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Innovative Micropropagation of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants
Micropropagation is a tissue culture technology used for the large-scale production of economically important horticultural and medicinal plants, the conservation of rare and endangered plant species, and the fundamental study of basic plant developmental processes. Plant tissue culture is an important platform for the production of specialized metabolites under controlled conditions, whose modifications and abiotic and biotic elicitors can enhance the chemical diversity and variation within the proportions of different bioactive compounds. This reprint from the Special Issue "Innovative Micropropagation of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants" compiles thirteen peer-reviewed research papers that provide perspectives for future research directions. The collected articles explore promising innovative techniques and practices to improve the micropropagation systems and increase the production of biomass and specialized metabolites while reducing operational costs, such as the application of the temporary immersion system, integrating machine learning models, and the cold plasma technique. This reprint highlights the innovative techniques and draws attention to new, efficient, and sustainable micropropagation systems that represent the latest advances in the field of great interest to scientists and industrial development purposes.
Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance
Exercise physiology has evolved into a multidisciplinary science at the intersection of biology, medicine, and performance optimization. It explores the physiological mechanisms activated during exercise and their applications for health promotion, disease prevention, and athletic performance. Recent advances have shifted the field from traditional assessments of cardiovascular and muscular function toward integrative studies on molecular signaling, neuromuscular regulation, neuroplasticity, and metabolism. These insights reveal exercise as a potent stimulus that induces adaptive changes across multiple organ systems, enhancing metabolic health, cognitive function, and longevity. Building on these developments, the second edition of the Special Issue "Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance" seeks to advance our understanding of how the human body responds to and benefits from exercise, how these responses can be optimized for performance and health, and how interdisciplinary collaboration continues to expand the boundaries of human movement science.
Biosecuring Animal Populations
Dear Colleagues, It is with great enthusiasm that we lead this Special Issue on the topic of biosecuring animal populations. This is indeed a timely topic, based on the domestic and transboundary challenges of pathogens such as the African swine fever virus, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. This Special Issue is multi-organismal, cross-species, and global in nature. Topics include reviews, new research on disease transmission and biosecurity, advances in bio surveillance, and the role of human behavior in biosecurity compliance, often based on data from the field describing the efforts of veterinary practitioners and scientists to measure the impact of next-generation biosecurity interventions on the control of these significant diseases of herds and flocks. There has never been a more critical time to discuss the biosecuring of animal populations.
Molecular Therapeutics for Diabetes and Related Complications
Despite conventional treatments, such as insulin therapy, along with newer glucose-lowering medications such as metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and insulin sensitizers, diabetes is still a major global health problem. The identification of novel therapeutic approaches is required that can increase effectiveness and decrease side effects. Specific drug targets are needed to maintain the molecular pathways related to secondary diabetic complications. Recent studies also suggest the use of novel plant products and antioxidants as potential therapeutic agents. However, the mechanisms through which these compounds control diabetes and its associated complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, need further exploration. The identification of specific molecular therapeutics will help to surpass the benefits of conventional therapies, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality linked to diabetic complications. While recent preclinical studies have identified promising molecular targets, further clinical trials are needed to translate these findings into clinical practice. Furthermore, manipulating molecular metabolic pathways through inflammatory and immune responses, and exploring microRNAs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy, could serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this Reprint, we compile some state-of-the-art insights into the role of novel molecular therapeutics in ameliorating diabetes and related complications.
The Generation and Control of Harmful Products in Food Processing
In order to obtain satisfactory quality, food materials are usually processed. However, along with the improvement of food quality, harmful products may also be generated, such as heterocyclic amines, advanced glycation end products, acrylamide, ethyl carbamate, and methylimidazole. Recently, research in this field has expanded significantly, especially regarding the formation, occurrence, and inhibition of these harmful products in different food systems.Given the growing concern about the safety of food processing procedures, it is important to report the latest research on the formation and control of harmful products generated during food processing.
Chagas Disease
This special issue of Pathogens aims to provide an overview of the latest scientific advances in the study and control of Chagas disease, a major health problem in Latin America. Key contributions from basic research, applied research, and public health measures are highlighted. The prominent contribution of Latin American scientists is emphasized by the selection of contributors.
Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Effects on Ecosystems and Human Health
This Reprint showcases recent advances on heavy metal contamination across soil, water, sediments, air, and the food chain, with a focus on risks to ecosystems and human health as well as practical solutions. Contributors quantify exposure pathways and bioaccumulation, refine human health risk assessment, and link chemistry to biological effects using modern analytics and data-driven methods. Studies compare regulatory thresholds with real-world concentrations, highlight spatial and temporal monitoring strategies, and examine co-occurring stressors such as organic pollutants and microplastics.A major emphasis is on remediation and safe utilization. Papers evaluate physical removal, chemical stabilization, and emerging green technologies, including phytoremediation, microbial processes, engineered amendments, and circular approaches that recover resources while lowering toxicity. Case studies report field scale performance, life cycle considerations, and cost effectiveness, offering decision-ready evidence for practitioners and policy makers. Together, this Reprint provides a current, integrated view of heavy metal pollution and actionable routes to prevention, cleanup, and risk reduction.
Circulating Non-coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases
This Reprint of the IJMS Special Issue "Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases" presents eight original research papers and five reviews that advance our diagnostic, prognostic, and mechanistic understanding of circulating non-coding RNAs (c-ncRNAs). The collection emphasizes the remarkable stability of c-ncRNAs in biofluids such as blood and urine, their tissue- and disease-specific expression profiles, and their growing promise in non-invasive liquid biopsy for precision medicine, spanning early detection, risk assessment, and therapeutic monitoring. Featured studies explore early lung cancer prediction in COPD via miR-206 and miR-1246; risk stratification in atrial fibrillation using miR-411-5p; the differentiation of coronary artery aneurysmal disease through miR-451a and miR-328-3p; the staging of mycosis fungoides by plasma miR-146a and miR-155; and asthma phenotyping associated with hsa-miR-26a-1-3p and hsa-miR-376a-3p. Additional research investigates NAFLD diagnostics using serum miRNA ratios and provides mechanistic insight into muscle development via circTTN. The reviews synthesize advances on c-miRNAs in osteoarthritis, miRNA and exosomal miRNA dysregulation in cholesteatoma, therapeutic biomarkers in asthma, and post-SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular alterations, highlighting broad clinical relevance across oncologic, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. Collectively, these contributions underscore methodological progress toward standardization and position c-ncRNAs at the forefront of minimally invasive diagnostics and personalized therapy.
Circulating Non-coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases
This Reprint presents a curated collection of twelve peer-reviewed articles, comprising nine original research papers and three reviews, that examine the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of circulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) across a wide range of human diseases. The contributions cover multiple disciplines, including oncology, neurology, psychiatry, immunology, and reproductive health, showcasing the versatility of ncRNAs-such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs-as biomarkers detectable in blood and other biofluids. This Reprint highlights recent progress in the discovery, validation, and mechanistic characterization of ncRNAs, emphasizing their value in disease stratification, the prediction of treatment response, and longitudinal monitoring. Within this Reprint, the potential of multi-analyte biopsy approaches is also highlighted, underscoring how ncRNAs can be combined with other circulating biomarkers, such as cell-free DNA, proteins, and extracellular vesicles, to advance precision medicine. Together, these contributions reflect the growing momentum of research regarding ncRNA and its translation into clinical applications. This Reprint provides a timely resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals interested in leveraging non-coding RNAs to develop minimally invasive diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies.
Synthesis and Application of Nanoparticles in Novel Composites
The content of this Special Issue reprint illustrates how nanocomposites impinge on many important areas of the application of technology with benefits to society. The articles present recent developments in the use of antibacterial nanoparticles in restorative dentistry, in the development of novel drug delivery systems and in the incorporation of graphene and carbon nanotubes to enhance the strength of cement for construction purposes.
Recent Advances in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal, pancreatic, and biliary tract cancers, account for nearly one in four cancer cases and one in three cancer deaths worldwide. This Special Issue explores advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, focusing on immunotherapy, precision medicine, targeted therapies, and artificial intelligence. Despite advances in standard treatments, many patients still face aggressive or refractory disease, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic strategies and predictive tools. The published contributions reflect the multidimensional evolution of GI oncology within the precision medicine paradigm. Pharmacological advances, such as the combination of regorafenib with 5-fluorouracil or bevacizumab with trifluridine-tipiracil, have demonstrated improved disease control in metastatic colorectal cancer. Molecular profiling and multi-omic analyses have identified prognostic biomarkers, including CLDN1, INHBA, and CXCL12, while studies on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reveal early events in colorectal carcinogenesis. Patient-derived organoids have emerged as key preclinical models, faithfully recapitulating tumor biology and enabling personalized testing of chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens.Overall, these advances illustrate a dynamic and integrated approach to GI oncology, combining pharmacology, molecular diagnostics, bioengineering, and microbiome science to improve precision, improve patient outcomes, and move toward a personalized and holistic model of cancer care.
Adaptation of Marine Animals to Extreme Environments
Marine animals have evolved in extreme environments such as polar regions, the deep sea, and hydrothermal vents by modifying their morphology, physiology, and behavior based on their genetic makeup. Though they are extraordinarily interesting and should be extensively explored, e.g., by searching for creatures on Mars, our efforts to do just that have been hampered by the limited accessibility inherent in such locations. Even marine animals in the "boundary" zone (e.g., where it is temperate, and oxygen is at a minimum) show a surprising acclimation ability to extreme weather events or unexpected changes in the environment. We can learn pivotal lessons from how these animals adapt to extreme environments and can even apply their mechanisms, functions, or biomaterials to future technology advancements. This Special Issue is open to scientists and engineers in any field who study the adaptation of marine animals to extreme environments and want to bring new insights and stimulate interactions between experts from diverse disciplines.
Vitamin D in Health and Disease (2nd Edition)
Vitamin D (VD) is a lipo-soluble hormone that is well known for its effects on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recently, there has been growing interest in the extra-skeletal effects of VD. In particular, recent studies have highlighted how VD plays a fundamental role in immunomodulation processes in the context of both innate and adaptive immunity, with consequential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in different immune-mediated pathologies, such as systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in various pro-inflammatory processes affecting the airways. Recent evidence has shown that VD is also closely related to other components such as the microbiome, with which it appears to be interconnected in the pathophysiology of many allergic diseases. In addition to the known immunomodulatory effects of VD, several studies have reported that it is also endowed with important anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-differentiative effects in cancer thanks to its effects on the modulation of the expression of tumor miRNAs through its action at the VD receptor (VDR) level. In view of this, it is clear that VD supplementation represents a safe and valid therapeutic strategy that is capable of improving the clinical outcome of many diseases. In this Special Issue, the different functions and potential benefits of vitamin D were discussed.
Vitamin D in Health and Disease
Vitamin D (VD) is a lipo-soluble hormone that is well known for its effects on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recently, there has been growing interest in the extra-skeletal effects of VD. In particular, recent studies have highlighted how VD plays a fundamental role in immunomodulation processes in the context of both innate and adaptive immunity, with consequential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in different immune-mediated pathologies, such as systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in various pro-inflammatory processes affecting the airways. Recent evidence has shown that VD is also closely related to other components such as the microbiome, with which it appears to be interconnected in the pathophysiology of many allergic diseases. In addition to the known immunomodulatory effects of VD, several studies have reported that it is also endowed with important anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-differentiative effects in cancer thanks to its effects on the modulation of the expression of tumor miRNAs through its action at the VD receptor (VDR) level. In view of this, it is clear that VD supplementation represents a safe and valid therapeutic strategy that is capable of improving the clinical outcome of many diseases.In this Special Issue, the different functions and potential benefits of VD, some pathological manifestations related to VD deficiency, the therapeutic potential of VD supplementation, and the link between the effects of VD and the microbiome were discussed.
Advanced Technologies in Physical and Mechanical Wood Modification
The Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Physical and Mechanical Wood Modification is devoted to wood modification, both in the classical and innovative sense. The publications cover a wide range of topics: from chemical impregnation and thermomechanical treatment, natural protective agents and waste materials, to molecular modelling of cellulose properties. The papers present current trends in improving the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of wood and wood-based materials, emphasising contemporary research's interdisciplinary and pro-environmental nature. This Special Issue is a valuable source of knowledge for scientists, engineers, and practitioners interested in modern solutions in wood technology.
The Importance of Fish Phenotype in Aquaculture, Fisheries and Conservation
Aquatic ecosystems currently face a diverse range of pressures against the background of climate change and human activities, which bring severe uncertainty to aquaculture sustainability, fishery management, and biodiversity conservation. It is of vital importance to comprehensively elucidate the responses of aquatic organisms to these global changing factors. One of the most critical characteristics animals have in order to cope with such changes is altering their behavioral tactics and physiological processes; however, there seems to be an underestimation of these phenotypic reactions in the contexts of aquaculture, fisheries, and conservation. The issue of how to integrate fish phenotypes into the adaptive management of aquatic ecosystems is one of the crucial topics that has received increasing attention from scientists, decision-makers, and the public in recent years. This Reprint aims to provide an overview of recent advances in the field of fish-phenotype-based adaptive management of aquatic ecosystems. The phenotype comprises the behaviors, morphology, and physiology of a fish. The important roles of phenotype are reflected by (a) applying fish behaviors to evaluate welfare status, (b) developing practical methods to decrease undesired behaviors in the aquaculture context and to improve fish ecological fitness in stock enhancement and conservation projects, and (c) elucidating the dynamics and mechanisms of fish responses to ecological changes. We believe this Reprint will offer readers an updated understanding of the important questions outlined above.
Novel Strategies in the Development of New Therapies, Drug Substances and Drug Carriers, 3rd Edition
The urgent demand for effective and safe therapies-particularly for aggressive cancers, where delays in diagnosis and treatment can turn manageable conditions into fatal ones-continues to drive innovation in drug research. Key areas of current focus include the development of novel therapeutic molecules, advanced drug delivery systems, personalized medicine, and the integration of digital technologies into treatment strategies. Progress in these domains requires the close integration of multiple scientific disciplines and industrial sectors, ensuring a comprehensive approach to drug discovery and development. This third edition, dedicated to the Interdisciplinary Conference on Drug Sciences, ACCORD 2024, aims to highlight research that has contributed to the conception, design, and development of new drug substances and formulations.The topics explored in this Special Issue include the identification of novel molecular drug targets, evaluation of drug-protein interactions, modeling and optimization of functional activity, pre-formulation studies, pharmaceutical carrier design, and preclinical investigations. The Special Issue assembles a diverse collection of innovative studies that span critical stages of drug discovery, formulation, targeted delivery, and therapeutic monitoring.
Elements Cycling and Plants' Physiological Characteristics
This Reprint, entitled "Elements Cycling and Plants' Physiological Characteristics: A Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Perspective", presents a collection of innovative research and a comprehensive review exploring the intricate dynamics of biogeochemical cycles and their profound influence on plant physiology. The studies within this volume investigate the critical interfaces between the soil, plants, and the atmosphere, addressing fundamental questions in plant adaptation and ecosystem functioning. Topics covered include nutrient acquisition and utilization strategies under deficiency, such as phosphorus stress in woody plants, plant defense mechanisms and physiological resilience to seasonal environmental changes, the impact of land use conversion on soil microbial communities, and advanced methodologies for assessing phytomass and carbon sequestration. The Reprint also delves into sustainable agricultural practices, including the circular utilization of organic waste as bio-nutrients and the application of spent mushroom substrate-derived biochar. Furthermore, it explores the limits of life through the resilience of microorganisms to extreme atmospheric conditions. By integrating molecular, physiological, ecological, and remote sensing approaches, this Reprint provides a holistic understanding of plant responses within the continuum of elemental cycles. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, ecologists, agronomists, and environmental scientists who are interested in plan-environment interactions and sustainable ecosystem management.
The Paths of Plant Pathogens
Plant diseases, caused by pathogenic microbes and parasitic plants, are considered a major problem leading to great yield and economical loses. Of serious interest during recent decades are the interaction between phytopathogenic microbes and animal cross-over pathogens with their host and nonhosts and their ability to jump between them. For some pathogens, the host range is well studied, while for the others it is not. Unexpected pathogenic microorganisms can be found in unusual places and the questions is-can they switch to a pathogenic life cycle in organisms differently than their susceptible hosts? Moreover, the ability of some parasitic plants to act as vectors for phytopathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi is another concerning issue that warrants extensive study.Gaining and summarizing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that microbes use to infect host and non-host plants-or simply to use plants as natural reservoirs-is essential for identifying and managing potential environmental threats. Additionally, it is proposed that animal pathogens inhabit plants as an obligatory stage of their life cycle. Therefore, can the plant environment play a key role and stimulate the pathogen to switch into a pathogenic cycle even if it is not its natural host? Microbes are capable of adapting to new environmental niches. Our focus is on the prevalence and the ability of pathogenic organisms to moderate their mechanisms in order to expand the number of their potential hosts.
Corn Insect Pests
This reprint consolidates the latest findings on the biology and management of major corn insect pests, highlighting how temperature and humidity regimes shorten life cycles and push species like Spodoptera exigua, S. litura, and S. frugiperda into previously cool regions. Stable-isotope tracking now confirms that fall armyworm undertakes a previously unrecognized southward "reverse migration" from the U.S. Corn Belt to Florida, rapidly shuttling Bt- and insecticide-resistance alleles across the continent. Field evaluations show that Vip3Aa20-expressing hybrids remain the only Bt technology that is still delivering > 75% control of corn earworm and reducing mycotoxin contamination, while older Cry proteins succumb to widespread resistance. At the same time, innovative work demonstrates that the maize weevil can be safely converted into a 48% protein ingredient, offering a practical "harvest-to-feed" approach that simultaneously curbs post-harvest losses and generates a sustainable protein source. Taken together, the studies provide a coherent, multi-scale framework for climate-smart, resistance-aware, and resource-efficient pest management in maize systems worldwide.
Genetic Engineering in Microbial Biotechnology
This Reprint brings together contributions from the Special Issue on Genetic Engineering in Microbial Biotechnology, originally published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Under the guest editorship of Dr. Fernando Santos-Beneit, the collection addresses the key intersection of gene-based technologies and microbial systems, exploring how microorganisms may be harnessed for sustainable innovation. Featuring both original research and authoritative reviews, the Reprint encompasses topics such as white, red, yellow, green, and other branches of biotechnology; bioinformatic analyses; metabolic engineering; microbial genetic circuits; degradation of synthetic polymers; biosynthesis of bioproducts; enzyme engineering; antimicrobial resistance; and novel secondary metabolites. Collectively, these studies seek to confront pressing challenges of modern society-such as the climate crisis, environmental pollution, and health threats-by leveraging the smallest forms of life. Each paper in the Reprint exemplifies rigorous experimental design, computational insight, and strategic engineering aimed at translational or applied outcomes. Whether enhancing bioproduct yield, developing biodegradable polymers, or elucidating novel genetic pathways, the contributions illustrate the compelling promise of genetically engineered microorganisms in illuminating new biotechnological possibilities.The Reprint offers both researchers and practitioners a curated resource of cutting-edge developments and future directions in microbial genetic engineering, providing a foundation for further progress toward a more sustainable and innovative bioeconomy.
Mycotoxins and Fungal Toxins
Infections with mycotoxigenic fungi in crops and the further accumulation of related toxic secondary metabolites in agricultural products pose significant threats to food/feed safety around the world. The hazards and risks caused by mycotoxin contamination are significantly different from those caused by human pesticide spraying, which are difficult to control through legal means. The aim of this Special Issue, "Mycotoxins and Fungal Toxins: Current Status and Future Perspectives", was to gather information on the determination, toxicology, and prediction and prevention of mycotoxin contamination, the functional genomics of fungi, and the molecular mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in order to highlight current research and future perspectives on all aspects relating to toxigenic fungi and their toxins and to incentivize researchers to perform such important research. This Special Issue has been of great success, facilitating the publication of nine research papers and two reviews from active researchers working in the field worldwide. These findings collectively contribute to the ongoing efforts on fungi and their mycotoxins and offer novel insights into future research work.
Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
Meteorological records have shown that mean annual temperatures have increased by approximately 1 簞C over the past century, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Meanwhile, droughts and floods are occurring more frequently than before. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events poses a serious threat to global food security. As a result, improving plant, particularly crop, resistance to abiotic stresses has become increasingly important. It is therefore crucial to understand how plants effectively cope with high-intensity extreme weather conditions, and to elucidate the underlying molecular as well as physiological mechanisms of plant responses to abiotic stresses. This knowledge can aid in the development of technologies to help plants withstand abiotic stresses and mitigate the impacts of extreme climate change on crop security.
Innovative Techniques for Citrus Cultivation
The Special Issue "Innovative Techniques for Citrus Cultivation" focuses on latest citrus agriculture advancements, emphasizing integrating innovative practices to boost productivity and sustainability. Its research articles cover key aspects like rootstock selection, which is pivotal for citrus growth, yield and quality. Notably, studies highlight new rootstocks (e.g., Citrus junos cv. Shuzhen No. 1) with marked improvements in tree vigor, photosynthetic activity and overall fruit quality, offering valuable insights for growers/breeders to optimize hybrid citrus cultivation.​ Besides rootstock progress, the Special Issue explores metabolomics application in analyzing biochemical composition of citrus fruits and leaves. This helps us to identify key metabolites influencing nutritional and sensory qualities, guiding breeding strategies for better fruit quality. Furthermore, it addresses abiotic stress challenges (drought, salinity) and presents innovative strategies to enhance citrus resilience. By focusing on stress tolerance mechanisms, studies aim to equip growers with knowledge to adapt to environmental changes and ensure sustainable production.​Overall, this Special Issue is a vital resource for researchers, agronomists and industry professionals for advancing citrus cultivation. Integrating innovative techniques and addressing key challenges, its findings aim to promote sustainable agriculture and improve global citrus production quality. The insights contribute to the scientific community and have practical implications for enhancing citrus farming's economic viability in diverse climates.
Abiotic Stress-Induced Secondary Metabolites Regulating Plant Metabolism
The aim of this reprint is to explore the pivotal role of plant secondary metabolites in the abiotic stress response. When exposed to environmental adversities such as drought, salinity, heavy metal pollution, and ultraviolet radiation, plants activate intricate defense mechanisms, resulting in the synthesis of antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. This reprint delves into the genetic regulation and biochemical pathways underlying the biosynthesis of these compounds, shedding light on their functional significance in the stress response. Overall, through featuring cutting-edge research and insights from leading experts, this reprint explores the diversity, synthesis, and accumulation of secondary metabolites under stress conditions. By unraveling these molecular processes, we aim to provide a foundation for developing innovative strategies to enhance crop tolerance, improve plant health, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Sustainable Fertilization Management Consequences to Horticultural Crops
To meet the ever-increasing global demand for food, the agricultural community continues to seek innovative practices to boost crop yields without sacrificing the environment. For example, using huge amounts of fertilizers hampers soil health and generates pollution. Integrated nutrient management paves the way towards overcoming these problems, which involves the conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures. The application of plant nutrients in an optimum ratio and adequate amounts is called "Balanced Fertilization".Sustainable Fertilization Management is the proper supply of all nutrients throughout the growth of a crop. It is now commonly understood that irrational and/or excessive fertilizer application does not always translate into a continuous increase in crop yield. In contrast, a balanced fertilization strategy is economically superior, and is a more sustainable agricultural practice.According to the "Liebig's barrel" principle, plant growth is dictated by the scarcest resource (limiting factor), and not by the total resources available. A deficiency in one nutrient cannot be compensated by a surplus of any of the others. Thus, one nutrient alone cannot ensure the yield, and a balance between the nutrients is essential to ensure attainment of yields according to the genetic potential of the crops. Hence, research in this field must be up to date, and is crucial for science and the practice of horticulture.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Gynecological Disorders
Gynecological disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions affecting the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. These diseases impose a major health and financial burden worldwide, causing significant morbidity and profoundly affecting women's quality of life. Despite their prevalence, the underlying etiologies are often complex and remain only partially understood, with limited knowledge of the risk factors that contribute to disease onset and progression. Advancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving these disorders is therefore essential for developing more effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.This collection of original research and review articles provides a comprehensive overview of emerging insights into ovarian and uterine pathologies, reflecting the interconnected nature of gynecologic conditions. Topics addressed include mesothelial clearance by endometriosis spheroids, impaired decidualization, autophagy in reproductive aging, protease regulation in ovarian function, immune-tumor interactions in ovarian cancer, and the molecular drivers of fibrosis, senescence, cellular transformation, and tumorigenesis in uterine tissues. Collectively, these contributions underscore the urgent need for integrative research efforts that bridge basic science and clinical application, ultimately advancing the field toward improved outcomes for women affected by gynecologic diseases.
Genetics and Breeding of Edible Mushroom
Edible mushrooms, well known for their high nutritional and medicinal value, have been widely cultivated across the globe. Studies involving germplasm resources, molecular markers, genetics, breeding systems, and cultivation techniques have been extensively performed over the last few decades, considerably promoting the mushroom industry. However, both mushroom development and the formation of nutritional and medicinal characteristics involve complicated systems comprising gene regulatory networks and environmental stimulations. In recent years, with breakthroughs in high-throughput sequencing and omics, genetic transformation, and gene editing technologies, among other domains, more and more researchers have focused on the molecular genetic mechanisms of mushroom yield and quality, making some progress. An in-depth understanding of these mechanisms has further guided and facilitated breeding. Moreover, some studies have been carried out in the field of functional gene mapping and the marker-assisted breeding of edible mushrooms with agronomic traits. This Special Issue explores both fundamental research and technological applications in the field of mushroom genetics and breeding.
Effects of Plant Extracts on Meat Quality, Intestinal Microbiota and Resistance to Diseases and Stresses of Food Animals
With the complete prohibition of feed antibiotic additives in many countries and regions, including China, the United States, and Europe, studying and developing efficient new green feed additives with plant extracts and their ability to mitigate various problems in livestock and poultry breeding have gradually become a key focus of animal science research.In this Special Issue, we compiled research articles and reviews on the effects of plant extracts on meat quality, intestinal flora, resistance to disease, and stress in edible animals, highlighting current knowledge and future directions in this field.
Recent Advances in Legume Crop Protection
The legume family is economically important and is one of the most important sources of starch, protein, oil, and vegetables for human food around the world, playing an irreplaceable role in guaranteeing human food security. The pulses are an important component of the response of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in emergencies. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases, pests, and weeds restrict the high and stable yield of legume crops. Major diseases of legumes include root rots, bacterial blights, and mosaic diseases. In addition, damage caused by malignant weeds, nematodes, and sap-sucking/-chewing insects is also included as a constraint on legume production. This Special Issue is focused on 13 selected topics (12 articles and 1 editorial) from different universities and research institutes. The research fields covered include mechanisms of resistance to pests and diseases, identification and monitoring of diseases, alternative control strategies, weed management, and drone-mounted multispectral imaging technology. Current problems in the prevention and control of legume crop diseases, pests, and weeds are discussed with a view to providing subsequent research and applications of key pest- and disease-monitoring and control technologies with reference points.
Vegetable Genetics and Genomics
Olericulture is one of the subdisciplines of horticulture, primarily focusing on three core areas: the genetic breeding, cultivation, and postharvest physiology of vegetable crops. In addition to classical genetic research methods, modern genetic research approaches based on high-throughput sequencing technology-such as QTL-seq and GWAS-have been widely applied. Meanwhile, with the decreasing costs of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, these omics technologies have also been commonly used in olericultural research. These two research approaches-genetics and omics-have significantly advanced studies on the exploration and utilization of genetic resources in olericulture, leading to the acquisition of numerous new research findings.To summarize and showcase these academic achievements, we launched our Special Issue. The Special Issue concluded on February 28, 2023, and included a total of 14 papers, consisting of 1 editorial, 1 review article, and 6 papers focusing on Solanaceae crops, 2 on Cucurbitaceae crops, 2 on Brassicaceae crops, 1 on Chinese chive, and 1 on olive. As of August 20, 2025, this Special Issue has been viewed 45,487 times, attracting substantial attention. All papers in this Special Issue closely address specific traits of the corresponding vegetable crops, covering research hotspots such as male sterility, secondary metabolism synthesis, abiotic stress responses, and fruit development. These research achievements provide new perspectives for understanding the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying these specific traits and demonstrate their application value in genetic improvement.
On the Future of Species
A bold and visionary account of how genome writing can help preserve the planet--but may also undermine human nature and disrupt ecosystems. From a scientist at the forefront of synthetic genomics. Imagine a future where we grow houses rather than build them. Where smartphones are alive, clothing has opinions and all human knowledge fits into a speck of DNA. A world where disease is a thing of the past and the human lifespan is dramatically extended. To achieve this, says Adrian Woolfson, founder of the genome writing company Genyro, we must transform biology into a predictive, programmable engineering material. That means decoding the generative grammar of DNA: the language of life itself. We will then be able to author genomes--and, if we choose, even rewrite our own. In On the Future of Species, Woolfson describes how we are at the cusp of a technological revolution, driven by the convergence of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology. Currently at the scribbling phase--writing the genomes of viruses, bacteria and yeast--we will eventually author the genomes of extinct and never-before-realized species. Life will become computable, detached from its past and no longer bound by Darwinian evolution. While offering extraordinary opportunities, this power also carries great risk, and it is vital for everyone to understand what the future might hold. In this groundbreaking work, Woolfson provides a guide to this bold new world, offering a moral compass to help us do so safely, wisely and ethically.
Shark Ecology
Sharks play a crucial role as apex or mesopredators in oceans worldwide, inhabiting both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems and occupying all layers of the water column, from deep sea environments to coastal shallows. However, sharks are increasingly threatened by intense human activities, including overfishing, unregulated and illegal fishing, pollution, habitat loss and degradation, and the effects of climate change, just to highlight the most pressing challenges. Thus, this Special Issue is essential to integrate the knowledge of specialists from various disciplines to enhance public understanding and improve the effectiveness of shark conservation strategies. As biodiversity conservation should not be approached as an isolate issue, several shark researchers contributed to this Special Issue across different shark ecological topics including behaviour, monitoring, ecotoxicology, trophic ecology, biology, and paleobiology. These cross-disciplinary efforts aimed to develop and implement long-term and impactful protection measures worldwide and provided a platform to showcase recent research on shark ecology, enhancing innovative methodologies and perspectives focused on this elusive group of species. As Guest Editors, and together with the Diversity editorial team, we want to thank all the researchers involved who made possible a more in-depth knowledge of shark ecology, from the threats they face to the corresponding conservation efforts.
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity
An exciting and relevant topic is addressed in this paper collection encompassing both peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms of damage. This is of particular interest since neurons are a perennial cell population, and, therefore, neurotoxicity understanding and management is a relevant challenge to treat/prevent neurological disorders. There are many different potentially neurotoxic agents. Mechanisms of damage involved in the nervous system are explored to pave the way to potential treatment strategies relying on a robust biological rationale. Since neurons are excitable cells, ion channels/transporters can be a pivotal element leading to axonal damage and neuronal death. A clear-cut review of their involvement, exploiting as a playground chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, is provided as well as an in-depth reasoning on how ion channels/transporters are quite susceptible, in their functioning, to changes in the environment that the cell is exposed to, which can also be triggering neurotoxicity. Also, the central nervous system is not overlooked in this paper collection, and the role of excitotoxicity is also dissected in depth in neurodegenerative disorder and pain modulation. Another topic that is presented via research data is the role of oxidative stress in determining alterations of the nervous system, exploiting zebrafish models, as well as its role in determining neurotoxicity acting against glial cells. In addition, our Special Issue is enriched by a detailed review of mechanisms leading to an entity that is becoming more and more relevant: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Farming Factors' Influence on Animal Productions
Animal farming is presently facing a two-fold challenge, comprising, on the one hand, ensuring food safety and security to a continuously increasing population and, on the other, ensuring that production remains sustainable and environmentally friendly. With regard to this, the circular economy presents an opportunity to develop conventional farming technologies step by step via the use of modern and alternative production systems, relying on biotechnologies or on re-inventing traditional farming practices. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on the innovation, development and assessment of conventional animal farming technology towards improved production systems, which must become increasingly more sustainable. The selected research articles explore the influence of certain factors implemented at the farm level (nutrition, reproduction, genetics, housing, technological endorsement, management, hygiene, etc.) on the conditions of conventional and alternative farming systems of certain species, such as large and small ruminants, horses, poultry, swine, rabbits and honey bees, particularly in terms of their yielding performance and the quality and safety of animal products. Moreover, the question of the adaptability of certain animal populations to new farming conditions can be approached from context of recent ethical challenges relating to animal welfare and non-conventional manners of producing animal-originated foods.
Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Nutrients Promoting Human Health
Substantial evidence has supported that cellular oxidative damage and chronic neuroinflammation are potential mechanisms involved in the onset and development of non-communicable diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancers, and even neurodegenerative disease. Some bioactive nutrients, such as phytochemicals, antioxidant enzymes, peptides, polysaccharides, prebiotics, probiotics, essential fatty acids, rare amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, have positive effects on human health and could reduce the likelihood of developing numerous diseases, likely due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the underlying mechanism of how natural bioactive components respond to chronic human disease damage is unclear. In this Special Issue, we collected the latest findings, including those from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies, relating to the health-promoting role of bioactive nutrients or their cellular signaling and molecular mechanism in response to disease prevention.
Father Time
A sweeping account of male nurturing, explaining how and why men are biologically transformed when they care for babies It has long seemed self-evident that women care for babies and men do other things. Hasn't it always been so? When evolutionary science came along, it rubber-stamped this venerable division of labor: mammalian males evolved to compete for status and mates, while females were purpose-built to gestate, suckle, and otherwise nurture the victors' offspring. But come the twenty-first century, increasing numbers of men are tending babies, sometimes right from birth. How can this be happening? Puzzled and dazzled by the tender expertise of new fathers around the world--several in her own family--celebrated evolutionary anthropologist and primatologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy set out to trace the deep history of male nurturing and explain a surprising departure from everything she had assumed to be "normal." In Father Time, Hrdy draws on a wealth of research to argue that this ongoing transformation in men is not only cultural, but profoundly biological. Men in prolonged intimate contact with babies exhibit responses nearly identical to those in the bodies and brains of mothers. They develop caring potential few realized men possessed. In her quest to explain how men came to nurture babies, Hrdy travels back through millions of years of human, primate, and mammalian evolution, then back further still to the earliest vertebrates--all while taking into account recent economic and social trends and technological innovations and incorporating new findings from neuroscience, genetics, endocrinology, and more. The result is a masterful synthesis of evolutionary and historical perspectives that expands our understanding of what it means to be a man--and what the implications might be for society and our species.
Life
Have you ever wondered how life came into existence, but more importantly, have you thought where will it all end up in millions or billions of years from now?I will address this question and many others about life on this planet and the universe as well. We may not find all the answers, but we will try. It is a quest I started several years ago. I was curious about how life started from inorganic matter billions of years ago. It just seemed improbable that life just appeared one day from a combination of non-living elements and molecules. It seems like it was magic! But, was it? I seriously doubt it, but there is a certain mystic to the appearance of life.The journey we are about to take will span billions of years. We will start at the very beginning with the Big Bang and the creation of our universe, the creation of the basic elements, the formation of the Sun, the planets, our Earth, and our moon. We will explore how the elements combined to create the complexity of life. We will look at how life works now from its very simple beginning billions of years ago. We will look at the progression of life from the beginning of time to the present including where man has ended up. Lastly, we will look at the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe and where life on our planet will end up. It is a great journey written for ordinary people like me in language that we can understand. I hope you enjoy the quest. Lastly, I could not do the journey alone unassisted. I am just an ordinary man with great curiosity and with little technical expertise in this area, so we are assisted along the way by experts, lecturers, and authors. I give all the credit to them and their expert guidance. I have simply taken all their knowledge in each of their specific areas of expertise and compiled it into a single concise book of information on life along with a few of my thoughts and ideas for good measure. In any case, this book would not have been possible without their help. Thank you.
Recent Advances in the Diversity and Taxonomy of Subterranean Arthropods
The subterranean fauna of arthropods is one of the richest on our planet. At the same time, however, it is still insufficiently researched. The characteristics of the underground environment have led hypogean arthropods to evolve both morphological and physiological adaptations, such as depigmentation, complete loss of eyes, elongation of appendages, slow metabolism, lower energy consumption, and much more. These animals are excellent models to study the general principles of evolution and the mechanisms of adaptation to a new environment. As the diversity of subterranean arthropods has not been sufficiently studied worldwide and most previous studies have focused on faunal diversity, it is desirable to analyse other aspects of the diversity of this particular group of animals, including morphological, molecular, ecological, chemoecological, and behavioural diversity. As the editors' expertise covers both troglobitic (associated with terrestrial subterranean environment) and stygobitic (associated with all types of subterranean waters) arthropods, this Special Issue Reprint is dedicated to the study of the diversity of both groups. We hope that it will contribute to a better knowledge of the diversity of subterranean arthropods within several biological disciplines, indicating their great importance in the habitats they inhabit and for humans in general.
Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition
Marine ecosystems are an extraordinary reservoir of biochemical diversity, and fatty acids (FAs) stand out as one of their most functionally and ecologically significant components. Found in virtually all marine organisms, fatty acids play pivotal roles in cellular structure, energy storage, and intercellular communication. Beyond their fundamental biological functions, they are increasingly recognized as valuable biomarkers for food web analysis and as promising compounds with nutritional and therapeutic potential. This Special Issue has brought together the recent advances in the study of marine fatty acids, with a focus on their chemical diversity, biological functions, ecological significance, and bioactivities. Contributions covered a wide range of topics, including the following: Structural characterization of novel marine fatty acids.Biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids in marine species.Fatty acids as trophic biomarkers in marine ecology.Nutritional value and health benefits of marine-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., EPA, DHA).Bioactive fatty acids with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or anticancer properties.Applications of marine lipids in food, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical industries.This Special Issue provides an opportunity to showcase cutting-edge findings that underscore the importance of marine fatty acids in science, health, and industry.
New Challenges in the Cosmetics Industry
This reprint compiles nine high-quality research and review articles focused on the new challenges faced by the cosmetic industry. The contributions address the future perspectives of innovative cosmetic products, considering not only the incorporation of bioactive molecules derived from residues and biotechnological processes but also the application of nanotechnology to enhance product efficacy. Drawn from five MDPI journals-Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Antioxidants, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, and Cosmetics-this collection explores the complexities inherent to developing innovative cosmetic products.
Aquatic Ecosystems
The aim of this Reprint is to provide interesting scientific readings on important aspects related to aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and conservation. Biodiversity emerges from the complex interactions between the organisms themselves and with physical and chemical factors. A deep understanding of the aquatic community structure and functioning and how they are affected by natural and human-induced disturbances is crucial. This is the only way to look forward into a more sustainable relationship with nature.
Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials. Application in Medical Sciences
This Reprint gathers cutting-edge research and reviews on ceramic and metallic biomaterials with direct applications in medical sciences. The contributions reflect a broad spectrum of approaches to enhance the safety, performance, and functionality of implants, coatings, and therapeutic systems. Several studies investigate antibacterial and antifungal coatings for dental and orthopedic applications, demonstrating how Ti(C, N)-based layers, sol-gel silica with natural compounds, and anodized Ti-Ag alloys can reduce microbial adhesion while maintaining excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Other works explore hybrid ceramic-polymer systems enriched with carbon nanotubes, doped bioglass and hydroxyapatite coatings, and advanced methods such as CoBlast deposition, all aimed at improving osseointegration and bone regeneration.Beyond implants, the Reprint includes innovative approaches in nanomedicine and diagnostics, such as magnetic and gold-coated nanostructures for theranostic use, multimodal cancer therapies combining hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and magneto-mechanical actuation, and proof-of-concept sensors for detecting magnetic nanoparticles. Complementary reviews highlight progress in dental implant surface modification, the role of porous titanium alloys in bone regeneration, and the future of orthopedic biomaterials.Together, these works illustrate how advances in material design and processing are driving next-generation biomedical solutions, bridging fundamental research with clinical application.
Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization 2024
This Special Issue was inspired by the 11th International Workshop on Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization (NEO 2024), held from 3 to 6 September 2024 in Mexico City, Mexico, and hosted by Cinvestav. Solving real-world scientific and engineering problems has always been a challenge, and the complexity of these tasks has increased in recent years as more sources of data and information have been continuously developed. Thus, the design and analysis of powerful search and optimization techniques is of great importance. Two well-established fields that focus on this task are (i) traditional numerical optimization techniques and (ii) bio-inspired metaheuristic methods. Both of these general approaches have unique strengths and weaknesses, allowing researchers to solve certain challenging problems while failing to solve others. The goal of the NEO workshop series is to gather experts from both fields to discuss, compare, and merge these complementary perspectives. Collaborative work allows researchers to maximize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of both paradigms. NEO also intends to help researchers in these fields to understand and tackle real-world problems like pattern recognition, routing, energy, lines of production, prediction, and modeling, among others.
Remote Sensing in Mangroves III
This comprehensive volume explores the cutting-edge applications of remote sensing technologies in monitoring and understanding climate change. Featuring contributions from leading experts, the Reprint delves into innovative methodologies that leverage satellite data, aerial imagery, and ground-based sensors to track environmental changes on a global scale. Readers will gain insights into the latest advancements in data analysis, climate modeling, and predictive tools that are transforming how scientists study atmospheric phenomena, land cover transformations, and oceanic shifts. Essential for researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists, this Reprint underscores the critical role of remote sensing in addressing the pressing challenges posed by climate change, offering practical solutions and strategies for sustainable development.
Agricultural Environmental Pollution, Risk Assessment, and Control
This reprint addresses one of the most pressing challenges in modern agriculture: the growing burden of environmental pollution in soils and crop systems. Rapid industrialization and urban expansion have introduced pesticide residues, chemical fertilizers, persistent organic pollutants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, microplastics, radionuclides and pathogens into agricultural landscapes. These contaminants not only degrade soil health but also accumulate in edible and non-edible plant parts, raising risks for food safety, ecosystem stability and human well-being.This collection brings together recent advances in monitoring and remediation strategies designed to tackle these complex threats. Contributions in this reprint include innovative approaches such as biological fertilizers, integrated organic farming systems and the bioremediation of contaminated soils, as well as studies that improve the understanding of pollutant fate and transfer within agricultural environments. By integrating scientific knowledge with practical solutions, this reprint provides valuable insights into developing sustainable agricultural practices that protect both ecosystems and human health.
The Use and Management of Invasive Plants
Invasive plant species pose significant challenges to biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and economic sustainability, such as disrupting native flora, altering soil chemistry, and creating ecological imbalances. However, recent research highlights the potential of these species as resources. Their secondary metabolites, allelopathic properties, and adaptability offer avenues for novel applications, particularly in phytopharmacy, energy production, and agriculture. This Reprint presents key advancements in both the control and utilization of invasive plant species, exploring their chemical properties, ecological impact, potential applications, and alternative management strategies.
Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnoses, and Treatments of Respiratory Diseases
The Reprint Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnoses, and Treatments of Respiratory Diseases brings together cutting-edge research and comprehensive reviews that explore the complex landscape of respiratory health. Inspired by the global impact of COVID-19, this collection highlights the urgent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory diseases and to translate these insights into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.The contributions cover a broad spectrum of respiratory conditions, including COVID-19, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), lung cancer, bronchiectasis, pulmonary infections, and pulmonary hypertension. Topics span from novel biomarkers and genetic associations to innovative diagnostic tools and treatment approaches, such as high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, anti-fibrotic strategies, and precision medicine applications.By integrating perspectives from basic science, clinical practice, and public health, this volume provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers seeking to improve patient care and outcomes. The reprint underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research in addressing the growing burden of respiratory diseases worldwide. Ultimately, it aims to inspire continued innovation in early diagnosis, personalized therapies, and comprehensive disease management for diverse patient populations.
