A Grammar of Pangkhua
Pangkhua is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language, spoken by about 2000 people in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. This volume provides a comprehensive grammatical description of the language, based on more than a year of original fieldwork in a Pangkhua village. Taking a broadly functional typological perspective, Zahid Akter analyzes Pangkhua phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse. Some of the typologically notable characteristics of Pangkhua include presence of a relatively large number of sesquisyllabic words, an elaborate person marking on verbs, absence of a clausal conjunctive, and lack of a distinct word class of adjectives. As the first comprehensive description of the language, this grammar contributes to comparative Tibeto-Burman linguistics more broadly by laying the groundwork for further studies locating Pangkhua in its genealogical, areal, and typological contexts. It will also serve as an invaluable resource for the maintenance and revitalization of Pangkhua language and culture.
Writing Essentials
Great writers aren't born, they're taught! Unfortunately, the rules of written English can be difficult enough to remember, let alone teach. If you struggle to separate pronouns from prepositions, or are often left wondering whether to use "who" or "whom", Australian author Dianne Bates comes to your aid with Writing Essentials, a welcome reference for teachers and aspiring authors. This handy guide offers concise explanations on the basics of grammar, punctuation and word usage, while also introducing fundamental techniques to help broaden your vocabulary and bring your writing to life. Packed with plenty of exercises to test yourself and your students, Writing Essentials provides all the support you'll need to hone your own writing skills and pass on your knowledge to budding writers!
The Phonetics and Phonology of Heritage Languages
In recent times, the study of heritage languages has rapidly grown as an area of enquiry. However, until now, less has been known about the sounds and sound systems of heritage languages. Bringing together researchers from around the globe, this volume is the first full, book-length treatment of the phonetics and phonology of heritage languages. Each chapter examines understudied bilingual dyads in a broad range of geographic and social contexts, and through a wide variety of methodological and theoretical orientations. A wide range of heritage language sound system issues are addressed: at the segmental level, production of vowels and various consonants, segmental perception, and the perception of written forms signalling phonological variation; and at the suprasegmental level, declarative and question intonation, stress, focus, and lexical tone. It is essential reading for academic researchers and students in heritage languages, bilingualism, phonetics and phonology, sociolinguistics, and language variation and change.
Have You Eaten Grandma?
For anyone who wants to make fewer (not less) grammar mistakes, this "passionate, enlightening, and easily navigable manual is certainly the right book at the right time" (Publishers Weekly)--reminiscent of the New York Times bestseller Eats, Shoots & Leaves. Our language is changing, literary levels are declining, and our grasp of grammar is at a crisis point. From commas to colons, apostrophes to adverbs, there are countless ways we can make mistakes when writing or speaking. But do not despair! Great Britain's most popular grammar guru has created the ultimate modern manual for English speakers on both sides of the Atlantic. In this "irreverent and conversational" (Booklist) guide to proper punctuation and so much more, Gyles Brandreth explores the linguistic horrors of our times, tells us what we've been doing wrong, and shows us how to can get it right every time. Covering everything from dangling participles to transitive verbs, from age-old conundrums like "lay" vs. "lie," to the confounding influences of social media on our everyday language, Have You Eaten Grandma? is an endlessly useful and entertaining resource for all.
Sanskrit Verb conjugation using Ashtadhyayi Sutras
Sanskrit is coming of Age. More and more Colleges and Universities are offering a degree course in this lingua franca of yore. Many schools across Europe and America are introducing Sanskrit to young learners. In India too there is a revival across the length and breadth, with committed organizations working to reach out to adults and children all over.To understand Sanskrit Grammar, the basic stuff is all about knowing the correct spelling of NOUNS and VERBS. This edition gives the process whereby Primary Ting Affixes get Modified to the Secondary Ting Affixes for the eleven Tenses and Moods.3x3 person and number Parasmaipada and Atmanepada Ting Affix Tables are listed for: Sarvadhatuka Tenses and Moods1 लट् Present Tense2 लङ् Imperfect Past Tense - before from yesterday onwards3 लोट् Imperative Mood - request4 विधि-लिङ् Potential Mood - order विधिलिङ् (also known as Optative Mood)11a लेट् Vedic usage Potential Mood - orderArdhadhatuka Tenses and Moods5 लृट् Simple Future Tense - now onwards6 लृङ् Conditional Mood - if/then in past or future7 लुट् Periphrastic Future Tense - tomorrow onwards8 आशीर्-लिङ् Benedictive Mood - blessing आशीर्लिङ् (also used in the sense of a curse)9 लिट् Perfect Past Tense - distant unseen past10 लुङ् Aorist Past Tense, before from now onwards11b लेट् Vedic usage Potential Mood - order------------------------------Primary तिङ् AffixesParasmaipadaतिप् तस् झिसिप् थस् थमिप् वस् मस्Atmanepadaत आताम् झथास् आथाम् ध्वम्इट् वहि महिङ्Present Tense लट् LAṭRegular Gana लट् तिङ् Affixes for Dhatus 1c, 4c, 6c, 10cParasmaipadaति तः अन्तिसि थः थमि वः मःAtmanepadaते इते अन्तेसे इथे ध्वेए वहे महेIrregular Gana लट् Affixes (Dhatus 2c, 5c, 7c, 8c, 9c)Parasmaipadaति तः अन्तिसि थः थमि वः मःAtmanepadaते आते अतेसे आथे ध्वेए वहे महेReduplicated Gana लट् Affixes (Dhatus 3c) and 7 Roots of 2cParasmaipadaति तः अतिसि थः थमि वः मःAtmanepadaते आते अतेसे आथे ध्वेए वहे महेIt also lists the Ashtadhyayi of Panini Sutras to see what changes are involved to make the final affix.Well chosen Examples of selected Ro
Phonetics in the Brain
Spoken language is a rapidly unfolding signal: a complex code that the listener must crack to understand what is being said. From the structures of the inner ear through to higher-order areas of the brain, a hierarchy of interlinked processes transforms the acoustic signal into a linguistic message within fractions of a second. This Element outlines how we perceive speech and explores what the auditory system needs to achieve to make this possible. It traces a path through the system and discusses the mechanisms that enable us to perceive speech as a coherent sequence of words. This is combined with a brief history of research into language and the brain beginning in the nineteenth century, as well as an overview of the state-of-the-art neuroimaging and analysis techniques that are used to investigate phonetics in the brain today. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Phonetics in the Brain
Spoken language is a rapidly unfolding signal: a complex code that the listener must crack to understand what is being said. From the structures of the inner ear through to higher-order areas of the brain, a hierarchy of interlinked processes transforms the acoustic signal into a linguistic message within fractions of a second. This Element outlines how we perceive speech and explores what the auditory system needs to achieve to make this possible. It traces a path through the system and discusses the mechanisms that enable us to perceive speech as a coherent sequence of words. This is combined with a brief history of research into language and the brain beginning in the nineteenth century, as well as an overview of the state-of-the-art neuroimaging and analysis techniques that are used to investigate phonetics in the brain today. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Cambridge Handbook of Phonetics
Phonetics - the study and classification of speech sounds - is a major sub-discipline of linguistics. Bringing together a team of internationally renowned phoneticians, this handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the most recent, cutting-edge work in the field, and focuses on the most widely-debated contemporary issues. Chapters are divided into five thematic areas: segmental production, prosodic production, measuring speech, audition and perception, and applications of phonetics. Each chapter presents an historical overview of the area, along with critical issues, current research and advice on the best practice for teaching phonetics to undergraduates. It brings together global perspectives, and includes examples from a wide range of languages, allowing readers to extend their knowledge beyond English. By providing both state-of-the-art research information, and an appreciation of how it can be shared with students, this handbook is essential both for academic phoneticians, and anyone with an interest in this exciting, rapidly developing field.
The Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Syntax
Experimental syntax is an area that is rapidly growing as linguistic research becomes increasingly focused on replicable language data, in both fieldwork and laboratory environments. The first of its kind, this handbook provides an in-depth overview of current issues and trends in this field, with contributions from leading international scholars. It pays special attention to sentence acceptability experiments, outlining current best practices in conducting tests, and pointing out promising new avenues for future research. Separate sections review research results from the past 20 years, covering specific syntactic phenomena and language types. The handbook also outlines other common psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic methods for studying syntax, comparing and contrasting them with acceptability experiments, and giving useful perspectives on the interplay between theoretical and experimental linguistics. Providing an up-to-date reference on this exciting field, it is essential reading for students and researchers in linguistics interested in using experimental methods to conduct syntactic research.
The Compositional Nature of Tense, Mood and Aspect: Volume 167
Bringing together fifty years' worth of cross-linguistic research, this pioneering monograph explores the complex interaction between tense, mood and aspect. It looks at the long way of combining elementary semantic units at the bottom of phrase structure up to and including the top of a sentence. Rejecting ternary tense as blocking compositionality, it introduces three levels obtained by binary tense oppositions. It also counters an outdated view on motion by assuming that change is not expressed as having an inherent goal but rather as dynamic interaction between different number systems that allows us to package information into countable and continuous units. It formally identifies the central role of a verb in a variety of argument structures and integrates adverbial modifiers into the compositional structure at different tense levels of phrase structure. This unique contribution to the field will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in the syntax-semantics interface.
APA Essentials, 7th Edition
This book walks writers through the basics and gives quick tips for APA style, formatting, and citation as well as gender-neutral pronouns and unbiased language. Author Dona J. Young incorporates a reader-friendly approach: students readily connect with the conversational tone and clear examples that ease them into learning APA 7 style and bringing their writing to a higher level. As well as highlighting changes adopted in the 7th edition of APA (2020), this resource also covers essentials of academic, evidence-based writing: as pre-work for writing a literature review, it guides learners through the process of composing an effective thesis, introductory paragraph, annotated bibliography, and abstract. In addition, writers build editing skills by reviewing comma and semicolon usage, pronoun viewpoint, active voice, and capitalization (sentence and title case). Numerous examples of APA use are set off from the narrative to give readers quick access to them. Additional features include sample papers in APA style and a glossary of terms. Each chapter contains a short interactive activity to improve writing process, style, and skills. Designed to get readers on a path to using APA that brings them success, this supplementary text could be used in any course in education, psychology, health care sciences (nursing), and social sciences at both the undergraduate and graduate level.
Transcription Made Easy
Each of the forty-four phonetic sounds has its unique symbol. For example, the symbol / /represents the short sound underlined in the word "pin" /p n/. It is important for speakers of English to know the phonetic sounds and symbols and the transcription of English words, in the same vein in which the letters of the English words are learnt and mastered.In pronouncing words, phonetic sounds represent the right sound that should be heard in each correctly pronounced word. And the symbols of these sounds are written in the transcription of each word. The phonetic transcription is usually given in slashes / /.It is necessary to note that not all dictionaries give the transcription of words. Ensure to use only dictionaries that offer phonetic transcriptions. This will be handy in helping you learn the pronunciation of words better.As you go through this transcription workbook, first practice how to correctly write the symbols of each given phonetic sound until mastery is attained. Then study the words and the corresponding transcriptions prepared for you, after which you attempt to transcribe the words given alongside as practice exercises. Then you can check your words in a good dictionary, and correct yourself where necessary.
Sanskrit Verb conjugation using Ashtadhyayi Sutras
Sanskrit is coming of Age. More and more Colleges and Universities are offering a degree course in this lingua franca of yore. Many schools across Europe and America are introducing Sanskrit to young learners. In India too there is a revival across the length and breadth, with committed organizations working to reach out to adults and children all over.To understand Sanskrit Grammar, the basic stuff is all about knowing the correct spelling of NOUNS and VERBS. This edition gives the process whereby Primary Ting Affixes get Modified to the Secondary Ting Affixes for the eleven Tenses and Moods. 3x3 person and number Parasmaipada and Atmanepada Ting Affix Tables are listed for: Sarvadhatuka Tenses and Moods1 लट् Present Tense2 लङ् Imperfect Past Tense - before from yesterday onwards3 लोट् Imperative Mood - request4 विधिलिङ् Potential Mood - order (also known as Optative Mood)11a लेट् Vedic usage Potential Mood - order Ardhadhatuka Tenses and Moods5 लृट् Simple Future Tense - now onwards6 लृङ् Conditional Mood - if/then in past or future7 लुट् Periphrastic Future Tense - tomorrow onwards8 आशीर्लिङ् Benedictive Mood - blessing (also used in the sense of a curse)9 लिट् Perfect Past Tense - distant unseen past10 लुङ् Aorist Past Tense, before from now onwards11b लेट् Vedic usage Potential Mood - order Primary तिङ् AffixesParasmaipadaतिप् तस् झिसिप् थस् थमिप् वस् मस् Atmanepadaत आताम् झथास् आथाम् ध्वम्इट् वहि महिङ् Present Tense लट् LAṭRegular Gana लट् तिङ् Affixes for Dhatus 1c, 4c, 6c, 10cParasmaipadaति तः अन्तिसि थः थमि वः मः Atmanepadaते इते अन्तेसे इथे ध्वेए वहे महेIrregular Gana लट् Affixes (Dhatus 2c, 5c, 7c, 8c, 9c)Parasmaipadaति तः अन्तिसि थः थमि वः मः Atmanepadaते आते अतेसे आथे ध्वेए वहे महेReduplicated Gana लट् Affixes (Dhatus 3c) and 7 Roots of 2cParasmaipadaति तः अतिसि थः थमि वः मः Atmanepadaते आते अतेसे आथे ध्वेए वहे महेIt also lists the Ashtadhyayi of Panini Sutras to see what changes are involved to make the final affix.Well chosen Examples of selected Roots are given in all the 10+1 Lakaras, in Active Voice.--------An invaluable book to see and derive correct spellings of Sanskrit Verbs in all 11 Tense
Can Construction Grammar Be Proven Wrong?
Construction Grammar has gained prominence in linguistics, owing its popularity to its inclusive approach that considers language units of varying sizes and generality as potential constructions - mentally stored form-function units. This Element serves as a cautionary note against complacency and dogmatism. It emphasizes the enduring importance of falsifiability as a criterion for scientific hypotheses and theories. Can every postulated construction, in principle, be empirically demonstrated not to exist? As a case study, the author examines the schematic English transitive verb-particle construction, which defies experimental verification. He argues that we can still reject its non-existence using sound linguistic reasoning. But beyond individual constructions, what could be a crucial test for Construction Grammar itself, one that would falsify it as a theory? In making a proposal for such a test, designed to prove that speakers also exhibit pure-form knowledge, this Element contributes to ongoing discussions about Construction Grammar's theoretical foundations.
Can Construction Grammar Be Proven Wrong?
Construction Grammar has gained prominence in linguistics, owing its popularity to its inclusive approach that considers language units of varying sizes and generality as potential constructions - mentally stored form-function units. This Element serves as a cautionary note against complacency and dogmatism. It emphasizes the enduring importance of falsifiability as a criterion for scientific hypotheses and theories. Can every postulated construction, in principle, be empirically demonstrated not to exist? As a case study, the author examines the schematic English transitive verb-particle construction, which defies experimental verification. He argues that we can still reject its non-existence using sound linguistic reasoning. But beyond individual constructions, what could be a crucial test for Construction Grammar itself, one that would falsify it as a theory? In making a proposal for such a test, designed to prove that speakers also exhibit pure-form knowledge, this Element contributes to ongoing discussions about Construction Grammar's theoretical foundations.
Phonetics Made Easy
Welcome to my audio series, bringing you the forty-four (44) phonetic sounds. Working through this first series will help you learn and master the forty-four (44) English phonetic sounds. In addition to learning how to pronounce these sounds and their word examples, you will also learn the different categories of sounds and the number of sounds in each category I have also developed a phonetic chart to be used as a visual aid to help you learn.These books and learning tools are recommended for both young learners and adults beginning in the study of phonetics or diction.JeksDiction BOOK
A Guide to Quantitative Research Methods in Second Language Pronunciation
This book offers a comprehensive resource on the state-of-the-art in L2 pronunciation, surveying the most up-to-date theoretical and methodological developments to highlight the multidimensional nature of pronunciation scholarship and directions for future research. The volume examines both speech perception and production, including the perception-production link. The book explores production from a range of perspectives, including acoustic analysis of specific features and listener-based ratings of global dimensions of pronunciation. Each chapter spotlights a different dimension of pronunciation through a consistent structure, including a summary of the latest research, a critical appraisal of methods, and an overview of data analysis procedures with recommendations for practical implementation. The innovative interconnected structure allows readers to build on their knowledge with each successive chapter while also allowing the flexibility to use chapters as standalone units depending on individual interests. A concluding chapter outlines a research agenda for future scholarship, spotlighting the methods and approaches that are most likely to advance the field. This book is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers, at all stages of their careers, looking to expand their knowledge base in SLA and L2 pronunciation and related fields such as phonetics and phonology.
JeksDiction Book 3
This book is designed to be an early learning progressive aid subsequent to the successful completion of Book One. Having attained mastery of the basic sounds of the letters and the basic vowel sounds, a learner at this stage is easily able to recognise the basic vowel sounds and identify the letters of the alphabet that make their beginning sounds. Learners can also pronounce simple words correctly, make sounds with the basic vowels in words and sentences, write the basic vowel sounds in practice, and successfully match the correct sounds to the respective pictures, having mastered the beginning sound of each picture.Finally, learners have been exposed to learn the basic consonant sounds, write them, match them successfully to the respective pictures where they apply to their beginning sounds.This book proceeds to help beginners increase the application of their knowledge base of the foundational vowel sounds. There is a deliberate focus on emphasising the sounds in three-letter words, sentence reading practice and formation on a more encompassing level, while paying attention to the sounds learnt and handled in Book One for revision toward their mastery. The practice sessions in this book are targeted to make learners become masters and leaders in the study of phonemes and diction.​​​​​​​Thank you for partnering with this awesome venture. Cheers! Mary Jeks These books and learning tools are recommended for both young learners and adults beginning in the study of phonetics or diction.JeksDiction BOOK
The Science of Grammar
"The Science of Grammar: What You Need to Know" is an illuminating and comprehensive exploration of the intricate and fundamental aspects of language structure. Authored by a seasoned linguist or grammarian, the book serves as a valuable guide for readers keen on unraveling the mysteries of grammar and understanding the science behind the construction of language.Key Features: Foundations of Linguistics: "The Science of Grammar" begins by laying a solid foundation in linguistics, introducing readers to the key principles and theories that underpin the study of language. From phonetics to syntax, the book covers various linguistic domains to provide a holistic understanding of language structure.Accessible Language: Despite the complexity of the subject matter, the book adopts an accessible and reader-friendly language. Complex linguistic concepts are explained in a clear and concise manner, making the science of grammar approachable for both language enthusiasts and those new to linguistic studies.Historical Context: The book delves into the historical development of linguistic theories, tracing the evolution of grammatical studies from ancient times to contemporary linguistics. This historical context adds depth to the understanding of why languages are structured the way they are and how linguistic theories have evolved over time.Practical Applications: "The Science of Grammar" goes beyond theoretical discussions to explore the practical applications of understanding grammar. Examples and exercises are provided to help readers apply their newfound knowledge to real-world scenarios, enhancing their language skills and communication abilities.Comparative Linguistics: The book may delve into comparative linguistics, offering insights into the similarities and differences among languages. This comparative approach allows readers to appreciate the diversity of grammatical structures across different languages and cultures.Evolution of Language: An exploration of the evolution of language is a key component of the book. It may discuss how languages change over time, adapt to new cultural contexts, and respond to social and technological developments.Modern Linguistic Theories: "The Science of Grammar" covers contemporary linguistic theories and debates, offering readers a glimpse into the ongoing discussions within the field. This aspect keeps the content relevant and reflective of the current state of linguistic research.Visual Aids: To enhance understanding, the book may incorporate visual aids such as diagrams, charts, and examples to illustrate grammatical concepts. These visual elements help readers grasp abstract linguistic ideas more effectively.Whether you're a language enthusiast, a student of linguistics, or someone simply curious about the inner workings of language, "The Science of Grammar: What You Need to Know" provides a comprehensive and enlightening journey into the intricate world of linguistic structure, offering readers the tools they need to unravel the complexities of grammar and deepen their appreciation for the science behind language.
Grammatical Study of The English Language
Dive into the intricacies of the English language with this authoritative and comprehensive guide, "A Comprehensive Grammatical Study of the English Language." Authored by an esteemed linguist, this book serves as an indispensable resource for language enthusiasts, students, and educators seeking a deep understanding of English grammar.The book systematically explores the structure and rules that govern the English language, offering a detailed and accessible examination of grammar, syntax, and linguistic nuances. Readers will embark on a journey through the foundations of English grammar, from the fundamental components of sentences to the complexities of advanced grammatical structures.Key Features: Foundational Concepts: Begin with a thorough exploration of basic grammatical elements, such as parts of speech, sentence structure, and punctuation, providing readers with a solid groundwork for more advanced topics.In-Depth Analysis: Delve into the intricacies of English grammar, examining complex concepts such as verb tense, mood, voice, and sentence transformation. Each topic is elucidated with clear examples and practical applications.Language Evolution: Explore the historical development of English grammar, tracing the evolution of linguistic structures and the influences that have shaped the language over time.Common Challenges: Address common grammatical challenges and misconceptions, providing practical tips and strategies for overcoming common pitfalls in spoken and written communication.Contemporary Relevance: Connect the traditional foundations of English grammar with contemporary language use, including insights into modern linguistic trends, variations, and evolving standards.Exercises and Application: Reinforce learning with practical exercises and real-world applications that encourage readers to apply their newfound knowledge, fostering a deeper understanding of grammatical principles.Whether you are a language student, a professional writer, or simply someone fascinated by the intricacies of language, "A Comprehensive Grammatical Study of the English Language" is your definitive guide to mastering the nuances of English grammar and enhancing your communication skills. Engage with this invaluable resource to unlock the secrets of effective expression and elevate your command of the English language.
An Introduction to English Phonetics
In the third edition of this bestselling introductory textbook, Richard Ogden presents the concepts, terminology and representations needed for understanding how English is pronounced globally. He guides you through the vocal tract, explains clearly how the sounds of speech are made, and introduces phonetic transcription and acoustic analysis. This textbook uses naturally-occurring conversational speech throughout so you can get to know the details of everyday talk (and not just the careful pronunciations presented in dictionaries.) Written in a user-friendly style with plenty of examples, this textbook is a great starting point for your first university course on English phonetics.
Speech and Interaction of Preadolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Write It Right
"Write It Right" is a classic guide to writing and language usage penned by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce, a prominent American journalist, satirist, and short story writer. Originally published in 1909, this concise and witty manual serves as a valuable resource for writers and language enthusiasts seeking to refine their command of English. In "Write It Right," Bierce takes on the role of a linguistic arbiter, offering a no-nonsense approach to common grammatical errors, stylistic pitfalls, and language misuse. Known for his acerbic wit, Bierce addresses these issues with a sharp and often humorous tone, making the guide both instructive and entertaining. The book is organized alphabetically, with Bierce tackling specific words or phrases that are commonly misused or misunderstood. His insights range from the proper use of punctuation to the nuances of word choice, aiming to clarify and rectify linguistic misunderstandings. Bierce's advice in "Write It Right" reflects his commitment to precision and clarity in communication. While some of the examples may be rooted in the language conventions of the early 20th century, many of the principles he espouses remain relevant today. Writers, editors, and language enthusiasts continue to find value in Bierce's straightforward and often humorous approach to language usage. Overall, "Write It Right" stands as a testament to Bierce's keen linguistic sensibilities and his dedication to the art of effective communication. It remains a compelling read for those interested in the nuances of language and the timeless pursuit of clear, impactful writing.
Acoustic Phonetics
This book presents a theory of speech-sound generation in the human vocal system.This book presents a theory of speech-sound generation in the human vocal system. The comprehensive acoustic theory serves as one basis for defining categories of speech sounds used to form distinctions between words in languages. The author begins with a review of the anatomy and physiology of speech production, then covers source mechanisms, the vocal tract as an acoustic filter, relevant aspects of auditory psychophysics and physiology, and phonological representations. In the remaining chapters he presents a detailed examination of vowels, consonants, and the influence of context on speech-sound production. Although he focuses mainly on the sounds of English, he touches briefly on sounds in other languages.The book will serve as a reference for speech scientists, speech pathologists, linguists interested in phonetics and phonology, psychologists interested in speech perception and production, and engineers concerned with speech processing applications.
Ace
This monograph explores several complex questions concerning the theories of government and bounding, including, in particular, the possibility of a unified approach to these topics. Starting with the intuitive idea that certain categories in certain configurations are barriers to government and movement, it considers whether the same categories are barriers in the two instances or whether one barrier suffices to block government (a stricter and "more local" relation) while more than one barrier inhibits movement, perhaps in a graded manner. Any proposal concerning the formulation of the concept of government has intricate consequences, and many of the empirical phenomena that appear to be relevant are still poorly understood. Similarly, judgments about the theory of movement also involve a number of different factors, including sensitivity to lexical choice. Therefore, Chomsky proceeds on the basis of speculations as to the proper idealization of complex phenomena - how they should be sorted into a variety of interacting systems (some of which remain quite obscure), which may tentatively be put aside to be explained by independent (sometimes unknown) factors, and which may be considered relevant to the subsystems under investigation. Barriers considers several possible paths through the maze of possibilities that arise. It sets the subtheory context (x-bar theory, theory of movement, and government) for determining what constitutes a barrier and explores two concepts of barrier - maximal projection and the minimality condition - and their manifestations in and implications for proper government, subjacency, island violations, vacuous movement, parasitic gaps, and A-chains.Barriers is Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 13.
Phonology in Multilingual Grammars
This book explores questions about the nature of an interlanguage grammar, i.e. the grammar of a bilingual. John Archibald approaches these questions within a cognitive science perspective that draws upon abstract representational structures in demonstrating that phonological knowledge underlies the surface phonetic properties of L2 speech. Specifically, he proposes that interlanguage grammars are not 'impaired', 'fundamentally different', or 'shallow' (as some have argued); the phonological grammars are complex, hierarchically-structured, mental representations that are governed by the principles of linguistic theory, including those of Universal Grammar. The book outlines a model that addresses Plato's problem (learning in the absence of evidence) and Orwell's problem (resistance to learning in the face of abundant evidence). Furthermore, the study of grammatical interfaces--phonetics/phonology; phonology/morphology; phonology/syntax--reveals the necessary design conditions for an internally-consistent architecture for a comprehensive model of second language speech. The resulting empirically-motivated model is parsimonious in accounting for all aspects of L2 speech from phonological feature, to segment, to word, to sentence. The book concludes by discussing why phonology has been underrepresented in generative approaches to second language acquisition, and examining some of the implications of second language phonology for applied linguistics and language pedagogy.
A New Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Reader
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskri is not a deteriorated Sanskrit (as many believed at the discovery of Buddhist texts in Sanskrit), but, following the theoretical foundations underlying the pioneering work of Franklin Edgerton, a language with its grammar and vocabulary sui generis implemented rather consequently, which for a long period of time was used to spread the teaching of Buddha. The Reader is meant as a textbook for advanced students with an interest in non-standard Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan. A substantial novelty of the Reader is that it includes extracts from representative texts either recently critically re-edited on the basis of new manuscripts or from the texts unknown at the time of Edgerton's publications. All extracts are accompanied by commentaries explaining their grammatical peculiarities as well as by selections of specific lexical items.
A Grammar of the English Tongue
"A Grammar of the English Tongue" is a notable work by Samuel Johnson, an influential English writer, lexicographer, and critic. This book, published in 1755, was part of Johnson's larger and more comprehensive literary contribution, which also included the famous "A Dictionary of the English Language." In "A Grammar of the English Tongue," Johnson provides a systematic and detailed examination of the grammar and usage of the English language as it was understood and practiced in the 18th century. The work covers various aspects of grammar, syntax, and linguistic conventions of the time. Johnson's approach to grammar is likely to be prescriptive, offering rules and guidelines for proper usage. The book reflects Johnson's commitment to language precision and his belief in the importance of maintaining standards in English communication. It was a significant contribution to the study and codification of the English language during a period when there was a growing interest in establishing linguistic norms.
Composition and Grammar
We live in a world of words. The way we interact with our fellow humans is very often based on the language that always surrounds us, whether it be the messages we send, the news we read, or the assignments we complete in classes that give us the education intended to lead us to success. What might be the best way to navigate the complexity of language, especially in a first-year composition course? This book addresses these issues by presenting lessons, examples, and student samples through an approach that is friendly, conversational, and realistic. Created by actual instructors of composition at HCC, this book includes many resources to guide composition students of different skill levels: - In-depth overviews of reading, writing, and revising - Engaging exercises that anticipate and address the most common errors of writers - Actual student samples that provide the basis of class discussions and analysis With guidance that includes both theory and practice, Composition and Grammar for HCC by HCC provides students with the skills they need for their educational goals, their careers, and their lives.
Composition and Grammar
We live in a world of words. The way we interact with our fellow humans is very often based on the language that always surrounds us, whether it be the messages we send, the news we read, or the assignments we complete in classes that give us the education intended to lead us to success. What might be the best way to navigate the complexity of language, especially in a first-year composition course? This book addresses these issues by presenting lessons, examples, and student samples through an approach that is friendly, conversational, and realistic. Created by actual instructors of composition at HCC, this book includes many resources to guide composition students of different skill levels: - In-depth overviews of reading, writing, and revising - Engaging exercises that anticipate and address the most common errors of writers - Actual student samples that provide the basis of class discussions and analysis With guidance that includes both theory and practice, Composition and Grammar for HCC by HCC provides students with the skills they need for their educational goals, their careers, and their lives.
A Short System of English Grammar
"A Short System of English Grammar" is a grammar book written by Henry Bate. The book aim to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the rules and principles governing the English language. Cover topics such as sentence structure, parts of speech, syntax, punctuation, and common grammatical errors. The emphasis can vary from basic grammar rules suitable for beginners to more advanced concepts for those looking to deepen their understanding of the language. "USAGE and Custom are the Rules and Measures of every Language, and the Rules of GRAMMAR have nothing more to do, than to teach it. The GRAMMAR is to be fashioned from the particular Language, it treats of, and not the Language from the GRAMMAR. For want of following this regular Plan, our Modern GRAMMARIANS have introduced the GRAMMAR Rules of other Languages into their own; as if all Language was founded on GRAMMAR, and the Rules in one Language would serve the same End and Purpose in another."
How to Write Clearly
"How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition" is a guidebook authored by Edwin A. Abbott. Edwin Abbott (1838-1926) was an English schoolmaster and theologian. "How to Write Clearly" is a practical manual that focuses on improving English composition skills. The book likely provides a set of rules and guidelines for effective writing, covering various aspects of grammar, style, and clarity. Abbott use examples and exercises to help readers practice and reinforce the concepts discussed. Given Abbott's background and the time in which he lived, it's reasonable to expect that the book adheres to traditional principles of English grammar and composition. The goal is likely to assist readers in honing their writing skills, making their expression clearer and more effective.
Social Factors and L2 Phonetics and Phonology
This Element provides readers with a detailed overview of the social factors that affect second language (L2) phonology acquisition and use. Through a state-of-the art synthesis of the relevant literature, this Element addresses the following questions: What do we mean by social factors? Which social factors have been investigated in research on L2 phonological acquisition and use? How and why do social factors affect L2 phonological acquisition (production and perception) and use? What are the implications of the social factor findings for teaching L2 pronunciation? The Element answers these questions through a synthesis of key findings in research on social factors and L2 phonology. Conclusions and implications for teaching, as well as key readings and references, follow the research synthesis.
Social Factors and L2 Phonetics and Phonology
This Element provides readers with a detailed overview of the social factors that affect second language (L2) phonology acquisition and use. Through a state-of-the art synthesis of the relevant literature, this Element addresses the following questions: What do we mean by social factors? Which social factors have been investigated in research on L2 phonological acquisition and use? How and why do social factors affect L2 phonological acquisition (production and perception) and use? What are the implications of the social factor findings for teaching L2 pronunciation? The Element answers these questions through a synthesis of key findings in research on social factors and L2 phonology. Conclusions and implications for teaching, as well as key readings and references, follow the research synthesis.
Diminutives Across Languages, Theoretical Frameworks and Linguistic Domains
This volume addresses a number of issues in current morphological theory from the point of view of diminutive formation, such as the role of phonology in diminutives and hypocoristics and consequently its place in the overall architecture of grammar, i.e. phonology-first versus syntax/morphology-first theoretical analyses, diminutives in the L1 acquisition of typologically diverse languages, and the borrowing of non-diminutive morphology for the expression of diminutive meanings, among others. Among the peculiarities of diminutive morphology discussed are the relation between diminutives and mass nouns, the avoidance of diminutives in plural contexts in some languages, and the relatively frequent semantic bleaching and reanalysis of diminutive forms cross-linguistically. Special attention is paid to the debate on the head versus modifier status of diminutive affixes (corresponding to high versus low diminutives in alternative analyses), with data from spoken and sign languages. Overall, the volume addresses a number of topics that will be of interest to scholars of almost all linguistic subfields and persuasions.
On Formants
This book presents results in a study toward bringing acoustic and articulatory phonetics together for sonorant sounds, and, in particular, vowel production. Peter Ladefoged suggested proceeding in this project in his textbook, A Course in Phonetics. In acoustic phonetics the resonances, or formants, of the vocal the vocal tract is the primary way that vowels are characterized. In the present book, formants are examined using a physical acoustics approach; pressure, velocity distributions and energy densities of the formants of sonorants are used to examine tubes described by area functions. It is discovered that constriction length should be employed in an articulatory description of sonorants, in addition to the degree of constriction, place of constriction. Additional important parameters for English vowels are degree of lip rounding and larynx height. A new mathematical quantity called spatial phase is derived that can be used predict resonant, or formant, frequencies from area functions. This easily understood mathematical concept is slowly introduced using examples through much of the book. Spatial phase complements and generalizes acoustic perturbation theory. A special chapter on short constrictions and expansions describes their detailed physical acoustics and when lumped electrical elements are appropriate. The book concludes with numerical examples on how eight monophthongs of American English can be classified with the parameters of an area function model. That is, a simple area function vowel space is derived. The author calls for more systematic empirical studies of the relation between vocal tract articulation and vocal tract area functions.
New Perspectives on English Word Stress
New Perspectives on English Word Stress explores the mechanism of word stress assignment in contemporary English from different methodological and theoretical perspectives. Comprising nine chapters, these approaches include a historical overview of the study of stress; the relationship between historic changes in stress and meaning; the relationship between spelling and stress; syllable weight and stress; the theoretical treatment of exceptions; stress mechanisms in Australian English; and stress in Singapore English. The book presents new data and provides the reader with access to various approaches to English word stress in phonology.
Phonology
An introduction to generative phonology using tools of basic set theory, logic, and combinatorics. This textbook introduces phonological theory as a branch of cognitive science for students with minimal background in linguistics. The authors use basic math and logic, including set theory, some rules of inference, and basic combinatorics, to explain phonology, and use phonology to teach the math and logic. The text is unique in its focus on logical analysis, its use of toy data, and its provision of some interpretation rules for its phonological rule syntax. The book's eight parts cover preliminary and background material; the motivation for phonological rules; the development of a formal model for phonological rules; the basic logic of neutralization rules; the traditional notions of allophony and complementary distribution; the logic of rule interaction, presented in terms of function composition; a survey of such issues as length, tone, syllabification, and metathesis; and features and feature logic, with a justification of decomposing segments into features and treating segments as sets of (valued) features. End-of-chapter exercises help students apply the concepts presented. Much of the discussion and many of the exercises rely on toy data, but more "real" data is included toward the end of the book. Exercises available online can be used as homework or in-class quizzes.
Complexity in the Phonology of Tone
The complexity of tone can only be appreciated through phonological patterning that unveils structures beyond differences in pitch heights and contour profiles. Following an introduction on tone's ability to express lexical and grammatical contrasts, Section 2 explains that phonetically, fundamental frequency profiles make for the best descriptors. From these descriptions, Section 3 explains how, through postulations of subatomic entities that comprise tones, a language's tone inventory can be quite symmetrical. In looking at tone's independence from the syllable and segments, Section 4 establishes tone as an autosegment. Sections 5, 6, and 7 go on to discuss a myriad of complexities where tones interact with one another and with other phonological entities. Here, the authors offer a suggestion on how some of these interactions can be captured within the same analytical umbrella. Section 8 then peeks into tone's phonological properties through music and poetry.
English Grammar, Historical and Analytical
Explore the intricacies of the English language with this comprehensive guide to its grammar. From its historical roots to the modern day, Gostwick's insightful analysis reveals the richness and complexity of English grammar. This book is an invaluable resource for students and teachers alike, as well as anyone who wants to deepen their understanding of one of the world's most widely spoken languages.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An English Grammar for Higher Grades in Grammar Schools
This comprehensive grammar book provides lessons and exercises for students in higher grades of grammar schools. Adapted from the 'Essentials of English Grammar', it covers all aspects of the English language, including punctuation, word usage, and syntax.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Weld's English Grammar
This classic grammar textbook has been a trusted resource for students and teachers for over a century. With clear explanations and engaging exercises, it offers a comprehensive overview of English grammar, syntax, and usage. Whether you are a student looking to improve your writing skills, or a teacher seeking a reliable guide for your classroom, Weld's English Grammar is an invaluable tool.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Grammar of the English Tongue
This is a comprehensive guide to English grammar and rhetoric, designed for use in schools and universities. John Brightland covers all aspects of the language, from basic grammar to advanced rhetorical devices, and provides helpful explanations and examples throughout.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar
Gesenius Hebrew Grammar is a classic text on the Hebrew language. This edition includes a course of exercises and a Hebrew chrestomathy, making it an essential tool for students of Hebrew at any level.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Abridgment Of Murray’s English Grammar, Accompanied By An Appendix Of Exercises, By J. Ellis
A concise and practical guide to English grammar, perfect for students, teachers, and anyone seeking to improve their language skills. The book includes a range of exercises to help readers reinforce their knowledge and practice new skills.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Outline Of Middle High German Grammar
This concise reference provides a clear and comprehensive overview of the grammar and syntax of Middle High German, an important literary language spoken in central Europe during the medieval period.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Step-by-step Primer in Burnz' Pronouncing Print. Correct Pronunciation Shown Without new Letters or Change of Spelling
A revolutionary new method for teaching correct English pronunciation, developed by renowned educator Eliza Boardman Burnz. This primer provides a simple and effective system for mastering English pronunciation without relying on complex phonetic symbols or new spelling conventions. With clear explanations and numerous exercises, it is an indispensable resource for educators and students alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Breaking the Spell
The Simplified Spelling Society argues that irregular spelling is a major barrier to literacy and communication. In this book, they present a compelling case for reforming the English language to make it easier to read, write, and understand. Breaking the Spell is a provocative and thought-provoking work that will challenge your assumptions about language and spelling.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
