First Light
'Illuminating and entertaining' The Washington Post Astronomers have successfully observed a great deal of the Universe's history, from recording the afterglow of the Big Bang to visualising the shadow of a black hole. However when it comes to understanding how the Universe began and grew, we have literally been in the dark. This book tells the story of the Cosmic Dawn - the time when the very first stars burst into life. These celestial giants were hundreds of times more massive than the Sun and a million times more luminous: lonely blue stars that lived fast and died young in enormous explosions, seeding the Universe with the elements that would eventually make up life itself. First Light illuminates this previously unknown, billion-year timeline. Astrophysicist Emma Chapman tells how these stars formed, why they were so unusual and what they can teach us about the universe today. She also also gives a first-hand look at the immense telescopes that are taking us from the realm of theoretical physics towards the wonder of looking back in time using observational astronomy. This revised edition has been updated to contain the latest findings across astronomy, from radio interferometry to gravitational waves and contains a brand new chapter covering the triumphant discovery of the first galaxies by the James Webb Space Telescope.
Storm
A thrilling introduction to the world of storms, told in the unmistakable voice of Hank Schyma. Over three decades of storm chasing, Hank Schyma has witnessed some of planet Earth's most incredible weather shows. STORM brings together the very best of his work, featuring dramatic photography, unforgettable stories from the road and clear, engaging explanations of the science behind the storms. Inside this book you'll find: Thrilling stories from decades of chasing storms across the US and beyond, including behind-the-scenes accounts of record-breaking tornadoes and incredible lightning showsDetailed graphics and clear, accessible breakdowns of the science behind the spectacle, from how hurricanes form to what makes a tornado spinA collection of Hank's out-of-this-world storm and nature photography, showcasing everything from epic lightning bolts to massive supercellsChapters covering thunderstorms, lightning, transient luminous events (TLEs), supercells, tornadoes, and tropical cyclonesWhether you're a long-time fan of Hank's or simply curious about what makes our weather so wild, STORM invites you into Hank's world: a place of big skies, bigger energy, and a lifelong fascination with nature at its most extreme. Looking for the perfect photography book, nature book or weather book? STORM will astonish you with every page.
Ocean Paths of Discovery
The sea is a perennial source of enchantment, a true labyrinth of beauty, but also a stage for unforeseen and unpredictable changes, often bringing dangers and hardships. There is knowledge that is not only necessary, but essential for those who live, spend hours or use this environment as a source of work. The maritime mentality is a process of building knowledge, awareness and appreciation of the importance of the sea for the survival and prosperity of a nation. This concept involves the collective belief in the vital role of the oceans in the economy, culture and environment. Practices related to the importance of the oceans should become a habit in the nation, especially in its academic meanders, through formal and informal educational experiences, promoting an ocean culture that values marine resources. Sustainable development is connected to the concept of blue economy, which emphasizes the preservation of marine ecosystems and the importance of the oceans for biodiversity and climate. Oceanographic dynamics involves the study of currents, tides and other phenomena that affect the oceans and regulate the Earth's climate. While Magnetic Declination is crucial for cartography and oceanography, as it influences orientation in relation to true north and establishes precision in geographic coordinates. This knowledge is fundamental for carrying out accurate analyses in various areas, such as climatology and ecology, where the interaction between the oceans and the atmosphere plays a vital role in understanding natural phenomena and predicting climate events.
Invisible Iceberg
Discover the impactful ways that climate and weather changed the very course of human history from the founder and chairman of AccuWeather! Join AccuWeather founder and chairman Dr. Joel N. Myers on a journey from the beginning of time to the modern day to see how weather and climate impacted world events throughout history, both the good and the bad. Learn about the comet that hit Earth almost 67 million years ago, and how it triggered a massive climate disruption that led to the extinction of the dinosaur; the dramatic climate shift in 1213 BC that created the conditions for the Ten Plagues of Egypt, a foundational moment in three major world religions; how superior knowledge of the winds allowed the ancient Greeks to prevail over Persian attackers in 400 BC; the volcano in 44 BC that helped launch the Roman Empire; how Tropical storms thwarted Mongol invaders and preserved an independent Japan in 1273; how the "Little Ice Age" ushered in the age of the European Witch Trials, which eventually influenced the Salem Witch Trials; the shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609 in an Atlantic hurricane that inspired Shakespeare's last play TheTempest; the fog that helped to create an independent United States of America during the Revolutionary War; the storm in 1814 that ended the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte; the "Great White Hurricane," i.e. two major blizzards, that helped create the New York Subway System in 1888; and so much more! Also explored are weather what-ifs, including the haunting question: Would the hurricane that remained off the coast have prevented the deadly attacks of September 11, 2001, if it had just moved inland? Dr. Myers founded AccuWeather, the world's most accurate source of highly localized weather forecasts and warnings everywhere in the world, in 1962, and ever since, he has been the foremost authority on all things weather. Now available for the first time in paperback, Invisible Iceberg: When Climate and Weather Shaped History is an exciting, sometimes shocking, trip around the world and through time to prove once and for all that weather really does shape the world and the course of history!
My First Book of Planets
My First Book of Planets: All About the Solar System for Kids by Max Orion takes children on an exciting journey through the cosmos. ��������From the fiery Sun ☀️ to the icy world of Neptune ❄️, kids will discover fascinating facts and colorful illustrations that make learning about space fun and easy. Each planet has its own page with big, bold images ���� and simple text designed for curious young minds.���� Inside this book, kids will find: ���� All 8 planets explained in simple words���� A special look at Earth's Moon���� Fun facts about asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets⭐ Bright, playful illustrations that spark imaginationPerfect for preschool and kindergarten, this book encourages a love of science, space, and discovery from the very first page. Whether at storytime, bedtime, or classroom reading, kids will love exploring the universe right from home.���� Give your child the universe in their hands with this fun and educational space adventure!
The 1800s
Information about the climate as reported by the mass media is both incomplete and misleading. Climate Change or "Global Warming" is portrayed as a new phenomenon caused almost entirely by human activity. However, a thorough analysis of North America's climate reveal that both warming and increased precipitation have been a long-term trends that are documented since the earliest instrument records begin in the late 1700s. The most important change has been a remarkable increase in precipitation since the early 1900s which has resulted in record agricultural production and prosperity for much of North America. The adverse climate of the 1800s is ignored, forgotten and even denied. This omission seems intentional and calculated because it threatens the idea that the climate was benign in the past but is now deteriorating. An honest analysis of history refutes this claim.
The Physics of Faith
The universe is 13.8 billion years old, contains two trillion galaxies, and is heading toward heat death. How can Christians maintain faith in divine purpose within such cosmic immensity and apparent indifference?"The Physics of Faith" offers an honest, profound exploration of the dialogue between modern cosmology and Christian belief. Rather than forcing easy harmonization or accepting inevitable conflict, this book dwells thoughtfully in the creative tension between scientific discovery and religious faith.Drawing on cutting-edge physics and classical theology, the author examines: How spacetime and relativity complicate our understanding of prayer and divine eternityWhy quantum mechanics neither proves nor disproves God, despite popular claimsThe genuine challenge that evolutionary suffering poses to belief in a good CreatorHow fine-tuning might point to design-or to multiple universesWhat dark matter and dark energy reveal about the limits of our knowledgeWhy the heat death of the universe challenges Christian hope for new creationThrough lyrical prose that moves between scientific precision and spiritual reflection, this book speaks to three audiences: scientists who maintain faith despite professional pressures, young Christians encountering cosmology for the first time, and thoughtful believers seeking honest engagement with modern physics.Unlike books that claim science proves God or that faith requires rejecting evolution, "The Physics of Faith" respects both domains while acknowledging real tensions. It includes candid testimonies from working scientists about their struggles to integrate research with faith, a survey of different approaches to science-religion dialogue, and resources for continued exploration.This is not a book of easy answers but of profound questions: Can prayer make sense in a block universe? How does God act in nature without violating physical laws? What does human significance mean at cosmic scales? How do we maintain hope when physics predicts cosmic death?Perfect for book clubs, adult education classes, and individual seekers, "The Physics of Faith" offers a mature, nuanced approach to one of our era's most important conversations. It will challenge believers to take science seriously and scientists to remain open to transcendence, while equipping both for honest dialogue.Written for those who refuse to choose between telescope and scripture, between laboratory and sanctuary, this book models intellectual courage and spiritual depth in exploring how the God of faith might relate to the cosmos of modern science.
Extreme Weather 2026 12 X 12 Wall Calendar
FORCE OF NATURE - The Extreme Weather 2026 Calendar captures the awe-inspiring power of Earth's most dramatic atmospheric phenomena, from lightning storms and tornadoes to blizzards and sandstorms. Each month delivers a stunning visual reminder of nature's raw and unpredictable beauty.
Rainbows 2026 12 X 12 Wall Calendar
COLORFUL WONDER - The Rainbows 2026 calendar captures breathtaking arcs of color stretching across some of the world's most beautiful landscapes. Each vibrant image is a reminder of nature's magic, bringing brightness and hope to every month.
Modern Marine Weather
A comprehensive text on how to take weather into account for the planning and navigation of voyages, local or global, using the latest technologies as well as the time-honored skills of maritime tradition, so that your time on the water remains as safe and efficient as possible. Covers practical applications of GRIB files, ASCAT wind measurements, and other modern resources.
Temperature Of Earth & Space
Explore the critical factors influencing the temperature of Earth and the vast expanse of space in this informative book, "Temperature Of Earth & Space." Delve into the science behind climate change, global warming, and the natural forces that shape our planet's environment. Understand the delicate balance that sustains life on Earth and the potential consequences of disruptions to this balance. This book offers essential insights for anyone interested in environmental science, space exploration, and the future of our planet.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Temperature Of Earth & Space
Explore the critical factors influencing the temperature of Earth and the vast expanse of space in this informative book, "Temperature Of Earth & Space." Delve into the science behind climate change, global warming, and the natural forces that shape our planet's environment. Understand the delicate balance that sustains life on Earth and the potential consequences of disruptions to this balance. This book offers essential insights for anyone interested in environmental science, space exploration, and the future of our planet.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Collection Of Proverbs And Popular Sayings Relating To The Seasons, The Weather, And Agricultural Pursuits
"A Collection Of Proverbs And Popular Sayings Relating To The Seasons, The Weather, And Agricultural Pursuits, Volume 20" presents a fascinating glimpse into the traditional wisdom and folklore of rural life. Compiled by Michael Aislabie Denham, this collection gathers together a wide array of proverbs and sayings that reflect the intimate connection between people and their environment. This volume offers readers a unique opportunity to explore the rich tapestry of folk knowledge concerning seasonal changes, weather patterns, and the rhythms of agricultural work. These sayings, passed down through generations, offer insights into the practical knowledge and cultural values of the time. The book will appeal to those interested in folklore, agricultural history, and the enduring power of language to capture the essence of human experience.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Weaponization of Space
It is inevitable that mankind will weaponize space and equally likely that this will take place in the next thirty years. The United States is in the early stages of a transition from using space assets to support combat operations on the surface of the earth to using space assets to conduct combat operations in space, from space, and through space. This paper discusses factors driving the United States to take its first steps to weaponize space. It is time for the Air Force to build the doctrinal framework for combat operations in, from, and through space that will guide the technological development of space assets just as the doctrine of strategic bombardment guided Air Force thought and aircraft development prior to World War II. This paper discusses the transition from an air to a space force by examining required changes to Air Force doctrine in terms of the framework of its six core competencies in order to prepare the Air Force to organize, train, and equip aerospace forces for conducting combat operations in space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessment of the Impact of Various Ionospheric Models on High-Frequency Signal Raytracing
An assessment of the impact of various ionospheric models on high-frequency (HF) signal raytracing is presented. Ionospheric refraction can strongly affect the propagation of HF signals. Consequently, Department of Defense missions such as over-the-horizon RADAR, HF communications, and geo-location all depend on an accurate specification of the ionosphere. Five case studies explore ionospheric conditions ranging from quiet conditions to solar flares and geomagnetic storms. It is shown that an E layer by itself can increase an HF signal's ground range by over 100 km, stressing the importance of accurately specifying the lower ionosphere. It is also shown that the GPSII model has the potential to capture the expected daily variability of the ionosphere by using Total Electron Content data. This daily variability can change an HF signal's ground range by as much as 5 km per day. The upper-ionospheric response to both a solar flare and a geomagnetic storm is captured by the GPSII model. In contrast, the GPSII model does not capture the lower-ionospheric response to either event.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Behold the Heavens
Do you remember the last time you marveled at the night sky? How long has it been since you gazed in amazement at the stars above and listened to the sacred silence? The night sky offers an experience of awe and wonder, one that for many of us calls back to our childhood. It can also be an opportunity to connect with the creator of the universe and behold his heavenly majesty.Behold the Heavens invites you on a journey of encounter and prayer. This book is a pilgrimage through the night sky, where we meet God through the beauty of his creation, the words of Sacred Scripture, and the call to prayer. This is not a book about definitions of astronomical objects, but an invitation to experience the night sky through biblical eyes and with childlike wonder.As we gaze upon the night sky, we come to stand in awe of God and all that he has made. In doing so, may we draw closer to God and open our hearts to how he is speaking to us.
Dynamic Coupling of Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields to the Mesosphere and Lower Ionosphere
Red Sprites and Blue Jets are two different types of recently discovered optical flashes ob- served above large thunderstorm systems. Sprites are luminous glows occurring at altitudes typically ranging from approximately 50 to 90 km. In video they exhibit a red color at their top which gradually changes to blue at lower altitudes. Sprites may occur singly or in clusters of two or more. The lateral extent of "unit" sprites is typically 5-10 km and they endure for several milliseconds. Jets are upward moving (approximately 100 km/s) highly collimated beams of luminosity, emanating from the tops of thunderclouds, extending up to approximately 50 km altitude and exhibiting a primarily blue color. We propose that sprites result from large electric field transients capable of causing electron heating, breakdown ionization and excitation of optical emissions at mesospheric altitudes following the removal of thundercloud charge by a cloud-to-ground discharge. Depending on the history of charge accumulation and removal, and the distribution of ambient atmospheric conductivity, the breakdown region may have the shape of vertically oriented ionization column(s). Results of a two-dimensional and self consistent quasi-electrostatic (QE) model indicate that most of the observed features of sprites can be explained in terms of the formation and self-driven propagation of streamer type channels of breakdown ionization. Comparison of the optical emission intensities of the 1st and 2nd positive bands of N2, Meinel and 1st negative bands of N2(+) and the 1st negative band of O2(+) demonstrates that the 1st positive band of N2 is the dominant optical emission in the altitude range approximately 50-90 km, which accounts for the observed red color of sprites.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Marathon to the Stars
The United States' ever growing reliance on space assets requires a paradigm shift in how the government invests resources to obtain high quality capabilities, and remain ahead of international peers in the global space race. This research paper answers the question, what specific technology investment strategies should the US take to increase its position among the international space powers? Using a problem-solution methodology, an optimum investment strategy is determined and then compared against the current investment approach of the US. The US currently relies heavily on direct government-led funding and development, leveraging very little of the vast commercial potential within the US and international community resulting in high costs, long schedules, and a lack of innovation. This conclusion supports the recommendation that the US must greatly increase the use of commercial assets for space launch, satellite communications, and imagery intelligence, and pursue international cooperation for space exploration.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mission Analysis and Design for Space Based Inter-Satellite Laser Power Beaming
This research effort develops an interdisciplinary design tool to optimize an orbit for the purpose of wirelessly beaming power from the International Space Station's (ISS) Japanese Experimental Module Exposed Facility (JEM/EF) to a target satellite. For the purpose of this initiative, the target satellite will be referred to as FalconSAT6, a reference to the proposed follow-on satellite to the U.S. Air Force Academy's (USAFA) FalconSAT5 program. The USAFA FalconSAT program provides cadets an opportunity to design, analyze, build, test and operate small satellites to conduct Department of Defense (DoD) space missions. The tool developed for this research is designed to find an optimal solution balancing the need to maximize the amount of access time between the ISS and FalconSAT6 while minimizing the range between the spacecraft. This tool places mathematical rigor to the problem and determines realistic solutions using current technology. Using this tool allows mission planners to economically and accurately predict the outcome of a proposed wireless power beaming mission.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
18th Century Climate of Jamaica Derived from the Journals of Thomas Thistlewood, 1750-1786
Thomas Thistlewood is known for his daily records of life on a slave plantation in eighteenth-century Jamaica. Thistlewood's previously unexamined weather journal is shown here to be the most important written record from the Earth's tropical regions available. His observation methods are superior to most of his contemporaries & provide a high-quality daily record of more than 35 years. Comparison of his records with modern weather records indicates that Thistlewood's Jamaica was a much cooler & moister place than in modern times. A 252-year record of tropical storm & hurricane frequency in Jamaica reveals that the late 20th-century minimum in storm frequency is unprecedented.
Realities of Images
In Feb. 1877, a letter from the county council of Telha, a town of 600 people located in the Serra da Mattos in Brazil reported that people were dying from starvation. The previous year's rainy season had been sparse, and the harvest, poor. Now, this season's rains still had not appeared. This was the Great Drought -- three years of failed rains enshrined in Brazilian memory as the worst drought ever to hit Brazil's northeast. Drought had visited the region throughout its history, with the earliest recorded occurrences dating back to the 16th century. The failure of rains in 1877 was devastating, for it caught the provinces of the north totally unprepared. The specter of periodic droughts producing dislocation and death continues to haunt the region.
Planetary Asteroid Defense Study
The threat posed to Earth and Earth-orbiting spacecraft by natural space debris (asteroids, comets and meteor streams) is examined in an effort to quantify the threat and identify available, low cost mitigation measures. Our study found that the Earth resides in a swarm of natural debris that consists of at least three families of asteroids (the Apollo, Aten and Amor asteroids), several short-period comets and at least 11 active meteor streams.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Marathon to the Stars
The United States' ever growing reliance on space assets requires a paradigm shift in how the government invests resources to obtain high quality capabilities, and remain ahead of international peers in the global space race. This research paper answers the question, what specific technology investment strategies should the US take to increase its position among the international space powers? Using a problem-solution methodology, an optimum investment strategy is determined and then compared against the current investment approach of the US. The US currently relies heavily on direct government-led funding and development, leveraging very little of the vast commercial potential within the US and international community resulting in high costs, long schedules, and a lack of innovation. This conclusion supports the recommendation that the US must greatly increase the use of commercial assets for space launch, satellite communications, and imagery intelligence, and pursue international cooperation for space exploration.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Validation and Assessment of DMSP Electron Temperatures in the Topside Ionosphere
Geomagnetic disturbances in the near earth space environment can adversely affect numerous military and Department of Defense (DoD) systems and operations. To improve the prediction accuracy of such disturbances, the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) working group is spearheading an effort to incorporate near real-time ionospheric measurements into the next generation of space environment forecast models. Since the model software is designed to automate the data ingest process, the need arises to examine and validate the quality of such measurements before being assimilated into such a model. One such measurement to explore, which is the focus of this research, is the Defense Military Satellite Program (DMSP) measured electron temperature (Te). DMSP Te data were validated against near simultaneous incoherent scatter radar (ISR) Te measurements from Millstone Hill, MA and Sondrestrom, Greenland for a select 43 conjunctions between Winter 1996 and Summer 2000. DMSP Te measurements for a given overpass were averaged, while ISR Te values were either averaged or extrapolated, depending on the ISR mode, to determine Te comparison values. In some cases, instrument related anomalies produced unreliable measurements. Of the 37 Millstone and six Sondrestrom conjunctions compared, DMSP Te values exceeded ISR Te values by an average of about 25 percent, which is nearly three times the mean ISR uncertainty. Photoelectrons collected by the DMSP Electron Probe contaminated Te values particularly during solar minimum.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mission Analysis and Design for Space Based Inter-Satellite Laser Power Beaming
This research effort develops an interdisciplinary design tool to optimize an orbit for the purpose of wirelessly beaming power from the International Space Station's (ISS) Japanese Experimental Module Exposed Facility (JEM/EF) to a target satellite. For the purpose of this initiative, the target satellite will be referred to as FalconSAT6, a reference to the proposed follow-on satellite to the U.S. Air Force Academy's (USAFA) FalconSAT5 program. The USAFA FalconSAT program provides cadets an opportunity to design, analyze, build, test and operate small satellites to conduct Department of Defense (DoD) space missions. The tool developed for this research is designed to find an optimal solution balancing the need to maximize the amount of access time between the ISS and FalconSAT6 while minimizing the range between the spacecraft. This tool places mathematical rigor to the problem and determines realistic solutions using current technology. Using this tool allows mission planners to economically and accurately predict the outcome of a proposed wireless power beaming mission.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Initial Determination of Low Earth Orbits Using Commercial Telescopes
Within the last decade, many new technologies have significantly changed the face of private astronomy. Developments such asinexpensive but high-quality sensors, rapid personal computing, and easy networking inspire a reexamination of an old problem: how practical is it to develop initial orbit estimates for Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites using optical tracking? This paperdocuments the design and implementation of a commercial telescope system used to answer precisely that question. This analysisdetermined there are some challenging barriers to successful single-site orbit determination, but it is possible given the rightconditions. Considering the low cost and small support footprint of such systems, they could provide excellent support to SpaceSituational Awareness (SSA) missions or satellite tracking operations in general.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
MACS, An Instrument and a Methodology for Simultaneous and Global Measurements of the Coronal Electron Temperature and the Solar Wind Velocity on the Solar Corona
In Cram's theory for the formation of the K-coronal spectrum he observed the existence of temperature sensitive anti-nodes, which were separated by temperature insensitive nodes, at certain wave-lengths in the K-coronal spectrum. Cram also showed these properties were remarkably independent of altitude above the solar limb. In this thesis Cram's theory has been extended to incorporate the role of the solar wind in the formation of the K-corona, and we have identified both temperature and wind sensitive intensity ratios. The instrument, MACS, for Multi Aperture Coronal Spectrometer, a fiber optic based spectrograph, was designed for global and simultaneous measurements of the thermal electron temperature and the solar wind velocity in the solar corona. The first ever experiment of this nature was conducted in conjunction with the total solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 in Elazig, Turkey. Here twenty fiber optic tips were positioned in the focal plane of the telescope to observe simultaneously at many different latitudes and two different radial distances in the solar corona. The other ends were vertically stacked and placed at the primary focus of the spectrograph. By isolating the K-coronal spectrum from each fiber the temperature and the wind sensitive intensity ratios were calculated.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing Tests of Visual Dependency
Astronauts develop neural adaptive responses to microgravity during space flight. Consequently these adaptive responses cause maladaptive disturbances in balance and gait function when astronauts return to Earth and are re-exposed to gravity. Current research in the Neuroscience Laboratories at NASA-JSC is focused on understanding how exposure to space flight produces post-flight disturbances in balance and gait control and developing training programs designed to facilitate the rapid recovery of functional mobility after space flight. In concert with these disturbances, astronauts also often report an increase in their visual dependency during space flight. To better understand this phenomenon, studies were conducted with specially designed training programs focusing on visual dependency with the aim to understand and enhance subjects ability to rapidly adapt to novel sensory situations. The Rod and Frame test (RFT) was used first to assess an individual s visual dependency, using a variety of testing techniques. Once assessed, subjects were asked to perform two novel tasks under transformation (both the Pegboard and Cube Construction tasks). Results indicate that head position cues and initial visual test conditions had no effect on an individual s visual dependency scores. Subjects were also able to adapt to the manual tasks after several trials. Individual visual dependency correlated with ability to adapt manual to a novel visual distortion only for the cube task. Subjects with higher visual dependency showed decreased ability to adapt to this task. Ultimately, it was revealed that the RFT may serve as an effective prediction tool to produce individualized adaptability training prescriptions that target the specific sensory profile of each crewmember.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Romance of the Red Star, a Biography of the Earth
"The Romance of the Red Star, a Biography of the Earth" offers a fascinating glimpse into late 19th and early 20th-century understandings of our planet's origins and future. Written in a narrative style accessible to a broad audience, the book presents a comprehensive overview of geological processes, astronomical influences, and the potential fate of the Earth. It blends scientific inquiry with imaginative storytelling, creating a unique perspective on the cosmos and humanity's place within it. This early work of popular science will appeal to readers interested in the history of science, astronomy, and geological exploration. Discover the ideas and theories that shaped our modern comprehension of Earth's dynamic and ancient history in this enduring volume.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of Plasma Bubble Signatures in the Ionosphere
Plasma bubbles are large scale structures of depleted plasma density in Earth's ionosphere that disrupt radio and satellite communications, to include global navigation satellite systems. This study used the Ionospheric Forecast Model (IFM) to analyze affected look angles and total electron content (TEC) differences due to plasma bubbles of various sizes for 27 geophysical conditions consisting of different seasons and levels of solar and geomagnetic activity at 421 GPS ground stations worldwide. Overall, different geographic locations and plasma bubble configurations produced different affected look angle profiles. Bigger plasma bubbles, larger density depletion factors, higher levels of solar activity and the equinoctial months resulted in greater slant TEC differences and, hence, greater communication problems. The results of this study not only improved the accuracy of the Air Force's operational ionospheric model and space weather forecasting capability, but also provided military leaders with a clear picture of the expected plasma bubble impacts to communications reliability when planning and executing military operations from the strategic to tactical level.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA
This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of space science problems intended for students looking for additional challenges in the mathematics and physical science curriculum in grades 6-12. The problems deal with modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. The section titles in this 75-problem collection include: -- What Is Life?-- What Makes a World Habitable?-- The Search for Earth-like Planets-- Exoplanets and Their Properties-- Basic Astronomy-- The Drake Equation-- Searching for Extra Terrestrials. Each word problem includes background information. One-page teachers' answer keys accompany the one-page assignments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sowing Seeds in Barren Soil
Several articles and even a few books have been written about the paucity of space power theory. Most include a statement highlighting a need for a comprehensive space power theory. Only a handful, however ask the probing questions necessary for finding a solution for the void of thinking on the exploitation of the space medium. For example, this thesis examines the following questions. What is the nature and value of theory? Is the space medium unique enough to warrant its own theory? What space power theory efforts have been conducted thus far? These questions provide insight into the current state of space power theory. The remaining questions can then be posed. If there are genuine space power theory efforts available why has no dominant theory emerged? Once the hindrances have been identified, the only remaining question is what actions can be taken to mitigate the hindrances in hopes of further development of space power theory?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
China in Space
On 8 October 1956, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, presided over by Mao Tse-tung, established the Fifth Research Academy of the Ministry of National Defense to develop a space effort. This was the official beginning of the People's Republic of China (PRC) space program. Just four years later, on 5 November 1960, China launched its first rocket becoming the fourth country behind Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union, to enter space. The Chinese space program has survived periods of traumatic upheaval during its 44-year history. Today, space is the cornerstone of China's national science and technology development effort. Beijing is advancing China's space program on a number of fronts hoping to become a recognized international space power. The Chinese leadership under Jiang Zemin wants China to become a strong, modern, and ultimately wealthy nation, in short a great power. Given its natural resources, manpower, nuclear forces, seat on the UN Security Council, and growing economy, China wants parity with other great powers. To do this Beijing has crafted a national development strategy led by certain sectors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how China's space program aids the government in reaching for great power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA Historical Data Book
The NASA Historical Data Book Series provides a statistical summary of the first 40 years of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA finances, personnel, and installations are covered along with the agency's major programs and projects. Volume VIII for 1989-1998 will be published soon.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Modeling of Midlatitude D-Region Ionospheric Absorption of High Frequency Radio Signals During Solar X-Ray Flares
The purpose of this research was to improve modeling of midlatitude D-region ionospheric absorption of high frequency radio signals during solar X-ray flares through analysis of HF propagation data obtained during the HF Investigation of D-region Ionospheric Variation Experiment (HIDIVE) and obtained at the Canadian Space Agency NORSTAR riometer in Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada and X-ray flux data, as reported by GOES satellites. The findings of the data analysis were then used to validate and suggest improvements for two existing HF absorption models, the operational Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) D-region Absorption model and the physical AbbyNormal model. Analysis of the HIDIVE data revealed an absorption dependence on signal frequency and a dependence on solar zenith angle which differ from those used in the SWPC model. Analysis of nitric oxide (NO) density data obtained with the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer and during the Halogen Occultation Experiment provided improved methods of defining NO profiles within AbbyNormal.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space Doctrine for the 21st Century
Reliable thunderstorm forecasts are essential to safety and resource protection at Cape Canaveral. Current methods of forecasting day-2 thunderstorms provide little improvement over forecasting by persistence alone and are therefore in need of replacement. This thesis focuses on using the mesoscale eta model to develop an index for improved forecasting of day-2 thunderstorms. Surface observations from the shuttle landing facility and the coincident output of the mesoscale eta forecast model were collected for the period of 1 May to 14 Sep 1998. Variables extracted from the eta forecast model output, as well as derived variables that incorporate the eta output variables, were divided into three data sets. A univariate logistic regression with the occurrence of a thunderstorm in the surface observation (the "truth") as the dependent variable, and the output/derived values from the eta model as the independent variable, discarded all but 94 of over 250 predictors that were considered important to thunderstorm occurrence. The data sets were further divided into model-building and validation sets for the purpose of building a logistic regression model. Regression coefficients were developed using the model-building sets and then applied to the validation sets for the purpose of forecasting a thunderstorm.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Modeling of Midlatitude D-Region Ionospheric Absorption of High Frequency Radio Signals During Solar X-Ray Flares
The purpose of this research was to improve modeling of midlatitude D-region ionospheric absorption of high frequency radio signals during solar X-ray flares through analysis of HF propagation data obtained during the HF Investigation of D-region Ionospheric Variation Experiment (HIDIVE) and obtained at the Canadian Space Agency NORSTAR riometer in Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada and X-ray flux data, as reported by GOES satellites. The findings of the data analysis were then used to validate and suggest improvements for two existing HF absorption models, the operational Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) D-region Absorption model and the physical AbbyNormal model. Analysis of the HIDIVE data revealed an absorption dependence on signal frequency and a dependence on solar zenith angle which differ from those used in the SWPC model. Analysis of nitric oxide (NO) density data obtained with the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer and during the Halogen Occultation Experiment provided improved methods of defining NO profiles within AbbyNormal.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA
Space food research meets the challenge of providing food that tastes good and travels well in space. The activities in this NASA educator guide for grades K-8 emphasize hands-on and cooperative involvement of students as they explore the unique problems of keeping astronauts happy and healthy in space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shaping the Space Medium
In 1999, USCINCSPACE/J5 commissioned a study through the Institute for National Security Studies asking the question, "How should the USCINCSPACE go about shaping the region of space in accordance with the National Military Strategy?" The research question went on to ask if there are any systematic approaches used by other CINCs to shape their AOR that can be used by USCINCSPACE to shape the region of space. This study analyzes one way in which the USCINSSPACE might best shape the medium of space. The 1997 National Military Strategy builds on the premise that the United States will remain globally engaged to shape the international environment and create conditions favorable to US interests and global security. Does this include shaping the region of space? Terms like shaping, region, AOR, and aerospace have different contextual meanings and often raise emotional responses. This paper places those terms in their proper context. Finally, this paper directly applies the geographic CINC model for shaping as it is described in the US National Military Strategy to the space medium and determines its applicability for the USCINCSPACE. This paper recommends that the USCINCSPACE adopt the use of the guidelines given by the geographic CINC model, as they are described in the US National Military Strategy, to shape the space medium.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Holes
Ionospheric scintillation of GPS signals threatens navigation and military operations by degrading performance or making GPS unavailable. Scintillation is particularly active, although not limited to, a belt encircling the earth within 20 of the geomagnetic equator. This belt also hosted roughly half of the completed U.S. military operations in the last decade. We examined scintillation data from Ascension Island, U.K. and Ancon, Peru, in the Atlantic and Americas longitudinal sector at as well as data from Parepare, Indonesia and Marak Parak, Malaysia in the Pacific longitudinal sector. From these data, we calculate percent probability of occurrence of scintillation at various intensities described by the S4 index. Additionally, we determine Dilution of Precision at one minute resolution. Diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle characteristics are examined. Latitudinal and longitudinal comparisons are made. Our findings are consistent with previous research. Unlike previous research, however, we attempt to replace, or impute, missing S4 values in order to better capture the extent of scintillation. In doing so, we study data gaps, or holes, and characterize them.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Customization of Discriminant Function Analysis for Prediction of Solar Flares
This research is an extension to the research conducted by K. Leka and G. Barnes of the Colorado Research Associates Division, Northwest Research Associates, Inc. in Boulder, Colorado (CORA) in which they established no single photospheric solar parameter could sufficiently identify a flare-producing active region (AR). Their research then explored the possibility a linear combination of parameters used in a multivariable discriminant function (DF) could adequately predict solar activity. The purpose of this research is to extend the DF research conducted by Leka and Barnes by refining the method of statistical discriminant analysis (DA) with the goal of selecting those photospheric magnetic parameters most capable of identifying flare-producing active regions in hopes of increasing the reliability of short term flare warnings and the understanding of flare production. The data for this research were photospheric vector magnetograms captured by the Imaging Vector Magnetograph (IVM) at the University of Hawai`i Mees Solar Observatory at Haleakala and provided by CORA.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quantifying the Protonospheric Effect on Prism
The total electron content (TEC) contribution to a Parameterized Real-time Ionospheric Specification Model (PRISM) calculation has been studied using protonospheric TEC measurements made by Global Positioning Satellites (GPS). Including the protonosphere proved challenging to both the calibration of GPS measurements and execution of PRISM. Though 46 days of GPS measurements were acquired, only 40 were successfully calibrated, and only 35 of those were used in the study. Data issues such as availability and completeness as well as measurement quality affected 6 of the days used. Calibration was done at Pittsburgh by excluding all measurements below 40.75 N. latitude cutoff. This latitude produced a plasmaspheric contribution to GPS TEC of 2.5 -- 3.0 TEC units (TECu). Five calibrated days were collected during geomagnetic storm and recovery days, and could not be used in PRISM, reducing the data set to 35 days. Throughout the data, GPS trajectories added up to 3 TECu of error due to low elevation angles and multipath affects. PRISM was found to model the ionosphere with 10.4% to 17% average error, and included a protonospheric contribution result of 1.0 TECu. GPS measurement errors on the order of 3.0 TECu overwhelmed the 17% errors found in PRISM under the same conditions. During quiet periods, the model worked well, with most of the error coming from the GPS TEC measurements.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
