Fundamentals of Astronomy
Providing a broad overview of foundational concepts, this second edition of Fundamentals of Astronomy covers topics ranging from spherical astronomy to reference systems, and celestial mechanics to astronomical photometry and spectroscopy.
Atlas of Typical Seismic and Geological Sections for Major Petroliferous Basins in China
Structural Style and Seismic Profile Characteristics.- Sedimentary Sequence and Seismic Response.- Seismic Response Characteristics of Typical Geologic bodies.- Seismic Geological Characteristics of Typical Oil and Gas Reservoirs.
Symmetry Breaking
The third edition of the by now classic reference on rigorous analysis of symmetry breaking in both classical and quantum field theories adds new topics of relevance, in particular the effect of dynamical Coulomb delocalization, by which boundary conditions give rise to volume effects and to energy/mass gap in the Goldstone spectrum (plasmon spectrum, Anderson superconductivity, Higgs phenomenon). The book closes with a discussion of the physical meaning of global and local gauge symmetries and their breaking, with attention to the effect of gauge group topology in QCD. From the reviews of the first edition: It is remarkable to see how much material can actually be presented in a rigorous way (incidentally, many of the results presented are due to Strocchi himself), yet this is largely ignored, the original heuristic derivations being, as a rule, more popular. - At each step he strongly emphasizes the physical meaning and motivation of the various notions introduced [...] a book that fills a conspicuous gap in the literature, and does it rather well. It could also be a good basis for a graduate course in mathematical physics. J.-P. Antoine, Physicalia 28/2, 2006 Despite many accounts in popular textbooks and a widespread belief, the phenomenon is rather subtle, requires an infinite set of degrees of freedom and an advanced mathematical setting of the system under investigation. [...] The mathematically oriented graduate student will certainly benefit from this thorough, rigorous and detailed investigation. G. Roepstorff, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1075, 2006 From the reviews of the second edition: This second edition of Strocchi's Symmetry Breaking presents a complete, generalized and highly rigorous discussion of the subject, based on a formal analysis of conditions necessary for the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking to occur in classical systems, as well as in quantum systems. [...] This book is specifically recommended for mathematical physicists interested in a deeper and rigorous understanding of the subject, and it should be mandatory for researchers studying the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking. S. Hajjawi, Mathematical Reviews, 2008
General Model Independent Searches for Physics Beyond the Standard Model
This primer describes the general model independent searches for new physics phenomena beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. First, the motivation for performing general model independent experimental searches for new physics is presented by giving an overview of the current theoretical understanding of particle physics in terms of the Standard Model of particle physics and its shortcomings. Then, the concept and features of general model independent search for new physics at collider based experiments is explained. This is followed by an overview of such searches performed in past high energy physics experiments and the current status of such searches, particularly in the context of the experiments at the LHC. Finally, the future prospects of such general model independent searches, with possible improvements using new tools such as machine learning techniques, is discussed.
Alternative Energy Technologies
This text explores the science and engineering behind emerging alternative energy technologies, including polymer solar cells, algae biofuels, and artificial leaves. It also addresses the environmental need for these technologies. Unlike its predecessors, this book employs simple computer models implemented within spreadsheet environments to sim
Life on Mars
The search for life on Mars--and the moral issues confronting us as we prepare to send humans there Does life exist on Mars? The question has captivated humans for centuries, but today it has taken on new urgency. As space agencies gear up to send the first manned missions to the Red Planet, we have a responsibility to think deeply about what kinds of life may already dwell there--and whether we have the right to invite ourselves in. Telling the complete story of our ongoing quest to answer one of the most tantalizing questions in astronomy, David Weintraub grapples with the profound moral and ethical questions confronting us as we prepare to introduce an unpredictable new life form--ourselves--into the Martian biosphere. Now with an afterword that discusses the most recent discoveries, Life on Mars explains what we need to know before we go.
Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Indium Isotopes
Introduction.- Background Atomic and Nuclear Physics.- Experimental Method Background.- Laser Spectroscopy Setup for the Indium Experiments.- Analysis of Neutron-Rich Indium.- Evolution of Neutron-Rich Indium Proton-Hole States.- Conclusion.
W瓣rme Und Energie
Alle f羹r die Lehramtsausbildung relevanten Teilgebiete der Physik werden in der sechsb瓣ndigen Lehrbuchreihe auf dem Niveau der Anf瓣ngervorlesungen bearbeitet. Sch羹lervorstellungen, Lernschwierigkeiten und problematische Begriffe werden als hervorgehobene Bl繹cke in die fachliche Darstellung eingeflochten. Die meisten der vorgestellten Experimente k繹nnen auch im schulischen Physikunterricht gezeigt werden. Band 4 behandelt W瓣rme und Energie.
Management 4.0Cases and Methods for the 4th Industrial Revolution
This book provides a comprehensive review of industry 4.0 and its applications, discussing the history of industry evaluation, including industry 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0, and the future structure of industry evaluation. It also examines the effects and impact of various technologies in industry and presents new interdisciplinary business models based on advanced technologies with the help of use cases. Lastly, it highlights the benefits of technological implementation in industry using examples of real-world applications, providing a robust and reliable technological conceptual framework and roadmap for decision-makers in all areas of industry involved transformation.
Moon First and Mars Second
This SpringerBrief explores the technological, economic, physiological, and psychological comparisons between a journey to the Moon versus a journey to Mars, taking into consideration the national and international perspectives at play. The author spent over six years interviewing leading space experts from around the world to learn why lunar habitats and the creation of a permanent presence on the Moon are an essential next step to human exploration and settlement in space. Practical reasons related to energy, telecommunications and networking, robotic systems, medical and scientific research, material processing, and more show why it must be the Moon First and Mars Second. These findings and recommendations have been adopted by current NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, as well as the current U. S. president. The research in this text reflects the author's experiences working internally within NASA Headquarters, the FAA Commercial Spaceflight Office, as well as the International Space University. It is partially based on Reneau's award-winning Harvard thesis in conjunction with her Master's in International Relations.
Search for the Decay K_l→π^0\Nu\Bar{\Nu} at the J-Parc Koto Experiment
This book reports on a new result from the KL→π0νν search at the J-PARC KOTO experiment, which sets an upper limit of 3?10-9 for the branching fraction of the decay at the 90% confidence level, improving the previous best limit by an order of magnitude. To explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, still unknown new physics beyond the standard model (SM) that breaks CP symmetry is necessary. The rare decay of a long-lived neutral K meson, KL→π0νν, is a CP-violating decay. It is an excellent probe to search for new physics because new physics can contribute to the decay and change its branching fraction, while the SM is as small as 3?10-11. However, it is extremely difficult to search for because all of the decay products are neutral and two neutrinos are undetectable. The KL→π0νν signal is identifiedby measuring two photons from a π0 with a calorimeter and confirming the absence of any other detectable particles with hermetic veto counters. The book contributes to the analysis of neutron-induced backgrounds which were the dominant background sources in the search. For the background caused by two consecutive hadronic showers in the calorimeter due to a neutron, the author evaluated the background yield using a data-driven approach. For another background caused by an η meson production--η decays two photons--by a neutron that hits a veto counter near the calorimeter, the author developed an original analysis technique to reduce it. The book also contributes to the analysis of the normalization modes (KL→3π0, KL→2π0, KL→2γ) to measure KL yield, the estimation of the signal acceptance based on a simulation, and the evaluation of the trigger efficiency. As a result, significant improvements in the measurement were achieved, and this is an important step in the continuing higher sensitivity search, which can reach new physics with the energy scales up to O(100-1000 TeV).
Power System Scada and Smart Grids
This book brings together the fundamentals and possible application functions of power system supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). It assists electrical engineering students, researchers, and practitioners in acquiring a solid understanding of SCADA systems and application functions in generation, transmission, and distribution syst
Statistical Mechanics
The book is aimed at undergraduate students in their senior year and first year graduate students. It elucidates the basis of thermodynamics and provides a basis for the understanding of, not only the thermodynamic properties of a microscopic system, but also their fluctuations, correlations and close-to-equilibrium properties.
The Universe Today
Starting out from humankind's earliest ideas about the cosmos, this book gives the reader a clear overview of our current understanding of the universe, including big bang theories and the formation of stars and galaxies, as well as addressing open questions. The author shows how our present view gradually developed from observations, and also how the outcome of ongoing research may still change this view. The book brings together concepts in physics and astronomy, including some history in both cases. The text is descriptive rather than technical: the goal is to present things rigorously and without oversimplification, by highlighting the crucial physical concepts. The only prerequisite is a qualitative knowledge of basic physics concepts at high-school level.
Research and Innovation in Physics Education: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Introduction.- 1- Experiments as building blocks of knowledge. Gorazd Planinsič.- 2- Active learning methods and strategies to improve student conceptual understanding: some considerations from Physics Education Research. Claudio Fazio.- 3- Primary, Secondary and University pre-service teacher Education in physics. Marisa Michelini.- 4- Primary, Secondary and University Pre-service Physics Teacher Education - What scientific education is relevant for becoming a physics teacher in a technological world? . Knut Neumann.- 5- Concerns about relevant Physics Education in a Technological world: An overview of GIREP participants' questions. M. Gabriela Lorenzo.- 6- Didactical reconstructions in knowledge organization and consolidation in physics teacher education. Terhi M瓣ntyl瓣.- 7- Examining students reasoning in physics through the lens of the Dual Process Theories of Reasoning: The context of forces and Newton's laws. Mila Kryjevskaia and Nathaniel Grosz.- 8- Critiquing explanations in physics: Obstacles and pedagogical decisions among beginning teachers. Laurence Viennot and Nicolas Decamp.- 9- Design tools as a way to explicitly connect research insights with design decision for teaching learning sequences. Jenaro Guisasola, Kristina Zuza, Jaume Ametller and Mikel Sagastibeltza.- 10- Results of a Design-Based-Research study to improve students' understanding of simple electric circuits. Jan-Philipp Burde & Thomas Wilhelm.- 11- Teaching particle-wave duality with double slit single photon interference in Dutch secondary schools. Ed van den Berg, Aernout van Rossum, Jeroen Grijsen, Henk Pol, Jan van der Veen.- 12- Eye-movement study of mechanics problem solving using multimodal options. Jouni Viiri, Jasmin Kilpel瓣inen, Martina Kekule, Eizo Ohno and Jarkko Hautala.- 13- Derivatives, integrals and vectors in introductory mechanics: the development of a multi-representation test for university students. Marta Carli, Stefania Lippiello, Ornella Pantano, Mario Perona and Giuseppe Tormen.- 14- Research-based innovation in introductory physics course for biotechnology students. Daniele Buongiorno and Marisa Michelini.- 15- Physics students' understanding of quantum mechanics: a Rasch analysis. Italo Testa, Umberto Scotti di Uccio, Arturo Colantonio, Silvia Galano and Irene Marzoli.- 16- Using theory to inform practice in the advanced physics classroom. Ram籀n E. Lopez, Mikel A. Greene and Ximena Cid.- 17- Development of preservice teachers' sense of agency. Michael M Hull and Haruko Uematsu.- 18- Is participation in Public Engagement an integral part of shaping physics students' identity? . Claudia Frachiolla, Brean Prefontaine and Kathleen Hinko.- 19- Enhancing the teaching and learning of physics at lower second level in Ireland. Deirdre O'Neill and Eilish McLoughlin.
The Weierstrass Elliptic Function and Applications in Classical and Quantum Mechanics
The field of elliptic functions, apart from its own mathematical beauty, has many applications in physics in a variety of topics, such as string theory or integrable systems. This book, which focuses on the Weierstrass theory of elliptic functions, aims at senior undergraduate and junior graduate students in physics or applied mathematics. Supplemented by problems and solutions, it provides a fast, but thorough introduction to the mathematical theory and presents some important applications in classical and quantum mechanics. Elementary applications, such as the simple pendulum, help the readers develop physical intuition on the behavior of the Weierstrass elliptic and related functions, whereas more Interesting and advanced examples, like the n=1 Lam矇 problem-a periodic potential with an exactly solvable band structure, are also presented.
Elements of Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Systems
This is the first book which specifically focuses on RF energy harvesting and comprehensively introduces circuit design for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transfer applications. It focusses on systematic overview of key components for RF energy harvesting and wireless transfer applications.
Imaging Light with Photoelectrons on the Nano-Femto Scale
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11.1 Collective Electron Oscillations ..................................................................................... 21.1.1 Plasma Model ...................................................................................................... 21.1.2 Localized Surface Plasmons (LSPs) .................................................................. 41.1.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) ................................................................... 71.2 Techniques of Imaging Plasmon Related Phenomena .............................................. 121.2.1 Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) ................................................ 131.2.2 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) .................................................... 171.2.3 Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) ...................................................... 192.0 Experimental Methods ......................................................................................................... 212.1 UHV Components of LEEM/PEEM ........................................................................... 212.1.1 Cold Field Electron Emission Gun .................................................................. 212.1.2 Electron Optics .................................................................................................. 222.1.3 Projection Column ............................................................................................ 252.1.4 Apertures ........................................................................................................... 262.2 Sample Preparation ...................................................................................................... 272.2.1 Sample Stage ...................................................................................................... 272.2.2 Silicon Substrate Preparation .......................................................................... 282.2.3 Single Crystal Silver Pyramids and Wires ..................................................... 292.2.4 Single Crystal Silver Islands ............................................................................ 302.2.5 Polycrystal Silver Film ...................................................................................... 31vii2.2.6 Surface Structuring by Focused Ion Beam ..................................................... 322.3 Source of Photoemission .............................................................................................. 342.3.1 Mercury Lamp .................................................................................................. 342.3.2 Non-colinear Optical Parametric Amplifier (NOPA) .................................... 342.3.3 Interferometric Pump Probe setup.................................................................. 363.0 Simulation Framework ......................................................................................................... 383.1 Finite Difference Time Domain Algorithm ................................................................ 383.2 Reproduction of Static PEEM Images ........................................................................ 423.3 Reproduction of Time-Resolved PEEM ..................................................................... 453.4 Huygens Principle Algorithm ...................................................................................... 484.0 Propagating Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) .......................
Learning Scientific Programming with Python
Learn to master basic programming tasks from scratch with real-life, scientifically relevant examples and solutions drawn from both science and engineering. Students and researchers at all levels are increasingly turning to the powerful Python programming language as an alternative to commercial packages and this fast-paced introduction moves from the basics to advanced concepts in one complete volume, enabling readers to gain proficiency quickly. Beginning with general programming concepts such as loops and functions within the core Python 3 language, and moving on to the NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib libraries for numerical programming and data visualization, this textbook also discusses the use of Jupyter Notebooks to build rich-media, shareable documents for scientific analysis. The second edition features a new chapter on data analysis with the pandas library and comprehensive updates, and new exercises and examples. A final chapter introduces more advanced topics such as floating-point precision and algorithm stability, and extensive online resources support further study. This textbook represents a targeted package for students requiring a solid foundation in Python programming.
Development of 15 Micron Cutoff Wavelength Hgcdte Detector Arrays for Astronomy
This thesis describes advances in the understanding of HgCdTe detectors. While long wave (15 μm) infrared detectors HgCdTe detectors have been developed for military use under high background irradiance, these arrays had not previously been developed for astronomical use where the background irradiance is a billion times smaller. The main pitfall in developing such arrays for astronomy is the pixel dark current which plagues long wave HgCdTe. The author details work on the success of shorter wavelength development at Teledyne Imaging Sensors, carefully modeling the dark current-reverse bias voltage curves of their 10 μm devices at a temperature of 30K, as well as the dark current-temperature curves at several reverse biases, including 250 mV. By projecting first to 13 and then 15 μm HgCdTe growth, values of fundamental properties of the material that would minimize tunneling dark currents were determined through careful modeling of the dark current-reverse bias voltage curves, as well as the dark current-temperature curves. This analysis was borne out in the 13 μm parts produced by Teledyne, and then further honed to produce the necessary parameters for the 15 μm growth. The resulting 13 μm arrays are being considered by a number of ground-based astronomy research groups.
Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles
In this book the recent progress accumulated in studies of the interaction of engineered nanoparticles with cells and cellular constituents is presented. The focus is on manufacturing and characterization of nanosized materials, their interactions with biological molecules such as proteins, the mechanisms of transport across biological membranes as well as their effects on biological functions. Fundamental molecular and cellular aspects are in the foreground of the book. A further particularity is the interdisciplinary approach, including fields such as preparatory and analytical chemistry, biophysics and the physics of colloids, advanced microscopy and spectroscopy for in-situ detection of nanoparticles, cellular toxicology and nanomedicine. Nanoscale particles are known to exhibit novel and unprecedented properties that make them different from their corresponding bulk materials. As our ability to control these properties is further advanced, a huge potential to create materials with novel properties and applications emerges. Although the technological and economic benefits of nanomaterials are indisputable, concerns have also been raised that nanoscale structuring of materials might also induce negative health effects. Unfortunately, such negative health effects cannot be deduced from the known toxicity of the corresponding macroscopic material. As a result, there is a major gap in the knowledge necessary for assessing their risk to human health.
Pre - Engineered Steel Building
The book presents basic design of steel pre-engineered buildings. Design of structural members such as frames with tapered members, purlins, girts, roof bracing, wall bracing and base plate is discussed. Apart from analysis and design of frames by STAAD PRO considering Indian code; manual design procedure for critical member of frame is presented considering design equations from Indian, British and Australian codes.
Our Changing Views of Photons
Advances in technology often rely on a world of photons as the basic units of light. Increasingly one reads of photons as essential to enterprises in Photonics and Quantum Technology, with career and investment opportunities. Notions of photons have evolved from the energy-packet crowds of Planck and Einstein, the later field modes of Dirac, the seeming conflict of wave and particle photons, to the ubiquitous laser photons of today. Readers who take interest in contemporary technology will benefit from learning what photons are now considered to be, and how our views of photons have changed -- in learning about the various operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with a variety of quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics and single photons on demand, the photons of Feynman and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The narrative points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration -- a considerable diversity of photons, not just one kind. Our Changing Views of Photons: A Tutorial Memoir presents those general topics as a memoir of the author's involvement with physics and the photons of theoretical Quantum Optics, written conversationally for readers with no assumed prior exposure to science. It offers lay readers a glimpse of scientific discovery -- of how ideas become practical, as a small scientific community reconsiders its assumptions and offers the theoretical ideas that are then developed, revised, and adopted into technology for daily use. For readers who want a more detailed understanding of the theory, three substantial appendices provide tutorials that, assuming no prior familiarity, proceed from a very elementary start to basics of discrete states and abstract vector spaces; Lie groups; notions of quantum theory and the Schr繹dinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism, with wave modes that become photons, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles. The appendices can be seen as a companion to traditional textbooks on Quantum Optics.
Computation in Science (Second Edition)
In the course of only a few decades computers have revolutionized scientific research and more and more scientists are writing computer programs for doing their work. In spite of the ubiquitous use of computers in science, few researchers in the natural sciences have any schooling in computer science, software engineering, or numerical analysis. They usually acquire their computing knowledge "on the job" and often feel overwhelmed by the amount of computing knowledge they must absorb. Computation in Science provides a background in computation for scientists who use computational methods. The book explains how computing is used in the natural sciences and provides a high-level overview of relevant aspects of computer science and software engineering with a focus on concepts, results, and applications. The goal of this book is to explain these basic principles, and to show how they relate to the tasks of a scientist's daily work in a language familiar to them. Its unique feature is in connecting the dots between computational science, the theory of computation and information, and software engineering. It will compensate for the general lack of any formal training in computer science and information theory allowing readers to achieve a better understand how they use computers in their work, and how computers work. Readers will learn to use computers with more confidence, and to see computing technologies in a different light, evaluating them based on how they contribute to doing science.This new edition has been significantly updated and extended to reflect developments in scientific computing, including new examples and references. It also includes a new chapter on reproducibility which reflects the importance that computational reproducibility. Accompanied by a website maintained by the author, which hosts companion code and supplementary material, it is intended for both graduate students and experienced scientists. Some hands-on experience with computing is highly desirable, but no competence in any specific computing technology is expected.Key Features Significantly updated and enhanced, including a new chapter on reproducibility, it's one of the first books to include this in the era of the "reproducibility crisis" Updated references to include the latest research results Accessible to a broad range of physical and life scientists with no formal training in computing Written for both graduate students and experienced scientists Supported by the website http: //computation-in-science.khinsen.net/ with updates, links to useful sites and software
Utilising Biomass in Biotechnology
This book addresses the developing area of biomass for technological applications. Written by leading researchers in the field, the book differs from other literature available by providing a detailed, in-depth discussion of the characteristics of these materials. The use of biomass for technological applications is a rapidly growing area in materials engineering and green bioprocesses. In this approach, pre-treatments focus on the bioavailability of nutrients and facilitate the use of biomass for delivering byproducts (e.g. enzymes) and for bioenergy production, both of which are discussed at length in this book. In this regard, it explores various aspects of the structural complexity of residual biomass produced by agricultural, industrial and livestock activities for biotechnological purposes, and assesses both conventional and emerging pre-treatments (e.g. biological, enzymatic and physical-chemical). This book reveals the advantages of these techniques, both individually and in combination, making it an excellent resource for all readers interested in cutting-edge applications of biomass.
The Age of Wind Energy
This unique volume on wind energy features contributions from the world's leading research and development pioneers in the field of renewable energy. It discusses advances in offshore wind technology, grid-connected systems, grid stabilization and wind turbine design and highlights. Written from an international perspective, chapters focus on the status of wind energy in various regions and countries across the globe, outlining the positive impact its implementation has had on delaying the catastrophic effects of climate change.
Collimating a Newtonian Scientifically
In 2003 my partner Kathleen, proposed a bungalow with a great view of the night sky. December 2005 and one year into telescopes, the optics of the length halved again 8" Cape-Newise got me tasting my own medicine unwittingly and gladly. The confident advertising style mirrored mine for Bailey designed hi-fi speakers, making 100 in the 70's, exporting 30 to Germany. My approach has been that of being Isaac Newton through the ages, and after each advancement writing down the achievements at the eyepiece. The 3rd edition of March 2014 was still only 16 pages, 6 of which were the instructions and still are. 50 pages of interest were enabled by 2 months in a recliner chair waiting for surgery. Edition numbers change only with improvements to method. They settled down in October 2014 and the 4th edition printings began in March 2015 and have been selling an average of 6 a day at events since 2012. Intuitive adjustments, too easily fallen into, are prevented by following the instructions chapter in this book. The first 2 sentences of stage [1] and all of stage [4] work equally well for Cassegrain type in-line optics. Mirror cleaning, vetted by a mirror manufacturer, has always been included.
Pioneers of Science
This book takes its origin in a course of lectures on the history and progress of Astronomy arranged in the year 1887 by A.C.B., J.M., G.H.R.), one of whom gave the course its name.The book explains scientific facts and laws. The biographical details are compiled from all readily available sources.
Introduction to Glass Science
This book provides fundamentals to glassy state and glass transition and criteria for glass formation. Important structural models such as Continuous Random Network (CRN) model and Random Close Packing (RCP) model have been discussed. It provide introduction to the oxide glasses such as Borates, Phosphates, Vanadates, Silicates and Germanates. It also discusses important properties of Ion conductivity, Mechanical, Spectroscopic and Optical properties.
Magnetism and Accelerator-Based Light Sources
This open access book collects the contributions of the seventh school on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation held in Mittelwihr, France, from 7 to 12 October 2018. It starts with an introduction to the physics of modern X-ray sources followed by a general overview of magnetism. Next, light / matter interaction in the X-ray range is covered with emphasis on different types of angular dependence of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering. In the end, two domains where synchrotron radiation-based techniques led to new insights in condensed matter physics, namely spintronics and superconductivity, are discussed. The book is intended for advanced students and researchers to get acquaintance with the basic knowledge of X-ray light sources and to step into synchrotron-based techniques for magnetic studies in condensed matter physics or chemistry.
Secondary Electron Energy Spectroscopy in the Scanning Electron Microscope
This book deals with the subject of secondary energy spectroscopy in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM is a widely used research instrument for scientific and engineering research and its low energy scattered electrons, known as secondary electrons, are used mainly for the purpose of nanoscale topographic imaging. This book demonstrates the advantages of carrying out precision electron energy spectroscopy of its secondary electrons, in addition to them being used for imaging. The book will demonstrate how secondary electron energy spectroscopy can transform the SEM into a powerful analytical tool that can map valuable material science information to the nanoscale, superimposing it onto the instrument's normal topographic mode imaging. The book demonstrates how the SEM can then be used to quantify/identify materials, acquire bulk density of states information, capture dopant density distributions in semiconductor specimens, and map surface charge distributions.
Manhattan District History
The original contemporaneous history of the Manhattan project written by the Manhattan District team. An essential reference for anyone interested in one of the most important events of the 20th Century and indeed in human history. There is no better way to understand the past than to read the actual words of those who lived it.General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Engineer District, in late 1944 commissioned a multi-volume history of the Manhattan Project called the Manhattan District History. Prepared by multiple authors under the general editorship of Gavin Hadden, a longtime civil employee of the Army Corps of Engineers, the classified history was "intended to describe, in simple terms, easily understood by the average reader, just what the Manhattan District did, and how, when, and where." The volumes record the Manhattan Project's activities and achievements in research, design, construction, operation, and administration, assembling a vast amount of information in a systematic, readily available form. The Manhattan District History contains extensive annotations, statistical tables, charts, engineering drawings, maps, photographs, and detailed indices. Only a handful of copies of the history were prepared. The Department of Energy's Office of History and Heritage Resources is custodian of one of these copies.The history is arranged in thirty-six volumes grouped in eight books. Some of the volumes were further divided into stand-alone chapters. Several of the volumes and stand-alone chapters were never security classified. Many of the volumes and chapters were declassified at various times and were available to the public on microfilm. Parts of approximately a third of the volumes remain classified.The Office of Classification and the Office of History and Heritage Resources, in collaboration with the Department's Office of Scientific and Technical Information, have made the full-text of the entire thirty-six volume Manhattan District History available on this OpenNet website. Unclassified and declassified volumes have been scanned and posted. Classified volumes were declassified in full or with redactions, i.e., still classified terms, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs were removed and the remaining unclassified parts made available to the public. Watch for future volumes of the Manhattan District History from Nimble Books.
Close Encounters of Art and Physics
Close Encounters of Art and Physics is a voyage in time through the abstract ideas harboured in the minds of humans, starting from the graffiti art of cave dwellers and extending to the street art of contemporary men and women. In seeking parallels with science, the author looks far back to the first geometric ideas of our ancestors as well as ahead to the contemporary science of present-day physicists. The parallelism and analogies between these two fields bear witness to a real entanglement in the human brain. The second part of the book contains about 25 colour images showing the author's stunning glass artwork representing ideas such as dark matter, quantum entanglement, cellular automata and many others that are almost impossible to capture in words. Furthermore, many of the physicists who have themselves made major contributions in these fields provide their comments and analysis of the works. The book provides entertaining and informative reading, not only for practicing artists and physicists, but also anyone curious about art and physics.
Recent Research in spectroscopy and theoretical physics
This book is intended to provide new insights in different fields of Physics. The advancement of various Raman technique is elaborated and their applications are highlighted. The advancement of High Energy Physics, the physics beyond standard model is widely discussed. The physics behind antenna, the new antenna modeling protocol for low distortion as well as high signal collecting materials are discussed. The importance of nonlinear behavior of plasma components in space plasma laboratory is also studied and the new prospective of space plasma physics are emphasized. This book will be beneficial for new researchers of physics and mathematical science.
Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates
This book offers a straightforward, informative guide to the chemicals used for gas hydrate formation and inhibition, providing the reader with the latest information on the definition, structure, formation conditions, problems, and applications of gas hydrates. The authors review not only the inhibitors used to prevent or mitigate hydrate formation, but also the conditions under which it is necessary to form hydrates quickly, which require the use of promoters. Various promoters are discussed, including their specifications, functions, advantages and disadvantages. The possibility of using natural reservoirs of gas hydrate as an energy source is also considered. Lastly, due to the difficulty of conducting experiments that reflect all conditions and concentrations, the book presents a number of models that can predict the basic parameters in the presence of the chemicals. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to professionals working in this field in an industrial context, as well as to researchers, undergraduate and graduate students of chemical engineering.
Global Atmospheric Phenomena Involving Water
This book covers the role of water in global atmospheric phenomena, focussing on the physical processes involving water molecules and water microparticles. It presents the reader with a detailed look at some of the most important types of global atmospheric phenomena involving water, such as water circulation, atmospheric electricity and the greenhouse effect. Beginning with the cycle of water evaporation and condensation, and the important roles played by the nucleation and growth processes of water microdroplets, the book discusses atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon of water circulation in the atmosphere, comprising a chain of processes involving water molecules and water microdroplets. Finally, the book discusses aspects of the molecular spectroscopy of greenhouse atmospheric components, showing how water molecules and water microdroplets give the main contribution to atmospheric emission in the infrared spectrum range. Featuring numerous didactic schematics and appendices detailing all necessary unit conversion factors, this book is useful to both active researchers and doctoral students working in the fields of atmospheric physics, climate science and molecular spectroscopy.
Statistical Mechanics
In a comprehensive treatment of Statistical Mechanics from thermodynamics through the renormalization group, this book serves as the core text for a full-year graduate course in statistical mechanics at either the Masters or Ph.D. level. Each chapter contains numerous exercises, and several chapters treat special topics which can be used as the basis for student projects. The concept of scaling is introduced early and used extensively throughout the text. At the heart of the book is an extensive treatment of mean field theory, from the simplest decoupling approach, through the density matrix formalism, to self-consistent classical and quantum field theory as well as exact solutions on the Cayley tree. Proceeding beyond mean field theory, the book discusses exact mappings involving Potts models, percolation, self-avoiding walks and quenched randomness, connecting various athermal and thermal models. Computational methods such as series expansions and Monte Carlo simulations are discussed, along with exact solutions to the 1D quantum and 2D classical Ising models. The renormalization group formalism is developed, starting from real-space RG and proceeding through a detailed treatment of Wilson's epsilon expansion. Finally the subject of Kosterlitz-Thouless systems is introduced from a historical perspective and then treated by methods due to Anderson, Kosterlitz, Thouless and Young. Altogether, this comprehensive, up-to-date, and engaging text offers an ideal package for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses or for use in self study.
Interferences and Events
Computer simulations are omnipresent media in today's knowledge production. For scientific endeavors such as the detection of gravitational waves and the exploration of subatomic worlds, simulations are essential; however, the epistemic status of computer simulations is rather controversial as they are neither just theory nor just experiment. Therefore, computer simulations have challenged well-established insights and common scientific practices as well as our very understanding of knowledge. This volume contributes to the ongoing discussion on the epistemic position of computer simulations in a variety of physical disciplines, such as quantum optics, quantum mechanics, and computational physics. Originating from an interdisciplinary event, it shows that accounts of contemporary physics can constructively interfere with media theory, philosophy, and the history of science. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology
Cosmology and astroparticle physics have seen an avalanche of discoveries in the past decade (IceCube - high energy neutrinos, LIGO - gravitational waves, Fermi- gamma-ray telescope, Xenon-1T - dark matter detection, PLANCK- cosmic microwave radiation, EHT picture of black hole, SDSS -galaxy surveys), all of which require a multidisciplinary background for analyzing the phenomena. The arena for testing particle physics models is in the multimessenger astronomical observations and at the same time cosmology now requires a particle physics basis for explaining many phenomena. This book discusses the theoretical tools of particle physics and general relativity which are essential for understanding and correlating diverse astronomical observations.
Interferences and Events
Computer simulations are omnipresent media in today's knowledge production. For scientific endeavors such as the detection of gravitational waves and the exploration of subatomic worlds, simulations are essential; however, the epistemic status of computer simulations is rather controversial as they are neither just theory nor just experiment. Therefore, computer simulations have challenged well-established insights and common scientific practices as well as our very understanding of knowledge. This volume contributes to the ongoing discussion on the epistemic position of computer simulations in a variety of physical disciplines, such as quantum optics, quantum mechanics, and computational physics. Originating from an interdisciplinary event, it shows that accounts of contemporary physics can constructively interfere with media theory, philosophy, and the history of science. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Gravity’s Fatal Attraction
Richly illustrated with the images from observatories on the ground and in space, and computer simulations, this book shows how black holes were discovered, and discusses what we've learned about their nature and their role in cosmic evolution. This thoroughly updated third edition covers new discoveries made in the past decade, including the discovery of gravitational waves from merging black holes and neutron stars, the first close-up images of the region near a black hole event horizon, and observations of debris from stars torn apart when they ventured too close to a supermassive black hole. Avoiding mathematics, the authors blend theoretical arguments with observational results to demonstrate how both have contributed to the subject. Clear, explanatory illustrations and photographs reveal the strange and amazing workings of our universe. The engaging style makes this book suitable for introductory undergraduate courses, amateur astronomers, and all readers interested in astronomy and physics.
Physical (A)Causality
This book addresses the physical phenomenon of events that seem to occur spontaneously and without any known cause. These are to be contrasted with events that happen in a (pre-)determined, predictable, lawful, and causal way.All our knowledge is based on self-reflexive theorizing, as well as on operational means of empirical perception. Some of the questions that arise are the following: are these limitations reflected by our models? Under what circumstances does chance kick in? Is chance in physics merely epistemic? In other words, do we simply not know enough, or use too crude levels of description for our predictions? Or are certain events "truly", that is, irreducibly, random? The book tries to answer some of these questions by introducing intrinsic, embedded observers and provable unknowns; that is, observables and procedures which are certified (relative to the assumptions) to be unknowable or undoable. A (somewhat iconoclastic) review of quantum mechanics is presented which is inspired by quantum logic. Postulated quantum (un-)knowables are reviewed. More exotic unknowns originate in the assumption of classical continua, and in finite automata and generalized urn models, which mimic complementarity and yet maintain value definiteness. Traditional conceptions of free will, miracles and dualistic interfaces are based on gaps in an otherwise deterministic universe. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) emitted from the Sun are a major space weather hazard motivating the development of predictive capabilities. This book presents the results and findings of the HESPERIA (High Energy Solar Particle Events forecasting and Analysis) project of the EU HORIZON 2020 programme. It discusses the forecasting operational tools developed within the project, and presents progress to SEP research contributed by HESPERIA both from the observational as well as the SEP modelling perspective. Using multi-frequency observational data and simulations HESPERIA investigated the chain of processes from particle acceleration in the corona, particle transport in the magnetically complex corona and interplanetary space, to the detection near 1 AU. The book also elaborates on the unique software that has been constructed for inverting observations of relativistic SEPs to physical parameters that can be compared with space-borne measurements at lower energies. Introductory and pedagogical material included in the book make it accessible to students at graduate level and will be useful as background material for Space Physics and Space Weather courses with emphasis on Solar Energetic Particle Event Forecasting and Analysis. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Ambisonics
This open access book provides a concise explanation of the fundamentals and background of the surround sound recording and playback technology Ambisonics. It equips readers with the psychoacoustical, signal processing, acoustical, and mathematical knowledge needed to understand the inner workings of modern processing utilities, special equipment for recording, manipulation, and reproduction in the higher-order Ambisonic format. The book comes with various practical examples based on free software tools and open scientific data for reproducible research. The book's introductory section offers a perspective on Ambisonics spanning from the origins of coincident recordings in the 1930s to the Ambisonic concepts of the 1970s, as well as classical ways of applying Ambisonics in first-order coincident sound scene recording and reproduction that have been practiced since the 1980s. As, from time to time, the underlying mathematics become quite involved, but should be comprehensive without sacrificing readability, the book includes an extensive mathematical appendix. The book offers readers a deeper understanding of Ambisonic technologies, and will especially benefit scientists, audio-system and audio-recording engineers. In the advanced sections of the book, fundamentals and modern techniques as higher-order Ambisonic decoding, 3D audio effects, and higher-order recording are explained. Those techniques are shown to be suitable to supply audience areas ranging from studio-sized to hundreds of listeners, or headphone-based playback, regardless whether it is live, interactive, or studio-produced 3D audio material. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Flowing Matter
This open access book, published in the Soft and Biological Matter series, presents an introduction to selected research topics in the broad field of flowing matter, including the dynamics of fluids with a complex internal structure -from nematic fluids to soft glasses- as well as active matter and turbulent phenomena. Flowing matter is a subject at the crossroads between physics, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology and earth sciences, and relies on a multidisciplinary approach to describe the emergence of the macroscopic behaviours in a system from the coordinated dynamics of its microscopic constituents. Depending on the microscopic interactions, an assembly of molecules or of mesoscopic particles can flow like a simple Newtonian fluid, deform elastically like a solid or behave in a complex manner. When the internal constituents are active, as for biological entities, one generally observes complex large-scale collective motions. Phenomenology is further complicated by the invariable tendency of fluids to display chaos at the large scales or when stirred strongly enough. This volume presents several research topics that address these phenomena encompassing the traditional micro-, meso-, and macro-scales descriptions, and contributes to our understanding of the fundamentals of flowing matter. This book is the legacy of the COST Action MP1305 "Flowing Matter". This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Mechanics for Engineers
A cornerstone of British engineering education, Arthur Morley's Mechanics For Engineers stands as a bridge between foundational study and advanced mastery. Precision matters. This intermediate engineering guide distils the essential mechanical engineering principles and applied mechanics concepts that have shaped generations of problem-solvers. Morley's clarity, combined with rigorous structural analysis techniques, makes this volume an indispensable engineering students resource and a trusted academic reference material. First published in the early twentieth century, this classic text captures the spirit of a formative era in engineering, when innovation met discipline and theory was honed by practice. Its pages reflect not only the standards of its time but also a timeless approach to engineering problem-solving. Collectors of engineering classics and students alike will appreciate the insight into historical methods, as well as the enduring relevance of Morley's approach. Republished by Alpha Editions in a careful modern edition, this volume preserves the spirit of the original while making it effortless to enjoy today - a heritage title prepared for readers and collectors alike. For anyone seeking a window into the evolution of mechanical engineering, or a reliable companion for study and reference, Mechanics For Engineers remains both a cultural treasure and a practical guide.
