Affectivity and Prosody in Second Language Learning
Affectivity is essential in language learning and new ways of studying it must be considered. In this volume, the authors bring together two particularly relevant aspects of affectivity that are rarely related: the prosody of speech as the physical manifestation of affectivity, and affectivity involved in the learning process, with a strong component of (inter)culture and identity. In sum, overly narrow perspectives on affective language can only be avoided if we continue to bring together scientific and didactic studies of affectivity as a broad and diverse whole.
The Phonetics of Taiwanese
Taiwanese, formerly the lingua franca of Taiwan and currently the second largest language on the island, is genealogically related to Min from the Sino-Tibetan family. Throughout history, it has been influenced by many languages, but only Mandarin has exerted heavy influences on its phonological system. This Element provides an overview of the sound inventory in mainstream Taiwanese, and details its major dialectal differences. In addition, the Element introduces speech materials that could be used for studying the phonetics of Taiwanese, including datasets from both read and spontaneous speech. Based on the data, this Element provides an analysis of Taiwanese phonetics, covering phenomena in consonants, vowels, tones, syllables, and prosody. Some of the results are in line with previous studies, while others imply potential new directions in which the language might be analyzed and might evolve. The Element ends with suggestions for future research lines for the phonetics of the language.
The Phonetics of Taiwanese
Taiwanese, formerly the lingua franca of Taiwan and currently the second largest language on the island, is genealogically related to Min from the Sino-Tibetan family. Throughout history, it has been influenced by many languages, but only Mandarin has exerted heavy influences on its phonological system. This Element provides an overview of the sound inventory in mainstream Taiwanese, and details its major dialectal differences. In addition, the Element introduces speech materials that could be used for studying the phonetics of Taiwanese, including datasets from both read and spontaneous speech. Based on the data, this Element provides an analysis of Taiwanese phonetics, covering phenomena in consonants, vowels, tones, syllables, and prosody. Some of the results are in line with previous studies, while others imply potential new directions in which the language might be analyzed and might evolve. The Element ends with suggestions for future research lines for the phonetics of the language.
Quantitative and Computational Approaches to Phonology
This Element surveys the various lines of work that have applied algorithmic, formal, mathematical, statistical, and/or probabilistic methods to the study of phonology and the computational problems it solves. Topics covered include: how quantitative and/or computational methods have been used in research on both rule- and constraint-based theories of the grammar, including questions about how grammars are learned from data, how to best account for gradience as observed in acceptability judgments and the relative frequencies of different structures in the lexicon, what formal language theory, model theory, and information theory can and have contributed to the study of phonology, and what new directions in connectionist modeling are being explored. The overarching goal is to highlight how the work grounded in these various methods and theoretical orientations is distinct but also interconnected, and how central quantitative and computational approaches have become to the research in and teaching of phonology.
Quantitative and Computational Approaches to Phonology
This Element surveys the various lines of work that have applied algorithmic, formal, mathematical, statistical, and/or probabilistic methods to the study of phonology and the computational problems it solves. Topics covered include: how quantitative and/or computational methods have been used in research on both rule- and constraint-based theories of the grammar, including questions about how grammars are learned from data, how to best account for gradience as observed in acceptability judgments and the relative frequencies of different structures in the lexicon, what formal language theory, model theory, and information theory can and have contributed to the study of phonology, and what new directions in connectionist modeling are being explored. The overarching goal is to highlight how the work grounded in these various methods and theoretical orientations is distinct but also interconnected, and how central quantitative and computational approaches have become to the research in and teaching of phonology.
Grammar Toolkit
Ever wished grammar could be less like a dusty rulebook and more like an exciting journey? "Grammar Toolkit: A Stellar Guide to Language Exploration" is your passport to a universe of words! This isn't your typical grammar book - we're ditching the dry explanations for interactive adventures.Think of it as your own language laboratory. You'll decode the secrets of sounds, become a word detective, and even construct sentences like an architect. Explore the power of questions, master punctuation, and travel through time with verb tenses. We'll even tackle tricky topics like pronouns and the active/passive voice, all in a way that makes grammar stick.But here's the real difference: this book goes beyond the "what" and dives into the "why." We'll uncover the research behind how our brains learn language. You'll discover how grammar connects to everything from music and poetry to critical thinking and cultural understanding. Get ready to unlock your full potential, not just as a writer, but as a communicator in a world where words have the power to change everything.Target audience: This book is geared towards educators, homeschooling parents, and curriculum developers seeking a fresh and engaging approach to grammar instruction. It's particularly well-suited for those working with elementary and middle school students, but the adaptable activities and research-based insights can be valuable for high school educators as well. Anyone passionate about fostering a love of language and empowering students with strong communication skills will find this book to be an invaluable resource.
Errors of Grammar
This definitive guide tackles some of the most persistent and egregious errors in English grammar that continue to plague both writers and speakers. Drawing on nearly two decades of meticulous observation, author Roger Challoner Green has compiled the mistakes he sees made most frequently, despite many having already worked their way into accepted modern usage. Unlike English grammar guides that focus on teaching rules, this book concentrates specifically on calling out misuse. The author doesn't argue scholarly grammar but instead appeals to longstanding conventions and preservation of the highest literary standards. Areas of particular concern covered include subject-verb agreement, adjective-noun agreement, dangling participles, and illogical comparisons among them. While acknowledging that language evolves, the author maintains firm views on upholding established guidelines. This guide book will resonate with readers frustrated by the increasing abandonment of good grammar and looking to bolster their own skills. Both informative and droll, Common English Grammar Mistakes serves as an essential tool for writers, editors, and language mavens alike.
Control
This Elements presents the major findings and theoretical advances in the area of Control. We describe the different types of control (complement, adjunct, obligatory, nonobligatory) and illustrate their profiles in several languages. It is shown that while certain features of Obligatory Control (OC) are common - nullness of PRO, nonfinite complements - they are not universal, hence should not enter its core definition. Comparing approaches to the choice of controller based on lexical meaning postulates with those based on embedding of speech acts, we conclude that the latter provide deeper insights into the core properties of OC. The fundamental semantic distinction between clauses denoting a property and those denoting a proposition proves to be important: It affects both the possibility of Partial Control in complements and the possibility of Non Obligatory Control in adjuncts. These insights are integrated in the Two-Tiered Theory of Control, laid out in the final sections.
Control
This Elements presents the major findings and theoretical advances in the area of Control. We describe the different types of control (complement, adjunct, obligatory, nonobligatory) and illustrate their profiles in several languages. It is shown that while certain features of Obligatory Control (OC) are common - nullness of PRO, nonfinite complements - they are not universal, hence should not enter its core definition. Comparing approaches to the choice of controller based on lexical meaning postulates with those based on embedding of speech acts, we conclude that the latter provide deeper insights into the core properties of OC. The fundamental semantic distinction between clauses denoting a property and those denoting a proposition proves to be important: It affects both the possibility of Partial Control in complements and the possibility of Non Obligatory Control in adjuncts. These insights are integrated in the Two-Tiered Theory of Control, laid out in the final sections.
The Phonology of Turkish
This book offers a comprehensive account of the phonological structure of modern Turkish within the framework of recent linguistic models. While phenomena at both the segmental and suprasegmental levels are discussed, the emphasis is on the latter, with analysis of phonological processes that extend over a number of different domains. Lower-level prosodic constituents, including syllables, feet, and prosodic words, are incorporated into a general theory alongside higher-level constituents - the phonological phrase and the intonational phrase - on the assumption that phonological structure is hierarchical in nature and that phonological representations consist of more than a single linear sequence of segments. The approach employed here draws on theories of both representation - Prosodic Phonology and Autosegmental Phonology - and computation, in the form of Optimality Theory. An overarching theme that emerges in every chapter is that not only regular but also apparently "exceptional" phonological forms demonstrate a systematic pattern, and that both can be captured by the same grammar. The volume provides a critical synthesis of research in Turkish phonology, as well as offering new analyses and data from a theoretically-oriented perspective.
An Introduction to Forensic Phonetics and Forensic Linguistics
This textbook provides a practical introduction to the fields of forensic phonetics and forensic linguistics. Addressing how these fields are both distinct yet closely related, the book demonstrates how experts from both fields can work together to investigate and deliver justice in complex legal situations.With pedagogical features including real-life case studies, exercises, and links to further reading, topics covered include: Profiling from spoken and written texts Disputed meaning, and how meaning is made and evolves Interviewing techniques, including working around those who might be considered linguistically vulnerable Author and speaker determination Audio enhancement and authentication of recordings Language analysis in the asylum procedure (LAAP) Accompanied by online audio and video resources as well as signposting readers to freely available software to aid their studies, this book is the ideal springboard for students beginning work in forensic phonetics, forensic speech science, forensic linguistics, and law and language.
Dhatupatha Sanskrit Roots Indexes
Construction of Verbs by Conjugation using Roots from the Dhatupatha is one of the most complex and involved processes in Sanskrit Grammar. It has been coded by the great grammarian Panini in an in a beautifully amazing way through the core texts, viz. The Dathupatha of Panini, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini and The Maheswar Sutras. This book hopes to lay the coding methodology threadbare in a lucid manner for avid learners of the language, including Sanskrit scholars and Vyakarana pundits.Root + Vikarana Affix + Ting Affix = Verb, whereRoots have two major attributes, i. P A U attribute ii. सेट् अनिट् वेट् attribute.Vikarana affixes are of two types, i. Gana Vikarana Affix and ii. Vikarana Affix.A Vikarana Affix may be Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka. This affects Guna/Vriddhi.Ting affixes are of two types, i. Parasmaipada Ting Affix and ii. Atmanepada Ting Affix.Further, a Parasmaipada Ting Affix may be Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka. Similarly, an Atmanepada Ting Affix may be Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka. This affects Guna/Vriddhi.A Sarvadhatuka Ting Affix is of two types, पित् or अपित् that also affects Guna/Vriddhi.Notes: Any affix whether Vikarana or Ting is further of two types, i. Consonant beginning or ii. Vowel beginning.Additionally, Affix modifiers may also be employed.Similarly, Root modifiers may also be employed.Each Root may have a Tag Letter, that is simply a marker to serve a specific purpose and then gets dropped.Each Affix may have a Tag Letter, that is simply a marker to serve a specific purpose and then gets dropped.Dropping or Elision of certain parts of Root or Affix in certain cases.Of utmost importance is understanding that the Tenses and Moods in Sanskrit Grammar (Present Tense, Past Tense, etc.) are coded in terminations known as Ting Affixes. These Ting Affixes are of two basic types: Parasmaipada and Atmanepada, and these will only join a Root having the same attribute of Parasmaipada or Atmanepada.The Ubhayepada Ting Affixes are simply a combination of the two, so Roots that are Ubhayepada will invariably be grouped under Parasmaipada and Atmanepada both.Major Concepts include: The Ten Tenses and Moods that reflect the Verb usage.Grouping of Roots in ten Ganas for Sarvadhatuka Ting Affixes.Tag Letters and their interpretation.Guna/Vriddhi of Vowels (whether of a Root or an Affix).Use of इट् augment.Correct use of Sarvadhatuka/Ardhadhatuka Affixes.This books has been designed to look at all these grammatical concepts from the Root-point-of-View. It contains exhaustive lists of Roots that behave in a specific manner during Verb construction. Indexes and collections are based on the Dhatu Serial Number, which is unique and easily referenced in standard Dhatupathas, including Siddhanta Kaumudi. Hence locating any Root is a snap.So this book will primarily be used as a supplemental text for any standard text on Sanskrit Grammar. On its own also it can prove to be immensely useful if one wishes to master the Dhatupatha of Panini.
A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo
No detailed description available for "A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo".
Coordination Structures in Old and Middle High German
Based on the quantitative analysis of a large corpus of Old and Middle High German prose texts, this volume provides a first extensive overview on the syntactic properties of coordination structures featuring the coordinators inti/und and joh in Old and Middle High German and discusses potential analyses in a generative framework. After introducing the main properties of coordination structures in Modern Standard German in Chapters 1 and 2, the results of the corpus study are presented in Chapters 3-6. Chapter 3 focuses on the coordinators inti/und and joh, showing that coordination structures with both coordinators already exhibit the same characteristic types of ellipsis as well as the same parallelism of the conjuncts as their Modern Standard German counterparts. Chapters 4-6 each discuss one major aspect of diachronic change: verbal agreement with conjoined subject-NPs (Chapter 4), the conditions regarding the omission of referential subject-pronouns in clausal or verbal coordination structures (Chapter 5) and so-called 'inversion after und' (Chapter 6). The volume thus provides a deeper understanding of the syntax of coordination structures in both a synchronic and diachronic perspective for researchers and students.
Effects of Orthography on Second Language Phonology
This is the first book devoted to the effects of orthographic forms (spellings) on second language phonology.Written by one of the pioneer researchers in the field, the book provides an authoritative overview of the effects of spellings on the perception, production, awareness, learning and teaching of sounds and spoken words in a second language. Using the findings and implications from a large-scale research project at its centre, the book reveals that English consonants spelled with double letters lead Italian learners and users of English as a second language to perceive, produce, classify, and learn English consonants as geminates (long consonants).Presenting a narrative of a second language research project, and discussing its implications, the book will be of interest to scholars and researchers in the fields of orthography, phonology, and speech and language perception. Language teaching practitioners will also find the book useful.
New Perspectives on English Word Stress
New Perspectives on English Word Stress explores the mechanism of word stress assignment in contemporary English from different methodological and theoretical perspectives. Comprising nine chapters, these approaches include a historical overview of the study of stress; the relationship between historic changes in stress and meaning; the relationship between spelling and stress; syllable weight and stress; the theoretical treatment of exceptions; stress mechanisms in Australian English; and stress in Singapore English. The book presents new data and provides the reader with access to various approaches to English word stress in phonology.
Second Language Pronunciation
In the field of second language (L2) acquisition, the number of studies focusing on L2 pronunciation instruction and perceptual/production training has increased as new classroom methodologies have been proposed and new goals for L2 pronunciation have been set. This book brings together different approaches to L2 pronunciation research in the classroom or in the language laboratory. 13 chapters, written by well-known researchers focusing on a variety of first and target languages, are divided into four parts: Pronunciation development and intelligibility: implications for teaching and training studies; L2 pronunciation teaching; L2 pronunciation training: implications for the classroom; and Pronunciation in the laboratory: High Variability Phonetic Training. Intended for researchers in the fields of second language acquisition, phonetics, phonology, psycholinguistics, speech therapies, speech technology, as well as second language teaching, this book not only summarizes the current research questions on L2 pronunciation teaching and training, but also predicts future scenarios for both researchers and practitioners in the field.
Segmental Structure and Representations
Representing Phonological DetailPart I: Segmental Structure and RepresentationsPart II: Syllable, Stress and Sign Part I of Representing Phonological Detail focuses on the latest phonological research on a range of issues. The first main theme in this volume is vowel representation, with special attention paid to topics such as vowel harmony and other vocalic processes (e.g., historical umlaut, vowel epenthesis, and the representation of vowel quality and height). The second main theme is consonant representation and consonantal processes (including laryngeal phonology and stop insertion). Finally, the acquisition of phonology and the interface between phonology and morphosyntax are examined, attending in particular to boundary symbols, morphological blends, and the status of recursion in phonology and syntax.
Syllable, Stress, and Sign
Representing Phonological DetailPart I: Segmental Structure and RepresentationsPart II: Syllable, Stress and Sign Part II of Representing Phonological Detail focuses on the latest phonological research on suprasegmental structure and sign language. The first main theme in this volume is syllable structure, touching on phonotactics, syllabification, gemination, syllable weight, diphthongization, and other rules. The other main theme is tone and stress, including issues in data collection, the assignment of primary and secondary stress, resolution of stress clashes, lexical accent, and syntax-tone interaction. The final section is on sign language, with special attention paid to iconicity, phonological processes, and the relation between phonetic and phonological representation.
Out of Mind
What is the relationship between aesthetic presentation of thought and scientific conceptions of cognition? Torsa Ghosal's Out of Mind: Mode, Mediation, and Cognition in Twenty-First-Century Narrative answers this question by offering incisive commentary on a range of contemporary fictions that combine language, maps, photographs, and other images to portray thought. Situating literature within groundbreaking debates on memory, perception, abstraction, and computation, Ghosal shows how stories not only reflect historical beliefs about how minds work but also participate in their reappraisal. Out of Mind makes a compelling case for understanding narrative forms and cognitive-scientific frameworks as co-emergent and cross-pollinating. To this end, Ghosal harnesses narrative theory, multimodality studies, cognitive sciences, and disability studies to track competing perspectives on remembering, reading, and sense of place and self. Through new readings of the works of Kamila Shamsie, Aleksandar Hemon, Mark Haddon, Lance Olsen, Steve Tomasula, Jonathan Safran Foer, and others, Out of Mind generates unique insights into literary imagination's influence on how we think and perceive amid twenty-first-century social, technological, and environmental changes.
O Verbo Na Variedade Galega Do Concello de Castrelo Do Val
Neste libro faise unha caracterizaci籀n do verbo, xustif穩canse as an獺lises morfol籀xicas do paradigma regular, dos verbos de irregularidade com繳n e dos verbos de irregularidade propia na variedade galega do concello de Castrelo do Val (provincia de Ourense). O traballo bas矇ase no galego oral dos falantes con pouca instruci籀n escolar e emprega o cami簽o, propio da dialectolox穩a tradicional, consistente en enquisas e gravaci籀ns. O galego 矇 unha lingua fusionante con expresi籀n fusionada das distintas categor穩as na mesma palabra. Def矇ndese que alg繳ns verbos an籀malos son atem獺ticos, descr穩bense con detalle e anal穩zanse morfoloxicamente os verbos irregulares propiamente ditos, e tam矇n se explican moitos cambios ling羹穩sticos que se est獺n producindo no sistema verbal da fala estudada.
The Fundamentals of English Grammar
English grammar forms the cornerstone of effective communication. For students in grades 5-10, mastering the fundamentals of grammar is crucial for academic success and beyond. This book, "The Fundamentals of English Grammar for Grades 5-10," is designed to provide a comprehensive and accessible guide to the rules and conventions that govern the English language. It aims to equip young learners with the tools they need to express themselves clearly, confidently, and correctly. Understanding grammar is more than just knowing the rules of language; it's about understanding how language works. This book covers all essential aspects of English grammar, including parts of speech, sentence structure, punctuation, and usage.It also delves into more complex areas such as clauses, phrases, and the intricacies of verb tenses. Each chapter is carefully structured to build on the previous one, ensuring a gradual and thorough understanding of the material. The journey begins with an exploration of the parts of speech. These are the building blocks of sentences and include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Understanding the function of each part of speech is essential for constructing meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. For instance, recognizing the difference between a noun and a pronoun can help students avoid common mistakes such as using "he" instead of "him" in a sentence. By mastering the parts of speech, students can begin to understand how words work together to convey meaning.
The Chinese Rhyme Tables
As the second volume of a two-volume set that studies the Chinese rhyme table, this book seeks to reconstruct the ancient rhyme tables based on the extant materials and findings.
The Verb in Classical Hebrew
The consecutive tenses are fundamental in all descriptions of Classical Hebrew grammar. They are even basic to the textbooks on Biblical Hebrew. Being fundamental in the verbal system, and part of any beginner's grammar, they pose a serious problem to a linguistic understanding of the verbal system, since grammars describe an alternation of 'forms' or 'tenses' in double pairs: wayyiqṭol alternates with its 'equivalent' qaṭal, and wə-qaṭal alternates with its 'equivalent' yiqṭol.This 'enigma' in the verbal system is handled in the book by recognising that the alternation of the consecutive tenses with other tenses, in the reality of the text, represents a linking of clauses. The 'consecutive tenses' are clause-types with a natural language connective wa- directly followed by a finite verbal morpheme, a type of clause that expressed continuity in the earliest stage of Semitic. The commonly held assumption that there is a special 'consecutive waw' is unwarranted. The use of the 'consecutive' clause-types in order to express discourse continuity indicates that Classical Hebrew has retained the old unmarked declarative word order of Semitic syntax. Seen in the light of recent research on the Tiberian reading tradition, the 'consecutive' wayyiqṭol can be analysed as a retention of the old Semitic past perfective *wa-yaqtul, which was pronounced wa-yiqṭol in Classical Hebrew. The 'consecutive' wə-qāṭal (pronounced wa-qaṭal in the classical language) constitutes the result of an internal Hebrew development into a construction (in the sense of Joan Bybee) already foreshadowed in the earliest Northwest Semitic languages.The book understands the 'consecutive tenses' as discourse continuity clauses, which typically form chains of main line clauses. Such chains can be interrupted by other types of clauses. This interruption is a clause linking that receives special attention in the interpretation of the Classical Hebrew verbal system. Chapter six presents a regenerated text linguistics founded on the new terminology. A clause linking approach is the central methodological procedure in this book. To this must be added diachronic typology in a comparative Semitic setting. The linguistic examples of clause linking are gathered from a large Classical Hebrew corpus, the Pentateuch and the Book of Judges, and made searchable in a database of 6559 non-archaic text records.
The Verb in Classical Hebrew
The consecutive tenses are fundamental in all descriptions of Classical Hebrew grammar. They are even basic to the textbooks on Biblical Hebrew. Being fundamental in the verbal system, and part of any beginner's grammar, they pose a serious problem to a linguistic understanding of the verbal system, since grammars describe an alternation of 'forms' or 'tenses' in double pairs: wayyiqṭol alternates with its 'equivalent' qaṭal, and wə-qaṭal alternates with its 'equivalent' yiqṭol.This 'enigma' in the verbal system is handled in the book by recognising that the alternation of the consecutive tenses with other tenses, in the reality of the text, represents a linking of clauses. The 'consecutive tenses' are clause-types with a natural language connective wa- directly followed by a finite verbal morpheme, a type of clause that expressed continuity in the earliest stage of Semitic. The commonly held assumption that there is a special 'consecutive waw' is unwarranted. The use of the 'consecutive' clause-types in order to express discourse continuity indicates that Classical Hebrew has retained the old unmarked declarative word order of Semitic syntax. Seen in the light of recent research on the Tiberian reading tradition, the 'consecutive' wayyiqṭol can be analysed as a retention of the old Semitic past perfective *wa-yaqtul, which was pronounced wa-yiqṭol in Classical Hebrew. The 'consecutive' wə-qāṭal (pronounced wa-qaṭal in the classical language) constitutes the result of an internal Hebrew development into a construction (in the sense of Joan Bybee) already foreshadowed in the earliest Northwest Semitic languages.The book understands the 'consecutive tenses' as discourse continuity clauses, which typically form chains of main line clauses. Such chains can be interrupted by other types of clauses. This interruption is a clause linking that receives special attention in the interpretation of the Classical Hebrew verbal system. Chapter six presents a regenerated text linguistics founded on the new terminology. A clause linking approach is the central methodological procedure in this book. To this must be added diachronic typology in a comparative Semitic setting. The linguistic examples of clause linking are gathered from a large Classical Hebrew corpus, the Pentateuch and the Book of Judges, and made searchable in a database of 6559 non-archaic text records.
The Truth about English Grammar
Do you worry that your understanding of English grammar isn't what it should be? It may not be your fault. For hundreds of years, vague and confused ideas about how to state the rules have been passed down from one generation to the next. The available books for the general reader - thousands of them, shamelessly plagiarizing each other - repeat the same misguided definitions and generalizations that appeared in the schoolbooks used by your great-great-grandparents.Geoffrey K. Pullum thinks you deserve better. In this book he breaks away from the tradition. Presupposing no prior knowledge or technical terms, he provides an informal introduction to the essential concepts underlying grammar and usage. With his foundation, you will be equipped to understand the classification of words, the structure of phrases and clauses, and why some supposed grammar rules are really just myths. Also covered are some of the key points about spelling, apostrophes, hyphens, capitalization, and punctuation.Illuminating, witty, and incisive, The Truth About English Grammar is a vital book for all who love writing, reading, and thinking about English.
Universal Grammar and Iconicity
Within linguistics, the formal and functional approaches each offer insight into what language might be and how it operates, but so far, there have been hardly any systematic attempts to integrate them into a single theory. This book explores the relationship between universal grammar - the theory that we have an innate mechanism for generating sentences - and iconicity - the resemblance between form and meaning in language. It offers a new theory of their interactions, 'UG-iconicity interface' (UG-I), which shows that not only do universal grammar and iconicity coexist, but in fact collaborate in intricate and predictable ways. The theory explains various recalcitrant cross-linguistic facts surrounding the serial verb constructions, coordination, semantically and categorically obscure 'linkers', the multiple grammatical aspects of the external argument, and non-canonical arguments. This groundbreaking work is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students in linguistics, as well as scholars in psychology and cognitive science.
A Phonological History of Chinese
The phonological history of Chinese can be traced back to two main traditions: one starting with the Qieyun of 601, and the other starting with the Zhongyuan Yinyun of 1324. The former marks the beginning of Middle Chinese, and the latter marks the beginning of Old Mandarin. Both of these systems, as well as reconstructed Old Chinese, should be understood as ideal phonological standards and composite in nature. Until modern times, phonological standards were never based strictly on the phonology of a single dialect. This book provides the first study written in English, of the phonological history of Chinese. It provides information about the standard phonological systems for each of the language's major historical periods, drawing on a range of historical materials such as dictionaries, rhyming tables and poetry, and is the reference book for understanding the key developments in the Chinese sound system.
Latin Redux
For many Latin students, the second year of study marks an exciting turning point. Having learned the basics of grammar and vocabulary, they are finally ready to encounter "real" Latin authors, usually Caesar or Cicero, for the first time. Yet these same students often grow frustrated when they realize their grasp of Latin grammar is not as solid as they would wish. This student-friendly handbook offers intermediate learners a targeted review of the essentials of Latin grammar, enabling them to read assigned texts with greater facility. The fifteen lessons in Latin Redux focus on topics that many students do not learn thoroughly in the first year, such as gerunds and gerundives, or that are sometimes omitted for lack of time, such as subordinate clauses in indirect discourse. The lessons are presented in order of difficulty, but they can be used in any order and can all be completed within a single semester. After reviewing these lessons in grammar and syntax, students will be more confident when they encounter the same structures in their readings. As the first book of its kind to supplement the curriculum of intermediate students, Latin Redux fills an important niche in Latin instruction. Classroom tested by the author, the handbook complements any Latin prose or poetry readings an instructor might select. Adding to its appeal, each chapter includes a fun "Lingua Latina Ubique" (Latin Language Everywhere) section that highlights how much Latin we use every day. The volume is further enhanced by Latin-to-English and English-to-Latin glossaries and a grammatical appendix.
The Acquisition of English Grammar and Phonology by Cantonese ESL Learners
Chan's exploration of the acquisition of English grammar and phonology by Cantonese learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) offers insights into the specific challenges encountered and posits ways to overcome these.
The Queen’s English Ain’t What It Used to Be
Are you concerned about splitting infinitives or unsure whether to use 'to who' or 'to whom' in your correspondence? Look no further, as this user-friendly guide to English grammar is here to help you navigate the intricacies of our rich and wonderful language. This book is designed to increase your knowledge and understanding of English, providing you with the tools to communicate effectively and confidently. While the language is constantly evolving, some advocates of 'The Queen's English' resist change, attempting to fix English in a particular form. However, this book embraces the dynamic nature of the language and guides you through its ever-changing landscape. In addition to covering essential grammar rules, the book also includes a section dedicated to slang and jargon, helping you distinguish between what is considered good or bad English in various contexts. Whether you're a student, professional, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty and complexity of the English language, this book is an invaluable resource that will enhance your linguistic skills and empower you to use English with greater clarity and confidence.
Determiner Sharing in German
This monograph presents the first in-depth empirical and theoretical study of determiner sharing in German, addressing both its language-specific properties and its comparative syntax. Determiner sharing poses an interesting problem for syntactic theory as it seemingly relies on a parasitic relationship with another form of ellipsis, such as gapping. The first part provides an empirical basis by presenting three acceptability judgment studies for German. The results reveal the novel generalization that determiner sharing is not uniquely dependent on gapping, but can also occur in stripping contexts. The analysis that is developed in the second part shows that the apparent parasitism of determiner sharing can be derived by combining two independently available processes, namely a type of ellipsis like gapping, and a type of movement like split topicalization. The analysis thus avoids any construction-specific additions to the syntactic framework. The findings constitute an argument for approaches to ellipsis that posit an obligatory movement step and thereby contribute to an ongoing debate in the field.
Linguistics
Linguistics: A Functionalist Introduction is a concise, accessible guide to the fundamentals of language and expression for students that are new to the subject.Unlike other introductions, this book uses a functionalist framework that reflects the way language users form, derive and change meaning in a holistic way: not just through the technical construction of sentences but from how language is experienced, used, stored and processed in the mind. Beginning by introducing the concept of linguistics and different approaches to the subject, the book progresses to introducing the building blocks of language, with chapters on phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The scope then broadens out to examine language in context and use, including language change, writing systems, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and language acquisition. Each chapter is enriched with examples to aid learning. This textbook is an ideal choice for students or instructors looking for a more intuitive approach to learning the fundamentals of linguistics, and is ideal for introductory linguistics classes within avariety of programs, including and especially future language arts teachers.
Ethno-Linguistic Identity of the Post-Apartheid Generation
The book presents the results of an empirical study on the relationship between Afrikaans language, identity and ethnicity from the perspective of sociolinguistics. More specifically, it deals with the Coloureds of Cape Town born after the end of apartheid (in 1994). As a methodological approach, several interviews were conducted in order to find out, from the point of view of the South Africans themselves, how these relationships take place and socially occur. The linguistic variety of Afrikaans known as Kaaps (spoken by the Coloureds) became one of the most important points of discussion since it reflects the identity of the group referred. Issues such as linguistic choices, ethnic and linguistic prejudice, as well as rejection of non-standard forms of speech came to the fore in the research. Amazing study about the "in-betweenness" of coloured substandard Afrikaans speakers, navigating between black native English speakers, the prestige language of post-apartheid South Africa, and white speakers of Afrikaans, the "language of apartheid". (Peter Rosenberg, Europa-Universit瓣t Viadrina).
How Language Speaks to Music
Prosody as a system of suprasegmental linguistic information such as rhythm and intonation is a prime candidate for looking at the relation between language and music in a principled way. This claim is based on several aspects: First, prosody is concerned with acoustic correlates of language and music that are directly comparable with each other by their physical properties such as duration and pitch. Second, prosodic accounts suggest a hierarchical organization of prosodic units that not only resembles a syntactic hierarchy, but is viewed as (part of) an interface to syntax. Third, prosody provides a very promising ground for evolutionary accounts of language and music. Fourth, bilateral transfer effects between language and music are best illustrated on the level of prosody. Highlighting the first two aspects, this book shows that it is a fruitful endeavor to use prosody for a principled comparison of language and music. In its broader sense, prosody as sound structure of communicative systems may be considered a 罈meta竄-language that formalizes the way of "how music speaks to language and vice versa". Prosody is firmly established within linguistic theory, but is also applied in the musical domain. Therefore, prosody is not just a field of inquiry that shares elements or features between music and language, but can additionally provide a common conceptual ground.
The Phonetics of Derived Words in English
Effects of morphological structure on phonetic detail present us with two challenges. The empirical challenge is that some predictors have produced inconsistent effects. The theoretical challenge is that it is unclear where morpho-phonetic effects originate from. Do speakers decompose words into morphemes? Or can such effects also originate from non-decompositional structure? This book investigates the durational properties of English derived words in four large-scale corpus studies. In the decompositional perspective, durations are modeled as a function of frequency and segmentability, prosodic structure, and affix informativeness. In the non-decompositional perspective, durations are modeled with predictors derived from linear discriminative learning networks. Results show that the decompositional predictors are far less reliable than previously thought. Meanwhile, some non-decompositional predictors model durations successfully. Discriminative learning is shown to be a promising alternative for modeling speech production. However, the book also demonstrates that many investigated predictors are conceptually interrelated. It ultimately cautions against taking the metaphors we use to describe these predictors as final explanations.
Word and Sentence Prosody
This is the first comprehensive work on word and sentence prosody in Koshikijima Japanese, a dialect of Japanese not fully documented in the literature. It is an endangered dialect spoken by about 2,000 speakers on a small southern island in Japan. Being separated from mainland dialects by the sea, this dialect exhibits unique prosodic features not shared by other Japanese dialects. It also exhibits considerable regional variations among the ten or more small villages that were isolated from each other until recently.Based on the author's fieldwork, the book analyzes word accent and intonation, the two linguistic areas in which this endangered dialect exhibits unique features and remarkable regional variations within itself. They include the emergence and development of a secondary H tone, postlexical deletion of the primary H tone, and the L boundary tone in question and vocative intonation. These phenomena bear crucially on general issues in prosody, including postlexical tonal neutralizations, competitions between lexical and postlexical tones, and the number of tones that a syllable can maximally bear. The book thus demonstrates the relevance of studying an endangered language/dialect in general linguistic contexts.
Concreteness in Generative Phonology
Concreteness in Generative Phonology presents major topics in French phonology and morphology within the theoretical framework of generative grammar. The concrete analyses advocated in Bernard Tranel's study constitute a radical departure from the abstract solutions proposed in previous generative treatments. Abundant internal and external evidence anchors the concrete approach, which is based on the recognition of the lexical nature of nasal vowels, the absence of protective schwas, and the necessity of a rule-feature analysis for h-aspire words. French phonology has been a well-known subject of controversy, both because French is an influential Indo-European language and because the complexity of the data has made it difficult to decide certain issues. This integrated account brings to bear data generally omitted from consideration, demonstrates the critical role that substantive evidence plays as a tool of investigation, and provides a data-based comparison between two approaches within the same broad generative framework. Taking advantage of certain theoretical developments, Tranel presents each problem set of data alongside previous and logical possible analyses and clearly lays out the arguments for and against each analysis. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1981.
Language and Security
Monograph focuses on the analysis of securitizing speech acts produced by major actors in Slovak public discourse, primarily left and right populists. In the case studies attention is centered on the nature of produced utterances, especially at the lexical level, with an emphasis on speech tactics and discourse strategies. With these intentions in mind, the researchers investigate how alleged threats are verbalized, which linguistic devices the producers of threat articulations most frequently employ in presenting them, and what persuasive effects can result from their usage. The authors also focused their research on metaphors and used the tools of corpus linguistics in their analysis. This research falls within the fields of political linguistics and linguistic pragmatics. In their analyses, the authors focus on pressing social issues such as migration, the war in Ukraine, public health issues, economic crisis, and other 'pre-election' populist topics.
easy Turkish Grammar with answers 2
eas-y Turkish Grammar with answers 2 is a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate (B1) toupper-intermediate (B2) students of Turkish. It covers 37 topics in the same structure as eas-y Turkish Grammar with answers 1. - Each group of suffixes in Turkish is highlighted with a different colour throughout the book so that you can easily identify the function of each suffix. You can find the colour legend at the bottom of the pages. - Each topic is illustrated by a variety of real-life examples with accompanying English translations. The examples also include the structures that were previously introduced so that you can fully understand the topics you have already studied. - At the end of each unit, you will find practice exercises. - The answer key, which is also colour-coded, contains the answers to all the exercises, including sample answers to the open-ended tasks.
The Phonology of Maaloula Aramaic
The presented work gives a detailed account of the phonological and morpho-phonological processes in Maaloula Aramaic, an under-researched and endangered Neo-Aramaic variety. It provides solutions to previously unaddressed problems at the descriptive, methodological, and theoretical levels. At the descriptive level, this work revisits the content and presentation of the generalizations made in previous accounts. At the methodological level, it addresses the absence of quantitative research from the previous literature by launching the Maaloula Aramaic Speech Corpus (MASC), the first electronic speech corpus of this variety, and by conducting corpus-based studies which investigate and validate the previous generalizations. At the theoretical level, this book presents and discusses the quantitative results from the perspective of phonological theory. It formalizes synchronic phonological rules, shows how different phonological rules interact with each other, and makes cross-linguistic comparisons. The analyses and results are presented in a way accessible to linguists who may or may not be familiar with Semitic languages. Some of the discussions are relevant to controversial issues in phonological theory.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Applied Linguistics and Education
This book offers a collection of papers tackling aspects in the fields of Applied Linguistics, discourse analysis, teaching and translation. The contributions cover topics of special interest to scholars and researchers in these fields such as language acquisition through the exploration of different L2 learners' experiences; translation studies including the difficulties of finding suitable equivalences between legal systems; critical discourse analysis applied to the discourse of intimate partner violence against women; post-humanism; stylistic variation in contemporary English. The volume also shows the increasing interdisciplinarity between computer science and linguistics, as evidence of the new path this interaction is leading to. The book is a resource for researchers and general users interested in the computer branch and its contribution to Linguistics.
Sounds, Syllables and Word Stress
The ability to communicate in a new language depends on an understanding of the patterns and structures which hold that language together. Sounds, Syllables and Word Stress focuses on the key principles behind English pronunciation and fills an important gap in two major areas: it contains a thorough description of how English words - and larger units - are pronounced, with enough phonetic theory for an understanding of the basic principles; it addresses the complexity of English sounds (vowels and consonants) and their various spellings - often a source of serious confusion to learners. This book is written from an experienced non-native speaker's point of view and uses examples from everyday language. Its fresh approach to learning pronunciation will be particularly useful for teachers and second-language learners, and all those interested in improving their communication in spoken English.
Sanskrit Samasa Panini Prakriya
Compound words are frequently seen in Sanskrit Vedanta and Upanishad texts. These are condensed sentences, nay entire paragraphs of subtle wisdom.2.1.4 सह सुपा । With a word ending in a case-affix.In this sutra the word अय is implicit, so it consists of three words, सुप् सह सुपा ।सह सुप् समस्यते समर्थेन a case-inflected word may be compounded with a word with which it is connected in sense. To put it another way, a join of two words that are somehow meaningfully related.सुपा सह समस्यते a case-inflected word is compounded with another sup-inflected word, i.e. compounding a tinganta/subanta pada with a subantam padam.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Types of VisheshaSamasa = AvyayiBhava TatPurusha Bahuvrihi DvandvaThe VisheshaSamasa compound word has the four major types.- I. TatPurusha, i.e. ThatBeing- II. Bahuvrihi, i.e. ManyTypes/Indeterminate- III. Dvandva, i.e. Noun word joins having equal or similar importance- IV. AvyayiBhava, i.e. that which is an Indeclinable---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Concise discussion of Sanskrit Grammar Samasa = Compound Words. Gives relevant Ashtadhyayi Sutras.
An Essay In Aid Of A Grammar Of Assent
"An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent" is a philosophical work by John Henry Newman, first published in 1870. In this book, Newman explores the nature of faith and the process of belief formation, offering a sophisticated analysis of how individuals come to assent to propositions, particularly in matters of religion.The central thesis of the book is Newman's argument that assent, or the act of believing, involves more than just logical reasoning or evidence-based argumentation. Instead, he emphasizes the role of what he terms the "illative sense" - a faculty of the mind that enables individuals to make intuitive leaps in belief, even in the absence of conclusive evidence. Newman contends that this faculty operates on a deeper level than mere intellect, drawing on a combination of reason, intuition, and personal experience.Newman also discusses the distinction between formal logic and what he calls "real apprehension." While formal logic deals with the consistency and coherence of propositions, real apprehension involves grasping the truth and significance of those propositions in a more holistic sense. Newman argues that this form of apprehension is essential for understanding religious truths, which often transcend the boundaries of empirical evidence and logical demonstration.Throughout the book, Newman engages with various objections to religious belief, including skepticism, atheism, and religious pluralism. He defends the rationality of faith, asserting that while it may not always be possible to provide irrefutable proof for religious propositions, there are still compelling reasons for assenting to them."An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent" is characterized by its nuanced exploration of the psychology of belief and its emphasis on the role of personal conviction in matters of faith. It remains a significant work in the fields of epistemology, philosophy of religion, and theology, influencing subsequent thinkers and provoking ongoing discussion about the nature of religious belief and its justification.
Basic English Grammar for Dummies - Us
Your go-to guide for expressing yourself correctly in the most spoken language in the world Basic English Grammar For Dummies is the bestselling grammar guide that's perfect for readers who want to improve their knowledge of the English language. This well-rounded primer covers the building blocks of English grammar, giving you an introduction to parts of speech, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and more. Real-world examples help you understand the rules of Standard English -- and when you can break them! You can test your progress with quiz questions on every topic. This updated edition explains current usage (including pronouns and presentation slides) and gives you handy rules to remember, so you can speak and write with confidence. Make the English language learning process engaging and stress-free with this Dummies guide. Learn about parts of speech, sentence structure, punctuation, and capitalization Become a better writer and get answers to all your questions about English Recognize and avoid common grammar mistakes and misuse of words Apply your grammar knowledge in everyday scenarios at work, in school, and in general communication Anyone who's new to the English language or needs a little refresher on tricky grammar rules will enjoy Basic English Grammar For Dummies. This book makes learning the English language accessible so you can feel confident at work, in school, and in life.
Stellar English
An indispensable guide to essential principles of English grammar and usage Stellar English lays out the fundamentals of effective writing, from word choice and punctuation to parts of speech and common errors. Frank Cioffi emphasizes how formal written English--though only a subdialect of the language--enables writers to reach a wide and heterogenous audience. Cioffi's many example sentences illustrating grammatical principles tilt in an otherworldly direction, making up a science fiction story involving alien invasion. Reading the book through will not only help you with your grammar but also reveal how the story ends! An invaluable brief handbook for native and nonnative speakers alike, Stellar English avoids the jargon and emphasis on outdated rules found in typical grammar guides and shows how good writing uses carefully constructed language that's at once appropriate to an audience and communicates--without distractions or confusion--just what the writer wants.
