Animal-Computer Interaction
We are excited to present this Special Issue, which shares new ideas and developments in the field of Animal-Computer Interaction, including those that advance scientific knowledge about animals, enhance connections between species, improve the stewardship of animals in human care and articulate the design of systems that offer greater autonomy to other species. This collection of articles features research with mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians, including wild, farmed, zoo-housed and working contexts. The diversity of approaches illustrates how technology can be used as a tool to support humans working with both free-roaming and managed animals, facilitating initiatives in conservation, welfare and enrichment. This demonstrates the potential for interesting and insightful collaborations between animal experts and technologists, working together to create an equitable and sustainable future for all species.
The Long-Standing Problem of Parasitic Diseases in Zoo Animals
Parasitism is a widespread biological phenomenon and is an inseparable part of life in zoological gardens. The negative effects of parasite infestation in zoo animals can be: the development of secondary deficiencies and other infections; impaired reproduction and a risk of death in cases of massive and dangerous parasitoses. Zoos are also places where wild animals come into close contact with humans. This significantly increases the risk of parasitic zoonoses spreading, which poses a threat to the health of the animals themselves, to the zoo staff and to visitors. The control of parasitoses in zoos is subject to various challenges, such as inadequacies in prevention programs, untimely or inaccurate diagnoses, the introduction of parasites via intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts or mechanical vectors (snails, ants, cockroaches, worms, rodents, etc.), persistent infections (e.g. soil-transmitted helminthoses), the need to adapt antiparasitic treatment to a specific species, the development of drug resistance, etc. Success in this battle requires the combined efforts of all zoo professionals: managers, curators, keepers and veterinarians. Scientific advances are also important, though sometimes the courses of action that can be taken are unclear. The Special Issue titled "The Long-Standing Problem of Parasitic Diseases in Zoo Animals: Current Challenges and Searching for Solutions" was created, aiming to collect scientific articles on the topic. We hope that the developments presented will contribute both to the fundamentals of parasitology, to management practices in zoos, and to a better future for animals in captivity.
Human Evolution - The Future
Ever since Charles Darwin wrote about the origin of species, there has been a great deal of argument and controversy over the evolution of humans. The author examines the evidence for the genetic basis of evolution in general and the influence of natural selection on the development of the human race. The focus of the book then turns to the question of what the future might hold for the further evolution of humans with particular reference to space exploration and the long-term effects of space travel. The human body is highly adapted in evolutionary terms to living under the influence of gravity and its absence can have some serious health consequences. Weightlessness and its effects on human physiology are only one aspect of space travel the returning astronauts have to deal with. Long space journeys will involve time discrepancies which, in extreme circumstances, result in astronauts returning to a changed world in which their peer group has already passed away and they find themselves amongst strangers. It is difficult to determine exactly what the psychological effects might be on returning voyagers, but it is likely to be quite traumatic. The author suggests the possibility that those who choose to become career astronauts will likely prefer to remain permanently living in space, and over time exposure to different selection pressures will result in a human variant given that both men and women will be equally drawn to scientific research and/or the adventure and excitement involved.
Initiative In Evolution
A provocative reclamation of a neglected classic Initiative in Evolution reframes how we think about life s forward drive. In this lucid, passionate work, Walter Kidd challenges simple one-liners about natural selection and argues for the role of organismal initiative in biological evolution. Drawing on rich natural-history observations and critical engagement with Darwinian theory, Kidd explores adaptation in nature, the interplay of evolutionary processes, and the contested boundaries between environmental pressure, inherited change, and purposeful response. The result is part scientific essay, part intellectual manifesto: a thoughtful probe into evolutionary biology and human evolution that anticipates later debates in evolution and genetics. This edition restores a book that was out of print for decades and is now republished by Alpha Editions. Carefully remastered for clarity and accessibility, it preserves Kidd s original voice while making his arguments readable for today s scholars, students, and curious readers. More than a reprint, this volume is a collector s item and cultural treasure an indispensable piece for anyone tracing the evolution history of ideas about Darwinian theory, evolutionary science, and adaptation. Perfect for casual readers drawn to big-picture questions and for classic literature collectors of scientific thought, Initiative in Evolution offers a spirited alternative perspective on evolutionary theory and invites renewed conversation about how organisms shape their own destinies within the unfolding story of life.
Advances in Biological Research into Shrimps, Crabs and Lobsters
This Reprint explores a diverse range of contemporary research in aquatic biology, focusing on decapods such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. It presents original, current studies on critical aspects of these species, including molecular phylogeny and evolution. The Reprint also delves into vital topics for sustainable aquaculture and fisheries management, featuring research on spiny lobster fishery dynamics, genetic selection characteristics during the larval stages of Chinese shrimp, and the life history traits and population dynamics of commercially important speckled shrimp. Furthermore, it includes investigations into the morphological characteristics and fatty acid composition of Pacific white shrimp. This comprehensive collection provides valuable insights into the biology, genetics, and ecological considerations essential for understanding and managing decapod populations in aquatic environments.
Storage and Shelf-Life Assessment of Food Products
This Special Issue of the journal Foods is focused on "Storage and Shelf-Life Assessment of Food Products". The assessment of food product storage and shelf life is a critical aspect of ensuring food safety, quality, and sustainability in the food industry. This entails a methodical assessment of numerous parameters that affect the food storage conditions and the time frame during which the desired characteristics of a food product can be preserved. In today's food industry, there is a growing emphasis on extending shelf life while minimizing the use of artificial additives and preservatives. Innovations in packaging technology, processing techniques, and natural preservatives have resulted from this focus.
The Expression Of The Emotions In Man And Animals
A timeless revelation about the language of the face Charles Darwin shows how feelings speak without words. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Darwin turns his microscope of reason on the most intimate of human experiences: emotion. Drawing on vivid observations of people and animals, this groundbreaking work traces how joy, grief, fear, and anger are expressed across species and shaped by natural selection. Part scientific study, part humane meditation, the book maps the roots of human and animal behavior and lays a foundation for evolutionary psychology and the psychology of emotions. Historically essential and surprisingly modern, Darwin s emotional research links animal communication, behavior evolution, and human emotions analysis in ways that continue to inform cognitive science and psychology. Readers encounter rich examples, illustrative cases, and a persuasive argument that emotions are inherited, adaptive, and often universal. This Alpha Editions release restores a classic once out of print for decades carefully edited, digitized, and refreshed for today s and future generations. More than a reprint, this edition is a collector s item and cultural treasure: ideal for casual readers curious about emotional expression, students of Darwin's scientific studies, and collectors of classic literature alike. Keywords: Charles Darwin emotions, human and animal behavior, evolutionary psychology, emotional expression, Darwin's scientific studies, emotions in animals, human emotions analysis, Darwin's theories, psychology of emotions, behavior evolution, animal communication, Darwin's emotional research.
Evidence As To Man'S Place In Nature
A provocative challenge to how we see ourselves Thomas Henry Huxley s Evidence As To Man s Place In Nature returns, restored and reborn. This concise, commanding classic presents Huxley s rigorous case for human evolution: comparative anatomy and primate comparison, fossil evidence and embryology woven into a clear argument that humans belong within the natural history of life. Written amid the ferment of 19th-century science, Huxley confronts rival views, unpacks Darwinism for the educated reader, and traces human ancestry with lucid analyses that still spark debate and discovery today. Readers will find vivid chapters on skull morphology, muscular structure, and fossil comparisons that together form a compelling portrait of human origins and scientific exploration. Historically significant and intellectually urgent, this work shaped anthropology and evolutionary theory at a pivotal moment. Scholars prize it for its method and rhetoric; curious readers will be gripped by its forensic logic and moral seriousness. Now out of print for decades, this edition from Alpha Editions has been carefully restored for today s and future generations not a mere reprint, but a collector s item and cultural treasure, with typographic care and contextual notes that honor the text s legacy. Perfect for students of human evolution, collectors of classic scientific works, and anyone fascinated by human ancestry, this edition makes Huxley s powerful case accessible, resonant, and ready for a new age of scientific conversation.
Introduction To The Study Of Pal ontological Botany
A lost gateway to Earth s deep green memory rediscover the origin stories of plant life in Introduction to the Study of Pal ontological Botany, reborn by Alpha Editions. This lucid, richly illustrated work guides readers through fossil plants, prehistoric flora, and the methods of paleobotany studies that reveal how ancient plant life shaped our planet. From meticulous descriptions of botanical fossils to discussions of plant evolution across geological epochs, the book balances clear explanation with careful scientific observation, making complex paleobotanical research accessible to curious readers and specialists alike. Topics include classification of fossilized leaves, stems, and reproductive structures; the ecological contexts of plant fossil beds; and the unfolding narrative of botanical history through deep time. Historically significant and long out of print, this edition has been lovingly restored for today s and future generations corrected, reindexed, and remastered to preserve original scholarship while improving readability. More than a reprint, this Alpha Editions release is a collector s item and cultural treasure: a faithful preservation of classic plant paleontology that belongs on the shelf of anyone fascinated by plant paleontology, plant evolution, or the science of ancient ecosystems. Perfect for casual readers captivated by prehistoric flora, students entering paleobotany studies, and collectors of historical botany, this volume reconnects modern readers with the foundations of botanical history and the enduring wonder of ancient plant life. Keywords: Paleontological botany, fossil plants, prehistoric flora, botanical history, plant evolution, ancient plant life, paleobotany studies, botanical fossils, plant paleontology, paleobotanical research, historical botany.
Breath
NOW IN PAPERBACK - THE MILLION COPY NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER, FEATURING NEW MATERIAL "I highly recommend this book." --Wim Hof "A fascinating scientific, cultural, spiritual and evolutionary history of the way humans breathe--and how we've all been doing it wrong for a long, long time." --Elizabeth Gilbert "This book is amazing. " --Joe RoganNo matter what you eat, how much you exercise, how skinny or young or wise you are, none of it matters if you're not breathing properly. There is nothing more essential to our health and well-being than breathing: take air in, let it out, repeat twenty-five thousand times a day. Yet, as a species, humans have lost the ability to breathe correctly, with grave consequences. Journalist James Nestor travels the world to figure out what went wrong and how to fix it. The answers aren't found in pulmonology labs, as we might expect, but in the muddy digs of ancient burial sites, secret Soviet facilities, New Jersey choir schools, and the smoggy streets of S瓊o Paulo. Nestor tracks down men and women exploring the hidden science behind ancient breathing practices like Pranayama, Sudarshan Kriya, and Tummo and teams up with pulmonary tinkerers to scientifically test long-held beliefs about how we breathe. Modern research is showing us that making even slight adjustments to the way we inhale and exhale can jump-start athletic performance; rejuvenate internal organs; halt snoring, asthma, and autoimmune disease; and even straighten scoliotic spines. None of this should be possible, and yet it is. Drawing on thousands of years of medical texts and recent cutting-edge studies in pulmonology, psychology, biochemistry, and human physiology, Breath turns the conventional wisdom of what we thought we knew about our most basic biological function on its head. You will never breathe the same again.
Plant-Insect Interactions
Plant-insect interactions involve interactions of great importance, such as pest management and plant pollination, because of their implications in crop yields. Inducible plant secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates, can affect host-plant resistance and attractiveness to insects. Endophytic bacteria can also affect the interaction between plants and insects. This Special Issue Reprint presents a collection of papers on the interactions of insects with plants and highlights the importance of these interactions in pest management and pollination.
Editorial Board Members' Collection Series
In recent year, global food security and sustainability aspects have become very significant, not only because of the regulatory aspects, but also because there is a holistic ethics approach that should be followed. This approach needs to consider all aspects related to the development of the industry and thus all stakeholders need to adopt this. Environmental action is required to achieve less waste or zero waste, along with policy implications adopted by governments. Of course, we will be the final beneficiaries, as consumers in the society which we live in. This will better our lives and enable us towards other qualitative dimensions for a better future.
Plant Succession and Vegetation Dynamics
Plant cover on earth is changing continuously on different temporal and spatial scales. The processes of directional change in species composition and vegetation structure with time are referred to as succession: a fundamental but controversially discussed concept in plant community ecology and vegetation geography. In addition to succession, there exists a broad variety of additional processes and patterns of vegetation change in both space and time, such as mosaic cycles, gap dynamics, or cohort dynamics, following diebacks. A better understanding of successional pathways, the processes involved, and vegetation dynamics in general is crucial in times of rapid environmental change and the increasing frequency and intensity of natural and man-made disturbances, as it has important implications for ecosystem restoration and overall vegetation management. This Reprint of the MDPI Diversity Special Issue "Plant Succession and Vegetation Dynamics" collects recent findings and advances in this important field of ecology and vegetation geography from different parts of the earth, from a variety of ecosystems, employing a diverse range of methods.
The Life Machines
Improve your lifelong health and well-being by understanding what mitochondria really do for you, and how through small lifestyle changes, these awe-inspiring powerhouses can better your life. Have you ever wondered what makes every heartbeat, every thought, and every movement possible? Meet your mitochondria--tiny but mighty organelles that are the true engines of life. These organelles are popularly known as the "powerhouses of the cell," but new research shows that the mitochondria do more than just convert food into energy--they're orchestrators of critical functions that keep you healthy and alive. This groundbreaking book by a leading scientist from Stanford University School of Medicine and her husband, a bestselling author, is the first to provide a comprehensive yet easy-to-understand look at mitochondria and their vital role in human health. It is based on the premise that healthy mitochondria are the key to healthy cells and, thus, to healthy tissues, healthy organs, and a healthy body. The Life Machines provides practical and fundamental principles that you can use to unlock your body's full potential, answering questions like: -How does exercise help mitochondria improve your muscles and your brain? -What nutrients do mitochondria thrive on, and how is your gut microbiome involved? -How can developing better sleeping habits improve your mitochondrial health? -Why relaxing and managing stress will reduce damage to your mitochondria? -How can you protect your mitochondria from toxins in the environment? -Why mitochondria are the key to healthy aging We are only as healthy as our mitochondria. Dysfunction of these organelles has been linked to diseases and conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, depression, autism spectrum disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, and infertility. Now, the remarkable progress in understanding the mitochondrial role in these ailments will shape the future of medicine. Packed with surprising facts, you'll read about "mitochondrial Eve" who lived in Africa 200,000 years ago; tiny rotors that spin inside your body at fantastic speed; how cancer cells steal mitochondria from immune cells; how mitochondria help shape a baby's fingers and brain; how mitochondria in your thighs are linked to your cognitive capacity, and more. Skillfully weaving cutting-edge scientific discoveries, expert testimonies, personal stories, and practical insights, The Life Machines is inspiring and hopeful, empowering you to adopt lifestyle changes that will benefit the smallest--and yet most crucial--parts of the human body.
Climate Change and Agriculture
This Reprint aims to present readers with the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector, particularly on crop production and soil health, as well as the innovative strategies and adaptation mechanisms employed to address these challenges. From evaluating the effects of climate change on the yield and quality of key agricultural products such as rice, wheat, and olives, to exploring adaptive strategies for crops in response to climatic shifts, and analyzing impacts of climate changes on soil nutrient cycles and soil health, we seek to illuminate the depth and breadth of these research fields. In this edition, experts in the field share their insights, research findings, and visions for the future. Drawing on this invaluable knowledge and experience, we collectively embark on an exploratory journey to unlock agriculture's boundless potential in adapting to climate change and to pursue innovative, sustainable pathways for development. Our goal is to meet the escalating global demand for agricultural products while safeguarding the balance of our terrestrial's ecosystems. These efforts aim to lay a robust foundation for an eco-friendly and agriculturally sustainable future, where agricultural prosperity aligns with nature's rhythms, fostering a new chapter of harmonious coexistence between humanity and the natural world.
Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth
With the rapid development of modern biotechnology and in-depth research in the field of digestive tract microecology, the complex interaction between intestinal microorganisms and their hosts is gradually being deciphered. Intestinal microorganisms, which include a diverse array of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, play pivotal roles in regulating animal growth by affecting various biological processes. Two key research directions have emerged in this field. The first focuses on nutrients and their role in maintaining intestinal innate immunity. Nutrients are not only essential for host health, but also influence the balance of gut microorganisms, promoting an optimal immune response to protect the gut from pathogens while supporting its natural microflora. The second direction explores the interaction between intestinal microorganisms and host cells, particularly considering how microorganisms communicate with and influence host cell function at the molecular level, affecting nutrient absorption, energy metabolism, and overall growth performance in animals. By understanding these molecular mechanisms, researchers aim to develop new strategies to improve animal health and growth through tailored nutritional and microbial interventions. This field of research holds great promise for advancements in both animal husbandry and biotechnology.
Sing Like Fish
A captivating exploration of how underwater animals tap into sound to survive, and a clarion call for humans to address the ways we invade these critical soundscapes--from an award-winning science writer "Sing Like Fish is that rare book that makes you see the world differently."--Mark Kurlansky, New York Times bestselling author of Salt and Cod LONGLISTED FOR THE ANDREW CARNEGIE MEDAL FOR EXCELLENCE IN NONFICTIONFor centuries, humans ignored sound in the "silent world" of the ocean, assuming that what we couldn't perceive, didn't exist. But we couldn't have been more wrong. Marine scientists now have the technology to record and study the complex interplay of the myriad sounds in the sea. Finally, we can trace how sounds travel with the currents, bounce from the seafloor and surface, bend with the temperature and even saltiness; how sounds help marine life survive; and how human noise can transform entire marine ecosystems. In Sing Like Fish, award-winning science journalist Amorina Kingdon synthesizes historical discoveries with the latest scientific research in a clear and compelling portrait of this sonic undersea world. From plainfin midshipman fish, whose swim-bladder drumming is loud enough to keep houseboat-dwellers awake, to the syntax of whalesong; from the deafening crackle of snapping shrimp, to the seismic resonance of underwater earthquakes and volcanoes; sound plays a vital role in feeding, mating, parenting, navigating, and warning--even in animals that we never suspected of acoustic ability. Meanwhile, we jump in our motorboats and cruise ships, oblivious to the impact below us. Our lifestyle is fueled by oil in growling tankers and furnished by goods that travel in massive container ships. Our seas echo with human-made sound, but we are just learning of the repercussions of anthropogenic noise on the marine world's delicate acoustic ecosystems--masking mating calls, chasing animals from their food, and even wounding creatures, from plankton to lobsters. With intimate and artful prose, Sing Like Fish tells a uniquely complete story of ocean animals' submerged sounds, envisions a quieter future, and offers a profound new understanding of the world below the surface.
The Genetic Book of the Dead
From a renowned biologist and best-selling author, a whole new way of looking at living organisms: reading them as documents describing ancient worlds A Financial Times Best Book of 2024: Science - Named Science Book of the Year by Times (UK) - A Guardian Best Ideas Book of 2024 "Intellectually sparkling and beautifully crafted."--Adrian Woolfson, Wall Street Journal "A glorious affair. . . . Arguably [Dawkins's] most joyous ode to the wonders that evolution has wrought in the animal world."--Philip Ball, Science An exquisitely camouflaged lizard has a desiccated landscape of sand and stones "painted" on its back. Its skin can be read as a description of an ancient desert, a world in which its ancestors survived. Such descriptions are more than skin deep, however. They penetrate the very warp and woof of the entire animal. In this groundbreaking exploration of the power of Darwinian evolution and what it can reveal about the past, Richard Dawkins shows how the body, behavior, and genes of every living creature can be read as a book--an archive of the worlds of its ancestors. In the future, a zoologist presented with a hitherto unknown animal will be able to decode its ancestral history, to read its unique "book of the dead." Such readings are already uncovering the remarkable ways animals overcome obstacles, adapt to their environments, and, again and again, develop remarkably similar ways of solving life's problems. From the author of The Selfish Gene comes a revolutionary, richly illustrated book that unlocks the door to a past more vivid, nuanced, and fascinating than anything we have seen.
Estimation and Monitoring of Forest Biomass and Fuel Load Components
The aim of this Reprint is to immerse the reader in the latest cutting-edge approaches for quantifying forest biomass components. This Reprint presents 13 studies advancing forest biomass estimation through methodological innovations, technological integration, and management strategies. The research highlights multi-scale data fusion for precise carbon accounting and sustainable forestry practices. These contributions provide actionable insights for achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals 13 (Climate Action) and 15 (Life on Land) through precision forestry.
Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Smart Agriculture
Modern agriculture is undergoing a transformation through the integration of advanced technologies, such as big data analytics and machine learning. Since the first edition of "Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Smart Agriculture" in 2023, the agricultural sector has progressed from Industry 4.0 to 5.0, underscoring the rapid pace of innovation in this field.Big data analytics and machine learning are revolutionizing farm and agricultural system management by enabling more efficient resource use and increasing crop yields. Artificial intelligence is now used in fertilization recommendation systems, helping to optimize the application of agricultural inputs and support sustainable practices. AI technologies also assist in identifying plant diseases and pests-an essential aspect of Agriculture 5.0.The integration of drones and other devices with AI enables precise crop monitoring and rapid responses to potential threats. Beyond crop production, AI is also applied in animal husbandry, for example, in optimizing meat production. AI-powered prognostic systems help predict failures in smart farms, thereby improving operational reliability. One of the key ongoing challenges is the standardization of data, due to the wide variety of measurement devices and differing environmental conditions during data collection. The efficient processing and analysis of large datasets is crucial for generating actionable insights and driving innovation in digital agriculture.
Functional Ingredients from Food Waste and By-Products
The increasing global concern over food loss and waste, along with its environmental, economic, and social consequences, accentuates the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies. Addressing food waste offers benefits for the climate, food security, and the sustainability of the agri-food system.This Special Issue brings together cutting-edge research and practical approaches aimed at transforming food residues, discards, and surpluses into valuable functional ingredients and products. Covering a broad range of topics, this collection explores state-of-the-art upcycling strategies and expands knowledge on the characterization of bioactive compounds, ingredients and products derived from food by-products, and explores their diverse applications across sectors such as food, beverages, packaging, and agriculture.
Gait and Balance Control in Typical and Special Individuals
Research on gait and balance control has significantly advanced in recent years due in part to the development of sophisticated biomechanical techniques, allowing us to move beyond simple observations to a deeper, more quantitative understanding of human movement. This knowledge is not just theoretical; it has significant implications for both healthy individuals and a wide range of special populations-from high-performance athletes to those grappling with neurological conditions or age-related decline. In this Special Issue, "Gait and Balance Control in Typical and Special Individuals", we present a collection of studies that showcase the breadth and depth of modern biomechanics, covering various topics. Readers can uncover new insights into the variability of developmental gait in children, the challenges of gait asymmetry following a stroke, and even how humans adapt to simulated hyper-gravity. The Special Issue also delves into specific clinical applications, exploring foot coupling in runners with plantar heel pain, key biomechanical parameters linked to falls in the elderly, and the intricate complexities of gait and balance in individuals with Parkinson's disease. The final article provides a comparative look at dynamic balance in gymnasts. We hope that these diverse contributions will not only serve as an important resource for researchers and clinicians but also foster new avenues of investigation, ultimately advancing our collective understanding and improving the lives of countless individuals.
Innovative Technologies for Food Preservation and Processing
The Special Issue entitled "Innovative Technologies for Food Preservation and Processing", published in the journal Applied Sciences, focuses on the latest advancements in food production and storage. We invite researchers to explore mechanisms of food spoilage prevention and the development of innovative methods for raw material processing. The aim of such measures is to provide products with enhanced preserved qualities and health benefits through evolving food industry technologies.
Why Whales Sing
Reconceives whale songs as a sophisticated sonar system, revealing incredible insights into these creatures' intelligence and behavior.With breathtaking complexity and haunting beauty, the songs of whales have long fascinated scientists. Whales are the only mammals that can sing continuously for ten hours or more, changing the unique songs they sing every year. In Why Whales Sing, bioacoustician and cognitive scientist Eduardo Mercado transforms our understanding of these enigmatic sounds and proposes a groundbreaking theory that challenges decades of established science. Fifty years of field research have led most scientists to conclude that humpback whales sing for the same reason that birds do: to advertise their sexual fitness. But if whale songs are nothing more than tools of attraction, why do whales sing even when they're alone and there are no listeners nearby? In light of modern advances in neuroscience and ocean acoustics, Mercado reaches the surprising conclusion that whales may not actually be "singing," but rather engaging in an activity more commonly associated with dolphins and bats--echolocating--which enables them to see their world with sound. By incessantly streaming sounds while listening closely to the returning echoes, whales may be actively tuning their brains in ways that allow them to monitor the movements of silent whales located miles away.Sophisticated, long-range sonar can enable whales to perceive their vast underwater worlds in unimaginable ways. From the military origins of whale song recordings to the persistent mysteries of cetacean communication, this book displays the wonder of whales and reshapes how we view their intelligence, behavior, and acoustic mastery.
Theoretical and Computational Polymers Science
The study of polymers has been central to numerous scientific and technological advancements over the past several decades. The primary aim of this reprint is to present, in a concise format, recent developments in polymer theory and its applications, as contributed by experts actively engaged in the study of polymer phenomena across condensed matter physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. The contributions emphasize theoretical and simulation-based approaches to polymers in complex environments, whether as individual chains or in multi-polymer systems such as melts. The applications span a wide range of materials, including block copolymers, polymer brushes, thermoplastic resins, carbon fiber-reinforced resins, gels, rubbers, cross-linked polyethylene, polyelectrolytes, and proteins.
Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxins (3rd Edition)
Aspergillus flavus and its carcinogenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, not only cause serious economic losses but also threaten human and animal health. This Special Issue focuses on recent research progress related to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins. Of the included papers, three reviews cover the effects of AFB1 on intestinal microbiota and the intestinal health of monogastric animals, the decontamination of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin with atmospheric cold plasma, and aflatoxin residues in chicken products. Herein, it is reported that the chitin deacetylase homologous gene cda impacts development and aflatoxin synthesis in A. flavus. Two included papers highlight methods employed for aflatoxin determination. This Special Issue not only includes methods for the control of aflatoxins but also several aflatoxin detoxifying methods. A particular focus is placed on the mechanistic effects of aflatoxins on the host. Fundamental and applied research on A. flavus and aflatoxins is not only of particular interest but also crucial for reducing economic losses.
New Tools for Monitoring Genetic Diversity in Animals
The aim of this Reprint is to showcase how recent advances in molecular biology and, particularly, sequencing technologies have transformed animal research across multiple disciplines. With the decreasing costs of genomic data generation and the growing availability of reference genome resources, high-throughput approaches are now applied broadly to study the genetic diversity of a wide range of species. This Special Issue collates research contributions that illustrate how modern genetic and genomic tools are reshaping our understanding of conservation biology, evolutionary processes, wildlife monitoring, and animal ecology.
Advanced Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Composites
This Reprint compiles original research articles from the Special Issue of Polymers titled "Advanced Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Composites", highlighting the rapid progress in polymer-based materials that actively respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, or mechanical stress. These "smart" composites enable novel applications in soft robotics, biomedicine, sensing, and adaptive surfaces.The Special Issue aimed to bridge polymer chemistry, materials science, and engineering, with a focus on understanding stimuli-response mechanisms and translating them into functional materials. Contributions included thermo-chromic polymer mixtures, bio-hydrogels with photonic nano-chains, hybrid dielectric systems, and liquid crystalline elastomer composites. Both experimental and computational approaches were used to investigate how micro- and nanostructures determine macroscopic behavior under dynamic conditions.This collection is intended for researchers in polymer science and responsive materials design. By presenting interdisciplinary insights-from synthesis and processing to in situ characterization and device integration-it offers a concise yet diverse overview of current advances.I thank all contributing authors, anonymous reviewers, and the Polymers editorial team. This Reprint aims to stimulate future research and collaboration in this exciting and fast-moving field.
Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan
Human brain networks undergo life-long adaptations, thereby responding to age-specific cognitive and behavioral challenges. Environmental stressors, neurodegeneration, and other factors can, however, disrupt healthy brain development and function. Electrophysiology and other non-invasive neuroscientific methods provide insight into these dynamic changes in behavior and cognitive function across the lifespan. This reprint of the Special Issue "Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan" presents state-of-the-art research from recognized experts, offering comprehensive coverage of brain function across all age groups.
Diversity of Marine Fungi as a Source of Bioactive Natural Products, 2nd Edition
Marine fungi-derived bioactive metabolites represent a significant source for drug discovery, with distinct metabolic mechanisms evolving in fungi from different marine environments. Natural product scientists have explored various environments, such as deep oceans, polar regions, and marine mangrove ecosystems, to discover unique fungi strains that can produce new bioactive structures. This collection aims to highlight the diversity of fungi derived from different marine environments, in addition to their potential as producers of bioactive marine natural products.
Marine Algae
Marine algae (seaweed) are increasingly recognized for their rich nutritional profiles and health-promoting properties, making them valuable in the realm of nutraceuticals. This Reprint of Marine Drugs examines the diverse roles seaweed plays in human nutrition and health, with a particular focus on the bioactive compounds underpinning their therapeutic effects. The topics addressed include the biochemical makeup of various seaweed species, their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities, and their integration into functional foods and dietary supplements. Research also explores the sustainability of seaweed harvesting and cultivation, along with advancements in extraction and processing techniques aimed at maximizing health benefits. This collection provides a comprehensive analysis of seaweed as a vital resource for enhancing human well-being and advances ongoing discourse in marine nutraceuticals.
Recent Progress in Bioimaging and Targeted Therapy
Bioimaging is used to visualize biomolecules and their biological activity in a specific period of time. It does not influence the life processes during visualization, but can help in understanding biological activities at molecular levels and connecting the observation of subcellular structures with multicellular tissues and organs. Targeted bioimaging contributes to current therapies by providing evidence for disease diagnosis; locating and guiding surgical operation; indicating the time and position to perform treatments; and evaluating therapeutic effects. The topics of this reprint may include the following themes: Developing novel in vivo strategies for targeted MRI, PET, CT, fluorescence, Raman imaging, etc.Developing specific biosensing techniques for disease biomarkers, including small molecules, nucleic acids, macromolecules, circulating cancer cells, cancer cells, tumor organs, etc.Designing and fabricating targeted imaging probes including, but not limited to, organic molecules; inorganic nanomaterials such as rare earth materials, silica nanoparticles, and quantum dots; conducting polymers; and DNA self-assembly materials.Developing strategies to enhance imaging S/N ratio, resolution, specificity, efficiency.
Making New Out of the Old
This Special Issue aims to present recent biological advances made in research on Mesozoic Marine Reptiles, which include the most iconic and largest predators of their time, mirroring terrestrial dinosaurs. Through the study of exceptionally preserved specimens and/or the use of innovative methods, the authors shed light on several biological and ecological aspects that were previously inaccessible by conventional studies. The endocranial morphology of mosasaur is revealed by 3D micro-computed tomography (Par獺mo-Fonseca et al.; Allemand et al.), and their alimentation patterns (permitting to infer niche partitioning and food preferences) are approached using various proxies applied to their teeth, such as 3D morphometric analyses (Bardet et al.), microstructural analyses (Holwerda et al.), and carbon isotopic geochemistry (Polcyn et al.). Locomotion capabilities and swimming performances are addressed by studying fin evolution using anatomical networks in ichthyosaurs (Fern獺ndez et al.) and neck and vertebrae elongation patterns in plesiosaurs (O'Gorman). Soft tissue (skin and colour) of ichthyosaurs is highlighted by a combination of molecular and imaging techniques (Bonnevier Wallstedt et al.). Finally, a complete systematic and anatomical revision of Jurassic ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and thatattosuchians faunas from Russia reveals their astonishing richness and diversity (Zverkov et al.).
Life in Sync
Why we need to reconnect with nature's biological rhythms--and rediscover the benefits of a good night's sleep All of life is profoundly shaped by the daily, monthly, and yearly cycles of our planet, and all creatures have internal timekeeping systems that rely on cues from the surrounding environment. With modern technology, we are changing our environments--and by proxy, the ecosystems around us--to override these innate rhythms of life. But at what cost? Life in Sync reveals how Earth's rotations shape our biology, what human sleep cycles looked like before the advent of artificial light, and why technology can't free us from the constraints of our circadian clocks. Philippa Gander explores the science behind the biological rhythms that animate us and our world, blending captivating storytelling with illuminating examples ranging from migratory birds and hibernating squirrels to jet-lagged pilots and astronauts in space. She shows how genetic circadian clocks are an ancient evolutionary adaptation that we share with all life on the planet, and how our rapidly expanding use of artificial light at night disrupts the time cues for entire ecosystems. Gander explains why cutting back on sleep adversely affects our well-being, safety, and longevity, and how breakthroughs in sleep science offer solutions to bring our lives more in harmony with nature's rhythms. An astonishing journey of scientific discovery, Life in Sync unlocks the mysteries of biological time--and offers new perspectives for anyone who has ever given up a good night's sleep for the sake of their hectic waking hours.
Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter and Associated Treatment Strategies
Acinetobacter infections pose a substantial burden on public health, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention specifically classifying carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter as an urgent threat to public health with 8500 cases annually, 700 deaths, and USD 281 million in associated healthcare costs in the United States alone. These data coupled with the sparsity of information elucidating the pathophysiology of Acinetobacter, the lack of novel antibiotics in the developmental pipeline to treat Acinetobacter infections and the continued occurrence of multidrug-, extensively drug-, or even pandrug-resistant isolates from clinical settings constitute a public health crisis warranting immediate attention. This Special Issue therefore includes works describing the clinical treatment and genomic surveillance of Acinetobacter isolates causing infection, especially carbapenem-resistant isolates. This Special Issue additionally explores this bacterium's resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, ability to persist in the clinical setting and adaptation to environmental changes. The underlying resistance mechanisms allowing Acinetobacter to survive stressors all play a role in its pathogenicity and are valuable in understanding and treating this critical pathogen.
Quality of Life and Side Effects Management in Cancer Treatment (Volume II)
This Special Issue of Cancers brings together a diverse collection of studies focused on the evolving understanding of quality of life (QoL) in cancer care. As survival rates continue to improve, the attention of oncology research and clinical practice is increasingly shifting toward the lived experiences of patients-how they function, cope, and thrive throughout and beyond treatment.The articles explore QoL from multiple angles: long-term trajectories among breast cancer survivors, the impact of chronic myeloid leukemia on occupational participation, and the validation of a sarcoma-specific patient-reported outcome measure. Several contributions investigate how cancer therapies-such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and opioids-affect not only clinical outcomes but also physical functioning, sensory perception, and psychological time orientation. Particular attention is given to vulnerable groups, including older adults undergoing immunotherapy and adolescents and young adults with rare, indolent metastatic sarcomas.Collectively, this Special Issue underscores that quality of life is not a secondary endpoint but a central dimension of cancer care. By integrating clinical, psychosocial, and biological perspectives, the articles highlight the importance of personalized approaches that preserve dignity, functionality, and patient autonomy across the cancer continuum.
Dietary Strategies for Prevention of Geriatric Diseases and Exploring the Mechanism of Aging
This Reprint, "Dietary Strategies for Prevention of Geriatric Diseases and Exploring the Mechanism of Aging," sheds light on the underlying mechanisms related to aging and age-associated pathology, while also exploring optimal nutritional strategies for the prevention and mitigation of geriatric diseases. Through exploration of the factors influencing the cellular and molecular hallmarks of aging, and age-related degenerative diseases such as immunosenescence, dynapenia, intrinsic capacity impairments and impaired mucus barrier function, it provides valuable insights into the mechanisms related to aging. Furthermore, this reprint emphasizes the powerful role of dietary interventions to mitigate age-related diseases and dysfunction. Studies on the impact of dietary intervention strategies (e.g., diversity maintenance) as well as specific supplements and nutrients, such as methyl donor nutrients, branched-chain amino acids in association with vitamin D, medium-chain triglycerides and nutraceuticals, demonstrate significant efficacy against age-associated diseases, including cognitive impairment, sarcopenia, frailty and so on. In summary, this Reprint serves as a platform to enhance understanding of the biological factors and pathogenic mechanisms involved in aging and age-related diseases, offering meaningful insights into dietary approaches for the prevention and management of geriatric diseases.
Development of New Optical Techniques and Methods for Basic Biology and Biomedical Applications
Biophysical methods underlie advances for analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications in biology and biomedicine. Electromagnetic radiation as visible and infrared light allows the sensitive collection of data on the morphofunctional conditions of biological substrates, while biomechanical approaches can improve therapeutic protocols. A common denominator is the need to optimize operating protocols, data processing, and interpretation, to achieve reliable information for analysis, diagnosis, and therapy.This reprint from the Special Issue "Development of New Optical Techniques and Methods for Basic Biology and Biomedical Applications" intends to further disseminate awareness on the ample potential of biophysical method applications in biology and biomedicine, represented by all its contributing papers. Fluorescence spectroscopy is used for basic research on melaninization processes or for the noninvasive diagnosis of vascular circulation, and imaging of fluorescing Hydra polyp movements promotes hydrodynamic studies. Near-IR imaging is used with exogenous agents to enhance cardiac injury detection, to improve nanomaterial intracellular localization aimed to optimize drug delivery and cancer photo-thermal therapy, to delineate internal structures in animal bodies or to detect thermal changes in sites causing pain. In turn, a biomechanical approach entails the optimization of vibrational stimulation to restore weak muscles. All these reports improve the reliability of the various procedures proposed, hoping to inspire novel investigations.
Gene Expressions in Response to Diseases, Abiotic Stresses and Pest Damage of Horticultural Products
Several plant species serve as important sources of food, feed, and raw materials worldwide, providing a broad spectrum of nutrients and bioactive compounds that play a crucial role in plant resistance and in human diseases, in line with the One Health approach. Horticultural crops also represent a key resource in the economies of numerous countries. Moreover, increasingly restrictive European regulations for plant-protection products encourage studies on innovative tools for disease and pest control, such as genetic modification and alternative control means. The Reprint focuses on the plant's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Crops are continuously exposed to a broad spectrum of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi), pests, and abiotic damage, causing significant yield and economic losses throughout the process from field to sale. Symptoms correspond to plant responses to both pathogen and insect attacks and abiotic stresses; these occur through gene expressions, signaling, and metabolic pathways involved in host/stress response. Identifying the mechanisms involved in defense response and stress tolerance is essential to select more resistant or less susceptible crops, allowing for more sustainable management of diseases and damages. It original and exploratory articles investigating pathways, signaling, and gene expression involved in resistance mechanisms to pests and pathogens, as well as abiotic stress tolerance, thereby opening new horizons for preserving and enhancing crop production.
Response of Tree Rings to Climate Change and Climate Extremes
Global warming is an undisputed fact, and climate change further exacerbates the variability in the distribution and pattern of precipitation. The frequency and intensity of extreme climate events have increased significantly in the context of global climatic change, and these events have a profound impact on forest ecosystems. Therefore, it is critical to understand the response and feedback of tree growth to climate change and climate extremes. Tree rings are one of the best proxy data for understanding long-term climate and environmental changes. The aim of this reprint is to investigate in depth the responses of tree growth to climate change and climate extremes, and to reconstruct past climate changes based on proxy data from tree rings. We have collated 17 high-quality research paper, exploring the relationship between tree rings and vegetation indices, analyzing the responses of different tree-ring parameters (including tree ring width, stable carbon isotopes, density and blue intensity) to climate, and further exploring the impact of climate extremes and droughts on tree growth. In addition, past temperature and streamflow changes across different regions have also been reconstructed. We hope that these studies will promote the development of dendrochronology research.
Genes, Genetics and Breeding of Tomato
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a globally significant vegetable crop with substantial economic importance. Over the past twenty years, its production has doubled, primarily driven by genetic enhancements targeting yield optimization and environmental adaptation. Contemporary breeding objectives now prioritize balancing productivity with pest/disease resistance, responding to dual demands: consumers favoring improved nutritional profiles and flavor, alongside producers requiring cultivation efficiency and stress resilience. As a model organism for fruit biology and plant genetics, the tomato offers extensive genetic resources that have enabled breakthroughs in deciphering the genetic foundations of critical agronomic traits. Tomato research reveals genomic tools' role in combatting biotic stresses, identifying resistance genes and pathways. Studies on abiotic stresses uncover regulatory genes and hormone-signaling mechanisms influencing tolerance. Fruit development and ripening mechanisms, governed by hormonal control, enable the optimization of quality and shelf life. Against rising global demand, research work synergizes with breeding to restore stress-resistant and quality traits lost during domestication, supporting sustainable agriculture. Advances in genetics and genomics have accelerated molecular breeding techniques, collectively advancing the shared goal of enhancing yield, quality, and stress tolerance for breeders, producers, and consumers. The Special Issue synthesizes these innovations, spanning from gene discovery to molecular breeding strategies.
Diet and Nutrition
This compilation, originating from the Special Issue "Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases" in Nutrients, presents a focused collection of recent research and reviews that illuminate the complex relationships between dietary habits and metabolic health. As the global incidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease continues to rise, this volume addresses how specific nutrients, food choices, and overall dietary patterns contribute to the prevention and management of these disorders.Within this collection, readers will discover investigations into the biological mechanisms that connect nutrition to metabolic dysfunction, including the roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the gut microbiome. The issue also evaluates the effectiveness of various dietary models, such as plant-based diets, low-glycemic approaches, and the Mediterranean diet, in improving metabolic markers and reducing disease risk.Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of nutrition across different life stages, from prenatal development to aging populations. Innovative approaches, such as the use of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and sustainable dietary practices, are explored for their potential to enhance metabolic outcomes.By integrating findings from clinical, population-based, and mechanistic studies, this volume serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, offering timely, evidence-based guidance for addressing the growing burden of metabolic diseases worldwide.
Thinking Small and Large
The environmental crisis will not be solved by battery technology. We are looking for answers in the wrong places. Life began with the hydrogenation of CO2, and this is the process we must return to in order to heal the planet. Ground-breaking ongoing research into bacterial processes means our knowledge of bacterial processes is ever-expanding, and we can harness this new knowledge to develop a parallel carbon economy using engineered bacteria for fuel, food, and materials. This would enable rewilding on a vast scale, with the small land footprint of bacterial technologies solving the current conflict in land use between farming and fuel and materials production. In this fascinating and illuminating book, Peter Forbes shines a light on this crucial technology and offers a tantalizing glimpse at what is possible. To solve the big problems, sometimes you have to think small.
Urological Cancer 2023-2025
This collection contains a total of nine contributions in the area of urological cancer collected in the 2023-2025 period. It includes 5 papers (5 articles) focusing on different aspects of urinary tract neoplasia, 2 papers (1 review and 1 article) on kidney cancer, and 2 papers (1 review and 1 article) on prostate cancer. This Special Issue includes reviews on new molecular techniques for detecting prostate cancer on urine sediment, T-cell engagers therapies for prostate cancer, post-BCG upper urinary tract cancer survival, the usefulness of patient-reported symptoms and functional outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in children with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma, prognostic factors in platinum-refractory urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab, new approaches of HIF-2α targeted therapies in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and CKAP4 expression in the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. Also, a novel approach to the early evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinoma using mathematical tools (game theory) is included in this volume. Medical specialists and scientists from Japan, USA, Spain, Italy, Brazil, Germany, Portugal, and the UK have participated in this collection. Interested readers will find excellent updated reviews of the most relevant topics in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of urological cancer.
Dangerous Miracle
An Oxford University biologist reveals the fascinating history of antibiotics, how we burned through them, and what that means for our future health. The discovery of antibiotics was one of humanity's greatest achievements. Since their advent less than a century ago, antibiotics have saved millions of lives, marking one of the greatest medical advances in our history. Much like oil in the previous century, they were not invented but discovered--the most effective antibiotics are found in nature, made by microbes. But just like oil, antibiotics came with a cost. That's because antibiotics aren't like other drugs: every time we use them, we increase the possibility of resistance to them and thus undermine their future effectiveness. And like fossil fuels, they won't last forever. How did we get here? In order to understand the future of antibiotics, we need to understand their past. Dangerous Miracle tells the story of antibiotics, tracing the grand arc of their evolution over millions of years with a history of the past century. Antibiotic resistance shows how easily bacteria have been able to undo human progress. If we want antibiotics to have a future, we need to prepare to adapt accordingly. And fast. Dangerous Miracle is a revelatory account of the miraculous history and uncertain future of antibiotics from a visionary and gifted biologist.
On the Origin of Species
"...from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved" Considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology, On the Origin of Species, was published in 1859. This work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. In this seminal work, considered to be the groundwork of evolutionary biology, Darwin unveils his revolutionary theory, illuminating the intricate mechanisms driving the diversity of life on Earth. It gave evidence that the variety of life resulted from a common descent via a branching model of evolution. Darwin incorporated facts that he had collected on the Beagle mission in the 1830s and his succeeding findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. In his theory of natural selection, Darwin challenged orthodox thought in stating that no being or species has been specifically created; all are locked into a pitiless struggle for existence, with extinction looming for those who are not fit for the task. Yet, there is also a humane and inspirational vision of ecological interrelatedness. Revealed are the complex mutual interdependencies between animal and plant life, climate and physical environment, and-by implication-within the human world. This timeless masterpiece remains one of the founding documents of the modern ages. It is both engaging and enlightening, combining science with the subtlety of literature and continues to captivate and inspire not only scientific inquiry, but curious minds throughout the world. Darwin consolidated a lifetime of work in On the Origin of Species, compiling his discoveries from the voyage of the Beagle, his experiments, research and correspondence. He argues for the transmutation of species over time by the process of natural selection. His work laid the foundation of evolutionary biology, though when it was published it caused tremendous religious and philosophical debates. Darwin's work is still seen by many people to oppose Christian beliefs.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
This book aims to explore the essential processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, from the structure of flowers and mechanisms of pollination to the complex events of fertilization and seed development. By examining these processes, we gain insight into how plants interact with their environment and adapt to changing conditions. Understanding these reproductive mechanisms is not only vital for botanists but also for anyone invested in agriculture, conservation, and environmental sustainability. As we face pressing global challenges, such as climate change and habitat loss, the knowledge contained within these pages can help us appreciate the importance of preserving plant diversity.
