The Future of Space Exploration and Security Capabilities
This paper applies scenario-based thinking as described in Peter Schwartz's The Art of the Long View to analyze the future of space exploration. Manned interplanetary space exploration, as proposed by the current US administration, is examined with this scenario approach to identify the capabilities that may be required to protect national security. These scenarios, based on two axes, state competition and abundance of natural resources, provide four possible scenarios for Solar System exploration. These scenarios are compared to certain aspects of North America's discovery and colonization, as this country's past exploration period is, perhaps, an excellent example of what may lie ahead.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space Doctrine for the 21st Century
Reliable thunderstorm forecasts are essential to safety and resource protection at Cape Canaveral. Current methods of forecasting day-2 thunderstorms provide little improvement over forecasting by persistence alone and are therefore in need of replacement. This thesis focuses on using the mesoscale eta model to develop an index for improved forecasting of day-2 thunderstorms. Surface observations from the shuttle landing facility and the coincident output of the mesoscale eta forecast model were collected for the period of 1 May to 14 Sep 1998. Variables extracted from the eta forecast model output, as well as derived variables that incorporate the eta output variables, were divided into three data sets. A univariate logistic regression with the occurrence of a thunderstorm in the surface observation (the "truth") as the dependent variable, and the output/derived values from the eta model as the independent variable, discarded all but 94 of over 250 predictors that were considered important to thunderstorm occurrence. The data sets were further divided into model-building and validation sets for the purpose of building a logistic regression model. Regression coefficients were developed using the model-building sets and then applied to the validation sets for the purpose of forecasting a thunderstorm.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Best Defense
The us is at a crossroads with respect to space. The challenge that now presents itself is how to craft a strategy that maintains the united states' asymmetric advantage in space while moving from the current age of uncontested access to one where access must be assured by deliberate actions. All military strategies are key to the overall grand strategy of the state, but the us military strategy for space holds a special degree of influence upon the overall success of us grand strategy. This special degree of influence derives from the characteristic offensive omnipresence of orbital platforms; just as the advent of intercontinental missile delivery systems established the offensive omnipresent threat of nuclear weapons. As such, strategists must take special care to weigh not only the necessities of the military strategy for space, but also the broader impact on the nation's grand strategy. What type of strategy would best achieve us security objectives? Should the us adopt a largely defensive strategy to protect its interests and preserve its advantages or does the adage "the best defense is a strong offense" hold true for space?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Holes
Ionospheric scintillation of GPS signals threatens navigation and military operations by degrading performance or making GPS unavailable. Scintillation is particularly active, although not limited to, a belt encircling the earth within 20 of the geomagnetic equator. This belt also hosted roughly half of the completed U.S. military operations in the last decade. We examined scintillation data from Ascension Island, U.K. and Ancon, Peru, in the Atlantic and Americas longitudinal sector at as well as data from Parepare, Indonesia and Marak Parak, Malaysia in the Pacific longitudinal sector. From these data, we calculate percent probability of occurrence of scintillation at various intensities described by the S4 index. Additionally, we determine Dilution of Precision at one minute resolution. Diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle characteristics are examined. Latitudinal and longitudinal comparisons are made. Our findings are consistent with previous research. Unlike previous research, however, we attempt to replace, or impute, missing S4 values in order to better capture the extent of scintillation. In doing so, we study data gaps, or holes, and characterize them.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Houston, You Have a Problem
Over the next three years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undergoing a critical transition by retiring the Space Shuttle program while completing construction of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010. During this timeframe, NASA is undertaking its most complex and costly acquisition program, termed Constellation, to provide a Space Shuttle replacement capability by 2011 followed by subsequent lunar missions by 2018 in preparation for Mars missions. This paper demonstrates why NASA should restructure its proposed manned spaceflight program to ensure the success of NASA's future manned spaceflight program following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program in 2010. The arguments outlined in this paper for proposed restructure of NASA's future manned spaceflight program center on several key elements: national interest, prohibitive cost, manned spaceflight risk and contributions to science and exploration. The recommendations focus on ensuring long-term viability and success of future US manned space programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Societal Impact of Spaceflight, End Matter
Societal Impact of Spaceflight: The purpose of this volume is to examine the effects of spaceflight on society through scholarly research, making use especially of the tools of the historian and the broader social sciences and humanities. Has the Space Age indeed had a significant effect on society? If so, what are those influences? What do we mean by an "impact" on society? And what parts of society? Conversely, has society had any effect on spaceflight? What would be different had there been no Space Age?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Mysteries Of Time And Space
Explore the profound questions surrounding existence and the cosmos in Richard Anthony Proctor's "Mysteries Of Time And Space." This captivating exploration delves into the enigmas of the universe, inviting readers to ponder the nature of time, the vastness of space, and humanity's place within it.Proctor, a celebrated astronomer and science communicator, masterfully blends scientific insight with accessible prose, making complex concepts understandable and engaging for a wide audience. From discussions on the age of the Earth to speculations about life beyond our planet, this book offers a thought-provoking journey through some of science's most enduring mysteries.Whether you are a seasoned science enthusiast or simply curious about the world around you, "Mysteries Of Time And Space" is sure to ignite your imagination and deepen your appreciation for the wonders of the universe.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
![Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/3760/9781024363760m.webp?Q=07581 "Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]")
Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]
"Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]" explores historical methods for determining crucial navigational and temporal measurements. This book delves into the techniques and principles used to calculate longitude, identify the meridian, and accurately measure time-essential skills for exploration, mapping, and scientific endeavors. Readers interested in the history of science, navigation, and the development of precise measurement tools will find valuable insights in this detailed exploration. It offers a glimpse into the ingenuity and resourcefulness required to solve fundamental geographical and temporal challenges.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Collection Of Proverbs And Popular Sayings Relating To The Seasons, The Weather, And Agricultural Pursuits
"A Collection Of Proverbs And Popular Sayings Relating To The Seasons, The Weather, And Agricultural Pursuits, Volume 20" presents a fascinating glimpse into the traditional wisdom and folklore of rural life. Compiled by Michael Aislabie Denham, this collection gathers together a wide array of proverbs and sayings that reflect the intimate connection between people and their environment. This volume offers readers a unique opportunity to explore the rich tapestry of folk knowledge concerning seasonal changes, weather patterns, and the rhythms of agricultural work. These sayings, passed down through generations, offer insights into the practical knowledge and cultural values of the time. The book will appeal to those interested in folklore, agricultural history, and the enduring power of language to capture the essence of human experience.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
![Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/8215/9781024368215m.webp?Q=5ed31 "Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]")
Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]
"Method Of Finding The Longitude, Meridian, Time [&c.]" explores historical methods for determining crucial navigational and temporal measurements. This book delves into the techniques and principles used to calculate longitude, identify the meridian, and accurately measure time-essential skills for exploration, mapping, and scientific endeavors. Readers interested in the history of science, navigation, and the development of precise measurement tools will find valuable insights in this detailed exploration. It offers a glimpse into the ingenuity and resourcefulness required to solve fundamental geographical and temporal challenges.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Treatise on Cosmology
A Treatise on Cosmology, authored by Herbert Nichols, delves into the fundamental nature of the universe. This work explores the philosophical and scientific principles underlying the cosmos, offering insights into its structure, origin, and evolution. Nichols examines various cosmological models and theories, presenting a comprehensive view of the metaphysical and physical aspects of the universe. This treatise is a valuable resource for those interested in cosmology, metaphysics, and theoretical physics. It provides a detailed examination of the concepts and ideas that have shaped our understanding of the universe and remains a relevant contribution to the field.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Next Generation Space Telescope
This volume presents the proceedings of a workshop jointly sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), held in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 1989. Titled "The Next Generation Space Telescope," the workshop gathered leading experts to discuss the future of space-based astronomical observation. The papers and discussions contained herein explore the potential designs, technologies, and scientific goals for a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Key topics include advancements in mirror technology, detector capabilities, and adaptive optics, as well as the scientific questions that a next-generation telescope could address. This collection offers valuable insights into the early planning stages for future space telescopes and remains relevant for those interested in the history of space-based astronomy and the evolution of telescope technology.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Astronautics and Aeronautics
"Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964" chronicles the key events and developments in space exploration and aerospace technology during that pivotal year. Published by NASA's Scientific and Technical Information Office and Technical Information Branch, this authoritative volume provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements, challenges, and milestones achieved in the fields of astronautics and aeronautics. It serves as a valuable historical record, documenting the progress made by NASA and other organizations in their pursuit of understanding and conquering space. With detailed accounts of missions, research projects, and technological innovations, this book offers insights into the state of space exploration in 1964. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Apollo 17
This is the official "Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report," documenting the findings and observations of the final lunar landing mission. Compiled by the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the mission's objectives, procedures, and initial scientific results. It covers various aspects of the lunar surface, including geology, soil mechanics, and the environment. Readers will find detailed analyses of lunar samples, photographic documentation, and interpretations of data gathered during the mission. This historical document offers invaluable insights into the Apollo program and the exploration of the Moon and is essential for anyone interested in space exploration, planetary science, and the history of spaceflight.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Apollo 17
This is the official "Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report," documenting the findings and observations of the final lunar landing mission. Compiled by the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the mission's objectives, procedures, and initial scientific results. It covers various aspects of the lunar surface, including geology, soil mechanics, and the environment. Readers will find detailed analyses of lunar samples, photographic documentation, and interpretations of data gathered during the mission. This historical document offers invaluable insights into the Apollo program and the exploration of the Moon and is essential for anyone interested in space exploration, planetary science, and the history of spaceflight.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Treatise on Cosmology
A Treatise on Cosmology, authored by Herbert Nichols, delves into the fundamental nature of the universe. This work explores the philosophical and scientific principles underlying the cosmos, offering insights into its structure, origin, and evolution. Nichols examines various cosmological models and theories, presenting a comprehensive view of the metaphysical and physical aspects of the universe. This treatise is a valuable resource for those interested in cosmology, metaphysics, and theoretical physics. It provides a detailed examination of the concepts and ideas that have shaped our understanding of the universe and remains a relevant contribution to the field.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space Weapons and Spacepower
This study examines the real power behind spacepower with the goal of bringing clarity to one small facet of a complex subject. The real or underlying power behind spacepower lies not in the basic space support capabilities of the current on-orbit inventory, but in the real and potential capacity to act independently and to apply force in and from space. This requires an analysis of the controversial issue of space weaponization, dealt with directly to crystallize the discussion and push the characterization and analysis of spacepower to its logical limits. In so doing, the theoretical construct supports the notion that space weaponization is a critical component for any fully realized definition of military spacepower. Yet, the true strength behind spacepower extends beyond weaponization. It is shown here that knowledge and use of the inherent benefits of operating in the space medium are the keys to maximizing whatever level of spacepower the state maintains. In making the case, a working definition of spacepower is offered: the capacity of a state to exert prompt and sustained influence in and from space. That influence can: but does not have to: include space-based weapons. This description was derived by outlining how national space character, operating in the medium, access to the medium, contesting the medium, force enhancement, and force application are all vital components of spacepower. Having established this working definition, coercion is introduced as the underlying military precept to exerting influence in and from space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Customization of Discriminant Function Analysis for Prediction of Solar Flares
This research is an extension to the research conducted by K. Leka and G. Barnes of the Colorado Research Associates Division, Northwest Research Associates, Inc. in Boulder, Colorado (CORA) in which they established no single photospheric solar parameter could sufficiently identify a flare-producing active region (AR). Their research then explored the possibility a linear combination of parameters used in a multivariable discriminant function (DF) could adequately predict solar activity. The purpose of this research is to extend the DF research conducted by Leka and Barnes by refining the method of statistical discriminant analysis (DA) with the goal of selecting those photospheric magnetic parameters most capable of identifying flare-producing active regions in hopes of increasing the reliability of short term flare warnings and the understanding of flare production. The data for this research were photospheric vector magnetograms captured by the Imaging Vector Magnetograph (IVM) at the University of Hawai`i Mees Solar Observatory at Haleakala and provided by CORA.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Planetary Asteroid Defense Study
The threat posed to Earth and Earth-orbiting spacecraft by natural space debris (asteroids, comets and meteor streams) is examined in an effort to quantify the threat and identify available, low cost mitigation measures. Our study found that the Earth resides in a swarm of natural debris that consists of at least three families of asteroids (the Apollo, Aten and Amor asteroids), several short-period comets and at least 11 active meteor streams.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Houston, You Have a Problem
Over the next three years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undergoing a critical transition by retiring the Space Shuttle program while completing construction of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010. During this timeframe, NASA is undertaking its most complex and costly acquisition program, termed Constellation, to provide a Space Shuttle replacement capability by 2011 followed by subsequent lunar missions by 2018 in preparation for Mars missions. This paper demonstrates why NASA should restructure its proposed manned spaceflight program to ensure the success of NASA's future manned spaceflight program following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program in 2010. The arguments outlined in this paper for proposed restructure of NASA's future manned spaceflight program center on several key elements: national interest, prohibitive cost, manned spaceflight risk and contributions to science and exploration. The recommendations focus on ensuring long-term viability and success of future US manned space programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Space Corps Structure Based on the National Reconnaissance Office Organizational Model
The Space Commission recommendations to realign Air Force space activities were only the first steps towards further reorganization of the national security space community. They also recommended eventually merging Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) into a single organization responsible for the development, acquisition and operation of the nation's military and intelligence space systems. However, the NRO and AFSPC use different organizational structures for their operations and acquisition responsibilities. This paper explores their recommendation to merge AFSPC and the NRO, and proposes a Space Corps organization. Using Luther Gulick's organizational theories on the division and coordination of work to analyze the current AFSPC and NRO organizations, the research shows that the NRO's mission-based organizational model would be the most effective structure for the new Space Corps.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Coupling of Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields to the Mesosphere and Lower Ionosphere
Red Sprites and Blue Jets are two different types of recently discovered optical flashes ob- served above large thunderstorm systems. Sprites are luminous glows occurring at altitudes typically ranging from approximately 50 to 90 km. In video they exhibit a red color at their top which gradually changes to blue at lower altitudes. Sprites may occur singly or in clusters of two or more. The lateral extent of "unit" sprites is typically 5-10 km and they endure for several milliseconds. Jets are upward moving (approximately 100 km/s) highly collimated beams of luminosity, emanating from the tops of thunderclouds, extending up to approximately 50 km altitude and exhibiting a primarily blue color. We propose that sprites result from large electric field transients capable of causing electron heating, breakdown ionization and excitation of optical emissions at mesospheric altitudes following the removal of thundercloud charge by a cloud-to-ground discharge. Depending on the history of charge accumulation and removal, and the distribution of ambient atmospheric conductivity, the breakdown region may have the shape of vertically oriented ionization column(s). Results of a two-dimensional and self consistent quasi-electrostatic (QE) model indicate that most of the observed features of sprites can be explained in terms of the formation and self-driven propagation of streamer type channels of breakdown ionization. Comparison of the optical emission intensities of the 1st and 2nd positive bands of N2, Meinel and 1st negative bands of N2(+) and the 1st negative band of O2(+) demonstrates that the 1st positive band of N2 is the dominant optical emission in the altitude range approximately 50-90 km, which accounts for the observed red color of sprites.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Press Kit Re Mariner Mars 1964 Missions
Several series from the NASA Headquarters Historical Reference Collection have been digitizedand made available for use by researchers. Included are PDFs of Press Kits, Press Releases, MissionTranscripts, and Speeches. The Press Kits are primarily from shuttle missions but also included areMercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Apollo Soyuz Test Project press kits. Additionally, there are press kitsfrom International Space Station Expeditions and from the deployment of a variety of satellites andprobes. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Synthesis of 3-Dimensional Lightning Data and Weather Radar Data to Determine the Distance That Naturally Occurring Lightning Travels From Thunderstorms
Lightning has an impact on Air Force operations in the air and on the ground. Delays to flight or maintenance activities are some of the common consequences that result from thunderstorms approaching an active airfield. These delays can degrade a unit's mission effectiveness, but their impact is nothing compared to the potential fallout when valuable equipment, or much worse when personnel, are struck by lightning. As such, determining how far naturally occurring lightning normally travels from thunderstorms can provide insight to decision makers concerning in-flight and ground safety measures. 3D lightning data from the Kennedy Space Center was merged with archived weather radar data from Melbourne, Florida. To analyze the radar characteristics of lightning, the radar data was interpolated to a 3D grid of reflectivity to permit direct extraction of reflectivity values. More than 19,000 lightning flashes were analyzed to resolve the composite reflectivity of the flash origin and to determine the horizontal distance of the flash origin from the nearest radar reflectivity core: defined as a radar reflectivity factor (dBZ) of greater than 40 dBZ. More than 8,500 flashes were used for similar base reflectivity computations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA Historical Data Book
The NASA Historical Data Book Series provides a statistical summary of the first 40 years of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA finances, personnel, and installations are covered along with the agency's major programs and projects. Volume VIII for 1989-1998 will be published soon.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Future of Space Exploration and Security Capabilities
This paper applies scenario-based thinking as described in Peter Schwartz's The Art of the Long View to analyze the future of space exploration. Manned interplanetary space exploration, as proposed by the current US administration, is examined with this scenario approach to identify the capabilities that may be required to protect national security. These scenarios, based on two axes, state competition and abundance of natural resources, provide four possible scenarios for Solar System exploration. These scenarios are compared to certain aspects of North America's discovery and colonization, as this country's past exploration period is, perhaps, an excellent example of what may lie ahead.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dragon in Orbit
On January 11, 2007 a rocket streaked from China into the sky. This rocket intercepted a non-functional Chinese weather satellite successfully demonstrating the ability of the Chinese to kinetically destroy low earth orbiting satellites from the ground. While this launch was a success, it resulted in condemnations from countries around the world. The US and many other countries are critically dependant on space systems for military and economic purposes. The lack of transparency in its space program has made it difficult to determine what China's space strategy is. This paper tries to pull back the curtain to reveal its true goals and objectives. To understand China's space strategy, it is necessary to first look at its beginning and how its successes and failures shaped the program. Next a brief review of Chinese national strategy shows how the space program is used to address critical national goals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Best Defense
The us is at a crossroads with respect to space. The challenge that now presents itself is how to craft a strategy that maintains the united states' asymmetric advantage in space while moving from the current age of uncontested access to one where access must be assured by deliberate actions. All military strategies are key to the overall grand strategy of the state, but the us military strategy for space holds a special degree of influence upon the overall success of us grand strategy. This special degree of influence derives from the characteristic offensive omnipresence of orbital platforms; just as the advent of intercontinental missile delivery systems established the offensive omnipresent threat of nuclear weapons. As such, strategists must take special care to weigh not only the necessities of the military strategy for space, but also the broader impact on the nation's grand strategy. What type of strategy would best achieve us security objectives? Should the us adopt a largely defensive strategy to protect its interests and preserve its advantages or does the adage "the best defense is a strong offense" hold true for space?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Globalness
The purpose of this thesis is to take the first steps toward a military space power theory. It begins by answering the question: Why does the US military need space power theory? The US or any military space faring nation needs theory because space power is more than simply a force enhancer, but a separate and unique form of military power with the capacity to deter and compel. An analysis of the fundamental attributes of military - identified here as presence, perspective, response, and destructive capability - demonstrates the unique advantages and disadvantages of space vis-?-vis land, sea, and air power. A unifying principle of "globalness" links the laws, rules, and precepts of a prototype theory based on space power's unique capabilities. The space power theory provides a common vision that allows a space-faring nation to take full advantage of these unique capabilities.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ten Propositions Regarding Spacepower
Schools of thought on American spacepower -- The ten propositions -- A spacepower theory. "As political and military leaders ponder the future of space operations, the time has come to frame propositions regarding space power. Specifically, the author seeks to answer the question, "What is the nature of space power?" Two points come immediately to the forefront of this work. First, space power is different from airpower even though both share the vertical dimension of warfare. Second, space operations have matured to a point wherein valid and unique propositions regarding space power are identifiable. The objective of this work is to stimulate discussions and encourage those who do not yet understand or appreciate the nature of space power in modern warfare."--AU Press web site.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
MACS, An Instrument and a Methodology for Simultaneous and Global Measurements of the Coronal Electron Temperature and the Solar Wind Velocity on the Solar Corona
In Cram's theory for the formation of the K-coronal spectrum he observed the existence of temperature sensitive anti-nodes, which were separated by temperature insensitive nodes, at certain wave-lengths in the K-coronal spectrum. Cram also showed these properties were remarkably independent of altitude above the solar limb. In this thesis Cram's theory has been extended to incorporate the role of the solar wind in the formation of the K-corona, and we have identified both temperature and wind sensitive intensity ratios. The instrument, MACS, for Multi Aperture Coronal Spectrometer, a fiber optic based spectrograph, was designed for global and simultaneous measurements of the thermal electron temperature and the solar wind velocity in the solar corona. The first ever experiment of this nature was conducted in conjunction with the total solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 in Elazig, Turkey. Here twenty fiber optic tips were positioned in the focal plane of the telescope to observe simultaneously at many different latitudes and two different radial distances in the solar corona. The other ends were vertically stacked and placed at the primary focus of the spectrograph. By isolating the K-coronal spectrum from each fiber the temperature and the wind sensitive intensity ratios were calculated.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quantifying the Protonospheric Effect on Prism
The total electron content (TEC) contribution to a Parameterized Real-time Ionospheric Specification Model (PRISM) calculation has been studied using protonospheric TEC measurements made by Global Positioning Satellites (GPS). Including the protonosphere proved challenging to both the calibration of GPS measurements and execution of PRISM. Though 46 days of GPS measurements were acquired, only 40 were successfully calibrated, and only 35 of those were used in the study. Data issues such as availability and completeness as well as measurement quality affected 6 of the days used. Calibration was done at Pittsburgh by excluding all measurements below 40.75 N. latitude cutoff. This latitude produced a plasmaspheric contribution to GPS TEC of 2.5 -- 3.0 TEC units (TECu). Five calibrated days were collected during geomagnetic storm and recovery days, and could not be used in PRISM, reducing the data set to 35 days. Throughout the data, GPS trajectories added up to 3 TECu of error due to low elevation angles and multipath affects. PRISM was found to model the ionosphere with 10.4% to 17% average error, and included a protonospheric contribution result of 1.0 TECu. GPS measurement errors on the order of 3.0 TECu overwhelmed the 17% errors found in PRISM under the same conditions. During quiet periods, the model worked well, with most of the error coming from the GPS TEC measurements.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Houston, You Have a Problem
Over the next three years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undergoing a critical transition by retiring the Space Shuttle program while completing construction of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010. During this timeframe, NASA is undertaking its most complex and costly acquisition program, termed Constellation, to provide a Space Shuttle replacement capability by 2011 followed by subsequent lunar missions by 2018 in preparation for Mars missions. This paper demonstrates why NASA should restructure its proposed manned spaceflight program to ensure the success of NASA's future manned spaceflight program following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program in 2010. The arguments outlined in this paper for proposed restructure of NASA's future manned spaceflight program center on several key elements: national interest, prohibitive cost, manned spaceflight risk and contributions to science and exploration. The recommendations focus on ensuring long-term viability and success of future US manned space programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Derivation of a Self-Consistent Auroral Oval Model Using the Auroral Boundary Index
The position and intensity of the auroral oval has many implications for the Air Force from determining the effects of incoming electron flux on DoD systems to modeling the ionosphere to exploit current HF communications capabilities. The auroral morphology is a good indicator of the level at which space weather and its near-Earth consequences are occurring, and thus it is important to develop an auroral prediction model. However, since no purely physics-based models exist to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the auroral zone, space weather practitioners and researchers are forced to produce statistical representations, "organized" by some relevant geophysical parameter. Currently, the most widely used model is the Hardy et al. (1985) auroral oval model, which is binned according to the Kp index. The Kp index is a mid-latitude measure of planetary geomagnetic activity, and was presumed to be well-correlated to the size and shape of the auroral region. However, subsequent research has shown that Kp is probably not the best binning parameter. This study used the Auroral Boundary Index (ABI) to parameterize the statistics of the auroral oval location since it is a measurement of the electron fluxes computed directly from sensors aboard the DMSP satellites. Thus, the current work represents a move toward a more self-consistent--and presumably more accurate--climatological representation of the auroral oval boundaries. This was accomplished by recreating the process performed by Hardy et al., substituting the ABI for the Kp index and deriving an entirely new set of auroral ovals based on almost 11 years of DMSP data from the F8 and F9 satellites. To quantitatively assess the differences between the two models, electron flux values were compared to actual DMSP data of individual satellite passes. Preliminary findings suggest that the new ABI auroral oval model is, at worst, comparable to the results achieved by Hardy et al. Further refinement of this n modeThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Societal Impact of Spaceflight, End Matter
Societal Impact of Spaceflight: The purpose of this volume is to examine the effects of spaceflight on society through scholarly research, making use especially of the tools of the historian and the broader social sciences and humanities. Has the Space Age indeed had a significant effect on society? If so, what are those influences? What do we mean by an "impact" on society? And what parts of society? Conversely, has society had any effect on spaceflight? What would be different had there been no Space Age?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Weaponization Of Space
The United States Air Force's Center for Strategy and Technology was established atthe Air War College in 1996. Its purpose is to engage in long-term strategic thinkingabout technology and its implications for United States national security. The Center(CSAT) focuses on education, research, and publications that support the integrationof technology into national strategy and policy. This document is one of thesepublications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Globalness
The purpose of this thesis is to take the first steps toward a military space power theory. It begins by answering the question: Why does the US military need space power theory? The US or any military space faring nation needs theory because space power is more than simply a force enhancer, but a separate and unique form of military power with the capacity to deter and compel. An analysis of the fundamental attributes of military - identified here as presence, perspective, response, and destructive capability - demonstrates the unique advantages and disadvantages of space vis-?-vis land, sea, and air power. A unifying principle of "globalness" links the laws, rules, and precepts of a prototype theory based on space power's unique capabilities. The space power theory provides a common vision that allows a space-faring nation to take full advantage of these unique capabilities.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Houston, You Have a Problem
Over the next three years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undergoing a critical transition by retiring the Space Shuttle program while completing construction of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010. During this timeframe, NASA is undertaking its most complex and costly acquisition program, termed Constellation, to provide a Space Shuttle replacement capability by 2011 followed by subsequent lunar missions by 2018 in preparation for Mars missions. This paper demonstrates why NASA should restructure its proposed manned spaceflight program to ensure the success of NASA's future manned spaceflight program following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program in 2010. The arguments outlined in this paper for proposed restructure of NASA's future manned spaceflight program center on several key elements: national interest, prohibitive cost, manned spaceflight risk and contributions to science and exploration. The recommendations focus on ensuring long-term viability and success of future US manned space programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Synthesis of 3-Dimensional Lightning Data and Weather Radar Data to Determine the Distance That Naturally Occurring Lightning Travels From Thunderstorms
Lightning has an impact on Air Force operations in the air and on the ground. Delays to flight or maintenance activities are some of the common consequences that result from thunderstorms approaching an active airfield. These delays can degrade a unit's mission effectiveness, but their impact is nothing compared to the potential fallout when valuable equipment, or much worse when personnel, are struck by lightning. As such, determining how far naturally occurring lightning normally travels from thunderstorms can provide insight to decision makers concerning in-flight and ground safety measures. 3D lightning data from the Kennedy Space Center was merged with archived weather radar data from Melbourne, Florida. To analyze the radar characteristics of lightning, the radar data was interpolated to a 3D grid of reflectivity to permit direct extraction of reflectivity values. More than 19,000 lightning flashes were analyzed to resolve the composite reflectivity of the flash origin and to determine the horizontal distance of the flash origin from the nearest radar reflectivity core: defined as a radar reflectivity factor (dBZ) of greater than 40 dBZ. More than 8,500 flashes were used for similar base reflectivity computations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA
This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of space science problems intended for students looking for additional challenges in the mathematics and physical science curriculum in grades 6-12. The problems deal with modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. The section titles in this 75-problem collection include: -- What Is Life?-- What Makes a World Habitable?-- The Search for Earth-like Planets-- Exoplanets and Their Properties-- Basic Astronomy-- The Drake Equation-- Searching for Extra Terrestrials. Each word problem includes background information. One-page teachers' answer keys accompany the one-page assignments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sowing Seeds in Barren Soil
Several articles and even a few books have been written about the paucity of space power theory. Most include a statement highlighting a need for a comprehensive space power theory. Only a handful, however ask the probing questions necessary for finding a solution for the void of thinking on the exploitation of the space medium. For example, this thesis examines the following questions. What is the nature and value of theory? Is the space medium unique enough to warrant its own theory? What space power theory efforts have been conducted thus far? These questions provide insight into the current state of space power theory. The remaining questions can then be posed. If there are genuine space power theory efforts available why has no dominant theory emerged? Once the hindrances have been identified, the only remaining question is what actions can be taken to mitigate the hindrances in hopes of further development of space power theory?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Developing Tests of Visual Dependency
Astronauts develop neural adaptive responses to microgravity during space flight. Consequently these adaptive responses cause maladaptive disturbances in balance and gait function when astronauts return to Earth and are re-exposed to gravity. Current research in the Neuroscience Laboratories at NASA-JSC is focused on understanding how exposure to space flight produces post-flight disturbances in balance and gait control and developing training programs designed to facilitate the rapid recovery of functional mobility after space flight. In concert with these disturbances, astronauts also often report an increase in their visual dependency during space flight. To better understand this phenomenon, studies were conducted with specially designed training programs focusing on visual dependency with the aim to understand and enhance subjects ability to rapidly adapt to novel sensory situations. The Rod and Frame test (RFT) was used first to assess an individual s visual dependency, using a variety of testing techniques. Once assessed, subjects were asked to perform two novel tasks under transformation (both the Pegboard and Cube Construction tasks). Results indicate that head position cues and initial visual test conditions had no effect on an individual s visual dependency scores. Subjects were also able to adapt to the manual tasks after several trials. Individual visual dependency correlated with ability to adapt manual to a novel visual distortion only for the cube task. Subjects with higher visual dependency showed decreased ability to adapt to this task. Ultimately, it was revealed that the RFT may serve as an effective prediction tool to produce individualized adaptability training prescriptions that target the specific sensory profile of each crewmember.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
China in Space
The Maxwell Papers, the Air War College's occasional papers series, focus oncurrent and future issues of interest to the Air Force and US Department of Defense.The first Maxwell Papers was published in May of 1996 with the Air UniversityCommander's signature on the foreword. Maxwell Papers are open to all interestedauthors, particularly Air War College faculty and students, but also to other officersand analysts. Maxwell Papers have been distributed to over 400 addresses includingall senior Air Force and US Department of Defense decision makers, ProfessionalMilitary Education (PME) schools, contractors, and other US agencies, and morethan 40 foreign air forces and institutions. This document is a Air War CollegeMaxwell Paper.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dragon in Orbit
On January 11, 2007 a rocket streaked from China into the sky. This rocket intercepted a non-functional Chinese weather satellite successfully demonstrating the ability of the Chinese to kinetically destroy low earth orbiting satellites from the ground. While this launch was a success, it resulted in condemnations from countries around the world. The US and many other countries are critically dependant on space systems for military and economic purposes. The lack of transparency in its space program has made it difficult to determine what China's space strategy is. This paper tries to pull back the curtain to reveal its true goals and objectives. To understand China's space strategy, it is necessary to first look at its beginning and how its successes and failures shaped the program. Next a brief review of Chinese national strategy shows how the space program is used to address critical national goals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Initial Determination of Low Earth Orbits Using Commercial Telescopes
Within the last decade, many new technologies have significantly changed the face of private astronomy. Developments such asinexpensive but high-quality sensors, rapid personal computing, and easy networking inspire a reexamination of an old problem: how practical is it to develop initial orbit estimates for Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites using optical tracking? This paperdocuments the design and implementation of a commercial telescope system used to answer precisely that question. This analysisdetermined there are some challenging barriers to successful single-site orbit determination, but it is possible given the rightconditions. Considering the low cost and small support footprint of such systems, they could provide excellent support to SpaceSituational Awareness (SSA) missions or satellite tracking operations in general.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Derivation of a Self-Consistent Auroral Oval Model Using the Auroral Boundary Index
The position and intensity of the auroral oval has many implications for the Air Force from determining the effects of incoming electron flux on DoD systems to modeling the ionosphere to exploit current HF communications capabilities. The auroral morphology is a good indicator of the level at which space weather and its near-Earth consequences are occurring, and thus it is important to develop an auroral prediction model. However, since no purely physics-based models exist to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the auroral zone, space weather practitioners and researchers are forced to produce statistical representations, "organized" by some relevant geophysical parameter. Currently, the most widely used model is the Hardy et al. (1985) auroral oval model, which is binned according to the Kp index. The Kp index is a mid-latitude measure of planetary geomagnetic activity, and was presumed to be well-correlated to the size and shape of the auroral region. However, subsequent research has shown that Kp is probably not the best binning parameter. This study used the Auroral Boundary Index (ABI) to parameterize the statistics of the auroral oval location since it is a measurement of the electron fluxes computed directly from sensors aboard the DMSP satellites. Thus, the current work represents a move toward a more self-consistent--and presumably more accurate--climatological representation of the auroral oval boundaries. This was accomplished by recreating the process performed by Hardy et al., substituting the ABI for the Kp index and deriving an entirely new set of auroral ovals based on almost 11 years of DMSP data from the F8 and F9 satellites. To quantitatively assess the differences between the two models, electron flux values were compared to actual DMSP data of individual satellite passes. Preliminary findings suggest that the new ABI auroral oval model is, at worst, comparable to the results achieved by Hardy et al. Further refinement of this n modeThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Press Kit Re Mariner Mars 1964 Missions
Several series from the NASA Headquarters Historical Reference Collection have been digitizedand made available for use by researchers. Included are PDFs of Press Kits, Press Releases, MissionTranscripts, and Speeches. The Press Kits are primarily from shuttle missions but also included areMercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Apollo Soyuz Test Project press kits. Additionally, there are press kitsfrom International Space Station Expeditions and from the deployment of a variety of satellites andprobes. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
NASA
Space food research meets the challenge of providing food that tastes good and travels well in space. The activities in this NASA educator guide for grades K-8 emphasize hands-on and cooperative involvement of students as they explore the unique problems of keeping astronauts happy and healthy in space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
