Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Gynecological Disorders
Gynecological disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions affecting the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. These diseases impose a major health and financial burden worldwide, causing significant morbidity and profoundly affecting women's quality of life. Despite their prevalence, the underlying etiologies are often complex and remain only partially understood, with limited knowledge of the risk factors that contribute to disease onset and progression. Advancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving these disorders is therefore essential for developing more effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.This collection of original research and review articles provides a comprehensive overview of emerging insights into ovarian and uterine pathologies, reflecting the interconnected nature of gynecologic conditions. Topics addressed include mesothelial clearance by endometriosis spheroids, impaired decidualization, autophagy in reproductive aging, protease regulation in ovarian function, immune-tumor interactions in ovarian cancer, and the molecular drivers of fibrosis, senescence, cellular transformation, and tumorigenesis in uterine tissues. Collectively, these contributions underscore the urgent need for integrative research efforts that bridge basic science and clinical application, ultimately advancing the field toward improved outcomes for women affected by gynecologic diseases.
Recent Advances in Legume Crop Protection
The legume family is economically important and is one of the most important sources of starch, protein, oil, and vegetables for human food around the world, playing an irreplaceable role in guaranteeing human food security. The pulses are an important component of the response of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in emergencies. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases, pests, and weeds restrict the high and stable yield of legume crops. Major diseases of legumes include root rots, bacterial blights, and mosaic diseases. In addition, damage caused by malignant weeds, nematodes, and sap-sucking/-chewing insects is also included as a constraint on legume production. This Special Issue is focused on 13 selected topics (12 articles and 1 editorial) from different universities and research institutes. The research fields covered include mechanisms of resistance to pests and diseases, identification and monitoring of diseases, alternative control strategies, weed management, and drone-mounted multispectral imaging technology. Current problems in the prevention and control of legume crop diseases, pests, and weeds are discussed with a view to providing subsequent research and applications of key pest- and disease-monitoring and control technologies with reference points.
Effects of Plant Extracts on Meat Quality, Intestinal Microbiota and Resistance to Diseases and Stresses of Food Animals
With the complete prohibition of feed antibiotic additives in many countries and regions, including China, the United States, and Europe, studying and developing efficient new green feed additives with plant extracts and their ability to mitigate various problems in livestock and poultry breeding have gradually become a key focus of animal science research.In this Special Issue, we compiled research articles and reviews on the effects of plant extracts on meat quality, intestinal flora, resistance to disease, and stress in edible animals, highlighting current knowledge and future directions in this field.
On the Future of Species
A bold and visionary account of how genome writing can help preserve the planet--but may also undermine human nature and disrupt ecosystems. From a scientist at the forefront of synthetic genomics. Imagine a future where we grow houses rather than build them. Where smartphones are alive, clothing has opinions and all human knowledge fits into a speck of DNA. A world where disease is a thing of the past and the human lifespan is dramatically extended. To achieve this, says Adrian Woolfson, founder of the genome writing company Genyro, we must transform biology into a predictive, programmable engineering material. That means decoding the generative grammar of DNA: the language of life itself. We will then be able to author genomes--and, if we choose, even rewrite our own. In On the Future of Species, Woolfson describes how we are at the cusp of a technological revolution, driven by the convergence of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology. Currently at the scribbling phase--writing the genomes of viruses, bacteria and yeast--we will eventually author the genomes of extinct and never-before-realized species. Life will become computable, detached from its past and no longer bound by Darwinian evolution. While offering extraordinary opportunities, this power also carries great risk, and it is vital for everyone to understand what the future might hold. In this groundbreaking work, Woolfson provides a guide to this bold new world, offering a moral compass to help us do so safely, wisely and ethically.
Genetics and Breeding of Edible Mushroom
Edible mushrooms, well known for their high nutritional and medicinal value, have been widely cultivated across the globe. Studies involving germplasm resources, molecular markers, genetics, breeding systems, and cultivation techniques have been extensively performed over the last few decades, considerably promoting the mushroom industry. However, both mushroom development and the formation of nutritional and medicinal characteristics involve complicated systems comprising gene regulatory networks and environmental stimulations. In recent years, with breakthroughs in high-throughput sequencing and omics, genetic transformation, and gene editing technologies, among other domains, more and more researchers have focused on the molecular genetic mechanisms of mushroom yield and quality, making some progress. An in-depth understanding of these mechanisms has further guided and facilitated breeding. Moreover, some studies have been carried out in the field of functional gene mapping and the marker-assisted breeding of edible mushrooms with agronomic traits. This Special Issue explores both fundamental research and technological applications in the field of mushroom genetics and breeding.
Abiotic Stress-Induced Secondary Metabolites Regulating Plant Metabolism
The aim of this reprint is to explore the pivotal role of plant secondary metabolites in the abiotic stress response. When exposed to environmental adversities such as drought, salinity, heavy metal pollution, and ultraviolet radiation, plants activate intricate defense mechanisms, resulting in the synthesis of antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. This reprint delves into the genetic regulation and biochemical pathways underlying the biosynthesis of these compounds, shedding light on their functional significance in the stress response. Overall, through featuring cutting-edge research and insights from leading experts, this reprint explores the diversity, synthesis, and accumulation of secondary metabolites under stress conditions. By unraveling these molecular processes, we aim to provide a foundation for developing innovative strategies to enhance crop tolerance, improve plant health, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Sustainable Fertilization Management Consequences to Horticultural Crops
To meet the ever-increasing global demand for food, the agricultural community continues to seek innovative practices to boost crop yields without sacrificing the environment. For example, using huge amounts of fertilizers hampers soil health and generates pollution. Integrated nutrient management paves the way towards overcoming these problems, which involves the conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures. The application of plant nutrients in an optimum ratio and adequate amounts is called "Balanced Fertilization".Sustainable Fertilization Management is the proper supply of all nutrients throughout the growth of a crop. It is now commonly understood that irrational and/or excessive fertilizer application does not always translate into a continuous increase in crop yield. In contrast, a balanced fertilization strategy is economically superior, and is a more sustainable agricultural practice.According to the "Liebig's barrel" principle, plant growth is dictated by the scarcest resource (limiting factor), and not by the total resources available. A deficiency in one nutrient cannot be compensated by a surplus of any of the others. Thus, one nutrient alone cannot ensure the yield, and a balance between the nutrients is essential to ensure attainment of yields according to the genetic potential of the crops. Hence, research in this field must be up to date, and is crucial for science and the practice of horticulture.
Farming Factors' Influence on Animal Productions
Animal farming is presently facing a two-fold challenge, comprising, on the one hand, ensuring food safety and security to a continuously increasing population and, on the other, ensuring that production remains sustainable and environmentally friendly. With regard to this, the circular economy presents an opportunity to develop conventional farming technologies step by step via the use of modern and alternative production systems, relying on biotechnologies or on re-inventing traditional farming practices. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on the innovation, development and assessment of conventional animal farming technology towards improved production systems, which must become increasingly more sustainable. The selected research articles explore the influence of certain factors implemented at the farm level (nutrition, reproduction, genetics, housing, technological endorsement, management, hygiene, etc.) on the conditions of conventional and alternative farming systems of certain species, such as large and small ruminants, horses, poultry, swine, rabbits and honey bees, particularly in terms of their yielding performance and the quality and safety of animal products. Moreover, the question of the adaptability of certain animal populations to new farming conditions can be approached from context of recent ethical challenges relating to animal welfare and non-conventional manners of producing animal-originated foods.
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity
An exciting and relevant topic is addressed in this paper collection encompassing both peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms of damage. This is of particular interest since neurons are a perennial cell population, and, therefore, neurotoxicity understanding and management is a relevant challenge to treat/prevent neurological disorders. There are many different potentially neurotoxic agents. Mechanisms of damage involved in the nervous system are explored to pave the way to potential treatment strategies relying on a robust biological rationale. Since neurons are excitable cells, ion channels/transporters can be a pivotal element leading to axonal damage and neuronal death. A clear-cut review of their involvement, exploiting as a playground chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, is provided as well as an in-depth reasoning on how ion channels/transporters are quite susceptible, in their functioning, to changes in the environment that the cell is exposed to, which can also be triggering neurotoxicity. Also, the central nervous system is not overlooked in this paper collection, and the role of excitotoxicity is also dissected in depth in neurodegenerative disorder and pain modulation. Another topic that is presented via research data is the role of oxidative stress in determining alterations of the nervous system, exploiting zebrafish models, as well as its role in determining neurotoxicity acting against glial cells. In addition, our Special Issue is enriched by a detailed review of mechanisms leading to an entity that is becoming more and more relevant: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Shark Ecology
Sharks play a crucial role as apex or mesopredators in oceans worldwide, inhabiting both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems and occupying all layers of the water column, from deep sea environments to coastal shallows. However, sharks are increasingly threatened by intense human activities, including overfishing, unregulated and illegal fishing, pollution, habitat loss and degradation, and the effects of climate change, just to highlight the most pressing challenges. Thus, this Special Issue is essential to integrate the knowledge of specialists from various disciplines to enhance public understanding and improve the effectiveness of shark conservation strategies. As biodiversity conservation should not be approached as an isolate issue, several shark researchers contributed to this Special Issue across different shark ecological topics including behaviour, monitoring, ecotoxicology, trophic ecology, biology, and paleobiology. These cross-disciplinary efforts aimed to develop and implement long-term and impactful protection measures worldwide and provided a platform to showcase recent research on shark ecology, enhancing innovative methodologies and perspectives focused on this elusive group of species. As Guest Editors, and together with the Diversity editorial team, we want to thank all the researchers involved who made possible a more in-depth knowledge of shark ecology, from the threats they face to the corresponding conservation efforts.
Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Nutrients Promoting Human Health
Substantial evidence has supported that cellular oxidative damage and chronic neuroinflammation are potential mechanisms involved in the onset and development of non-communicable diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancers, and even neurodegenerative disease. Some bioactive nutrients, such as phytochemicals, antioxidant enzymes, peptides, polysaccharides, prebiotics, probiotics, essential fatty acids, rare amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, have positive effects on human health and could reduce the likelihood of developing numerous diseases, likely due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the underlying mechanism of how natural bioactive components respond to chronic human disease damage is unclear. In this Special Issue, we collected the latest findings, including those from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies, relating to the health-promoting role of bioactive nutrients or their cellular signaling and molecular mechanism in response to disease prevention.
Father Time
A sweeping account of male nurturing, explaining how and why men are biologically transformed when they care for babies It has long seemed self-evident that women care for babies and men do other things. Hasn't it always been so? When evolutionary science came along, it rubber-stamped this venerable division of labor: mammalian males evolved to compete for status and mates, while females were purpose-built to gestate, suckle, and otherwise nurture the victors' offspring. But come the twenty-first century, increasing numbers of men are tending babies, sometimes right from birth. How can this be happening? Puzzled and dazzled by the tender expertise of new fathers around the world--several in her own family--celebrated evolutionary anthropologist and primatologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy set out to trace the deep history of male nurturing and explain a surprising departure from everything she had assumed to be "normal." In Father Time, Hrdy draws on a wealth of research to argue that this ongoing transformation in men is not only cultural, but profoundly biological. Men in prolonged intimate contact with babies exhibit responses nearly identical to those in the bodies and brains of mothers. They develop caring potential few realized men possessed. In her quest to explain how men came to nurture babies, Hrdy travels back through millions of years of human, primate, and mammalian evolution, then back further still to the earliest vertebrates--all while taking into account recent economic and social trends and technological innovations and incorporating new findings from neuroscience, genetics, endocrinology, and more. The result is a masterful synthesis of evolutionary and historical perspectives that expands our understanding of what it means to be a man--and what the implications might be for society and our species.
Life
Have you ever wondered how life came into existence, but more importantly, have you thought where will it all end up in millions or billions of years from now?I will address this question and many others about life on this planet and the universe as well. We may not find all the answers, but we will try. It is a quest I started several years ago. I was curious about how life started from inorganic matter billions of years ago. It just seemed improbable that life just appeared one day from a combination of non-living elements and molecules. It seems like it was magic! But, was it? I seriously doubt it, but there is a certain mystic to the appearance of life.The journey we are about to take will span billions of years. We will start at the very beginning with the Big Bang and the creation of our universe, the creation of the basic elements, the formation of the Sun, the planets, our Earth, and our moon. We will explore how the elements combined to create the complexity of life. We will look at how life works now from its very simple beginning billions of years ago. We will look at the progression of life from the beginning of time to the present including where man has ended up. Lastly, we will look at the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe and where life on our planet will end up. It is a great journey written for ordinary people like me in language that we can understand. I hope you enjoy the quest. Lastly, I could not do the journey alone unassisted. I am just an ordinary man with great curiosity and with little technical expertise in this area, so we are assisted along the way by experts, lecturers, and authors. I give all the credit to them and their expert guidance. I have simply taken all their knowledge in each of their specific areas of expertise and compiled it into a single concise book of information on life along with a few of my thoughts and ideas for good measure. In any case, this book would not have been possible without their help. Thank you.
Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization 2024
This Special Issue was inspired by the 11th International Workshop on Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization (NEO 2024), held from 3 to 6 September 2024 in Mexico City, Mexico, and hosted by Cinvestav. Solving real-world scientific and engineering problems has always been a challenge, and the complexity of these tasks has increased in recent years as more sources of data and information have been continuously developed. Thus, the design and analysis of powerful search and optimization techniques is of great importance. Two well-established fields that focus on this task are (i) traditional numerical optimization techniques and (ii) bio-inspired metaheuristic methods. Both of these general approaches have unique strengths and weaknesses, allowing researchers to solve certain challenging problems while failing to solve others. The goal of the NEO workshop series is to gather experts from both fields to discuss, compare, and merge these complementary perspectives. Collaborative work allows researchers to maximize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of both paradigms. NEO also intends to help researchers in these fields to understand and tackle real-world problems like pattern recognition, routing, energy, lines of production, prediction, and modeling, among others.
Aquatic Ecosystems
The aim of this Reprint is to provide interesting scientific readings on important aspects related to aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and conservation. Biodiversity emerges from the complex interactions between the organisms themselves and with physical and chemical factors. A deep understanding of the aquatic community structure and functioning and how they are affected by natural and human-induced disturbances is crucial. This is the only way to look forward into a more sustainable relationship with nature.
Recent Advances in the Diversity and Taxonomy of Subterranean Arthropods
The subterranean fauna of arthropods is one of the richest on our planet. At the same time, however, it is still insufficiently researched. The characteristics of the underground environment have led hypogean arthropods to evolve both morphological and physiological adaptations, such as depigmentation, complete loss of eyes, elongation of appendages, slow metabolism, lower energy consumption, and much more. These animals are excellent models to study the general principles of evolution and the mechanisms of adaptation to a new environment. As the diversity of subterranean arthropods has not been sufficiently studied worldwide and most previous studies have focused on faunal diversity, it is desirable to analyse other aspects of the diversity of this particular group of animals, including morphological, molecular, ecological, chemoecological, and behavioural diversity. As the editors' expertise covers both troglobitic (associated with terrestrial subterranean environment) and stygobitic (associated with all types of subterranean waters) arthropods, this Special Issue Reprint is dedicated to the study of the diversity of both groups. We hope that it will contribute to a better knowledge of the diversity of subterranean arthropods within several biological disciplines, indicating their great importance in the habitats they inhabit and for humans in general.
Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition
Marine ecosystems are an extraordinary reservoir of biochemical diversity, and fatty acids (FAs) stand out as one of their most functionally and ecologically significant components. Found in virtually all marine organisms, fatty acids play pivotal roles in cellular structure, energy storage, and intercellular communication. Beyond their fundamental biological functions, they are increasingly recognized as valuable biomarkers for food web analysis and as promising compounds with nutritional and therapeutic potential. This Special Issue has brought together the recent advances in the study of marine fatty acids, with a focus on their chemical diversity, biological functions, ecological significance, and bioactivities. Contributions covered a wide range of topics, including the following: Structural characterization of novel marine fatty acids.Biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids in marine species.Fatty acids as trophic biomarkers in marine ecology.Nutritional value and health benefits of marine-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., EPA, DHA).Bioactive fatty acids with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or anticancer properties.Applications of marine lipids in food, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical industries.This Special Issue provides an opportunity to showcase cutting-edge findings that underscore the importance of marine fatty acids in science, health, and industry.
Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials. Application in Medical Sciences
This Reprint gathers cutting-edge research and reviews on ceramic and metallic biomaterials with direct applications in medical sciences. The contributions reflect a broad spectrum of approaches to enhance the safety, performance, and functionality of implants, coatings, and therapeutic systems. Several studies investigate antibacterial and antifungal coatings for dental and orthopedic applications, demonstrating how Ti(C, N)-based layers, sol-gel silica with natural compounds, and anodized Ti-Ag alloys can reduce microbial adhesion while maintaining excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Other works explore hybrid ceramic-polymer systems enriched with carbon nanotubes, doped bioglass and hydroxyapatite coatings, and advanced methods such as CoBlast deposition, all aimed at improving osseointegration and bone regeneration.Beyond implants, the Reprint includes innovative approaches in nanomedicine and diagnostics, such as magnetic and gold-coated nanostructures for theranostic use, multimodal cancer therapies combining hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and magneto-mechanical actuation, and proof-of-concept sensors for detecting magnetic nanoparticles. Complementary reviews highlight progress in dental implant surface modification, the role of porous titanium alloys in bone regeneration, and the future of orthopedic biomaterials.Together, these works illustrate how advances in material design and processing are driving next-generation biomedical solutions, bridging fundamental research with clinical application.
New Challenges in the Cosmetics Industry
This reprint compiles nine high-quality research and review articles focused on the new challenges faced by the cosmetic industry. The contributions address the future perspectives of innovative cosmetic products, considering not only the incorporation of bioactive molecules derived from residues and biotechnological processes but also the application of nanotechnology to enhance product efficacy. Drawn from five MDPI journals-Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Antioxidants, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, and Cosmetics-this collection explores the complexities inherent to developing innovative cosmetic products.
The Use and Management of Invasive Plants
Invasive plant species pose significant challenges to biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and economic sustainability, such as disrupting native flora, altering soil chemistry, and creating ecological imbalances. However, recent research highlights the potential of these species as resources. Their secondary metabolites, allelopathic properties, and adaptability offer avenues for novel applications, particularly in phytopharmacy, energy production, and agriculture. This Reprint presents key advancements in both the control and utilization of invasive plant species, exploring their chemical properties, ecological impact, potential applications, and alternative management strategies.
Remote Sensing in Mangroves III
This comprehensive volume explores the cutting-edge applications of remote sensing technologies in monitoring and understanding climate change. Featuring contributions from leading experts, the Reprint delves into innovative methodologies that leverage satellite data, aerial imagery, and ground-based sensors to track environmental changes on a global scale. Readers will gain insights into the latest advancements in data analysis, climate modeling, and predictive tools that are transforming how scientists study atmospheric phenomena, land cover transformations, and oceanic shifts. Essential for researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists, this Reprint underscores the critical role of remote sensing in addressing the pressing challenges posed by climate change, offering practical solutions and strategies for sustainable development.
Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnoses, and Treatments of Respiratory Diseases
The Reprint Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnoses, and Treatments of Respiratory Diseases brings together cutting-edge research and comprehensive reviews that explore the complex landscape of respiratory health. Inspired by the global impact of COVID-19, this collection highlights the urgent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory diseases and to translate these insights into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.The contributions cover a broad spectrum of respiratory conditions, including COVID-19, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), lung cancer, bronchiectasis, pulmonary infections, and pulmonary hypertension. Topics span from novel biomarkers and genetic associations to innovative diagnostic tools and treatment approaches, such as high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, anti-fibrotic strategies, and precision medicine applications.By integrating perspectives from basic science, clinical practice, and public health, this volume provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers seeking to improve patient care and outcomes. The reprint underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research in addressing the growing burden of respiratory diseases worldwide. Ultimately, it aims to inspire continued innovation in early diagnosis, personalized therapies, and comprehensive disease management for diverse patient populations.
Agricultural Environmental Pollution, Risk Assessment, and Control
This reprint addresses one of the most pressing challenges in modern agriculture: the growing burden of environmental pollution in soils and crop systems. Rapid industrialization and urban expansion have introduced pesticide residues, chemical fertilizers, persistent organic pollutants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, microplastics, radionuclides and pathogens into agricultural landscapes. These contaminants not only degrade soil health but also accumulate in edible and non-edible plant parts, raising risks for food safety, ecosystem stability and human well-being.This collection brings together recent advances in monitoring and remediation strategies designed to tackle these complex threats. Contributions in this reprint include innovative approaches such as biological fertilizers, integrated organic farming systems and the bioremediation of contaminated soils, as well as studies that improve the understanding of pollutant fate and transfer within agricultural environments. By integrating scientific knowledge with practical solutions, this reprint provides valuable insights into developing sustainable agricultural practices that protect both ecosystems and human health.
The Forbidden Science
The Forbidden Science examines the biological basis of human variation, drawing on genetics, evolutionary biology, and population studies to explore how ancestral adaptations have shaped differences in physical traits, disease susceptibility, and cognitive patterns across populations. The book presents its case from a scientific standpoint, tracing shared human origins in Africa and the divergent evolutionary paths that followed.The book covers genetic principles including heritability, polygenic inheritance, and natural selection, applying them to documented differences in health outcomes and athletic performance. It addresses intelligence research, including group-level data and the longstanding debate over environmental versus biological factors, while also examining how educational policy and economic outcomes relate to these discussions. Personal accounts from researchers and families give the material a human dimension throughout.Contents: Reader review: "A rigorous and unsettling read. Whether or not you agree with its conclusions, the scientific framework is presented clearly and honestly." -- Daniel K.This title suits collections in genetics, evolutionary biology, and social science, and will appeal to readers interested in the intersection of biology and public policy. Suitable for academic, specialist, and general non-fiction sections.Order now.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods
Listeriosis is a rare foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a 1-2 繕m long bacillus that can multiply at low temperatures and in the presence of high salt concentrations, and results in 0.1 to 10 cases per million people per year according to the World Health Organization. This bacterium is ubiquitous-it can be found in water, soil, plants, and many animals-and it has the ability to contaminate ready-to-eat foods and food production sites. It is sensitive to heat but can multiply slowly at low temperatures.Often occurring sporadically, its widespread propagation in a broad range of foods can cause epidemics.The scope of this Special Issue on 'Quantitative Risk Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods' is twofold: (1) we seek to present a critical analysis of the existing human listeriosis quantitative risk assessment models conducted on milk and dairy products, fresh produce, seafood, and meat products, highlighting common results from intervention strategies despite the unavoidable differences in model scopes and assumptions; (2) we also aim to present new quantitative risk assessment models encompassing a longer food chain scope, in the light of new data and approaches, to control listeriosis linked to specific foods such as frozen vegetables, cantaloupes, and ready-to-eat seafood.
The Chitosan Biomaterials
This Reprint gathers original research and reviews from the Special Issue "Chitosan Biomaterials: Advances and Challenges" (International Journal of Molecular Sciences), offering a clear picture of how chitosan is being developed into advanced, multifunctional biomaterials. The contributions highlight the versatility of chitosan, from films and scaffolds designed for controlled drug delivery and wound healing to membranes and tablets enriched with plant extracts that enhance antimicrobial performance. Studies also present smart composites that combine chitosan with innovative components such as boron-based molecules or cellulose nanofibers, improving strength, cytocompatibility, and therapeutic effect. Beyond biomedical use, chitosan is explored as a natural coagulant to improve drinking water quality and as a carrier for inhalable formulations with antiviral activity. Together, these works demonstrate how chemical modification and functionalization strategies expand the physicochemical and biological potential of chitosan. This Reprint provides an up-to-date and accessible resource for scientists, engineers, and practitioners interested in biomaterials, showing how a natural polymer can be transformed into solutions for medicine, healthcare, environmental protection, and beyond.
The Chitosan Biomaterials
This Reprint showcases cutting-edge research on chitosan and its derivatives, emphasizing their multifunctional role across biomedical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental fields. The selected contributions highlight recent progress in drug delivery, wound healing, antimicrobial activity, heavy metal adsorption, and plant protection. Special attention is given to the design of chitosan-based composites, their functionalization, and biocompatibility, as well as their ability to modulate oxidative stress. By bringing together innovative methodologies and practical applications, this Reprint provides a comprehensive and timely overview of how chitosan is being developed into a versatile material to address current scientific and technological challenges.
Our Bodies, Our Planet
In praise of parasites, a surprising exploration of the profound impact of biological freeloaders on human history and our daily lives. Parasites and parasitic relationships are fundamental to life on Earth and to human history. Our Bodies, Our Planet explores how vital they are. Unlike harmful pathogens, parasites may produce no ill effects and may even improve our well-being and the lives of the creatures that surround us. Marcus Hall shows how our fellow travelers have evolved to help keep us alive, or else they themselves will perish. Parasitism is a phenomenon of partnership, and the association of parasite and host has had far-ranging cultural, biological, and possibly geophysical consequences. From Ascaris to Zika, we are instinctively repulsed by these little freeloaders, but what collateral effects do they have on our lives, lifestyles, or even our imagination? As Hall demonstrates, we disregard our parasites at our peril.
New Challenges and Perspectives in Neurology and Autonomic Disorders
The autonomic nervous system, consisting of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions, is an integral part of the central and peripheral nervous systems and controls homeostasis, blood flow, and responses to internal and external stimuli. Disorders of the autonomic nervous system-both common, such as POTS, neurocardiogenic syncope, and orthostatic hypotension, and rare, such as multiple system atrophy, amyloid neuropathy, and familial dysautonomia-have been an evolving area of research in basic and translational science, as well as in clinical practice. More recently, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further underscored the need to elucidate the neurologic and autonomic mechanisms of post-infectious syndromes. To this end, the new frontier in neurology and autonomic disorders, as well as the mechanistic interplay between a wide range of neurologic conditions and autonomic dysfunctions, present an exciting opportunity for groundbreaking discoveries. In this reprint, we gather original research, reviews, and perspectives on a variety of topics involving neurologic and autonomic disorders, including post-COVID sequelae as part of long COVID.
Development and Application of Polymer Scaffolds
This Reprint, "Development and Application of Polymer Scaffolds", captures the dynamic and rapidly advancing research in the design, fabrication, and application of polymer-based scaffolds, which are at the forefront of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The collection highlights a significant paradigm shift in the field, moving from passive, biocompatible supports to 'bio-instructive' or 'functional' systems. These advanced scaffolds are engineered to be active participants in the healing cascade, capable of presenting biological cues, releasing therapeutic agents, and responding to physiological stimuli to orchestrate a more targeted regenerative response. This Reprint brings together 14 peer-reviewed articles, including original research, comprehensive reviews, and a systematic review, contributed by 98 authors from 24 institutions across 17 countries. The works cover innovations in scaffold fabrication, strategic functionalization for enhanced biological performance, application-specific designs for various tissues (nerve, cornea, bone), and fundamental studies in drug delivery and material degradation. This collection offers a comprehensive snapshot of the current state-of-the-art, serving as a valuable resource for the scientific community.
Advances in the Astonishing World of Phytochemicals
This Reprint represents a collection of 12 scientific papers belonging to the Special Issue in Antioxidants titled "Advances in the Astonishing World of Phytochemicals: State-of-the-Art for Antioxidants-2nd Edition" edited by us. Several studies have shown that plants are a source of a plethora of bioactive compounds, such as phytohormones, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils, with a strong potential impact in the fields of pharmaceutics and agriculture. These phytochemicals represent a valuable set of weapons that plants use in self-defense to counteract abiotic stresses disturbing the delicate equilibrium between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems. In recent years, the interest in this area of research has been increasing due to the multifaceted properties of natural compounds containing antioxidants and exhibiting anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism of their action is crucial to establishing their real potential in applied sciences and their potential health benefits. This reprint is addressed to researchers exploring the multifaceted properties of natural compounds containing antioxidants, and describes the need to understand how active compounds, solvents, and complex formations interact, in order to better establish their potential in applied sciences. We are grateful to all the authors for their contributions to the research topic of this reprint and all the editorial staff members for their valuable support.
Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications
During the last few decades, many new instruments and materials have been developed and introduced to the market. Along with these innovations, new, more clinically appealing, and promising techniques of root canal cleaning, shaping, and obturation were introduced to increase the success rates of endodontic treatment and retreatment, and the survival of endodontically treated teeth.This Special Issue of the Journal of Functional Biomaterials will cover different topics of new biomaterials developed for endodontic application: materials for the disinfection/irrigation of the root canal system, temporary and permanent endoaccess and root canal filling, the management of endodontic complications, regenerative endodontics, or endodontic surgery.
Tolerance and Response of Ornamental Plants to Abiotic Stress
Abiotic stress severely affects the growth, quality, and ornamental value of ornamental plants, which are key to horticultural ecosystems and urban greening. This Special Issue of Horticulturae focuses on "Tolerance and Response of Ornamental Plants to Abiotic Stress", showcasing the latest research on how ornamental plants adapt to stressors like heavy metal pollution, saline-alkali environments, extreme temperatures, and abnormal light, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms. All papers in this Reprint have passed strict peer review by experts and Guest Editors, ensuring high academic quality, and were published in Horticulturae in full open access format for knowledge sharing. It contains eleven publications, including one editorial, nine research articles, and one review article, which provide a representative and valuable collection of studies on the tolerance mechanisms and response patterns of ornamental plants under various abiotic stresses. This Reprint summarizes current progress in ornamental plant abiotic stress tolerance, provides references for cultivating stress-resistant varieties and improving adaptability in harsh environments, serves as a valuable resource for students, researchers, and horticultural technicians in related fields, and highlights directions for future research.
RNA Interference Pathways
One of the most important breakthroughs of the 20th century was the discovery of how short RNA molecules from the genomic "dark matter" can control invasive genetic elements or fine-tune endogenous gene expression. The collective name of these pathways is RNA interference (RNAi), or "gene silencing", and the main players here are short, single-stranded RNA molecules in complex with Argonaute proteins. The scientific significance of these small RNA-based regulatory pathways was recognized by the awarding of the Nobel Prize in 2006 for the discovery of RNAi and by the recently awarded 2024 Nobel Prize for the discovery of miRNAs. This reprint is mainly a tribute to the diversity of the miRNA pathway. The selected articles provide an overview not only of some molecular aspects of the maturation of these tiny regulators but also provide evidence of how miRNAs control cell proliferation and differentiation and how their misregulation could lead to the formation of various types of cancer. As certain gene therapy applications also involve miRNA-based strategies, the importance of understanding the molecular details of this pathway clearly extends beyond pure scientific interest. This collection of articles not only presents scientific discoveries using cutting-edge technologies in several model systems but also provides evidence of how modern molecular genetics, as well as molecular medicine, can benefit from an in-depth understanding of the miRNA pathway.
Application of Marine Chitin and Chitosan, 3rd Edition
Chitin and chitosan are abundant marine-derived biopolymers with unique properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cost. Furthermore, their functional groups easily enable versatile modifications for biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Processing strategies allow tuning of their characteristics, including their degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, viscosity, and mineral and protein content, making them highly adaptable compared to synthetic polymers. These sustainable materials have demonstrated significant potential in therapeutic biomaterials, including anti-infective coatings, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery systems, gene therapy vectors, and implant applications. Through this reprint, we aim to showcase advances that expand the role of these natural polymers in next-generation healthcare solutions.
How to Win Friends and Influence Fungi
In the vein of acclaimed popular-science bestsellers such as Atlas Obscura, Astrophysics for Young People in a Hurry, The Way Things Work, What If?, and Undeniable, the co-founders of the global science organization Nerd Nite bring readers a collection of wacky, yet fascinating STEM topics. For 20 years, Nerd Nite has delivered to live audiences around the world, the most interesting, fun, and informative presentations about science, history, the arts, pop culture, you name it. There hasn't been a rabbit hole that their army of presenters hasn't been afraid to explore. Finally, after countless requests to bring Nerd Nite to more fans across the globe, co-founders and college pals Matt Wasowski and Chris Balakrishnan are bringing readers the quirky and accessible science content that they crave in book form, focused on STEM and paired with detailed illustrations that make the content pop. The resulting range of topics is quirky and vast, from kinky, spring-loaded spiders to the Webb telescope's influence on movie special effects. Hilariously named after Dale Carnegie's iconic book, How to Win Friends and Influence Fungi features narratives, bursts, and infographics on all things STEM from scientists around the world. Chapters are sure to make you laugh-out-loud, with titles such as "The Science of the Hangover," "What Birds Can Teach Us About the Impending Zombie Apocalypse," and "Lessons from the Oregon Trail." With fascinating details, facts, and illustrations, combined with Chris and Matt's incredible connections to organizations such as the Discovery Network and the Smithsonian Institution, How to Win Friends and Influence Fungi is sure to reach joyful STEM enthusiasts of all ages around the world. About Nerd Nite: Started in 2003, Nerd Nite is a monthly event held in 100+ cities worldwide during which folks give 20-minute fun-yet-informative presentations across all disciplines, while the audience drinks along!
Advances in Molecular Biology Methods in Hepatology Research
Recent advances in molecular biology methods have profound implications for deciphering the complexities of hepatology research, specifically in understanding liver function, disease development, and novel therapies. The integration of genomic and proteomic technologies such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, sensitive mass spectrometry, high-throughput proteomics, and epigenetic studies allow for a more comprehensive analysis of the liver's genomic landscape. These technologies enable scientists to understand the molecular pathways involved in liver injury, fibrosis, and regeneration. In addition to advances in genomic techniques, the development of advanced hepatic in vivo models and liver tissue engineering, utilizing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, places a clear emphasis on creating humanized organoid models. These molecular innovations, like hepatic organoids, are scalable for high-throughput screening and can replicate complex cellular interactions, providing further insights into the mechanisms underlying liver diseases such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hepatitis, and liver fibrosis. By creating patient-derived organoids, researchers can personalize disease models and uncover individualized disease mechanisms and precision therapeutics. Overall, these advancements in molecular biology have propelled hepatology research to the next level, offering additional opportunities for efficient diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for hepatic diseases.
Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Evolution Mechanism of Bacteria
In the ever-evolving battle against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), our understanding of the genomic landscape of bacteria and their mechanisms of evolution has become pivotal. In bacteria, resistance to antibiotics is determined by genetic factors such as chromosomes, plasmids or other movable genetic elements. Although antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) typically exhibit significant sequence variability, such as the impact of different concentrations of antibiotics on their genomic dynamics, the impact of this diversity on AMR is still unclear. Therefore, understanding the dynamic changes and mobilization of antibiotic resistance genes in humans, animals, plants and environmental microorganisms through genomics and metagenomics methods is crucial.This Special Issue seeks to foster a comprehensive understanding of the genetic underpinnings of bacterial antimicrobial resistance and the evolutionary dynamics that underlie these adaptations.
Computational, AI and IT Solutions Helping Agriculture
This Special Issue was a natural continuation of our previous Special Issue, titled "Internet and Computers for Agriculture"; this one extended further, covering recent and current progress in the application of computational solutions, artificial intelligence (AI), and information technologies (IT) in modern agriculture. Currently, rapid changes are taking place at a planetary scale, including human population growth and global climatic and ecological changes, resulting in a call for immediate sustainable and secure smart solutions for food production, water supply, greenhouse (GHG) gas emissions, and environmental health.This Special Issue provided a stage for the innovative research of scientists and entrepreneurs involved in the development and application of various software products, and digital solutions for agriculture, agroecosystems, and natural ecosystems with applications in agriculture, to be presented. The submission of original articles and reviews involved mobile apps, web applications, internet platforms, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, cloud technologies, AI and machine learning (ML) methods, and applications for precision agriculture, monitoring, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, management, decision making, weather forecasting, optimization, natural language processing, computer/machine vision, drones, real-time detection systems, sensors for field operations, smart agriculture machinery, diagnostics, species and disease recognition, big data collection, scientific-process-based mathematical modeling, and machine learning modeling, which can contribute to modern agriculture now and in the future.
Molecular Pharmacology and Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease
This Special Issue addresses researchers, physicians, and professionals involved in cardiovascular medicine, pharmacology, and biomedical research. The objective is to aggregate and promote the latest research findings, innovative methodologies, and therapeutic strategies concerning molecular mechanisms and therapies in cardiovascular diseases. By fostering collaboration among these diverse groups, this Special Issue aims to enhance understanding and ultimately improve patient outcomes. These contributions provide valuable insights that can influence future research and clinical practices.
Hymenoptera
This Reprint, "Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management", focuses on the diverse Hymenoptera group, which is crucial for biological pest control. While new species are regularly described, many remain undiscovered, making research in this area highly significant. It aims to demonstrate taxonomy's role in modern entomology and highlight its importance by showcasing current global specialist work. This includes enhancing biodiversity knowledge through new species descriptions, correctly identifying field species as a key step to understanding their biology and behavior for improving biological pest control programs, cataloging specimens in entomological collections, with both old and new material, and conducting phylogeny studies with appropriate taxonomic changes. Original research articles and reviews are featured, covering areas such as new species description, integrated pest management, molecular studies, cryptic species, and phylogeny. This Reprint serves as a valuable resource, compiling essential research to advance understanding and application of Hymenoptera in pest management and biodiversity conservation.
20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals
The Special Issue Reprint encompassing peer-reviewed articles on glaucoma and neuroprotection is timely, as the constellation of eye diseases is ever-increasing as the world's population ages. The aim of the Special Issue was to capture some leading aspects of on-going research into pathophysiology, genetics and current and future therapeutic treatment options to mitigate the signs and symptoms of these potentially blinding disorders, especially open-angle and normotensive glaucoma that affect millions worldwide. I hope that this collection of original research and review articles will spur further interest in these elements in the academic arena and in the biopharmaceutical industries.
Food Science and Engineering for Sustainability
Global food demand is projected to rise by 59-98% by 2050, raising concerns about a potential food crisis. To address this challenge, sustainable food systems-defined by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization as environmentally friendly, socially beneficial, and economically viable-have gained significant attention. Achieving sustainability requires innovation across all stages of the food industry, from production to consumption.This Special Issue aims to highlight challenges and opportunities in developing sustainable food systems, showcase state-of-the-art food processing techniques, and present recent discoveries in fundamental food science that enhance sustainability. It will provide a comprehensive overview of initiatives and advances in sustainable food science and engineering, mainly focusing on, but not limited to, the following areas: agricultural and food waste valorization; eco-friendly and energy-efficient food processing technologies, including innovative biotechnologies, Sustainable food product development, such as plant-based meats and cellular agriculture; smart materials for food packaging and storage; fundamental food science approaches to improve nutritional value; social science perspectives on sustainable food supply chains; consumer behavior; and policy.This Special Issue provides a platform to share insights and solutions to advance sustainable food systems worldwide.
100 Mind-Blowing Human Body Facts
Discover more mind-blowing books and audiobooks at FelixGrayson.com100 Mind-Blowing Human Body Facts: 100 Astonishing Wonders of the Body You Never KnewThe human body isn't just a collection of organs and bones-it's a living, breathing, self-healing marvel filled with hidden superpowers, strange quirks, and mysteries that even science is still trying to solve. Whether you're a curious reader, a trivia lover, or someone who simply enjoys saying "wait, WHAT?!", this book is packed with 100 incredible facts that will make you see yourself in a whole new light.Inside, you'll discover: That you glow in the dark-but your eyes can't see itWhy your bones are stronger (and lighter) than steelHow your stomach doesn't digest itself-even though it totally couldThat you can survive without a pulse, a stomach, or even most of your liverWhy your body sheds enough skin each year to fill a pillowThe bizarre truth about gill-like structures you had in the wombThat your feet alone contain 25% of your bonesWhy you're slightly taller in the morning than at nightHow your body creates water from scratch inside your cellsAnd dozens more facts that sound made up-but aren'tFrom wild biological twists to fascinating anatomical oddities, this book is a mind-expanding ride through the most complex machine ever built: you. Every page is filled with facts that are equal parts strange, surprising, and awe-inspiring.Perfect for: Science lovers who enjoy weird-but-true biologyTrivia fans looking for unforgettable conversation startersStudents, teachers, or curious minds of all agesAnyone who's ever wondered what their body is really capable ofWhether you read it cover to cover or flip to a random fact, this book is designed to blow your mind, spark your curiosity, and leave you marveling at the incredible world inside your skin.You don't need a lab coat to explore the mysteries of the human body-just an open mind and a sense of wonder.Perfect for readers young and old, 100 Mind-Blowing Human Body Facts is a must-have for anyone who's ever asked, "How does that even work?"
Organisms and Their Evolution
Every organism is a striving agent. It insistently pursues its own meanings and purposes in the manner of its species. This is true, not only of animal behavior (as seen in our pets), but all the way down to the molecular and cellular levels. Whether a cell is dividing - becoming two cells, with each daughter cell re-organizing itself as a living entity - or replicating its DNA, or carrying out the infinitely varying work of metabolism, it is always directing its activity with a remarkable wisdom. Is this future-oriented organizing ability really irrelevant to evolution, as so many seem to think today?During much of the 20th century, biologists, bound by the repressive doctrine of Behaviorism, could not speak of the human mind. And when, during the last decades of the century, the taboo was finally shattered, it gave rise to what is now called the "Cognitive Revolution," and along with it an invigorating renewal of consciousness studies. When biologists break through the taboo against reckoning with their own descriptive language of meaning and purpose - when they can openly acknowledge every organism's agency, as they are showing early signs of doing today - the consequences for our understanding of biology and evolution may dwarf those of the Cognitive Revolution. These consequences are what this book is about.
Biopolymer-Based Nanosystem for Drug Delivery
This Special Issue of Pharmaceutics presents recent advances in the development and application of biopolymer-based nanosystems for drug delivery. The featured articles highlight innovative approaches to designing nanoscale carriers using natural and synthetic biopolymers, focusing on their ability to enhance bioavailability, control drug release, and achieve targeted delivery. Contributions explore a wide range of systems, including nanoparticles, micelles, hydrogels, and nanofibers, as well as their physicochemical characterization, biological performance, and potential clinical relevance. Together, these works demonstrate the versatility and promise of biopolymeric nanocarriers in modern therapeutics and pave the way for future developments in safe, effective, and sustainable drug delivery technologies.
Epic Earth
Hold on tight for a bold and epically fascinating journey through time packed with bizarre creatures, jaw-dropping facts, and all the chaotic drama Earth has to offer. Known for turning TikTok and YouTube into her own digital science classroom, viral content creator Lindsay Nikole brings her signature energy and storytelling to Epic Earth--a book that transforms 4.6 billion years of history--from the Precambrian era to the present--into an unforgettable adventure. This is the story of Earth like you've never seen it before--from the first spark of life to prehistoric monsters to the rise of humans...and all the weird stuff in between. This book takes you through every era of the Earth's history. Meet some prehistoric creatures too weird for Hollywood: Opabinia - a five-eyed, backward-facing, vacuum-nozzle-mouthed oddball that looks like it lost a bet with evolutionAnomalocaris - a giant ocean predator with sideways-facing claws (basically nightmare shrimp)Aegirocassis - a filter-feeding sea giant Lindsay calls "absolutely grotesque"Titanoboa - the largest snake to ever exist (yes, it could eat you)Smilodon - the legendary saber-toothed cat with a bite far scarier than its Instagram profile would suggestPlus: ancient sharks, giant bugs, and way too many creatures with way too many teethIn Epic Earth, you'll uncover: The chaotic early days of Earth (volcanoes, meteors, and non-stop disaster)Paleozoic oceans teeming with alien-like lifeThe rise and fall of dinosaurs (plus some you've never heard of)Mass extinctions that hit like plot twistsIce Ages, megafauna, and why prehistoric animals were so extraHow life survived again and again -- and how we fit into the storyThe history of Earth is a wild ride. Let Lindsay Nikole be your guide. Perfect for: Fans of Lindsay Nikole's TikToks, YouTube videos, and animal contentCurious readers ages 10 and upScience lovers, animal nerds, dino-obsessed kids (and adults)Classrooms, science teachers, and homeschool familiesAnyone who loves fun facts, wild creatures, and epic storytelling
Innovations in Drug Resistance
Drug resistance is a critical challenge in microbiology and onco-hematology, still representing a global threat to human health.More than half a century passed from the famous Luria-Delbr羹ck fluctuation test, which demonstrated the development of bacterial resistance to phages. Nevertheless, Salvador Luria's pioneering work on drug resistance remains remarkably contemporary. Indeed, the scientific community continues to explore new strategies to hinder resistant pathogens spreading, as well as to optimize anticancer therapies to improve patients' quality of life.Hence, the studies of Luria, Delbr羹ck, and Hershey not only led to a Nobel Prize, but traced a new path in molecular genetics, which is still followed nowadays by scientists all over the world. This reprinted Special Issue, launched by Biomedicines Journal in honor of Prof. Salvador Luria, collects key contributions in drug resistance management, aiming to catch the latest advancements in this enticing research field.
