Leningrad Mathematical Olympiads (1961-1991)
This book covers thirty years of the Leningrad Mathematical Olympiad, which was, ostensibly, the very first formally organized, open, official city-level mathematical contest in the world. Founded in 1934 by a group of dedicated Soviet mathematicians, it played an outstanding (and often underappreciated) role in creating the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) school of mathematics of the 20th century.The book begins with the extensive introduction containing two prefaces (one of them written specifically for this edition), a large historical survey of the Leningrad Mathematical Olympiad, a section describing the logistical side of the contest, and a small chapter dedicated to the very first Mathematical Olympiad held in 1934, whose problems were recently found in the Soviet-era library archives.The main text contains approximately 1,100 highly original questions for students of grades 5 through 10 (ages 11-12 through 17-18) offered at the two concluding rounds of the Leningrad City Mathematics Olympiads in the years of 1961-1991. Full solutions, hints and answers are provided for all questions with very rare exceptions.It also includes 120 additional questions, offered at the various mathematical contests held in Leningrad over the same thirty-year period -- on average, their difficulty is somewhat higher than that of the regular Mathematical Olympiad problems.
Leningrad Mathematical Olympiads (1961-1991)
This book covers thirty years of the Leningrad Mathematical Olympiad, which was, ostensibly, the very first formally organized, open, official city-level mathematical contest in the world. Founded in 1934 by a group of dedicated Soviet mathematicians, it played an outstanding (and often underappreciated) role in creating the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) school of mathematics of the 20th century.The book begins with the extensive introduction containing two prefaces (one of them written specifically for this edition), a large historical survey of the Leningrad Mathematical Olympiad, a section describing the logistical side of the contest, and a small chapter dedicated to the very first Mathematical Olympiad held in 1934, whose problems were recently found in the Soviet-era library archives.The main text contains approximately 1,100 highly original questions for students of grades 5 through 10 (ages 11-12 through 17-18) offered at the two concluding rounds of the Leningrad City Mathematics Olympiads in the years of 1961-1991. Full solutions, hints and answers are provided for all questions with very rare exceptions.It also includes 120 additional questions, offered at the various mathematical contests held in Leningrad over the same thirty-year period -- on average, their difficulty is somewhat higher than that of the regular Mathematical Olympiad problems.
The Universe of Conics
This text presents the classical theory of conics in a modern form. It includes many novel results that are not easily accessible elsewhere. The approach combines synthetic and analytic methods to derive projective, affine and metrical properties, covering both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries.With more than two thousand years of history, conic sections play a fundamental role in numerous fields of mathematics and physics, with applications to mechanical engineering, architecture, astronomy, design and computer graphics.This text will be invaluable to undergraduate mathematics students, those in adjacent fields of study, and anyone with an interest in classical geometry.Augmented with more than three hundred fifty figures and photographs, this innovative text will enhance your understanding of projective geometry, linear algebra, mechanics, and differential geometry, with careful exposition and many illustrative exercises.
Random Patterns and Structures in Spatial Data
The book presents a general mathematical framework able to detect and to characterize, from a morphological and statistical perspective, patterns hidden in spatial data. The mathematical tool employed is a Gibbs point process with interaction, which permits us to reduce the complexity of the pattern. It presents the framework, step by step, in three major parts: modeling, simulation, and inference. Each of these parts contains a theoretical development followed by applications and examples.Features: Presents mathematical foundations for tackling pattern detection and characterisation in spatial data using marked Gibbs point processes with interactions Proposes a general methodology for morphological and statistical characterisation of patterns based on three branches, probabilistic modeling, stochastic simulation, and statistical inference Includes application examples from cosmology, environmental sciences, geology, and social networks Presents theoretical and practical details for the presented algorithms in order to be correctly and efficiently used Provides access to C]+ and R code to encourage the reader to experiment and to develop new ideas Includes references and pointers to mathematical and applied literature to encourage further study The book is primarily aimed at researchers in mathematics, statistics, and the above-mentioned application domains. It is accessible for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, so could be used to teach a course. It will be of interest to any scientific researcher interested in formulating a mathematical answer to the always challenging question: what is the pattern hidden in the data?
Theory of Stochastic Integrals
In applications of stochastic calculus, there are phenomena that cannot be analyzed through the classical It繫 theory. It is necessary, therefore, to have a theory based on stochastic integration with respect to these situations.Theory of Stochastic Integrals aims to provide the answer to this problem by introducing readers to the study of some interpretations of stochastic integrals with respect to stochastic processes that are not necessarily semimartingales, such as Volterra Gaussian processes, or processes with bounded p-variation among which we can mention fractional Brownian motion and Riemann-Liouville fractional process.Features Self-contained treatment of the topic Suitable as a teaching or research tool for those interested in stochastic analysis and its applications Includes original results.
Optimization, Discrete Mathematics and Applications to Data Sciences
Database Systems for Advanced Applications
The seven-volume set LNCS 14850-14856 constitutes the proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, DASFAA 2024, held in Gifu, Japan, in July 2024. The total of 147 full papers, along with 85 short papers, presented together in this seven-volume set was carefully reviewed and selected from 722 submissions. Additionally, 14 industrial papers, 18 demo papers and 6 tutorials are included. The conference presents papers on subjects such as: Part I: Spatial and temporal data; database core technology; federated learning. Part II: Machine learning; text processing. Part III: Recommendation; multi-media. Part IV: Privacy and security; knowledge base and graphs. Part V: Natural language processing; large language model; time series and stream data. Part VI: Graph and network; hardware acceleration. Part VII: Emerging application; industry papers; demo papers.
Algebra
For Waldorf teachers, math is often difficult to teach. On the one hand, memories of their own school days can cloud their view of the children's developmental needs, whereas, Steiner's numerous indications do not form a cohesive structure for the math curriculum. Thus, various ways of teaching were developed during the history of Waldorf education. Such diversity underscores the responsibility teachers carries for their lessons.This guide does not intend in any way to diminish this responsibility, but attempts to contribute to a unified view of Steiner indications for a developmentally appropriate math curriculum. This approach might differ from some existing methods, mainly in directly and quickly beginning math activities and avoiding pictures when introducing the numbers.This algebra manual is for Grades 6, 7, and 8. The indications given in the Waldorf school syllabus for teaching algebra in these three grades are as follows: Grade 6-- Starting with interest and percent, proceed to simple elements of business and banking arithmetic and, from there, working from interest go over into work with literal numbersGrade 7-- Study powers, roots, negative numbers, and the theory of simple equations, relating them all to practical lifeGrade 8-- Carry the work of both arithmetic and algebra further, sustaining it with manifold applications
Square-Free Factorizations. Some Cryptological and Other Mathematical Aspects
Very First Steps in Random Walks
With this book, which is based on the third edition of a book first written in German about random walks, the author succeeds in a remarkably playful manner in captivating the reader with numerous surprising random phenomena and non-standard limit theorems related to simple random walks and related topics. The work stands out with its consistently problem-oriented, lively presentation, which is further enhanced by 100 illustrative images. The text includes 53 self-assessment questions, with answers provided at the end of each chapter. Additionally, 74 exercises with solutions assist in understanding the material deeply. The text frequently engages in concrete model-building, and the resulting findings are thoroughly discussed and interconnected. Students who have tested this work in introductory seminars on stochastics were particularly fascinated by the interplay of geometric arguments (reflection principle), combinatorics, elementary stochastics, and analysis. This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.
Approximation and Online Algorithms
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 22nd International Workshop on Approximation and Online Algorithms, WAOA 2024, held in Egham, UK, during September 5-6, 2024. The 15 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 47 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: algorithmic game theory, algorithmic trading, coloring and partitioning, competitive analysis, computational advertising, computational finance, cuts and connectivity, FPT approximation algorithms, geometric problems, graph algorithms, inapproximability results, mechanism design, network design, packing and covering, paradigms for designing and analyzing approximation and online algorithms, resource augmentation, and scheduling problems.
Set Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
The process of authoring this book is inspired by the recent increased activity of research on dynamic equations on time scales and other closely related areas. This monograph is the first published book that attempts to provide a comprehensive view of the theory and applications of set dynamic equations on time scales. The main focus of the book is the qualitative theory of set dynamic equations and their applications to fuzzy dynamic equations. The key topics include the solvability of set dynamic equations, stability of set dynamic equations, and applications to certain types of fuzzy dynamic equations.There are five chapters in the book, through which the authors examine a wide scope of the concept of set dynamic equations and their applications. Each chapter focuses on theory and proofs to enrich the reader's understanding of the topic.This book will be particularly useful to those experts who work in applied analysis, in general. It will also be a good reference for computer scientists since it covers fuzzy dynamic equations. Researchers and graduate students at various levels interested in learning about set dynamic equations and related fields will find this text a valuable resource of both introductory and advanced material.
A Journey Through the Wonders of Plane Geometry
Geometry is often seen as one of the most beautiful aspects of mathematics. This beauty is probably a result of the fact that one can 'see' this aspect of mathematics. Most people are exposed to the very basic elements of geometry throughout their schooling, concentrated in the secondary school curriculum. High schools in the United States offer one year of concentrated geometry teaching, allowing students to observe how a mathematician functions, since everything that is accepted beyond the basic axioms must be proved. However, as the course is only one year long, a great amount of geometry remains to be exposed to the general audience. That is the challenge of this book, wherein we will present a plethora of amazing geometric relationships.We begin with the special relationship of the Golden Ratio, before considering unexpected concurrencies and collinearities. Next, we present some surprising results that arise when squares and similar triangles are placed on triangle sides, followed by a discussion of concyclic points and the relationship between circles and various linear figures. Moving on to more advanced aspects of linear geometry, we consider the geometric wonders of polygons. Finally, we address geometric surprises and fallacies, before concluding with a chapter on the useful concept of homothety, which is not included in the American year-long course in geometry.
Modern Approaches to Differential Geometry Related Fields
This volume consists of several papers written by the main participants of the 7th International Colloquium on Differential Geometry and its Related Fields (ICDG2023). Readers will find some papers that cover geometric structures on manifolds, such as quaternionic structures, Kaehler structures, Einstein structures, contact structures and so on, as well as other papers that deal with probability theory and discrete mathematics.In this volume, the authors present their recent research in differential geometry and related fields, offering a comprehensive overview for researchers not only within differential geometry but also across various areas of mathematics and theoretical physics. They aim for this volume to serve as a valuable guide for young scientists beginning their studies and research careers in the related fields. Together with previous proceedings, readers will gain insight into the progress of research on geometric structures in Riemannian manifolds.
Discrete Mathematics, Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes
Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 50th International Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, WG 2024, held in Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia in June 2024, The 31 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 89 submissions. Additionally, this volume also contains a survey on approximation algorithms for tree-width, path-width, and tree-depth prepared by Hans Bodlander, who delivered the Test of Time Award talk at WG 2024. The WG 2024 workshop aims to merge theory and practice by demonstrating how concepts from graph theory can be applied to various areas in computer science or by extracting new graph-theoretic problems from applications.
Seminal Ideas and Controversies in Statistics
Statistics has developed as a field through seminal ideas and fascinating controversies. This book concerns a wide-ranging set of 13 important statistical topics, grouped into three general areas: Philosophical Approaches to Statistical Inference; Important Statistical Methodology for Applications; and Topics on Statistical Design, focusing on the role of randomization. The key papers on each topic are discussed with commentaries to help explain them. The goal is to expand the readers' knowledge of the statistics literature and encourage a historical perspective.Features: Discusses a number of important ideas in the history of statistics, including the likelihood principle, Bayes vs frequentist approaches to inference, alternative approaches to least squares regression, shrinkage estimation, hypothesis testing, multiple comparisons, and more Provides a deeper understanding and appreciation of the history of statistics Discusses disagreements in the literature, which make for interesting reading Gives guidance on various aspects of statistics research by reading good examples in the literature Promotes the use of good English style in the presentation of statistical ideas, by learning from papers that are well written Includes an appendix of style tips on writing statistical papers The book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in statistics and biostatistics, who are interested in the history of statistics and would like to deepen their understanding of seminal ideas and controversies. It could be used to teach a special topics course, or will be useful for any researcher keen to understand the subject better and improve their statistical presentation skills.
Measure and Integration
Designed for senior undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, this textbook offers a comprehensive exploration of measure theory and integration. It acts as a pivotal link bridging the Riemann integral and the Lebesgue integral, with a primary focus on tracing the evolution of measure and integration from their historical roots. A distinctive feature of the book is meticulous guidance, providing a step-by-step journey through the subject matter, thus rendering complex concepts more accessible to beginners. A fundamental grasp of differential and integral calculus, as well as Riemann integration, is recommended to ensure a smoother comprehension of the material. This textbook comprises 10 well-structured chapters, each thoughtfully organized to lead students from fundamental principles to advanced complexities. Beginning with the establishment of Lebesgue's measure on the real line and an introduction to measurable functions, the book then delves into exploring the cardinalities of various set classes. As readers progress, the subtleties of the Lebesgue integral emerge, showcasing its generalization of the Riemann integral and its unique characteristics in higher dimensions. One of the book's distinctive aspects is its indepth comparison of the Lebesgue integral, improper Riemann integral, and Newton integral, shedding light on their distinct qualities and relative independence. Subsequent chapters delve into the realm of general measures, Lebesgue-Stieltje's measure, Hausdorff 's measure, and the concept of measure and integration in product spaces. Furthermore, the book delves into function spaces, such as ���� spaces, and navigates the intricacies of signed and complex measures, providing students with a comprehensive foundation in this vital area of mathematics.
Algebra
Algebra is a subject we have become acquainted with during most of our mathematical education, often in connection with the solution of equations. Algebra: Groups, Rings, and Fields, Second Edition deals with developments related to their solutions.The principle at the heart of abstract algebra, a subject that enables one to deduce sweeping conclusions from elementary premises, is that the process of abstraction enables us to solve a variety of such problems with economy of effort. This leads to the glorious world of mathematical discovery.This second edition follows the original three-pronged approach: the theory of finite groups, number theory, and Galois' amazing theory of field extensions tying solvability of equations to group theory.As algebra has branched out in many directions, the authors strive to keep the text manageable while at the same time introducing the student to exciting new paths. In order to support this approach, the authors broadened the first edition, giving monoids a greater role, and relying more on matrices. Hundreds of new exercises were added.A course in abstract algebra, properly presented, could treat mathematics as an art as well as a science. In this exposition, we try to present underlying ideas, as well as the results they yield.
Geometry by Its Transformations
This textbook combines the history of synthetic geometry, centered on the years 1800-1855, with a theorem-proof exposition of the geometry developed in those years. The book starts with the background needed from Euclid's Elements, followed by chapters on transformations, including dilation (similitude), homology, homogeneous coordinates, projective geometry, inversion, the M繹bius transformation, and transformation geometry as in French schoolbooks of 1910. Projective geometry is presented by tracing its path through the work of J. V. Poncelet, J. Steiner, and K. G. C. von Staudt. Extensive exercises are included, many from the period studied. The prerequisites for approaching this course are knowledge of high school geometry and enthusiasm for mathematical demonstration. This textbook is ideal for a college geometry course, for self-study, or as preparation for the study of modern geometry.
An Introduction to Module Theory
Module theory is a fundamental area of algebra, taught in most universities at the graduate level. This textbook, written by two experienced teachers and researchers in the area, is based on courses given in their respective universities over the last thirty years. It is an accessible and modern account of module theory, meant as a textbook for graduate or advanced undergraduate students, though it can also be used for self-study. It is aimed at students in algebra, or students who need algebraic tools in their work. Following the recent trends in the area, the general approach stresses from the start the use of categorical and homological techniques. The book includes self-contained introductions to category theory and homological algebra with applications to Module theory, and also contains an introduction to representations of quivers. It includes a very large number of examples of all kinds worked out in detail, mostly of abelian groups, modules over matrix algebras, polynomial algebras, or algebras given by bound quivers. In order to help visualise and analyse examples, it includes many figures. Each section is followed by exercises of all levels of difficulty, both computational and theoretical, with hints provided to some of them.
Algebras of Unbounded Operators
Derivations on von Neumann algebras are well understood and are always inner, meaning that they act as commutators with a fixed element from the algebra itself. The purpose of this book is to provide a complete description of derivations on algebras of operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebra. The book is designed to serve as an introductory graduate level to various measurable operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebras and their properties. These classes of operators form their respective algebras and the problem of describing derivations on these algebras was raised by Ayupov, and later by Kadison and Liu. A principal aim of the book is to fully resolve the Ayupov-Kadison-Liu problem by proving a necessary and sufficient condition of the existence of non-inner derivation of algebras of measurable operators. It turns out that only for a finite type I von Neumann algebra M may there exist a non-inner derivation on the algebra of operators affiliated with M. In particular, it is established that the classical derivation d/dt of functions of real variables can be extended up to a derivation on the algebra of all measurable functions. This resolves a long-standing problem in classical analysis.
Almost Periodicity and Almost Automorphy
When we study differential equations in Banach spaces whose coefficients are linear unbounded operators, we feel that we are working in ordinary differential equations; however, the fact that the operator coefficients are unbounded makes things quite different from what is known in the classical case. Examples or applications for such equations are naturally found in the theory of partial differential equations. More specifically, if we give importance to the time variable at the expense of the spatial variables, we obtain an "ordinary differential equation" with respect to the variable which was put in evidence. Thus, for example, the heat or the wave equation gives rise to ordinary differential equations of this kind. Adding boundary conditions can often be translated in terms of considering solutions in some convenient functional Banach space. The theory of semigroups of operators provides an elegant approach to study this kind of systems. Therefore, we can frequently guess or even prove theorems on differential equations in Banach spaces looking at a corresponding pattern in finite dimensional ordinary differential equations.
A Bridge Between Lie Theory and Frame Theory
Comprehensive textbook examining meaningful connections between the subjects of Lie theory, differential geometry, and signal analysis A Bridge Between Lie Theory and Frame Theory serves as a bridge between the areas of Lie theory, differential geometry, and frame theory, illustrating applications in the context of signal analysis with concrete examples and images. The first part of the book gives an in-depth, comprehensive, and self-contained exposition of differential geometry, Lie theory, representation theory, and frame theory. The second part of the book uses the theories established in the early part of the text to characterize a class of representations of Lie groups, which can be discretized to construct frames and other basis-like systems. For instance, Lie groups with frames of translates, sampling, and interpolation spaces on Lie groups are characterized. A Bridge Between Lie Theory and Frame Theory includes discussion on: Novel constructions of frames possessing additional desired features such as boundedness, compact support, continuity, fast decay, and smoothness, motivated by applications in signal analysis Necessary technical tools required to study the discretization problem of representations at a deep level Ongoing dynamic research problems in frame theory, wavelet theory, time frequency analysis, and other related branches of harmonic analysis A Bridge Between Lie Theory and Frame Theory is an essential learning resource for graduate students, applied mathematicians, and scientists who are looking for a rigorous and complete introduction to the covered subjects.
Counting: Ages 3-5
This range of Math and English activity books really helps to boost your child's progress at every stage of their learning. The series aims to build up important skills through activity-packed fun. Each activity is designed to give your child a real sense of achievement, help boost confidence and develop good learning habits for life, motivate children to learn at home using colorful activities that make learning fun, and include helpful tips and answers so that you easily support your child's learning at home.
Introduction to Enumerative and Analytic Combinatorics
This award-winning textbook targets the gap between introductory texts in discrete mathematics and advanced graduate texts in enumerative combinatorics. The author's goal is to make combinatorics more accessible to encourage student interest and to expand the number of students studying this rapidly expanding field. The book first deals with basic counting principles, compositions and partitions, and generating functions. It then focuses on the structure of permutations, graph enumeration, and extremal combinatorics. Lastly, the text discusses supplemental topics, including error-correcting codes, properties of sequences, and magic squares.Updates to the Third Edition include: Quick Check exercises at the end of each section, which are typically easier than the regular exercises at the end of each chapter. A new section discussing the Lagrange Inversion Formula and its applications, strengthening the analytic flavor of the book. An extended section on multivariate generating functions. Numerous exercises contain material not discussed in the text allowing instructors to extend the time they spend on a given topic. A chapter on analytic combinatorics and sections on advanced applications of generating functions, demonstrating powerful techniques that do not require the residue theorem or complex integration, and extending coverage of the given topics are highlights of the presentation. The second edition was recognized as an Outstanding Academic Title of the Year by Choice Magazine, published by the American Library Association.
Mathematical Modelling for Engineering and Physical Applications
This edited volume from mathematical modelling experts employs a structured approach to showcase the latest research and provide a comprehensive guide to the principles, techniques and practical applications of mathematical modelling in the fields of engineering and the physical sciences.Readers will gain an insight into the fundamentals of mathematical modelling, its application in engineering and the physical sciences, recent advances in the field, real-world case studies and challenges and future directions in the field. The book first introduces readers to the fundamentals of mathematical modelling, including the definition, scope and steps involved in the modelling process. Mathematical tools and techniques relevant to modelling are explained. The book then addresses the application of mathematical modelling in engineering and the physical sciences. It covers various domains, such as mechanical, biomedical, chemical, computer and environmental engineering, as well as green energy, physics and other physical science applications. Furthermore, the book explores the integration of data-driven approaches, leveraging the power of big data and analytics to enhance modelling capabilities. Through real-life case studies, readers gain practical insights into how mathematical modelling is applied in various industries and scientific disciplines. These case studies analyse the modelling process, challenges faced and outcomes achieved. Readers will gain a solid foundation to develop effective mathematical models and apply them to solve complex engineering and physical problems. This foundation will also enable them to tackle problems and make informed decisions in their own projects. Finally, readers will be able to anticipate and adapt to evolving technologies and stay ahead in their respective fields.This book is a valuable resource primarily for undergraduate and graduate students seeking a comprehensive guide to this important discipline. Researchers, engineers and scientists will also benefit from the discussions within. Overall, the book empowers readers with the knowledge, skills and practical insights to effectively apply mathematical modelling in engineering and the physical sciences.
Discrete Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics: An Open Introduction, Fourth Edition aims to provide an introduction to select topics in discrete mathematics at a level appropriate for first or second year undergraduate math and computer science majors, especially those who intend to teach middle and high school mathematics. The book began as a set of notes for the Discrete Mathematics course at the University of Northern Colorado. This course serves both as a survey of the topics in discrete math and as the "bridge" course for math majors. Features Uses problem-oriented and inquiry-based methods to teach the concepts. Suitable for undergraduates in mathematics and computer science. New to the 4th edition Large scale restructuring. Contains more than 750 exercises and examples. New sections on probability, relations, and discrete structures and their proofs.
Completely Regular Semigroup Varieties
This book presents further developments and applications in the area of completely regular semigroup theory, beginning with applications of Pol獺k's theorem to obtain detailed descriptions of various kernel classes including the K-class covers of the kernel class of all bands. The important property of modularity of the lattice of varieties of completely regular semigroups is then employed to analyse various principal sublattices. This is followed by a study of certain important complete congruences on the lattice; the group, local and core relations. The next chapter is devoted to a further treatment of certain free objects and related word problems. There are many constructions in the theory of semigroups. Those that have played an important role in the theory of varieties of completely regular semigroups are presented as they apply in this context. The mapping that takes each variety to its intersection with the variety of bands is a complete retraction of the lattice of varieties of completely regular semigroups onto the lattice of band varieties and so induces a complete congruence for which every class has a greatest member. The sublattice generated by these greatest members is then investigated with the help of many applications of Pol獺k's theorem. The book closes with a fascinating conjecture regarding the structure of this sublattice.
Artificial Intelligence: Towards Sustainable Intelligence
This book constitutes the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Towards Sustainable Intelligence, AI4S 2024, held in Alcala de Henares, Spain, during October 3-4, 2024. The 16 full papers and 2 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 59 submissions. They deal with trustworthy AI and related topics, focusing on software and its engineering; software development process management and methods, etc.
