters, offering strong evidence for the effectiveness of conservation policies such as China's fishing ban.This Reprint also features studies that utilize acoustic cameras to monitor large aquatic organisms. Some works combine imaging acoustics with deep learning and tracking algorithms to achieve automated and efficient target identification and counting. This Reprint also extends to passive acoustic monitoring, which provides non-invasive insights into endangered species such as the Yangtze Finless Porpoise, informing conservation strategies.
Establishment of State-of-the-Art Methods/Techniques and Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Brain Tumor Diagnosis
Rapid progress in brain tumor diagnostics is reshaping practice across neuro-oncology. In line with the newly updated WHO classification of CNS tumors, which formalizes an integrated diagnosis that combines histopathological criteria with tumor-specific molecular signatures, current research is expanding the set of markers and tools that refine tumor recognition and classification. Parallel advances in methodology are streamlining workflows and improving diagnostic accuracy.This Special Issue presents recent advancements and breakthroughs in brain tumor diagnosis. It focuses on the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers, the development and assessment of new diagnostic techniques, and the implementation of state-of-the-art methods for detection and classification. Content spans neuroimaging, molecular biology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis, with an emphasis on approaches that support precision diagnostics and inform treatment selection.
Biomolecular Approaches and Drugs for Neurodegeneration
This reprint presents a collection of recent contributions addressing the urgent challenges posed by neurodegenerative diseases. In more detail, it explores therapeutic convergence through natural products, drug repurposing, and biomolecular targets, while also examining specific topics like the selective vulnerability of neuronal populations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), cholesterol metabolism in microglia, and innovative approaches to prion inhibition. We also report on studies highlighting mitochondria as key modulators of neurodegeneration. The work also presents nutraceutical strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD) models and investigates anti-inflammatory compounds able to regulate microglial activity. The reprint further expands on the neuroprotective potential of plant-derived molecules, adrenergic receptor signaling in AD, immune system involvement in multiple sclerosis, and therapeutic strategies for spinocerebellar ataxia. Collectively, the different topics discussed in this work emphasize the multifaceted nature of neurodegeneration research, demonstrating how molecular insights, pharmacological innovation, and translational approaches converge to pave the way for future neurotherapies.
Advances in Wine Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Health Benefits
This Reprint, prepared within the Special Issue "Advances in Wine Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Health Benefits", presents a collection of published articles that highlight current progress in understanding the composition, quality, and potential health-related properties of wine. The collected contributions reflect the diversity and innovation of contemporary wine science. They explore topics ranging from the influence of vineyard environment and winemaking practices on the aromatic and phenolic profile of wines to the use of advanced analytical techniques such as non-destructive spectroscopy and chemometric modeling. Special attention is given to identifying compounds responsible for physicochemical characteristics, sensory perception, and antioxidant activity, supporting the view of wine as a potential functional food. Additional studies examine the role of microorganisms, the impact of technological innovations, and consumer perception, opening opportunities for wines tailored to evolving market expectations and health-conscious lifestyles.By assembling these insights, this Reprint offers a clear overview of the latest research directions and demonstrates how multidisciplinary approaches continue to deepen understanding of wine as a complex chemical, sensory, and biological system. It provides a valuable resource for readers interested in the scientific foundations of wine quality and its potential contribution to well-being.
Editorial Board Members' Collection Series
Human activities have induced conspicuous global changes including, inter alia, climate change, land use change, nitrogen deposition, and biological invasions, which negatively impact biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Anthropocene. The decline in biodiversity and the deterioration of ecosystem functions and services may hamper the sustainable development of both the economy and society. Although numerous studies have been conducted over the past few decades, the biological and ecological mechanisms governing how global changes affect biodiversity and ecosystem functions are not fully understood. This reprint presents studies that advance our understanding of how global change drivers affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology
Fruit tree physiology and molecular biology, a key branch of agricultural science, is key to maintaining the sustainability of the global fruit industry amid worsening conditions due to climate change and the growing demand for high-quality, diverse fruits. Critical physiological changes in fruit trees-flower bud differentiation, fruit/seed development, sugar-acid/color formation, rootstock impacts on tree/fruit quality, and stress responses-guide production, and analyzing their molecular mechanisms remains a focus of research, as this drives practical guidance.​ This Reprint "Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology" presents the latest work by global researchers in this field, focusing on four core areas: extreme environment adaptation, efficient resource use, precise quality improvement, and variety innovation. It covers apples, pears, grapes, etc., integrating multi-omics, CRISPR/Cas9, and cultivation techniques to explore stress resistance, nutrient regulation, and germplasm innovation mechanisms, solving industry issues (low efficiency, poor resilience, etc.).​ Our motivation for compiling this Reprint lies in addressing challenges (nutrient imbalance, pear ring rot, lab-field gaps, etc.) and consolidating progress (key genes, YOLOv10 models, etc.), and gaps (molecular-physiological links) are bridged via theory-practice research. The targets of this Special Issue Reprint include researchers (new mechanisms), agronomists (field optimization), and students (trends). It aims to inspire collaboration, accelerate technological translation, and advance a climate-resilient, high-quality industry for food security.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Healthcare Data Processing and Analyzing
This Special Issue presents recent progress in applying machine learning and deep learning techniques to healthcare data analysis and clinical decision support. Modern healthcare systems generate extensive and diverse data sources, including physiological signals, medical imaging, electronic health records, wearable sensor outputs, and multimodal patient monitoring streams. Deriving reliable clinical insights from these data demands approaches that are robust, interpretable, and efficient for real-time or resource-constrained environments. The contributions in this collection demonstrate innovative models and practical methodologies for addressing key challenges such as the detection of Parkinson's disease, prediction of Alzheimer's disease progression, forecasting clinical outcomes in microsurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms, prediction of lumbar disc herniation, and the development of medical image-based decision support systems. Overall, the Special Issue highlights methods that improve diagnostic accuracy, streamline data processing workflows, and support integration into clinical and point-of-care practice.
Grand Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
This Special Issue of Diagnostics, titled "Grand Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases", offers a comprehensive collection of original research and reviews spanning major advances in both heart and brain health. The topics covered range from acute and chronic cardiovascular syndromes to cerebrovascular emergencies. Original investigations examine coronary imaging in Kawasaki disease, the neurological impact of intra-aortic balloon pump and ECMO support, and the prognostic role of inflammatory markers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in large vessel occlusion stroke. The novel approaches highlighted in this collection include the use of machine learning models for stroke prediction in atrial fibrillation, the application of atherogenic indices to population-level risk stratification, and the functional characterization of SOX4 as a genetic determinant of familial atrial fibrillation. Complementing these are state-of-the-art reviews on atrial cardiomyopathy, acute heart failure and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, and frameworks for early detection of pre-heart failure. Collectively, the Reprint underscores the role of imaging, genetics, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence in shaping the next generation of diagnostics and therapeutics. Guest edited by Prof. Dr. Sonu M. M. Bhaskar, this Special Issue provides a multidisciplinary perspective for clinicians, researchers, and policy leaders committed to reducing the global burden of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish
The Special Issue "Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish" focuses on the application of morphological and physiological research conducted on fish, with the goal of providing information on the relevance of morphological studies and their relationships to functions. Fish are not only the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, but they also have a wide range of applications in research and industry. Furthermore, aquaculture is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly ways to generate high-quality protein. In addition, in recent years, fish have emerged as an intriguing model system in biomedical research, owing to their strong resemblance to mammals in terms of several fundamental systems. Morphological studies give us context for understanding the spatial organization and link between physiological and biochemical data, as well as the molecular machinery that is rapidly being explained using molecular approaches focused on the genome, transcriptome, and proteome. As a result, new morphological and physiological studies of fish would improve our comprehension of these species, with extraordinary and exciting implications for both basic and applied studies. Many authors contributed to the Special Issue with ten original pieces and four reviews. The themes covered ranged from descriptive morphology to morphometry, stress markers to toxic compounds, wild to aquaculture or model species, and involved various organs and apparatus. Morphometrical and morphological research were the most numerous contributions in this Special Issue.
Management of Forest Pests and Diseases
Forests are complex ecosystems sustained by interactions among countless organisms. Insects and microorganisms play essential roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow, yet many also act as pests and pathogens, threatening forest health and stability. This paradox-the presence of organisms that support ecological balance but can also disrupt it-is intensified by two global forces: the introduction of alien species and climate change. Global trade and travel facilitate biological invasions, while rising temperatures and shifting climates expand the range and reproduction of many pests and pathogens, contributing to recent outbreaks. Effective surveillance and monitoring are crucial for sustainable forest management. Early detection, rapid response, and long-term planning will help to mitigate their impacts, guide targeted control strategies, and advance scientific understanding.In this Special Issue, we compile interdisciplinary research addressing the interactions between pests, pathogens, climate, and human activity. By informing policy and management, we aim to support healthier, more resilient forests and foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration
It is generally recognized that the success of bone regeneration depends not only on the choice of a particular surgical technique and the clinical experience of the therapist but also on the knowledge, correct selection, and use of various biomaterials. Therefore, the science of biomaterials is one of the fastest growing disciplines in dentistry, and a more thorough knowledge of the properties of existing biomaterials and the development of new biomaterials are certainly areas that require special research attention. We believe that the topic of this Special Issue is of great importance to professionals working in the field of tissue engineering, dental implantology, and regenerative dentistry.
Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition
The fundamental element of systematic periodontal or endodontic therapy is the removal of bacterial biofilms from the outer and inner surfaces of the teeth. In some cases, the use of an antibiotic that is effective against the individual germ spectrum may be justified in order to control disease processes and prevent the spread of inflammatory processes to other areas of the body. However, the possible side effects on the whole organism or even the development of resistance must be considered. Alternative approaches, such as antimicrobial photochemical, photodynamic, and photothermal methods, use laser energy to induce a toxic effect on microorganisms. In the context of the treatment of periodontitis of different stages and severity, as well as endodontic therapy measures, such methods show promising results, especially in adjuvant application to conventional approaches, and could therefore be a useful complement to existing periodontal and endodontic antimicrobial treatment measures. This Special Issue focuses on actual studies on the use of antimicrobial therapy approaches in periodontal and endodontic therapy.
Role of Food Digestion and Digestive System in the Nutritional, Functional and Health Properties of Food Bioactives
Understanding the complex process of food digestion is an area of intense research due to its direct liaison with nutrition and health. Over the last few years, consumers have been paying more attention to how nutritional factors and the consumption of certain foods may impact human well-being, as food components may display either beneficial or adverse effects in the digestive system, and therefore, in human health. Hence, our gastrointestinal tract is exposed to a large variety of food components once they are processed, released, and eventually transported across the intestinal barrier. Food compounds are thus metabolized and subjected to different changes in the digestive system, and scientists working on functional foods aim to uncover this challenge to better determine the health implications of food bioactives. While the simulation of the physiological conditions of the digestion process is a crucial step, there is growing evidence regarding the health impact of the modulation of digestive functions through dietary substances. Therefore, the goal of this Special Issue was to gather the latest research on the three-way interplay between the digestive system, the food matrix and composition during digestion, and the nutritional and functional properties of food bioactives, highlighting investigations applying model systems of food gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, bioavailability, and gut microbiota, but also novel studies and future scientific trends about the nutritional and biological functions of digested food products and their bioactive molecules in health and disease.
