In-Cell NMR Spectroscopy
This Special Issue examines state-of-the-art in-cell NMR spectroscopy as it relates to biological systems of increasing complexity. The compendia of research and recent innovations from prominent laboratories in the field of solid state and solution in-cell NMR spectroscopy, metabolomics and technology development are presented. The work establishes in-cell NMR spectroscopy as the premier method for determining the structures and interaction capabilities of biological molecules at high resolution within the delicately intricate interior of living cells, and the means of utilizing cells as living laboratories to directly assess the effects of exogenous and endogenous stimuli on cell physiology.
Genetic and Epigenetic Modulation of Cell Functions by Physical Exercise
From an evolutionary perspective, our species has relied upon physical activity for most of its history to survive and has had to escape from predators, to scavenge for food, and to use physique to work or build necessary means for everyday life. Physical activity has been part of our evolution and progress since the very beginning and, consequently, our entire body has been programmed to be active physically. In the last 20 years, scientific research has increasingly shown that our ancient survival principle has beneficial effects not only on the cells and organs involved in physical activities but on the metabolism of the entire organism, influencing the homeostasis and integration of all bodily functions, likely stimulating the production of hormones and other regulatory molecules, with each affecting vital signalling pathways. Most of the web of factors involved in molecular signalling upon exercise are suspected to be centrally controlled by the brain, which has been reported to be deeply modified by physical activity. Such complexity requires a multifaceted approach to shed light on the molecular interactions that occur between physical activity and its outcome at a cellular level.
Pesticidal PlantsFrom Smallholder Use to Commercialisation
The global biodiversity and climate emergencies demand transformative changes to human activities. For example, food production relies on synthetic, industrial and non-sustainable products for managing pests, weeds and diseases of crops. Sustainable farming requires approaches to managing these agricultural constraints that are more environmentally benign and work with rather than against nature. Increasing pressure on synthetic products has reinvigorated efforts to identify alternative pest management options, including plant-based solutions that are environmentally benign and can be tailored to different farmers' needs, from commercial to small holder and subsistence farming. Botanical insecticides and pesticidal plants can offer a novel, effective and more sustainable alternative to synthetic products for controlling pests, diseases and weeds. This Special Issue reviews and reports the latest developments in plant-based pesticides from identification of bioactive plant chemicals, mechanisms of activity and validation of their use in horticulture and disease vector control. Other work reports applications in rice weeds, combination biopesticides and how chemistry varies spatially and influences the effectiveness of botanicals in different locations. Three reviews assess wider questions around the potential of plant-based pest management to address the global challenges of new, invasive and established crop pests and as-yet underexploited pesticidal plants.
Ethnobotanique Quantitative
Plus de 80% de la population en Afrique d'une mani癡re g矇n矇rale et dans la r矇gion des grands Lacs Africains en particulier, recourent ? la M矇decine Traditionnelle pour r矇soudre le probl癡me de sant矇 primaire. En cette p矇riode o羅 l'humanit矇 toute enti癡re recourt aux produits naturels en vue de garantir de fa癟on durable son existence, la RDC, ''hotspot'' de la biodiversit矇, doit proc矇der ? l'exploitation rationnelle de sa flore vaste, riche et vari矇e afin de r矇soudre en partie les probl癡mes sanitaires en Afrique, en produisant et en commercialisant les m矇dicaments issus des connaissances traditionnelles dans l'optique d'aider les d矇tenteurs du savoir traditionnel dans l'am矇lioration de leurs conditions de vie, et ce, conform矇ment aux dispositions de la Convention sur la diversit矇 biologique. Ce cours s'inscrit dans un nouveau paradigme qui vise ? concilier les dispositions de la Convention de Helsinki, celles sur la Biodiversit矇 aux Objectifs du D矇veloppement Durable en vue de passer de l'矇tape de la transmission des connaissances ? la cr矇ation des intelligences.
A compilation of culture media for the cultivation of microorganismsAcompilation of cultur
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Landfill Gas
Landfill gas (LFG) is a biogas produced by the anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills; the biogas composed essentially of methane and carbon dioxide. The formation of LFG is a complex anaerobic process and depends on a number of factors such as availability of microorganisms, water, landfill cover type and so on. This LFG formation process is made up of stages namely bacterial decomposition, volatilization and chemical reaction. Theoretically, LFG yield is about 15% of the amount of MSW disposed. Standard methods are available for estimating the amount of LFG generated and emission from landfills, which includes Intergovernmental panel on climate change methodology, LandGEM among others. LFG has the tendency to migrate one location to the other. The movement can be within the landfill or from the landfill to a nearby environment. In order to mitigate the LFG emission effects LFG is collected, pre-treated into various grades and utilised for electricity generation, combined heat and power generation, piping to industries/residences or used as feedstock for resource production.
Detection of Some Immunologic and Genetic Factors of Psoriasis Patient
This study aimed to investigating the host susceptibility to the psoriasis and the association of (Rs1184860, Rs1167846 and Rs1167849) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Interleukin -20 Receptor A (IL- 20RA) gene, located on chromosome 6q22.33-23.1, and detecting late cornified envelope 3B and late cornified envelope 3C (LCE3B and LCE3C) genes mutations. These genes encode members of late cornified envelope gene cluster, and are in the region that contains the Psoriasis Susceptibility gene-4 (PSORS4) locus on chromosome 1q21, and the role of interleukins (IL-17A, IL-23) and Human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Origin of species
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Vinha癟aum substrato alternativo para produ癟瓊o de enzimas f繳ngicas
Um dos principais res穩duos oriundos da produ癟瓊o sucroalcoleira 矇 a vinha癟a, que possui um enorme volume quando comparado a outros res穩duos, al矇m de ser altamente poluente, provocando danos possivelmente irrevers穩veis a 獺gua e ao solo. No entanto a vinha癟a possui alta quantidade de macronutrientes que pode ser utilizado como fonte de crescimento de microrganismos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste livro foi avaliar a capacidade de produ癟瓊o enzim獺tica atrav矇s da fermenta癟瓊o em estado submerso utilizando como substrato a vinha癟a atrav矇s de tr礙s fungos filamentosos Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii e Metarhizium anisopliae, para demonstrar a capacidade deste res穩duo com fonte alternativa para produ癟瓊o enzim獺tica.
Anthropoz瓣n Und NachhaltigkeitDenkanst繹?e Zur Klimakrise Und F羹r Ein Zukunftsf瓣higes Handeln
Was genau ist das Anthropoz瓣n und wie ist es entstanden? Welche Kr瓣fte wirken in ihm? Wohin f羹hrt es die globale Zivilisation? Hat das Anthropoz瓣n die Klimakrise herbeigef羹hrt? Gibt es durch das Anthropoz瓣n praktisch keine reale Nachhaltigkeit mehr? Was kann aus den vielen Krisen im Anthropoz瓣n gelernt werden? Diese Fragestellungen werden gut lesbar und anschaulich auf dem aktuellen Stand der Dinge behandelt. Auf dieser Basis stellt der Autor einen detaillierten Plan zur Abschw瓣chung der Klimakrise vor, der durch einzelne Staaten verwirklicht werden k繹nnte. Au?erdem pr瓣sentiert er ein Konzept zur Erzielung realer Nachhaltigkeit und begr羹ndet, warum das Anthropoz瓣n als neues Erdzeitalter ausgerufen werden sollte. In diesem Kontext geht der Autor auch auf die Coronavirus-Pandemie ein. Das Buch schlie?t mit der Aufforderung, die 罈zweite Aufkl瓣rung竄 voranzutreiben. Sie ist notwendig, um das noch verbleibende Zeitfenster von wenigen Dekaden zu nutzen, damit das Anthropoz瓣n zukunftsf瓣hig wird.
Principles of animal biology
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Evolution in the Here and Now
This book argues that the two most influential theories on modern human behavior, cultural determinism and evolutionary psychology, are quite inadequate. Cultural deterministic theories deny personal experience and too often fall prey to anthropocentric bias. Most evolutionary psychologists argue that humans are shaped to fit our ancestral past, effectively freezing us in time. Evolution in the Here and Now looks to new factors like social learning and adaptation to explain the idiosyncrasies of human behavior in a more complete and nuanced way. Evolutionary psychologist Nigel Barber shows that human behavior is uniquely crafted by the surrounding environment in underappreciated and surprising ways. For example, commerce and agriculture can be interpreted as adaptive alternatives to hunting and gathering. Irrigated farming was a response to land scarcity, which ultimately permitted the rise of early cities. This cross-discliplinary approach unites the missing ingredients that have for so long impeded our understanding of our own species and its variation across cultures. Evolution in the Here and Now is a bold step forward in the evolutionary understanding of human behavior that marries our biology with our history in ways that have never been attempted before.
Plant Protein and Proteome Altlas--Integrated Omics Analyses of Plants under Abiotic Stres
Integrative omics of plants in response to stress conditions play more crucial roles in the post-genomic era. High-quality genomic data provide more deeper understanding of how plants to survive under environmental stresses. This book is focused on concluding the recent progress in the Protein and Proteome Atlas in plants under different stresses. It covers various aspects of plant protein ranging from agricultural proteomics, structure and function of proteins, and approaches for protein identification and quantification. A total of 27 papers including two timely reviews have contributed to this Special Issue. In the first part with the topic of "Comparative Proteomics of Different Plants", six papers were included to describe the phenotypic changes and proteomic analyses of different plants under different conditions. Then, another six papers with the topic of "Proteomics of Plants under Osmotic Stress" were included to describe the recent comparative proteomics analyses of plants under osmotic stress, particularly the drought and salinity stresses in leaves of certain plant species. The other proteomics studies on several energy plants and economic crops were reported to demonstrate the recent omics studies on different plants during their development processes. More stress responsive genes and proteins in these plants were identified. These target genes and proteins are important candidates for further functional validation in economic plants and crops.
Practical Anatomy
Reprint of the original, first published in 1869.
A manual of the infusoria, including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and t
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Nanocelluloses
Nanocelluloses: Synthesis, Modification and Applications is a book that provides some recent enhancements of various types of nanocellulose, mainly bacterial nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils, and their nanocomposites. Bioactive bacterial nanocellulose finds applications in biomedical applications, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9101352. Grafting and cross-linking bacterial nanocellulose modification emerges as a good choice for improving the potential of bacterial nanocellulose in such biomedical applications as topical wound dressings and tissue-engineering scaffolds, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9121668. On the other hand, bacterial nanocellulose can be used as paper additive for fluorescent paper, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9091322, and for the reinforcement of paper made from recycled fibers, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9010058. Nanocellulose membranes are used for up-to-date carbon capture applications, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9060877. Nanocellulose has been applied as a novel component of membranes designed to address a large spectrum of filtration problems, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9060867. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in random composite mats prepared using the electrospinning method are widely characterized in a large range of physical chemical aspects, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano9050805. Similarly, physical chemical aspects are emphasized for carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils produced by ammonium persulfate oxidation combined with ultrasonic and mechanical treatment, https: //doi.org/10.3390/nano8090640. It is extraordinary how nanocellulose can find application in such different fields. Along the same lines, the contributions in this book come from numerous different countries, confirming the great interest of the scientific community for nanocellulose.
Analytical Technology in Nutrition Analysis
Due to increasing global food needs as a result of population growth, the use of new food sources has gained interest in the last decade. However, the inclusion of new foods in our diet, as well as the increased interest of the population in consuming foods with better nutritional properties, has increased the need for adequate food analytical methods. This monographic issue presents innovative methods of chemical analysis of foods, as well as the nutritional and chemical characterization of foods whose consumption is expected to increase worldwide in the coming years.
Nutrition Support for Athletic Performance
Athletes and their support personnel are constantly seeking evidence-informed recommendations to enhance athletic performance during competition and to optimize training-induced adaptations. Accordingly, nutritional and supplementation strategies are commonplace when seeking to achieve these aims, with such practices being implemented before, during, or after competition and/or training in a periodized manner. Performance nutrition is becoming increasingly specialized and needs to consider the diversity of athletes and the nature of the competitions. This Special Issue, Nutrition Support for Athletic Performance, describes recent advances in these areas.
BreastfeedingShort and Long-Term Benefits to Baby and Mother
Breastfeeding is the preferred method of feeding in early life. It is also one of the most cost-effective childhood survival interventions. Breastfeeding practices are important for preventing child mortality and morbidity, as well as ensuring the optimal growth, health, and development of infants. The public health benefits of breastfeeding have been well documented in the medical literature, and include the following: associations with decreased risk for early-life diseases such as otitis media, respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, and early childhood obesity (to name but a few). This Special Issue book includes a collection of studies on the use of novel methods to improve breastfeeding rates, and research exploring the short- and long-term benefits of breastfeeding for both the infant and mother, including technology-based approaches.
Modern Technologies and Their Influence in Fermentation Quality
During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
Bioefficacy of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) on pests
Jatropha curcas(L.) belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. Laboratory and field investigations were carried out to assess the biological activity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) seed, oil and meal extract against the four selected pests species which are pests on four different types of crops viz., Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera) causing severe damage to the fruit crop, musk melon; Adult whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera) attacking the vegetable crop tomato, Leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Lepidoptera) which damages the cereal crop rice and Bihar hairy caterpillar, Diacrisia obliqua (Lepidoptera) which attacks the commercial oilseed crop, groundnut. Antifeedant and insecticidal properties of all the 63 extracts were studied in lab and also under field conditions.The seed, oil and meal extracts contain phorbol esters which are the toxic components mainly responsible for the toxic effect on the pests. Jatropha curcas seeds can be used as a botanical insecticide which can be routed as one of the viable alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for integrated pest management as these natural compounds pose little threat to the environment or to human health.
Novel Approaches to Minimising Mycotoxin Contamination
Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.
Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 2
Nowadays, we are witnessing highly dynamic research activities related to the intriguing field of biodegradable materials with plastic-like properties. These activities are stimulated by the strengthened public awareness of prevailing ecological issues connected to growing piles of plastic waste and increasing greenhouse gas emissions; this goes hand-in-hand with the ongoing depletion of fossil feedstocks, which are traditionally used to produce full carbon backbone polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters, a family of plastic-like materials with versatile material properties, are increasing considered to be a future-oriented solution for diminishing these concerns. PHA production is based on renewable resources and occurs in a bio-mediated fashion through the action of living organisms. If accomplished in an optimized way, PHA production and the entire PHA lifecycle are embedded into nature織s closed cycles of carbon. Sustainable and efficient PHA production requires understanding and improvement of all the individual process steps. Holistic improvement of PHA production, applicable on an industrially relevant scale, calls for, inter alia, consolidated knowledge about the enzymatic and genetic particularities of PHA-accumulating organisms, an in-depth understanding of the kinetics of the bioprocess, the selection of appropriate inexpensive fermentation feedstocks, tailoring of PHA composition at the level of its monomeric constituents, optimized biotechnological engineering, and novel strategies for PHA recovery from biomass characterized by low energy and chemical requirements. This Special Issue represents a comprehensive compilation of articles in which these individual aspects have been addressed by globally recognized experts.
Cocoa, Chocolate and Human Health
This book entitled "Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health" presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.
Biological Activities of Alkaloids
Natural products are increasingly attracting attention from both basic and applied science. Plant secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids, are receiving interest from a wide range of researchers due to their biological activity. They are produced to protect plants from diseases and herbivores. Therefore, they reveal a toxic activity that affects organisms at various levels of biological organization. A growing amount of research is proving their antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, and anticancer activities. That makes them applicable in various fields from medicine, to pharmacology, veterinary, and toxicology, to crop protection. This Special Issue of Toxins, "Biological Activities of Alkaloids: From Toxicology to Pharmacology", collects 15 manuscripts describing the ecological, biological, pharmacological, and toxicological effects as well as structural and analytical aspects of plant alkaloids, their mode of action, and possible application in veterinary, medicine, and plant protection. These studies prove the potential for alkaloid application in various areas of science.
Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology of Crop Plants Breeding
This Special Issue on molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology in crop plant breeding seeks to encourage the use of the tools currently available. It features nine research papers that address quality traits, grain yield, and mutations by exploring cytoplasmic male sterility, the delicate control of flowering in rice, the removal of anti-nutritional factors, the use and development of new technologies for non-model species marker technology, site-directed mutagenesis and GMO regulation, genomics selection and genome-wide association studies, how to cope with abiotic stress, and an exploration of fruit trees adapted to harsh environments for breeding purposes. A further four papers review the genetics of pre-harvest spouting, readiness for climate-smart crop development, genomic selection in the breeding of cereal crops, and the large numbers of mutants in straw lignin biosynthesis and deposition.
Nutrition, Choice and Health-Related Claims
This book presents different articles focused on the role of nutritional properties and/or health-related claims on choice preferences, choice behavior, healthy eating/healthy diet, and the willingness to pay for certain foods.
Astrobiology
A guide to understanding the formation of life in the Universe The revised and updated second edition of Astrobiology offers an introductory text that explores the structure of living things, the formation of the elements required for life in the Universe, the biological and geological history of the Earth, and the habitability of other planets. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the book examines many of the major conceptual foundations in astrobiology, which cover a diversity of traditional fields including chemistry, biology, geosciences, physics, and astronomy. The book explores many profound questions such as: How did life originate on Earth? How has life persisted on Earth for over three billion years? Is there life elsewhere in the Universe? What is the future of life on Earth? Astrobiology is centered on investigating the past and future of life on Earth by looking beyond Earth to get the answers. Astrobiology links the diverse scientific fields needed to understand life on our own planet and, potentially, life beyond. This new second edition: Expands on information about the nature of astrobiology and why it is useful Contains a new chapter "What is Life?" that explores the history of attempts to understand life Contains 20% more material on the astrobiology of Mars, icy moons, the structure of life, and the habitability of planets New 'Discussion Boxes' to stimulate debate and thought about key questions in astrobiology New review and reflection questions for each chapter to aid learning New boxes describing the careers of astrobiologists and how they got into the subject Offers revised and updated information throughout to reflect the latest advances in the field Written for students of life sciences, physics, astronomy and related disciplines, the updated edition of Astrobiology is an essential introductory text that includes recent advances to this dynamic field.
Human Milk and Lactation
Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants' specific nutritional requirements. However, it is more than just "milk". This dynamic and bioactive fluid allows mother-infant signalling over lactation, guiding the infant in the developmental and physiological processes. It exerts protection and life-long biological effects, playing a crucial role in promoting healthy growth and optimal cognitive development. The latest scientific advances have provided insight into different components of human milk and their dynamic changes over time. However, the complexity of human milk composition and the synergistic mechanisms responsible for its beneficial health effects have not yet been unravelled. Filling this knowledge gap will shed light on the biology of the developing infant and will contribute to the optimization of infant feeding, particularly that of the most vulnerable infants. Greater understanding of human milk will also help in elucidating the best strategies for its storage and handling. The increasing knowledge on human milk's bioactive compounds together with the rapidly-advancing technological achievements will greatly enhance their use as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. The current Special Issue aims to welcome original works and literature reviews further exploring the complexity of human milk composition, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects associated with breastfeeding, and the factors and determinants involved in lactation, including its promotion and support.
Artificial Assemblies with Cooperative DNA Recognition
This book presents three types of synthetically cooperative DNA recognizing assemblies, in order to advance the development of programmable DNA-binding pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (PIPs). PIPs represent the best-characterized class of small molecule DNA binders that can be modified to bind with any predetermined DNA sequence and regulate gene expression patterns in a transgene-free and cost-effective manner. PIPs are characterized by their small molecular size, high binding affinity, programmability, sequence selectivity, and moderate cell permeability. In recent years, there have been numerous novel studies on the applications of these biological tools; this research is thoroughly reviewed in the first chapter. There are several critical issues, however, that impede the further broad study of PIPs, which greatly concern the author. For instance, the short PIP version has an excessively hi^10 bp; this significantly decreases cell permeability. Moreover, the conventional binding strategy for PIP design cannot apply to flexible DNA binding-for example, the DNA-binding mode of a transcription factor pair. In this book, the author describes the development of three kinds of cooperative DNA-binding systems that help resolve the current highly problematic issues concerning PIPs. These three systems offer a range of significant advantages, such as favorable sequence selectivity, long recognition sequence, higher binding affinity, and a flexible gap distance. Released at a critical juncture in the application of PIPs, this book will greatly facilitate their use as therapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer and hereditary diseases, and in regenerative medicine.
Advances in Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa
The bioeconomy concept aims to add sustainability to the production, transformation, and trade of biological goods. Though implemented around the world, the development of national bioeconomies is uneven, especially in the global South, where major challenges exist in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this context, the international BiomassWeb project aimed to underpin the bioeconomy concept by applying the value web approach, which seeks to uncover complex interlinked value webs instead of linear value chains. The project also aimed to develop intervention options to strengthen and optimize the synergies and trade-offs among different value chains. The Special Issue "Advances in Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Basis for a Regional Bioeconomy" compiles 23 articles produced in this framework. The articles are grouped in four sections: the value web approach; the production side; processing, transformation and trade; and global views.
Science in Black and White
This unflinching expose of racially biased research--the Alt-Right's "scientific wing"--debunks both old and emerging claims of inborn racial disparities.Racial groups differ in some of their social patterns, but the cause of those differences--nature versus nurture, or genetics versus environment-- remains fiercely debated. For the pro-nature camp-- sometimes aligned with white nationalism and eugenics, and often used to promote ideas of racial inferiority and superiority -- race-based biological determinism contributes significantly to the ethnic divide, especially the black/white gap in societal achievement. By contrast, pro-nurture supporters attribute ethnic variation in social outcomes primarily to environmental circumstances, ecological conditions, and personal experience. In this thoroughly researched book, science writer Alondra Oubre examines emerging scientific discoveries that show how both biology and environment interact to influence IQ--intelligence performance--and social behaviors across continental populations, or human races. She presents compelling evidence for why environmental and certain non-DNA-related biological phenomena overall seem to best explain black/white disparities in a gamut of social behaviors, including family structure, parenting, educational attainment, and rates of violent crime. As she demonstrates, nature still matters, but the biology that impacts racial variance in social behaviors extends beyond genetics to include other processes--epigenetics, gene expression, and plasticity--all of which are profoundly affected by a wide array of environmental forces. The complex, synergistic interplay of these factors combined, rather than just genes or just environment, appears to account for black/white divergence in a gamut of social behaviors.
Historical Variability in Heritable General Intelligence: Its Evolutionary Origins and Socio-Cultural Consequences
It is easy for us to believe that as a society we are getting smarter, at least as measured by IQ tests. This supposed improvement, the Flynn Effect, suggests that each generation is brighter than the last. If this improvement in intelligence is real we should all be much, much brighter than the Victorians. However, the researchers of this ground-breaking study find the reverse to be true- the Victorians were cleverer than us! IQ tests may be effective at picking out the brightest, but they are not reliable benchmarks of performance over more than a century.Historical Variance records the exploration of the Flyyn effect hypothesis, which included the use of high-quality instruments to measure simple reaction times (a recognised predictor of intelligence) in a meta-analytic study.The conclusions are very sobering: far from speeding up, we are slowing down. A decline in general intelligence (a loss equivalent to about 14 IQ points) since Victorian times may have resulted from the presence of dysgenic fertility. These findings, as detailed in Historical Variance, strongly indicate that the Victorians were substantially cleverer than we are today...
Evolution
Evolution is one of the most important processes in life. It not only explains the detailed history of life on earth, but its scope also extends into many aspects of our own contemporary behavior-who we are and how we got to be here, our psychology, our cultures-and greatly impacts modern advancements in medicine and conservation biology. Perhaps its most important claim for science is its ability to provide an overarching framework that integrates the many life sciences into a single unified whole. Yet, evolution-evolutionary biology in particular-has been, and continues to be, regarded with suspicion by many. Understanding how and why evolution works, and what it can tell us, is perhaps the single most important contribution to the public perception of science. This book provides an overview of the basic theory and showcases how widely its consequences reverberate across the life sciences, the social sciences and even the humanities. In this book, Robin Dunbar uses examples drawn from plant life, animals and humans to illustrate these processes. Evolutionary science has important advantages. Most of science deals with the microscopic world that we cannot see and invariably have difficulty understanding, but evolution deals with the macro-world in which we live and move. That invariably makes it much easier for the lay audience to appreciate, understand and enjoy. Evolution: What Everyone Needs to Know� takes a broad approach to evolution, dealing both with the core theory itself and its impact on different aspects of the world we live in, from the iconic debates of the nineteenth century, to viruses and superbugs, to human evolution and behavior.
Evolution Unraveled
In EVOLUTION UNRAVELED, scientific data is used to show that the random generation of new families of genes and their enzymes is realistically impossible. Therefore, an unplanned nature does not have the potential to generate the genes or the enzymes for the first functional cells, for the cells of common ancestry, for plants, or for animals.A scientific foundation for an exclusively unplanned evolution does not exist. The unplanned evolution of transitional organisms is a scientific myth.
Orca
Since the release of the documentary Blackfish in 2013, millions around the world have focused on the plight of the orca, the most profitable and controversial display animal in history. Yet, until now, no historical account has explained how we came to care about killer whales in the first place. Drawing on interviews, official records, private archives, and his own family history, Jason M. Colby tells the exhilarating and often heartbreaking story of how people came to love the ocean's greatest predator. Historically reviled as dangerous pests, killer whales were dying by the hundreds, even thousands, by the 1950s--the victims of whalers, fishermen, and even the US military. In the Pacific Northwest, fishermen shot them, scientists harpooned them, and the Canadian government mounted a machine gun to eliminate them. But that all changed in 1965, when Seattle entrepreneur Ted Griffin became the first person to swim and perform with a captive killer whale. The show proved wildly popular, and he began capturing and selling others, including Sea World's first Shamu. Over the following decade, live display transformed views of Orcinus orca. The public embraced killer whales as charismatic and friendly, while scientists enjoyed their first access to live orcas. In the Pacific Northwest, these captive encounters reshaped regional values and helped drive environmental activism, including Greenpeace's anti-whaling campaigns. Yet even as Northwesterners taught the world to love whales, they came to oppose their captivity and to fight for the freedom of a marine predator that had become a regional icon. This is the definitive history of how the feared and despised "killer" became the beloved "orca"--and what that has meant for our relationship with the ocean and its creatures.
An Introduction to Basic Statistics for Biologists using RAnIntroduction to Basic Statisti
Formulae and methods IV of the Marine Biological Laboratory Chemical Room
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Genetics and Human Behavior
This book will look at behavior in a different way. Have you heard of the phrase nature vs nurture? Simply, it asks what influences our behavior? This has been a debated topic since early man. Nature is usually defined as what is given to us before we are born, specifically, as discussed in this text, genetics. Nurture means learning that we acquire from our environment-parents, friends, and other influences.In this book, we will look at the newest scientific work, how both genetics and environment effect how we behave. Science, specifically genetics, is now finding its way into all areas of everyday life, criminal law, politics, and how our brain is involved in our actions.
Western Jewry; an account of the achievements of the Jews and Judaism in California, inclu
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
The farmer’s own book; or, Family receipts for the husbandman and housewife; being a compi
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Horse Feeding and Management
Horses perform variety of roles in our society, serving people in several ways. Proper nutrition and feeding management are some of the main objectives to ensure the well-being and performance of horses. Thus, the link between equine health and good dietary treatment must be recognized to increase our understanding of the needs of the horse. It is important to ensure science-based knowledge is available to all stakeholders and people working in the horse industry. This book presents research papers published in the Special Issue of Animals entitled 'Horse Nutrition and Management'.
De la pal矇oanthropologie des populations. L'矇volution des caract癡res physiques d'Homo sapiens en r矇ponse ? ses migrations
M矇moire (de fin d'矇tudes) de l'ann矇e 2019 dans le domaine Biologie - Evolution, note: A+, Universit矇 du Luxembourg (Lyc矇e Vauban de Luxembourg), langue: Fran癟ais, r矇sum矇 Depuis la r矇gion du Kenya et de l'?thiopie, l'Homme moderne, Homo sapiens, a migr矇 pour de multiples raisons, principalement dans l'optique de survivre et de satisfaire ses besoins nutritionnels. Suivant ses d矇placements et les modifications dans l'environnement, les conditions de vie, le r矇gime alimentaire et son style de vie, Homo sapiens a d羶 adapter son alimentation, mode de vie, et d矇placements. ? cause de ces modifications de style de vie, l'Homme a aussi subi des adaptations physiques, qui existent toujours, et ce ind矇finiment jusqu'? une 矇ventuelle extinction de l'esp癡ce. Comme plusieurs autres esp癡ces animales, Homo sapiens a adapt矇 son mode d'existence ? son milieu, plut繫t que de se plier enti癡rement aux exigences de son environnement. Cette 矇tude permet de comprendre comment, en fonction de ses migrations, l'Homme moderne a pu 矇voluer d'un point de vie physique, en cons矇quence de ses divers voyages.
The Biological bulletin (Volume 206)
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass
The re-use of industrial food residues is essential in the general framework of rational waste handling and recycling, which aims at the minimizing environmental impact of food production and producing functional food ingredients. Agri-food processing waste has long been considered a valuable biomass with a significant polyphenol load and profile. Polyphenols, aside from being powerful antioxidants that confer inherent stability to a variety of foods, may possess versatile bioactivities including anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties. The valorization of agri-food waste as a prominent source of polyphenols stems from the enormous amount of food-related material discharged worldwide and the emerging eco-friendly technologies that allow high recovery, recycling, and sustainable use of these materials. This book addresses the concept of recovering natural polyphenolic antioxidants from waste biomass generated by agri-food and related industrial processes and presents state-of-the-art applications with prospect in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Uncertainty Quantification Techniques in Statistics
Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a mainstream research topic in applied mathematics and statistics. To identify UQ problems, diverse modern techniques for large and complex data analyses have been developed in applied mathematics, computer science, and statistics. This Special Issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390) includes diverse modern data analysis methods such as skew-reflected-Gompertz information quantifiers with application to sea surface temperature records, the performance of variable selection and classification via a rank-based classifier, two-stage classification with SIS using a new filter ranking method in high throughput data, an estimation of sensitive attribute applying geometric distribution under probability proportional to size sampling, combination of ensembles of regularized regression models with resampling-based lasso feature selection in high dimensional data, robust linear trend test for low-coverage next-generation sequence data controlling for covariates, and comparing groups of decision-making units in efficiency based on semiparametric regression.
The Biological bulletin (Volume 186)
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Systems Genetics
Whereas genetic studies have traditionally focused on explaining heritance of single traits and their phenotypes, recent technological advances have made it possible to comprehensively dissect the genetic architecture of complex traits and quantify how genes interact to shape phenotypes. This exciting new area has been termed systems genetics and is born out of a synthesis of multiple fields, integrating a range of approaches and exploiting our increased ability to obtain quantitative and detailed measurements on a broad spectrum of phenotypes. Gathering the contributions of leading scientists, both computational and experimental, this book shows how experimental perturbations can help us to understand the link between genotype and phenotype. A snapshot of current research activity and state-of-the-art approaches to systems genetics are provided, including work from model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster, as well as from human studies.
