Electroweak Theory
The electroweak theory unifies two basic forces of nature: the weak force and electromagnetism. This is a concise introduction to the structure of the electroweak theory and its applications. It describes the structure and properties of field theories with global and local symmetries, leading to the standard model. It describes the particles and processes predicted by the theory, and compares them with experimental results. It also covers neutral currents, the properties of W and Z bosons, the properties of quarks and mesons containing heavy quarks, neutrino oscillations, CP-asymmetries in K, D, and B meson decays, and the search for Higgs particles. Each chapter contains problems to supplement the text, stemming from the author's long teaching experience. This will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in elementary particle physics. Originally published in 2007, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Nuclear Superfluidity
Nuclear Superfluidity is a monograph devoted exclusively to pair correlations in nuclei. It begins by exploring pair correlations in a variety of systems including superconductivity in metals at low temperatures and superfluidity in liquid 3He and in neutron stars. The book goes on to introduce basic theoretical methods, symmetry breaking and symmetry restoration in finite many-body systems. The last few chapters are devoted to introducing results on the role of induced interactions in the structure of both normal and exotic nuclei. The most important of these is the renormalization of the pairing interaction due to the coupling of pairs of nucleons to low energy nuclear collective excitations. This book will be essential reading for researchers and students in experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, and related research fields such as metal clusters, fullerenes and quantum dots. This 2005 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Nonlinear Field Theories and Unexplained Phenomena in Nature
The book is devoted to several topical questions in modern mathematical and theoretical physics, astrophysics, geophysics, and cosmology that remain unsolved within the framework of the standard approaches. To them, one can attribute unexplained properties of the magnetic fields of stars and planets, puzzles of the Earth's atmosphere, the phenomenon of ball lightning, the problem of a qualitative description for nuclear forces and their well-known property of saturation, enigmatic properties of spiral galaxies, the problem of the cosmological singularity, mysteries of the dark matter and dark energy, amongst others. To find theoretical ways for understanding such phenomena, new nonlinear generalizations of the classical field theories and advanced methods to solve nonlinear equations arising in them are studied and presented in this book.
Smell, Taste, Eat: The Role of the Chemical Senses in Eating Behaviour
This edited collection synthesises recent research into smell and taste and relates it to eating behaviour. Olfaction - the sense of smell - together with taste are known as the 'chemical senses' and are the oldest sensory system. It is paradoxical then that our knowledge (especially psychological) about these two systems remains far behind that of vision and audition. Nevertheless, the past twenty years has seen a significant increase in our understanding of these sensory systems and the contributors to this book, many of whom helped to reveal key findings in this research domain, explore theories which attempt to explain appetite control, associative odour learning and multisensory perception, among others. It further brings the reader up to date on the current state of knowledge on disordered eating and olfactory disorders. Finally, it bridges across different academic disciplines to reveal the importance of the chemical senses in indigenous people in Guyana.
Time and Science (In 3 Volumes)
Prominent scientists and philosophers of science address contemporary debates on the nature of Time. Their contributions freely discuss its unity and reality, its compatibility with the orders of classical philosophy (present, past and future) and with the disputed idea of free will (Volume 1). They also present a detailed and updated state of the role of Time in the so-called exact sciences: biology - or more precisely genetics, evolution, neurosciences, natural and artificial intelligence (Volume 2), and physics - relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum gravity, and cosmology (Volume 3).
Time and Science (In 3 Volumes)
Prominent scientists and philosophers of science address contemporary debates on the nature of Time. Their contributions freely discuss its unity and reality, its compatibility with the orders of classical philosophy (present, past and future) and with the disputed idea of free will (Volume 1). They also present a detailed and updated state of the role of Time in the so-called exact sciences: biology -- or more precisely genetics, evolution, neurosciences, natural and artificial intelligence (Volume 2), and physics -- relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum gravity, and cosmology (Volume 3).
Time and Science (In 3 Volumes)
Prominent scientists and philosophers of science address contemporary debates on the nature of Time. Their contributions freely discuss its unity and reality, its compatibility with the orders of classical philosophy (present, past and future) and with the disputed idea of free will (Volume 1). They also present a detailed and updated state of the role of Time in the so-called exact sciences: biology - or more precisely genetics, evolution, neurosciences, natural and artificial intelligence (Volume 2), and physics - relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum gravity, and cosmology (Volume 3).
Group Theory
This book deals with the role played by symmetry in the understanding of the physical world, beginning with the notion of geometric symmetries of the ancient Greek philosophers and mathematicians. The recognition of the existence of symmetries led to the notion of transformations, which led from one state of the system to another. It was then realized that such transformations, under the operation of multiplication, constitute an interesting set, whose study led to the branch of mathematics known as Group Theory. With the emergence of quantum mechanics, this theory became much more interesting and led to some additional applications. The theory got another boost with the need for of the internal degrees of freedom in describing physical systems. This way the notion of symmetry is no longer purely geometric and evolved into a useful tool in the study of all physical sciences.For practical reasons as well as pedagogical reasons, group theory is usually split into two parts. The first deals with discrete groups, with the group elements being countable, usually finite in number, while the second deals with continuous groups, whose elements depend on continuous parameters. This volumefocuses the discussion on discrete groups. Given that group theory should be presented from a unified perspective, involving not only the mathematical rigor and beauty of symmetries, but also the ability to use it as a tool for applications, either currently popular or expected to become so in the future, this approach will surely be more beneficial to the dedicated reader. It is not intended for those who would like to just look up a formula or use the results of a table, without understanding their derivation.
Tourism In India
The Title 'Tourism In India written by V. K. Gupta' was published in the year 2013. The ISBN number 9788121201247 is assigned to the Hardcover version of this title. This book has total of pp. 198 (Pages). The publisher of this title is Gyan Publishing House. This Book is in English. The subject of this book is Tourism, India is a treasure of natural surroundings, scenic beauties, historical monuments, hill ranges, pilgrimage places, colourful picnic spots etc. In this study the author has given
Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information (Volume I)
The specter of information is haunting sciences. With these words, Wojciech H. Zurek invited fellow scientists to attend the 1989 Santa Fe Institute workshop on which this proceedings volume is based. Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, the quantum theory of measurement, the physics of computation, dynamical systems, molecular biology, and computer science-information remains central to the 32 essays collected in this new edition of Complexity, Entropy & the Physics of Information.Like the original meeting, this two-volume reprint explores the connections between quantum and classical physics, information and its transfer, computation, and their significance for the formulation of physical theories. A newly written introduction from attendee Seth Lloyd contextualizes the significance of this record of a meeting that marked the intersection of information, physics, complexity, and computation.
Complexity, Entropy & the Physics of Information (Volume II)
The specter of information is haunting sciences. With these words, Wojciech H. Zurek invited fellow scientists to attend the 1989 Santa Fe Institute workshop on which this proceedings volume is based. Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, the quantum theory of measurement, the physics of computation, dynamical systems, molecular biology, and computer science-information remains central to the 32 essays collected in this new edition of Complexity, Entropy & the Physics of Information.Like the original meeting, this two-volume reprint explores the connections between quantum and classical physics, information and its transfer, computation, and their significance for the formulation of physical theories. A newly written introduction from attendee Seth Lloyd contextualizes the significance of this record of a meeting that marked the intersection of information, physics, complexity, and computation.
The Component
In this book, the author proposes a dozen strategies that run in parallel to establish Another Normal and demonstrates the inevitable data-driven techno-social architecture of the physically built environment and the metaverse.
Cultural Astronomy in Latin America
This book provides a unique view of Astronomy in Culture, Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy involving ancient civilizations in Latin America, emphasizing scientific and cultural knowledge combined with historical, cognitive, archaeological and anthropological aspects. Topics covered in the book include different associations of ancient civilizations with the stars and planets, whether in farming, architecture, social organization, beliefs, myths, religion, metric systems, calendar construction, shrines, and variations in astronomical research methods based on the types of material evidence available. Special attention is paid to the war cycles associated with observed celestial events, day-counting calendars, including movements in the sky and written evidences from codices, and in particular the Andean and Inca traditions of astronomically associated shrines, caves and celestial alignments of monuments and temples.
Mechanics and Geometry of Enriched Continua
This monograph presents a comprehensive and rigorous new framework for the theoretical description and modelling of enriched continua. In other words, continua that exhibit more complex behaviour than their conventional counterparts and, in particular, multicomponent systems. It employs gradient theories, exhibiting multiple transition layers described by phase fields. As a point of departure, we account for multiple continuum kinematic processes, including motion and various phase fields. These gradient theories arise by considering various kinematic processes which are tightly linked to the level of the arbitrariness of the Euler-Cauchy cuts. The surface defining the Euler-Cauchy cut may lose its smoothness along a curve, and the curve may also lose its smoothness at a point. Additionally, we postulate the principle of virtual power on surfaces. Then, the first and second laws of thermodynamics with the power balance provide suitable and consistent choices for the constitutive equations. Finally, the complementary balances, namely the balances on surfaces, are tailored to coincide with different parts of the boundaries of the body. These surface balances are then called environmental surface balances and aid in determining suitable and consistent boundary conditions. Ultimately, the environmental surface power balance is relaxed to yield an environmental surface imbalance of powers, rendering a more general type of boundary condition. A detailed introduction sets the scene for the mathematical chapters that follow, ensuring that graduate students and newcomers can profit from the material presented.
Numerical Methods in Physics with Python
Bringing together idiomatic Python programming, foundational numerical methods, and physics applications, this is an ideal standalone textbook for courses on computational physics. All the frequently used numerical methods in physics are explained, including foundational techniques and hidden gems on topics such as linear algebra, differential equations, root-finding, interpolation, and integration. The second edition of this introductory book features several new codes and 140 new problems (many on physics applications), as well as new sections on the singular-value decomposition, derivative-free optimization, Bayesian linear regression, neural networks, and partial differential equations. The last section in each chapter is an in-depth project, tackling physics problems that cannot be solved without the use of a computer. Written primarily for students studying computational physics, this textbook brings the non-specialist quickly up to speed with Python before looking in detail at the numerical methods often used in the subject.
Urban Energy and Climate: Prospects for a Sustainable Transition
With the continuous migration of people towards metropolitan areas in search of employment, the demands for core services and energy, coupled with an increasing awareness of the impact of climate change, have placed the management and planning of global urban energy under a lot of pressure. Trends toward urban energy service transformations that offer greater affordability, reliability, efficiency and adaptability provide hope for a global sustainable future. At the same time, there are also limits to these transitions, as well as risks involved. For example, on one end of the spectrum, our urban energy future includes land use sprawl, high fossil fuel use, pollution, and unhealthy urban conditions. On the other side of this transition spectrum is more energy choices, and healthier, more livable cities, along with less energy use and fewer greenhouse gas emissions. What the future might hold for transforming the world's cities depends upon an understanding of the risks of current trajectories and the opportunities for and limitations to developing sustainable urban energy systems.This edited volume brings together leading experts on the prospects and challenges of urban energy innovation and on related-economic, social and environmental sustainability transitions. The focus of the volume is on multidisciplinary reviews, research informing technologies and policies for sustainability, and analytical insights addressing rapid urbanization and changes across a diverse typology of global cities. The volume will include an overview of the current state of urban energy systems. It will also document and evaluate urban energy prospects for a sustainable, resilient future.
Numerical Methods in Physics with Python
Bringing together idiomatic Python programming, foundational numerical methods, and physics applications, this is an ideal standalone textbook for courses on computational physics. All the frequently used numerical methods in physics are explained, including foundational techniques and hidden gems on topics such as linear algebra, differential equations, root-finding, interpolation, and integration. The second edition of this introductory book features several new codes and 140 new problems (many on physics applications), as well as new sections on the singular-value decomposition, derivative-free optimization, Bayesian linear regression, neural networks, and partial differential equations. The last section in each chapter is an in-depth project, tackling physics problems that cannot be solved without the use of a computer. Written primarily for students studying computational physics, this textbook brings the non-specialist quickly up to speed with Python before looking in detail at the numerical methods often used in the subject.
Superforce
From Simon & Schuster, Superforce is Paul Davies' latest work that searches for a grand unified theory of nature. Superforce explains how recent discoveries in physics and the new cosmology have transformed concepts of the physical world by linking space, time, matter, force, creation, order, and mind into the ultimate scientific theory.
Artificial Intelligence for Space: Ai4space
This book helps to enrich the knowledge of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across the value chain in the space-related domains. Advancements of AI and Machine Learning have impactfully supported the space sector transformation as it is shown in the book.
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics in Physics and Astrophysics
This textbook provides an accessible and self-contained introduction to the physics behind fluid dynamics; exploring the laws of nature describing three out of four fundamental states of matter (liquids, gases, and plasmas).
Instabilities in Field Theory
This book presents the most common types of instabilities arising in classical field theories, namely tachyonic, Laplacian, ghost-like or strong coupling instabilities, also commenting on their quantum implications. The authors provide a detailed account on the Ostrogradski theorem and its implications for higher-order time-derivative field theories. After presenting the general concepts and formalism, they dive into its applications to particular field theories, using mainly modified gravity theories as examples. The book is intended for advanced undergraduate/graduate students, but can also be useful for researchers, for having a unified exposition of general results on instabilities in field theory and examples of their applications.
Nobel Prizes in Astronomy
Written in an accessible style, this unique book aims at describing the Nobel prize winning works in astronomy to readers who only have a background of high school physics. It gives a glimpse of the work done by those prize-winning astronomers at the forefront of research and the state-of-the-art techniques used for that, to an interested reader. There have been 11 years when Nobel prizes in physics have been given to astronomers. These award-winning works cover almost the entire subject of astronomy, starting from stellar structure all the way to cosmology. The prizes have been divided in 7 categories which are described in 7 chapters. For each prize a brief biography of the winner(s) is given first. The subject of the award is put into context and the reader is reminded of all the basic concepts needed for understanding the work before, finally, the prize-winning work is described. This enjoyable book will give the interested reader an excellent overview of the highlights and development of astronomy of the 20th and early 21st century.
Power Transmission System Analysis Against Faults and Attacks
This book deals with the methods of assessment of the grid network vulnerability and addresses the grid collapse problem due to cascaded failures of the transmission network following an attack or an unplanned contingency. It discusses basic mitigation aspects for the network and immunity of such a power transmission network.
Machine Learning for Physics and Astronomy
A hands-on introduction to machine learning and its applications to the physical sciences As the size and complexity of data continue to grow exponentially across the physical sciences, machine learning is helping scientists to sift through and analyze this information while driving breathtaking advances in quantum physics, astronomy, cosmology, and beyond. This incisive textbook covers the basics of building, diagnosing, optimizing, and deploying machine learning methods to solve research problems in physics and astronomy, with an emphasis on critical thinking and the scientific method. Using a hands-on approach to learning, Machine Learning for Physics and Astronomy draws on real-world, publicly available data as well as examples taken directly from the frontiers of research, from identifying galaxy morphology from images to identifying the signature of standard model particles in simulations at the Large Hadron Collider.Introduces readers to best practices in data-driven problem-solving, from preliminary data exploration and cleaning to selecting the best method for a given taskEach chapter is accompanied by Jupyter Notebook worksheets in Python that enable students to explore key conceptsIncludes a wealth of review questions and quizzesIdeal for advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in STEM disciplines such as physics, computer science, engineering, and applied mathematicsAccessible to self-learners with a basic knowledge of linear algebra and calculusSlides and assessment questions (available only to instructors)
Stellar Evolution
Stellar Evolution describes the origin of a star during its course of time. Every star has its lifetime, and it takes many more years to die. The star has been made up of dust and clouds especially helium and hydrogen gases. The primary objective of writing this book is to provide basic knowledge of the process of stellar evolution. The readers can easily understand the life of a star from its origin to death. The book completely provides the facts and information regarding the stars, and planets and explained the conceptual theories. The book is based on theoretical explanations of the facts provided by the scientist.
Orion Star Gates
What is Heaven like? Many have had Out of Body Death Experiences and Describe Heaven with the Most Pleasant of Sights, Smells, Animals, Scenery, etc. But in terms of its Structure, how is it Configured? What Measurement Standard is being used? Are there Clues as to how it is Configured and what are its Dimensions, perhaps? Yes. Biblically Speaking, the Bible do provide a Patchwork of Data Points that this Book will seek to Investigate and Present as Evidence. This Book is a Compilation Book of many Articles on this Subject that will be based in the Context of a Biblical World View and Filter. But primarily the Working Thesis, is that Heaven, wherever that may be, is Configured to the Orion Constellation Outline and Motif. And that Primarily, at the Core of Heaven, there are 3 Main Structures that Triangulate with each other Correspond to the GOD-Head. The Hypothesis is that this Original is then Mirrored on other Levels or Planes of Existence or even Dimensions. The 1st Level is Heaven itself. Then there is the Heavenlies or the Cosmic, wherein Orion is situated as the Template. Lastly, the Motif is Replicated on Earth, as it is in Heaven, and even on other Planets, such as Mars, This Book will bring these Triangulations out for Consideration. So, why is this Orion Pattern and Mars Triangulation found on Earth? One is only providing Circumstantial Evidence from what can be Discerned on Earth, mainly using the Triangulation found on most Ancient Sacred Sites. One has used Google Earth to verify over 400 Earth Sacred Sites, that have such a similar Triangulation. What one has done is to then Reverse Engineer the 2 Levels being Mirrored on Earth, to Substantiate the 3rd Level, to be found, perhaps in Heaven itself. This takes into consideration the Orion Template on Earth, then the 3 Temple Triangulation on Cydonia, Mars, then in in the Orion Constellation to Surmise that, perhaps, Heaven itself is configured to. The Primary Clue will be Jerusalem. Why? It is where the Name of the Creator, YHVH, has placed His Name on Earth. And if the Logic would follow, if the Earthly Jerusalem is Laid-Out like Orion, and the Heavy Jerusalem is what the Earthly one is Mirrored to, then this is what the Book will present, as only Possible Inference to consider and study that it could very well be the case.
Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics
The properties and effects of flows are important in many areas of science and engineering - their prediction can be achieved through analytical, experimental and computational fluid mechanics. In this essential, Karim Ghaib introduces computational fluid dynamics. After an overview of mathematical principles, the author formulates the conservation equations of fluid mechanics and explains turbulence models. He describes the most important numerical methods and then gives types and evaluation criteria of computational meshes. This essential book is thus recommended to both the beginner and the user in the field of computational fluid dynamics.
Anatomy of an Airplane
Take a trip on an airliner while learning about the aircraft and the systems that make them fly. Here we provide an insight into the inner workings of the aircraft we fly on. Useful information for passengers, Aircrew, and aviation maintenance students alike.
Quantitative Sustainability
This open access book focuses on how scientific methodologies can help industrial managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers handle the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in an efficient and realistic way. It also offers an operative scheme for scientists to overcome their discipline barriers. Is interdisciplinarity an intrinsic research value or is it merely instrumental for handling the increasing flux of open problems that sustainability poses to science?Can these problems of sustainability be solved with what the authors already know? Is it just a matter of having the right people at the table and giving them sufficient resources, or is it something more? Is meeting the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations a scientific definition of sustainable development? Questions similar to those posed in the sixties regarding complexity must be asked about sustainability today. In addition, the new data science includes powerful tools for making novelquantitative predictions about future sustainability indicators, an open problem that the book discusses. This book is primarily addressed to Ph.D. students, postdocs and senior researchers in the Life and Hard Science (LHS) and Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) disciplines, as well as professionals of the primary, secondary and tertiary industrial sectors.
Quantum Mechanics in Nanoscience and Engineering
Quantum Mechanics in Nanoscience and Engineering covers both elementary and advanced quantum mechanics within a coherent and self-contained framework. Undergraduate students of physics, chemistry and engineering will find comprehensive coverage of their introductory quantum mechanics courses, and graduate students will gain an understanding of additional tools and concepts necessary to describe real world phenomena. Each topic presented is first motivated by an experimental technique, phenomenon or concept derived directly from the realm of nanoscience and technology. The machinery of quantum mechanics is described and reinforced through the perspective of nanoscale phenomena, and in this manner practical and fundamental questions are raised and answered. The main text remains fluent and accessible by leaving technical details and mathematical proofs to guided exercises. Introductory readers may overlook these exercises, while rigorous students can benefit from reading the guidance or solving the exercises in full to strengthen and consolidate their understanding of the material.
Quantitative Sustainability
This open access book focuses on how scientific methodologies can help industrial managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers handle the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in an efficient and realistic way. It also offers an operative scheme for scientists to overcome their discipline barriers. Is interdisciplinarity an intrinsic research value or is it merely instrumental for handling the increasing flux of open problems that sustainability poses to science?Can these problems of sustainability be solved with what the authors already know? Is it just a matter of having the right people at the table and giving them sufficient resources, or is it something more? Is meeting the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations a scientific definition of sustainable development? Questions similar to those posed in the sixties regarding complexity must be asked about sustainability today. In addition, the new data science includes powerful tools for making novelquantitative predictions about future sustainability indicators, an open problem that the book discusses. This book is primarily addressed to Ph.D. students, postdocs and senior researchers in the Life and Hard Science (LHS) and Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) disciplines, as well as professionals of the primary, secondary and tertiary industrial sectors.
Science of time and the theory of everything revised edition
It is a miracle. I have studied on my own. A good and informative book on Vedas. Astrology and astronomy genetic theory in detail start of the universe to the end of the universe and again the start of the universe and its end and again and again at the same place in space and time (yoga) (sum of numbers) at the same time at the same place- a moment of nanosecond per earthly second- per solar second- per galactic second- per 18712080864000000 years as 1/4th seen and 3/4th unseen collapsed mass, collapsed time oscillating second forward and backward in time that's gravity. Cyclic many world theory that explains the theory of everything. Yoga is not an acrobatics of the mind. It is accompanied by a mantra. A mantra is a burst of the mind. It is the field of the soul. The soul is inside the mind. There was nothing in the beginning. Other than Him nothing existed. He breathed calmly. A movement is natural from subatomic particles to solar time scale to galactic time scale. Yoga is a mantra that joins with a mind that is with a soul. Yoga is a natural event joining the soul with the mind. Frequency is the sum of numbers. Numbers speak with numbers. This is the secret of the mind. Yoga is all and everything. It is not acrobatics of the mind. This proves mind, matter (frequency) and time is non-dual holistically synchronized with the genetic drive retaining the same word and the same meaning.
The Climate Debt
Climate warming and disorder are the consequence of a free trade economic growth model that has failed to anticipate its physical impact on the environment. This failure reveals a lack of interaction between economists and scientists, long separated from an academic standpoint.The separation is artificial. This book shows that the free trade concept of David Ricardo and that of the Sadi Carnot thermodynamic cycle, both developed at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, are amazingly close to each other. The analogy between the two cycles helps understand the fundamental mechanism of free trade. Irreversible processes, such as the release of CO₂ by fossil fuel burning, have increased the Boltzmann entropy level. It has generated climate warming and disorder, a phenomenon accelerated by a growth model largely based on delocalization of industrial production to low wage countries. Major irreversible phenomena such as melting of all arctic ice including the Greenland ice sheets can be expected within 1000 years that can only be avoided by active removal of atmospheric CO₂, whose cost can be calculated based on the entropy laws of Clausius and Boltzmann.
Torsion-Gravity and Spinors in Fundamental Theoretical Physics
Einstein's theory of gravitation is perhaps one of the best-established theories ever conceived. However, it is based on the hypothesis that space-time carries curvature alone, leaving torsion out. Because torsion is a natural part of the most general geometric background in which Einstein gravity is built, it is all too natural that the torsional completion of gravity should be considered. Constructing an underlying stage in which both curvature and torsion are present, the fact that curvature couples with energy suggests that torsion may couple with spin, which is the other conserved quantity in quantum field theory. Torsion-gravity with spinning matter is, therefore, a complete and self-consistent setting for modern physics, with potential applications wherever spin effects may be important, stretching from quantum mechanics to the standard models of particle physics and early cosmology. However, this fact is not as present in today's literature as it might be. The scope of the present collection of papers is to consolidate the wisdom of various experts in the field so as to clarify the present status of torsion in gravity and spin in quantum field theory.
The Climate Debt
Climate warming and disorder are the consequence of a free trade economic growth model that has failed to anticipate its physical impact on the environment. This failure reveals a lack of interaction between economists and scientists, long separated from an academic standpoint.The separation is artificial. This book shows that the free trade concept of David Ricardo and that of the Sadi Carnot thermodynamic cycle, both developed at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, are amazingly close to each other. The analogy between the two cycles helps understand the fundamental mechanism of free trade. Irreversible processes, such as the release of CO₂ by fossil fuel burning, have increased the Boltzmann entropy level. It has generated climate warming and disorder, a phenomenon accelerated by a growth model largely based on delocalization of industrial production to low wage countries. Major irreversible phenomena such as melting of all arctic ice including the Greenland ice sheets can be expected within 1000 years that can only be avoided by active removal of atmospheric CO₂, whose cost can be calculated based on the entropy laws of Clausius and Boltzmann.
Liquid Crystals in Photovoltaics
This book explores why the properties of liquid crystals make them ideal for use in photovoltaic applications. It achieves this by presenting a description of the properties of liquid crystals and how their electronic properties compare to that of polymers used in organic photovoltaics. It explores how the type of liquid crystal chosen can help in improving the efficiency of the photovoltaics. It compares experimental and theoretical ways in which the efficiency is directly or indirectly estimated between the organic photovoltaics and the organic photovoltaics that contain a liquid crystal. It first introduces liquid crystals and their different varieties, before reviewing their electronic transfer properties and how they can improve efficiency. It is an ideal text for graduate students and young researches considering entering the area of photovoltaics - specifically, organic photovoltaics - who do not yet have knowledge of this field. Introduces the field of liquid crystals and provides basic information to those new to the field, in a concise and visual manner Describes which characteristics of a liquid crystal are most advantageous to use in photovoltaics Provides basic knowledge of photovoltaics for those who do not have previous knowledge of how they behave electronically
Methane Production Guide - how to make biogas. Three simple anaerobic digesters
Methane or biogas is a colourless, odourless, flammable gas and the main constituent, 85% to 90%, of the piped natural gas that we use in our homes in the UK, Europe and the USA.Methane can be made using simple apparatus and a process known as anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is one of the most common biological procedures in nature, as the name implies, it means to carry or breakdown in the absence of air. Once you know the principles of this process it is possible to make biogas in small or large quantities from a variety of waste materials. The book describes making an anaerobic digester using an oil drum and a rubber inner tube as the gas storage vessel as well as a larger continuous digester. The book also contains diagrams, list of materials and websites for further reading.The gas produced can be used for cooking and heating and even for running a gas engine.
The Collected Writings of Edward Leedskalnin
The Collected Writings of Edward Leedskalnin is a compilation of two of Leedskalnin's works, Magnetic Current and A Book in Every Home. This eccentric sculptor and amateur scientist devoted most of his life to creating a large complex of megalithic stones that he quarried and carved himself. Edward Leedskalnin was born in Latvia in 1887. Although he only received formal education up to the fourth grade, he was very inquisitive and spent a large part of his youth reading. He was said to be a sickly boy and grew into a small man-reportedly measuring just 5 feet tall and weighing 100 lbs. At age 26, he was engaged to marry a 16-year-old girl named Agnes Skuvst, but the wedding was called off. Accounts differ, some claiming the wedding was canceled the day before it was scheduled and others saying that Leedskalnin was jilted at the altar. Regardless, he was heartbroken and shortly after emigrated to America. After reaching New York in 1912, he continued on to Oregon where he worked for an ax-handle manufacturer. By 1923, he had contracted tuberculosis. The illness prompted him to move to a warmer climate for his health. He chose Florida, where he purchased an undeveloped acre of land in Florida City. It was on this modest plot that he began Rock Gate (later renamed Coral Castle). This ambitious project involved extracting enormous pieces of oolite stone from his land, moving them into position, and carving them-entirely alone. The pieces include sculptures and carved stone furniture, as well as a two-story tower that served as his living quarters. The project was devoted to his "Sweet Sixteen," the woman who had rejected him many years earlier.Due to the scale of the project, some have dubbed it "Florida's Stonehenge." While it's unclear how Leedskalnin was able to complete it, it is all the more impressive considering his small stature and questionable health. When he wasn't hewing or carving stone, Leedskalnin was also conducting experiments and writing. His first published work was a pamphlet titled A Book in Every Home, published in 1936. The book is divided into three parts, with the first section focusing on Leedskalnin's views on relationships and education. In the second section, Leedskalnin offers his opinions on domestic arrangements and the raising of children. And in the third, he shares his views on voting and the role of government, advocating that "the weaklings" should not be allowed to vote. Leedskalnin also spent two years testing magnets and recording his findings from Rock Gate. These experiments would form the basis of Magnetic Current, published in 1945. In the book, Leedskalnin argues that electricity and magnetism are not separate phenomena but are instead two aspects of the same fundamental force, which he calls "magnetic current." He also proposes a new model of atomic structure and suggests that the fundamental particles of matter are tiny magnets that are constantly in motion.Leedskalnin presents a variety of experiments throughout the book, many of which involve the manipulation of magnetic fields using simple items like various magnets, car batteries, light bulbs, and coils of wire. He believed that his discoveries could provide insights into the mysteries of the universe, including the relative positions of the celestial bodies.Both works demonstrate Leedskalnin's unique view of the world and his eccentric personality. While some of his ideas may be seen as outdated or controversial, the books offer an intriguing glimpse into the mind of a self-taught philosopher and inventor who had a unique perspective on the world around him.
Ad Astra per Aspera et per Ludum - European Archaeoastronomy and the Orientation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin
The study of astronomy in ancient societies is becoming ever more popular among archaeologists as is reflected in this collection of twelve papers been taken from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Eighth Annual Meeting held in Thessaloniki in 2002. It becomes clear that astronomy is considered as an important motivation for the construction of many monuments across the ancient world. Divided into three sections, the contributions discuss archaeological, and astronomical, evidence from ancient Egypt, prehistoric and Hellenic Europe and, in one paper only, Mesoamerica. In addition to examining specific monuments, sites and buildings, the papers discuss what these reveal about the cosmology and technical ability of a range of cultures. Supported throughout by astronomical diagrams.
Semiconducting Polymers
Semiconducting polymers are of great interest for applications in electroluminescent devices, solar cells, batteries, and diodes. This volume provides a thorough introduction to the basic concepts of the photophysics of semiconducting polymers as well as a description of the principal polymerization methods for luminescent polymers. Divided into two main sections, the book first introduces the advances made in polymer synthesis and then goes on to focus on the photophysics aspects, also exploring how new advances in the area of controlled syntheses of semiconducting polymers are applied. An understanding of the photophysics process in this kind of material requires some knowledge of many different terms in this field, so a chapter on the basic concepts is included. The process that occurs in semiconducting polymers spans time scales that are unimaginably fast, sometimes less than a picosecond. To appreciate this extraordinary scale, it is necessary to learn a range of vocabularies and concepts that stretch from the basic concepts of photophysics to modern applications, such as electroluminescent devices, solar cells, batteries, and diodes. This book provides a starting point for a broadly based understanding of photophysics concepts applied in understanding semiconducting polymers, incorporating critical ideas from across the scientific spectrum.
The Probability Integral
This book tells the story of the probability integral, the approaches to analyzing it throughout history, and the many areas of science where it arises. The so-called probability integral, the integral over the real line of a Gaussian function, occurs ubiquitously in mathematics, physics, engineering and probability theory. Stubbornly resistant to the undergraduate toolkit for handling integrals, calculating its value and investigating its properties occupied such mathematical luminaries as De Moivre, Laplace, Poisson, and Liouville. This book introduces the probability integral, puts it into a historical context, and describes the different approaches throughout history to evaluate and analyze it. The author also takes entertaining diversions into areas of math, science, and engineering where the probability integral arises: as well as being indispensable to probability theory and statistics, it also shows up naturally in thermodynamics and signal processing. Designed to be accessible to anyone at the undergraduate level and above, this book will appeal to anyone interested in integration techniques, as well as historians of math, science, and statistics.
Astronomy and Society in Britain during the period 4000-1500 B.C.
Neutron Star Astrophysics at the Crossroads (Iau S363)
This volume, the proceedings of IAU Symposium 363, addresses the astrophysical implications of gravitational wave and electromagnetic observations of neutron stars. It covers the state of the art understanding of mergers of binary neutron stars producing short gamma-ray bursts, and the most powerfully magnetic varieties of neutron stars, magnetars. Encapsulating both observations and modelling, the contributions address extreme transient events including kilonovae, afterglows, magnetar giant flares, and fast radio bursts. By exploring the intersection of studies of isolated neutron stars and binary system synthesis and merging, this collection sets the scene for interpreting exciting results pertaining to powerful x-ray, gamma-ray, and gravitational wave transients to be acquired in the next decade and beyond. IAU S363 will be an asset for astronomers seeking a broad and interdisciplinary overview of neutron stars, their gravitational waves and electromagnetic emission.
Spectral Measures and Dynamics: Typical Behaviors
This book convenes and deepens generic results about spectral measures, many of them available so far in scattered literature. It starts with classic topics such as Wiener lemma, Strichartz inequality, and the basics of fractal dimensions of measures, progressing to more advanced material, some of them developed by the own authors.A fundamental concept to the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics, the spectral measure relates to the components of the quantum state concerning the energy levels of the Hamiltonian operator and, on the other hand, to the dynamics of such state. However, these correspondences are not immediate, with many nuances and subtleties discovered in recent years.A valuable example of such subtleties is found in the so-called "Wonderland theorem" first published by B. Simon in 1995. It shows that, for some metric space of self-adjoint operators, the set of operators whose spectral measures are singularcontinuous is a generic set (which, for some, is exotic). Recent works have revealed that, on top of singular continuity, there are other generic properties of spectral measures. These properties are usually associated with a number of different notions of generalized dimensions, upper and lower dimensions, with dynamical implications in quantum mechanics, ergodicity of dynamical systems, and evolution semigroups. All this opens ways to new and instigating avenues of research.Graduate students with a specific interest in the spectral properties of spectral measure are the primary target audience for this work, while researchers benefit from a selection of important results, many of them presented in the book format for the first time.
C*-Algebras and Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Statistical Mechanics
This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the mathematical foundations of quantum statistical physics. It presents a conceptually profound yet technically accessible path to the C*-algebraic approach to quantum statistical mechanics, demonstrating how key aspects of thermodynamic equilibrium can be derived as simple corollaries of classical results in convex analysis. Using C*-algebras as examples of ordered vector spaces, this book makes various aspects of C*-algebras and their applications to the mathematical foundations of quantum theory much clearer from both mathematical and physical perspectives. It begins with the simple case of Gibbs states on matrix algebras and gradually progresses to a more general setting that considers the thermodynamic equilibrium of infinitely extended quantum systems. The book also illustrates how first-order phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking can occur, in contrast to the finite-dimensional situation. One of the unique features of this book is its thorough and clear treatment of the theory of equilibrium states of quantum mean-field models. This work is self-contained and requires only a modest background in analysis, topology, and functional analysis from the reader. It is suitable for both mathematicians and physicists with a specific interest in quantum statistical physics.
Quantum and Optoelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems
The fields of quantum electronics (e.g., quantum dots and superconducting circuits) and optoelectronics have garnered much interest in the past few years. They deal with quantum and optical platforms in combination with electronic and condensed matter systems, which may serve as building blocks for a plethora of applications in quantum computing and optical technology.In this reprint, we reprint the articles of the Special Issue "Quantum and Optoelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems", published in Electronics (MDPI).
