Guideline Series
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Development and Application of Reactive Transport Modeling Techniques to Study Radionuclide Migration at Yucca Mountain, NV
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Comparative Analysis of Airborne Chemical Exposure to Air Force Small Arms Range Instructors
Significant concentrations of lead can be generated at indoor and outdoor firing ranges during firing operations using conventional leaded ammunition. In an effort to eliminate the potential risk of lead exposure, the Air Force is transitioning to a lead-free alternative to the leaded bullet. This study examines airborne chemical exposure to Air Force small arms range instructors during M16 firing of lead and lead-free bullets. Historical range information collected from 63 active duty Air Force bases identified that two thirds of the Air Force military ranges within the Continental United States are currently firing lead-free ammunition. Over 420 air sampling results were compiled and statistically analyzed to determine the average representative airborne exposures during firing of leaded ammunition at indoor and outdoor firing ranges. Highest average 8-hr TWA exposures for lead were 17% of the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL). Task exposures, representing worst case conditions, were found to be 1.2 time the OEL. Two indoor and four outdoor firing ranges currently firing frangible lead-free ammunition were evaluated through a collaborative effort with the Air Force Institute for Operational Health (AFIOH) to assess instructor exposure and current range conditions. Transition to lead-free ammunition showed a 70% reduction in lead at indoor ranges and a 41% reduction in lead at outdoor ranges. Airborne exposures generated from metals and combustion by-products associated with nylon and plastics during M16 firing of frangible lead-free ammunition were found to be well below their respective OELs. This research suggests that the exposure levels associated with lead-free ammunition does not pose a significant threat to Air Force instructors at indoor and outdoor ranges.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway From Groundwater and Soils
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Guidelines for Conducting Early Life Stage Toxicity Tests With Japanese Medaka, Oryzias Latipes
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Drinking Water Criteria Document for Glyphosate Final
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Mekong Fish Network
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific organization created in 1879, and is part of the U.S. government. Their scientists explore our environment and ecosystems, to determine the natural dangers we are facing. The agency has over 10,000 employees that collect, monitor, and analyze data so that they have a better understanding of our problems. The USGS is dedicated to provide reliable, investigated information to enhance and protect our quality of life. This is one of their circulars.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nature and the Mind
From the acclaimed founder of environmental neuroscience, Dr. Marc Berman, comes a groundbreaking guide that reveals how interacting with nature can be the secret to improved mental and physical health. Dr. Marc Berman, the pioneering creator of the field of environmental neuroscience, has discovered the surprising connection between mind, body, and environment, with a special emphasis on the natural environment. He has devoted his life to studying it. If you sometimes feel drained, distracted, or depressed, Dr. Berman has identified the elements of a "nature prescription" that can boost your energy, sharpen your focus, change your mood, and improve your mental and physical health. He also reveals how central attention is to all of these functions, and how interactions with nature can restore it. Nature and the Mind is both an introduction to a revolutionary new scientific field and a helpful guide to better living. In these pages, he draws on his original research and research from others and shares life-altering findings such as: -Just eleven more trees on your street can decrease cardio-metabolic disorders like stroke, diabetes, and heart disease. -A short walk in nature can improve attention by almost twenty percent, decrease depression symptoms, and make people feel more spiritual and self-reflective. -More greenspace around schools and homes is related to better school performance, reduced crime, and improved working memory. -Many of these effects can be achieved even if you don't like nature. With an engaging and approachable style, Dr. Berman offers the nature prescription for physical health, mental health, and social health. Importantly, you don't have to pack up your house and move to the country to participate. The nature prescription includes practical ways to bring the outside indoors and to "naturize" our spaces, no matter where you live. The positive effects of nature don't just end at the individual; contact with nature can make people more caring towards one another, promote economic and racial justice, encourage people to care more for the environment, and more. This groundbreaking guide explains why and how nature is good for our brains and bodies and gives us a window into fundamental aspects of our psychology and physiology that can be improved through interactions with nature.
Decision Analysis Using Value-Focused Thinking to Select Renewable Energy Sources
The United States is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to produce electricity. Renewable energy can provide an alternative source of energy for electricity production as well as reduce fossil fuel consumption. The executive agencies in the U.S. must also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2010 based on 1990 emission levels as directed by Executive Order. However, there is currently no analysis model to provide guidance toward which renewable energy to select as a course of action. This research effort used value-focused thinking decision analysis to create a model based on inputs from the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency. This model allows a decision-maker to easily alter weights and value functions related to renewable energy sources as needed to correspond to the personal values of that person. These values combined with the objective scores obtained from the generated alternatives results in a suggested course of action. The sensitivity analysis shows the changes of the output based on the alterations of the weighting of each measure. All measures were varied to study their influence on the final outcome. Application of the model at three bases showed this model appears to work based on the influencing weights and values of the decision-maker.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geochemical Modeling of Mine Pit Water Overview and Application of Computer Codes
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Guidelines for the Application of SEM/EDX Analytical Techniques to Particulate Matter Samples
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater Laboratories
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Pollution and Related Health Risks
Air Pollution and Related Health Risks: Investigating Environmental Health and Sustainability provides discussion on advanced atmospheric phenomena as they relate to health risks and environmental sustainability. Sections cover challenges, the carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the atmosphere, and reviews of microplastics and organic aerosol compositions. The book's editors also complete a micro and macro analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 spatio-temporal properties in the Himalayan environment, and aerosol radiative and health impacts are also explored. Other sections cover wet deposition and scavenging of atmospheric pollutants and a risk assessment of living-non-living airborne particles to human health. Post-graduates and early-career researchers in atmospheric sciences, geophysics, environmental science, and meteorology will find much to learn and apply in this valuable resource.
Illumination and Polarization of the Sunlit Sky on Rayleigh Scattering
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.
Understanding the Current Global Socio-Economic and Ecological Crises
Why has global economic growth failed to deliver equity, sustainability, and well-being for all? Despite decades of growth-centric and free-market policies, poverty and inequality persist, and the unchecked exploitation of natural resources threatens the planet's future. This thought-provoking book critically examines the limitations of current economic models and highlights how growth has often been achieved at the cost of environmental and social health. Drawing from ancient Indian philosophical traditions, historical and cultural practices--while steering clear of religious dogma--the authors challenge the modern obsession with profit maximization, consumerism, and self-interest. They advocate for a behavioral and ethical transformation in economic thinking: one rooted in community, sustainability, and intergenerational equity. This work is the product of years of dialogue with scholars, thinkers, and practitioners, and offers a powerful alternative vision: an economy that not only thrives but also uplifts all.
Biotechnological Approaches for Sustainable Environment Management
Biotechnological advancements offer approaches for sustainable environmental management, owing to their capacity to tackle various environmental issues, including pollution, waste management, and resource conservation. The state of the environment is continually deteriorating due to industrialization and different human actions. Innovations must be pursued to mitigate the detrimental impact of environmental pollutants. The ubiquitous presence of microbial resources offers vast potential for developing technologies aimed at reducing the levels of harmful substances contaminating the environment. This book is focused on biotechnological applications designed to address environmental challenges associated with industrial effluents, plastic and biological wastes. The chapters in the book emphasize the microbial agents that are helpful in managing industrial and agricultural wastes.
Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in a Transformative Approach
The Bangladesh experience shows that adaptation to climate change needs to be seen in conjunction with existing and changing weather patterns, natural hazards and the natural resources systems. Moreover, adaptation to climate change has next to the physical and technical content a socio-economic dimension in relation to the many societal and economic aspects of water resources and climate change. Adaptation, in terms of strategy making and implementation, is thus embedded in a countries' society with its traditions, technologies, governance and policies. This means that adaptation strategy making and implementation, while focusing on the physical system and use of technologies, are primarily cultural processes, characterized by a struggle for meaning in uncertainty, sense making and sense giving to define the issues and challenges and formulate strategies, thinking about appropriate measures, taking action and managing transformation. Besides, the power-related aspects of negotiation and decision-making including budget allocation for investments are evident as well. The BDP 2100 is a strategic plan with many techno-economic analyses, choices and proposals while it is basically 'an expression of the politics of culture' (De Heer, 2009, 2013).
Environmental Health Engineering and Effective Remediation
Covers concepts and approaches on sustainable development such as climate change, pollution control, liquid waste, solid waste management, toxic chemical exposure, food and agro-industrial waste, etc. Reviews and reports on current and potential remediation techniques to tackle major environmental contamination presenting unique solutions.
Investing for a Greener Planet
This title highlights the pertinent issue of climate change and its management using sustainable sources of finance. The book provides a comprehensive overview of sustainable development and its management using green finance, green energy, green transport, and green infrastructure, as well as the policies and innovations that can be implemented at both the micro and macro levels.Features: Covers theories, concepts, practices, regulations, case studies, and real-world applications related to sustainable finance. Introduces the concept of sustainable finance and climate risk management. Explains green finance, green infrastructure, green transport, and others to mitigate the climate risk. Provides a comprehensive view of various policies and innovations that can be done at micro and macro level to reduce carbon footprints. Reviews contemporary concept of climate-related disclosures and reporting by financial institutions. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals in environmental sciences, sustainable finance, climate change, and circular economy including policymakers.
Estimation of Atmospheric Precipitable Water Using the Global Positioning System
This thesis focuses on using the Global Positioning System (GPS) for atmospheric precipitable water (PW) estimation. Water vapor, measured in terms of PW, plays a crucial role in atmospheric processes and short-term weather forecasting. Traditional methodologies for measuring atmospheric water vapor distributions have known inadequacies, resulting in the motivation to gain good water vapor characterization via GPS. The ability to accurately forecast cloud formation and other weather phenomenon is critical, especially in the case of military operations. Using a network of GPS receivers, it is possible to estimate precipitable water throughout the network region with better accuracy than traditional methods and on a more consistent near real-time basis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shelter-in-Place
The goal of Shelter-In-Place (SIP) is to reduce human exposure to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents in the event of an accidental or intentional airborne release into the outdoor environment. THe Air Force Bioenvironmental ENgineering (BE) career field is responsible for providing sampling, identification, and quantification input to hazard prediction models and supporting evacuation plan development to provide risk-based control recommendations to the Incident Commander. This also includes providing exposure and contamination control recommendations for sheltered populations. A Gaussian plume model combined with indoor box model was used to test the consequences associated with the delay of implementing SIP procedures. It is imperative that emergency planners pre-plan the installation SIP protocol for likely scenarios identified during the various vulnerability surveys. THe decision to shelter-in-place must be made immediately in order to reduce the exposure and thereby decreasing any additinoal casualties presenting at the local medical treatment facility.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Fuel Oxygenates
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is the most commonly used fuel oxygenate in the world. Its recalcitrant nature as well as its chemical properties have led to widespread groundwater contamination. Questions regarding its toxicity have spurred a search for viable oxygenate alternatives. Since biodegradability is a key indicator of a chemical's environmental impact, this research used three different well-known methods, BOD5, respirometry, and GC analysis, to examine the extent and rates of aerobic biodegradation of MTBE along with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The common fuel component toluene was added to some of the samples to determine if the presence of a co-contaminant would effect aerobic microbial degradation of TBA or MTBE.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Collapse
Our planet's life support systems are failing, and this book provides the receipts. The world faces a biodiversity crisis. Wildlife populations have plummeted by an average of 73% since 1970. One million species are nearing extinction. This isn't just an environmental issue; it's an economic time bomb. This book takes you beyond the headlines. We explore the crisis through 15 in-depth national case studies. We travel to Brazil, where the Amazon is at a tipping point. We see how conflict drives deforestation in Colombia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. We also understand the impact of industrial agriculture in the United States. Each chapter breaks down the state of the local ecosystem. It identifies the key economic drivers of destruction. We analyze government policies and financial responses. Finally, we look at future pathways and solutions, all benchmarked against the crucial "30x30" global conservation target. While many reports describe the biodiversity crisis, this book shows you the crisis. It avoids vague generalizations by focusing on specific, real-world examples. Other books might tell you palm oil is a problem; we take you inside the supply chains in Indonesia and Malaysia to see the direct link between commodity booms and forest loss. The book's unique, consistent structure for each country allows for powerful comparisons, revealing global patterns in a way no other single volume does. It's not just an assessment of loss; it's a practical guide to the complex interplay of economics, governance, and conservation. We unpack innovative solutions, from Ecuador's historic debt-for-nature swap to Colombia's pioneering biodiversity bonds, offering a clear-eyed view of what works, what doesn't, and what's next in the fight to save nature. Disclaimer: This book is an independently produced work of analysis and commentary. The author has no affiliation with, is not sponsored by, and is not endorsed by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the World Bank, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), or any other organization mentioned herein. The use of organizational names is for identification purposes only under the principle of nominative fair use.
Evaluation of the Mountain Wave Forecast Model's Stratospheric Turbulence Simulations
Stratospheric turbulence (Stratoturb) is a well-known hazard to aircraft in flight. Forecasting mountain waves, specifically the breaking of these waves, is necessary to accurately predict the presence of Stratoturb. The Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) requested a product with the capability of forecasting Stratoturb at 30, 50, and 70 mb using model data currently available. To facilitate their request, the Mountain Wave Forecast Model (MWFM) was acquired from the Naval Research Laboratory. MWFM turbulence forecasts generated twice daily over East Asia, using the AVN and MM5 models for initialization, were compared to 'S' layer turbulence analyses from the Rawinsonde Observation (RAOB) program, currently used operationally to warn aircrews. Actual verification of the MWFM forecasts was unachievable since in situ turbulence observations were not available, and as a result only subjective assessments of the MWFM's capabilities were possible. The MWFM was determined to be the superior forecast tool based on the temporal and spatial coverage provided when compared to RAOB as well as its promising ability to alleviate the reported overforecasting inherent to the RAOB analyses. Therefore, the MWFM, including code modifications made at AFIT, was recommended for use by AFWA. Further objective analysis of the model's accuracy should be conducted.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Blockchain Technologies for Smart Circular Economy and Organisational Sustainability
Nature's Hygiene
Explore the intersection of nature and cleanliness in Charles Thomas Kingzett's "Nature's Hygiene." This historically significant work delves into the principles of hygiene as understood through the lens of the natural world. Kingzett examines how natural processes and elements contribute to maintaining health and preventing disease. Discover insights into early environmental science and public health perspectives, offering a fascinating glimpse into the historical understanding of cleanliness and its relationship to the environment. A valuable read for those interested in the history of science, environmental studies, and the evolution of hygiene practices.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Role Of Science In Environmental Policy Making
The BiblioGov Project is an effort to expand awareness of the public documents and records of the U.S. Government via print publications. In broadening the public understanding of government and its work, an enlightened democracy can grow and prosper. Ranging from historic Congressional Bills to the most recent Budget of the United States Government, the BiblioGov Project spans a wealth of government information. These works are now made available through an environmentally friendly, print-on-demand basis, using only what is necessary to meet the required demands of an interested public. We invite you to learn of the records of the U.S. Government, heightening the knowledge and debate that can lead from such publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Overview of Analytic Framework and Approach of the Social Component of the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program
"Overview of Analytic Framework and Approach of the Social Component of the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program" presents a detailed examination of the methodologies employed to assess the social impacts of a major environmental initiative. This report, originating from 1987, offers valuable insights into the structured approach used to analyze the complex interplay between environmental changes and community well-being. It outlines the analytic framework designed to evaluate the effects of drainage programs on the social fabric of the San Joaquin Valley.The document is an essential resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental professionals interested in understanding the integrated planning processes required for large-scale environmental projects. It highlights the importance of considering social factors alongside technical and ecological aspects, providing a historical perspective on the methodologies used to address and mitigate potential adverse community impacts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
OREGON's SOIL A RESOURCE CONDITION REPORT PORTLAND OREGON
"OREGON's SOIL A RESOURCE CONDITION REPORT PORTLAND OREGON" provides a detailed overview of the soil resources within the state of Oregon. Prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, this report assesses the condition of Oregon's soils, offering valuable insights into soil health, conservation practices, and potential environmental impacts. The report serves as a vital resource for policymakers, agricultural professionals, environmental scientists, and anyone interested in understanding and protecting Oregon's valuable soil resources.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
OREGON's SOIL A RESOURCE CONDITION REPORT PORTLAND OREGON
"OREGON's SOIL A RESOURCE CONDITION REPORT PORTLAND OREGON" provides a detailed overview of the soil resources within the state of Oregon. Prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, this report assesses the condition of Oregon's soils, offering valuable insights into soil health, conservation practices, and potential environmental impacts. The report serves as a vital resource for policymakers, agricultural professionals, environmental scientists, and anyone interested in understanding and protecting Oregon's valuable soil resources.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Algicides Insecticides Weedicides
ALGICIDES INSECTICIDES WEEDICIDES explores the chemical properties, applications, and environmental impacts of these substances. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the use of algicides, insecticides, and weedicides in various settings, from agriculture to public health. It delves into the science behind these chemicals, their effects on ecosystems, and strategies for responsible management. An invaluable resource for scientists, policymakers, and anyone concerned about environmental stewardship.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Overview of Analytic Framework and Approach of the Social Component of the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program
"Overview of Analytic Framework and Approach of the Social Component of the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program" presents a detailed examination of the methodologies employed to assess the social impacts of a major environmental initiative. This report, originating from 1987, offers valuable insights into the structured approach used to analyze the complex interplay between environmental changes and community well-being. It outlines the analytic framework designed to evaluate the effects of drainage programs on the social fabric of the San Joaquin Valley.The document is an essential resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental professionals interested in understanding the integrated planning processes required for large-scale environmental projects. It highlights the importance of considering social factors alongside technical and ecological aspects, providing a historical perspective on the methodologies used to address and mitigate potential adverse community impacts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shelter-in-Place
The goal of Shelter-In-Place (SIP) is to reduce human exposure to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents in the event of an accidental or intentional airborne release into the outdoor environment. THe Air Force Bioenvironmental ENgineering (BE) career field is responsible for providing sampling, identification, and quantification input to hazard prediction models and supporting evacuation plan development to provide risk-based control recommendations to the Incident Commander. This also includes providing exposure and contamination control recommendations for sheltered populations. A Gaussian plume model combined with indoor box model was used to test the consequences associated with the delay of implementing SIP procedures. It is imperative that emergency planners pre-plan the installation SIP protocol for likely scenarios identified during the various vulnerability surveys. THe decision to shelter-in-place must be made immediately in order to reduce the exposure and thereby decreasing any additinoal casualties presenting at the local medical treatment facility.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Marine Resources Experiment Program (MAREX)
The Marine Resources Experiment Program (MAREX): Report of the Ocean Color Science Working Group details the findings and recommendations of a study group convened to explore the potential of using ocean color data for marine resource management. This report, originating from the Goddard Space Flight Center, examines the scientific basis for employing remote sensing techniques to monitor and assess ocean ecosystems. It covers various aspects of ocean color science, including the development of algorithms for data processing and the application of satellite imagery to understand marine productivity and environmental changes. This historical document provides valuable insights into the early stages of satellite oceanography and its role in understanding and managing marine resources. Researchers and policymakers interested in the history of remote sensing and its application to environmental monitoring will find this report particularly useful.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geochemical Modeling of Mine Pit Water Overview and Application of Computer Codes
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Mekong Fish Network
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific organization created in 1879, and is part of the U.S. government. Their scientists explore our environment and ecosystems, to determine the natural dangers we are facing. The agency has over 10,000 employees that collect, monitor, and analyze data so that they have a better understanding of our problems. The USGS is dedicated to provide reliable, investigated information to enhance and protect our quality of life. This is one of their circulars.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Comparative Analysis of Airborne Chemical Exposure to Air Force Small Arms Range Instructors
Significant concentrations of lead can be generated at indoor and outdoor firing ranges during firing operations using conventional leaded ammunition. In an effort to eliminate the potential risk of lead exposure, the Air Force is transitioning to a lead-free alternative to the leaded bullet. This study examines airborne chemical exposure to Air Force small arms range instructors during M16 firing of lead and lead-free bullets. Historical range information collected from 63 active duty Air Force bases identified that two thirds of the Air Force military ranges within the Continental United States are currently firing lead-free ammunition. Over 420 air sampling results were compiled and statistically analyzed to determine the average representative airborne exposures during firing of leaded ammunition at indoor and outdoor firing ranges. Highest average 8-hr TWA exposures for lead were 17% of the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL). Task exposures, representing worst case conditions, were found to be 1.2 time the OEL. Two indoor and four outdoor firing ranges currently firing frangible lead-free ammunition were evaluated through a collaborative effort with the Air Force Institute for Operational Health (AFIOH) to assess instructor exposure and current range conditions. Transition to lead-free ammunition showed a 70% reduction in lead at indoor ranges and a 41% reduction in lead at outdoor ranges. Airborne exposures generated from metals and combustion by-products associated with nylon and plastics during M16 firing of frangible lead-free ammunition were found to be well below their respective OELs. This research suggests that the exposure levels associated with lead-free ammunition does not pose a significant threat to Air Force instructors at indoor and outdoor ranges.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering
Numerous new technologies and approaches have been developed since the first publication of Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering. This newly revised and updated edition continues to have a focus on fundamental concepts and on mass and energy material balances, but it eliminates some of the least-used concepts and allows space for new and more common aspects of environmental engineering practice. Expanding its use at the junior level, the author explains current environmental engineering issues including emerging contaminants and management of air, water, soil, and sediment pollution.Features Provides up-to-date information on a variety of emerging contaminants and new technologies for air and water pollution Discusses some of the more common aspects of environmental engineering practice and eliminates some of the least used and difficult concepts Explains the mathematics of mass and energy balances to guide environmental assessment in a way that doesn't follow traditional civil engineering-oriented introductory textbooks Updated coverage for a one-semester course with new problems that emphasize practical field-orientated applications for environmental engineers Undergraduate students in environmental, civil, energy, industrial, and chemical engineering will find that this textbook is an excellent overview of the fundamentals that environmental engineers should understand. Professionals involved with the environment such as regulators, researchers, academics, and practitioners concerned with the protection and management of the environment will also find this textbook to be an invaluable resource.
Determination of pH by Flow Injection Analysis and by Fiber Optrode Analysis
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Chemical Safety Audit Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
