The Pronouncing Spelling Book
This hands-on guide to pronunciation and spelling is a must-have for anyone looking to improve their language skills. Cumming's book covers every aspect of pronunciation, helping readers master even the trickiest words. Ideal for anyone learning a new language or seeking to refine their pronunciation in their native language.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Manual of Linguistics
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of general and English phonology. The author offers in-depth analyses of key linguistic concepts, as well as supplemental chapters on related topics. This book is an excellent resource for students and professionals in the field of linguistics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary
Walker's dictionary includes not only a traditional list of word definitions but also correct pronunciations for each entry. This work is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the English language or looking for a definitive guide to English pronunciation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Fall Festival
This book brings together phonologists working in different areas to explore key questions relating to phonological primitives, the basic building blocks that are at the heart of phonological structure and over which phonological computations are carried out. Whether these units are referred to as features, elements, gestures, or something else entirely, the assumptions that are made about them are fundamental to modern phonological theory. Even so, there is limited consensus on the specifics of those assumptions. The chapters in this book present differing perspectives on phonological primitives and their implications, addressing some of the most pressing issues in the field such as how many features there are; whether those features are privative or binary; and whether segments need to be specified for all features. The studies cover a wide range of methodologies and domains, including experimental work, fieldwork, language acquisition, theory-internal concerns, and many more, and will be of interest to phoneticians and phonologists from all theoretical backgrounds.
Expressing Silence
This book demonstrates how silence is conceptualized and represented in Japanese language and culture. A cluster of sounds in nature and onomatopoeic vocabulary enable verbal portrayals of silence consistent with a cultural pattern of practices that value sensate and affective reactions.
A Cross-Linguistic Approach to the Syntax of Subjunctive Mood
Proposes a syntactic account of subjunctive embedded clausesOffers a new range of cross-linguistic empirical factsProvides new insights into recent theoretical frameworks
The English Binominal Noun Phrase
The binomial noun phrase, or of-binomial, is an important phenomenon in the English language. Defined as a noun phrase that contains two related nouns, linked by the preposition of, examples include a hell of a day and a beast of a storm. This pioneering book provides the first extensive study of the evaluative binominal noun phrases (EBNP) in English, exploring the syntactic rules that govern them, and the (functional) semantic and pragmatic links between the two nouns. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, corpus data, and two different theoretical approaches (Construction Grammar and Functional Discourse Grammar), it argues that the EBNP now functions as a stage in a grammaticalization path that begins with a prototypical N+PP construction, continues with the head-classifier, and ends with two new of-binominal constructions: the evaluative modifier and binominal intensifier. Comprehensive in its scope, it is essential reading for researchers in syntax, semantics, and English corpus linguistics.
Fundamental College Composition
This second edition of Fundamental College Composition: A Grammar and Style Guide (FCC: AGSG), contains nine new chapters designed to further assist college students in their journey to become clear and precise writers of English. College classrooms--even college level English courses themselves--often overlook the teaching of fundamental writing. Consequently, students may acquire content knowledge, but often lack the language skills necessary to either demonstrate or apply that knowledge. College-level study exposes students to ideas that are complex. A cursory study of grammar and the rules of basic language arts give students the tools they need to express complex ideas clearly and persuasively. FCC: AGSG provides systematic lessons that progressively build the students' understanding of the clarity and efficacy of language. Acquiring knowledge certainly deserves possession of the language skills to express it. Without those skills, education does not meet its primary objective. FCC: AGSG was written to assure exposure to those skills.
An English Grammar
Now and then it has been deemed best to omit explanations, and to withhold personal preferences, in order that the student may, by actual contact with the sources of grammatical laws, discover for himself the better way in regarding given data. It is not the grammarian's business to "correct: " it is simply to record and to arrange the usages of language, and to point the way to the arbiters of usage in all disputed cases. Free expression within the lines of good usage should have widest range. It has been our aim to make a grammar of as wide a scope as is consistent with the proper definition of the word. Therefore, in addition to recording and classifying the facts of language, we have endeavored to attain two other objects, to cultivate mental skill and power, and to induce the student to prosecute further studies in this field. It is not supposable that in so delicate and difficult an undertaking there should be an entire freedom from errors and oversights. We shall gratefully accept any assistance in helping to correct mistakes.
Elementary English Course
Get the expert instruction and practice needed to take your English skills to the next level! Practice Makes Perfect: Elementary English Course helps you take your English grammar skills to a higher level and gives you the confidence to speak and write in your new language. This accessible workbook leads you through English grammar using concise, easy-to-understand language designed to keep you focused on achieving your goal of total fluency. You'll learn how to master such tricky topics as verbs, modal, auxiliaries, the passive voice, participial adjectives, subject-verb agreement, and more. The book includes tons of practice and review exercises. Plus, the interactive quizzes available on the app make it easy for you to study on-the-go. Example sentences that illustrate and explain each grammatical point Guidance and instruction from an expert in ESL learning Dozens of exercises to suit your learning style A detailed answer key for quick, easy progress checks New to this edition: Interactive quizzes via app and additional review exercises in the book.
Advanced English Grammar
A verb is a word which can assert something (usually an action) concerning a person, place, or thing. Most verbs express action. Some, however, merely express state or condition. A preposition is a word placed before a substantive to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. The substantive which follows a preposition is called its object and is in the objective case. A phrase consisting of a preposition and its object, with or without other words, is called a prepositional phrase. Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. Conjunctions are either co繹rdinate or subordinate. An interjection is a cry or other exclamatory sound expressing surprise, anger, pleasure, or some other emotion or feeling. A clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence and that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause used as a part of speech is called a subordinate clause.
English Grammar
Utterance Is the art or act of vocal expression. It includes the principles of articulation, of pronunciation, and of elocution. A Figure, in grammar, is an intentional deviation from the ordinary spelling, formation, construction, or application, of words. There are, accordingly, figures of Orthography, figures of Etymology, figures of Syntax, and figures of Rhetoric. When figures are judiciously employed, they both strengthen and adorn expression. They occur more frequently in poetry than in prose; and several of them are merely poetic licenses. Versification is the forming of that species of literary composition which is called verse; that is, poetry, or poetic numbers.
An Advanced English Grammar
Two matters, then, are of vital importance in language, -the forms of words, and the relations of words. The science which treats of these two matters is called grammar. Inflection is a change in the form of a word indicating some change in its meaning. The relation in which a word stands to other words in the sentence is called its construction. Grammar is the science which treats of the forms and the constructions of words. Syntax is that department of grammar which treats of the constructions of words. Good style is not a necessary result of grammatical correctness, but without such correctness it is, of course, impossible.
Grammar for Introductory and Intermediate Levels
This book will help you to understand and to build correct sentences in the Present Tense, Past Tense and the Future Tense. You will learn how to build correct, short and long sentences, answer everyday questions, converse correctly in everyday English and it will benefit you when you travel and have to speak English. Will help you in school, in your exams and in your career. This book offers International English that is spoken all over the world. Everyone will be able to understand you and you will be understood by everyone all over the world. It offers a very good basis for learning English. It is suitable for all age groups.
English Grammar in Use Book with Answers
English Grammar in Use is the first choice for intermediate (B1-B2) learners and covers all the grammar you will need at this level. This book with answers has clear explanations and practice exercises that have helped millions of people around the world improve their English. It is perfect for self-study and can also be used by teachers as a supplementary book in classrooms.
English Grammar
The true or regular syntax of the English Participle, as a part of speech distinct from the verb, and not converted into a noun or an adjective, is twofold; being sometimes that of simple relation to a noun or a pronoun that precedes it, and sometimes that of government, or the state of being governed by a preposition. In the former construction, the participle resembles an adjective; in the latter, it is more like a noun, or like the infinitive mood: for the participle after a preposition is governed as a participle, and not as a case. To these two constructions, some add three others less regular, using the participle sometimes as the subject of a finite verb, sometimes as the object of a transitive verb, and sometimes as a nominative after a neuter verb. Of these five constructions, the first two, are the legitimate uses of this part of speech; the others are occasional, modern, and of doubtful propriety. The syntax of an Adverb consists in its simple relation to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or whatever else it qualifies; just as the syntax of an English Adjective, (except in a few instances, ) consists in its simple relation to a noun or a pronoun. The syntax of Conjunctions consists, not (as L. Murray and others erroneously teach) in "their power of determining the mood of verbs," or the "cases of nouns and pronouns," but in the simple fact, that they link together such and such terms, and thus "mark the connexions of human thought."-Beattie.
The Constructicon
It is one of the central claims of construction grammar that constructions are organized in some kind of network, commonly referred to as the constructicon. In the classical model of construction grammar, developed by Berkeley linguists in the 1990s, the constructicon is an inheritance network of taxonomically related grammatical patterns. However, recent research in usage-based linguistics has expanded the classical inheritance model into a multidimensional network approach in which constructions are interrelated by multiple types of associations. The multidimensional network approach challenges longstanding assumptions of linguistic research and calls for a reorganization of the constructivist approach. This Element describes how the conception of the constructicon has changed in recent years and elaborates on some central claims of the multidimensional network approach.
Advanced English Grammar
The syntax of the English Adjective is fully embraced in the following brief rule, together with the exceptions, observations, and notes, which are, in due order, subjoined. The rules for the agreement of Pronouns with their antecedents are four; hence this chapter extends from the tenth rule to the thirteenth, inclusively. The cases of Pronouns are embraced with those of nouns, in the seven rules of the third chapter. In this work, the syntax of Verbs is embraced in six consecutive rules, with the necessary exceptions, notes, and observations, under them; hence this chapter extends from the fourteenth to the twentieth rule in the series.
Elementary English Grammar
The exercises in composition found in the numbered Lessons of this book are generally confined to the illustration and the practical application of the principles of the science as these principles are developed step by step. To break up the continuity of the text by thrusting unrelated composition work between lessons closely related and mutually dependent is exceedingly unwise. The Composition Exercises suggested in this revision of "Graded Lessons" are designed to review the regular Lessons and to prepare in a broad, informal way for text work that follows. But since these Exercises go much farther, and teach the pupil how to construct paragraphs and how to observe and imitate what is good in different authors, they are placed in a supplement, and not between consecutive Lessons of the text. To let such general composition work take the place of the regular grammar lesson, say once a week, will be profitable. We suggest that the sentence work on the selections in the Supplement be made to follow Lessons 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 77; but each teacher must determine for himself when these and the other outlined lessons can best be used. We advise that other selections from literature be made and these exercises continued with the treatment of the parts of speech. For composition work to precede Lesson 30 we suggest that the teacher break up a short story of one or two paragraphs into simple sentences, making some of these transposed, some interrogative, and some exclamatory.
The Grammar of English Grammars
A Sentence is an assemblage of words, making complete sense, and always containing a nominative and a verb; as, "Reward sweetens labour." The principal parts of a sentence are usually three; namely, the SUBJECT, or nominative, -the attribute, or finite VERB, -and the case put after, or the OBJECT governed by the verb: as, "Crimes deserve punishment." Articles relate to the nouns which they limit: as, "At a little distance from the ruins of the abbey, stands an aged elm." "See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing, The sot a hero, lunatic a king." A Noun or a Pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case: as, "The Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things; and they derided him."-Luke, xvi, 14. "But where the meekness of self-knowledge veileth the front of self-respect, there look thou for the man whom none can know but they will honour."-Book of Thoughts.
An Introduction to English Phonetics
In the third edition of this bestselling introductory textbook, Richard Ogden presents the concepts, terminology and representations needed for understanding how English is pronounced globally. He guides you through the vocal tract, explains clearly how the sounds of speech are made, and introduces phonetic transcription and acoustic analysis. This textbook uses naturally-occurring conversational speech throughout so you can get to know the details of everyday talk (and not just the careful pronunciations presented in dictionaries.) Written in a user-friendly style with plenty of examples, this textbook is a great starting point for your first university course on English phonetics.
Voice Training
This book takes you on a journey of three months that will change the rest of your life. You will be inspired by the experiences of famous orators from history. The key concepts will become clear and correct speaking will become a second nature as you progress through this course. Your voice will become clearer and less vulnerable, even in seasons when you battle with flu or colds. Here Is a Preview of What You'll Learn Inside...Why A High-Status Voice Is So Powerful: how to make people know, like and trust you immediately...The 5 Traits of a Powerful Voice: capture attention and hold it in a trance-like state every time you open your mouth!Voice Training: mouth and voice strengthening exercises and tonality secrets used by Hollywood actors to command your audience's attention...The Power of Enunciation and Suspense: how to become a master storyteller who holds people raptured, fully engaged and hanging on your every word...This book takes you on a journey of three months that will change the rest of your life. You will be inspired by the experiences of famous orators from history. The key concepts will become clear and correct speaking will become a second nature as you progress through this course. Your voice will become clearer and less vulnerable, even in seasons when you battle with flu or colds.
English Grammar
A Participle is a word derived from a verb, participating the properties of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: thus, from the verb rule, are formed three participles, two simple and one compound; as, 1. ruling, 2. ruled, 3. having ruled. An Adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner: as, They are now here, studying very diligently. A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected: as, "Thou and he are happy, because you are good."-Murray. A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, "The paper lies before me on the desk." An Interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas! ah! poh! pshaw! avaunt! aha! hurrah.
Understanding Pāṇini from Pāṇini’s Perspective
When Cambridge University awarded a PhD degree on the thesis submitted on Pāṇini to Atul Rishi Raj Popat titled "In Pāṇini We Trust- Discovering the Algorithm for Rule Conflict Resolution in the Aṣṭādhyāyī," it was publicized by Atul Rishi Raj and his supervisor in social, print and mainstream media that 2500-year-old algorithm of Pāṇini has been cracked. This thesis submitted to the University of Cambridge on Pāṇini is a miserable fiasco. It cannot be deemed a work by PhD student but rather by a perplexed Sidhhantkaumudi's sophomore in the guise of Pāṇinian Disciple. This false propaganda cajoled us into deflating the exuberance rife in the media about an ostensible claim of cracking the 2500-year-old algorithm of Pāṇini.So we attempted this rebuttal in detail with evidence to bust the falsehood of the new mechanism conjectured in Cambridge University PhD thesis and bring the truth to light. Hope this detailed explanation with evidence will help readers and scholars to understand the greatness of Pāṇini from Pāṇini's perspective and the importance of ancient Ārṣa-vidhi (method) to learn Sanskrit and Vedic grammar invented by ancient Indian scholars of Pāṇinian tradition.
Abbreviations and Signs
The use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a temptation. It is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable under certain conditions, one of which is that all such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which they occur. Scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it. General readers are not particularly concerned with them. The use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and partly a matter of author's preference. Certain fairly well established rules have, however, emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue. An attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application. Classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice. Sources of further information on these points will be found under the head of Supplementary Reading.
Second Language Prosody and Computer Modeling
This volume presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of second language prosody and computer modeling. It will foster interdisciplinary dialogues across students and researchers in applied linguistics, speech communication, speech science, and computer engineering.
1001 Questions and Answers on Orthography and Reading
In presenting this, the seventh book of the "1001 Question and Answer Series," we feel that a great want is partially met. It is evident, from the number of inquiries made for such a book, that the works devoted to the subject of Orthography are very limited. We are also aware that the Authors of the different Grammars devote such a limited space to the subject of Orthoepy and technical Orthography, that both Teacher and Pupil turn away from the subject in disgust. In preparing this list of questions and answers we have consulted the best authority of the present day, and believe we have gone over the ground in such a way that it will meet the approval of all interested. The questions and answers on Reading we trust will add to the interest of the book, and only hope that it will be received with as gracious a welcome and hearty approval as the rest of the series.
Word Study and English Grammar
Thia volume, and those which follow it in Part VI of this series, is a compilation from various sources. The occasion does not call for an original treatise, but it does call for something somewhat different from existing text-books. The books prepared for school use are too academic and too little related to the specific needs of the apprentice to serve the turn of those for whom this book is intended. On the other hand the books for writers and printers are as a rule too advanced for the best service to the beginner. The authors of this Part, therefore, have tried to compile from a wide range of authorities such material as would be suited to the needs and the experience of the young apprentice. The tables of irregular verbs are the same as those used in "English Grammar for Common Schools". The student is recommended to study some good grammar with great care. There are many good grammars. The one used in the schools in the apprentice's locality will probably do as well as any. The student should learn to use the dictionary intelligently and should accustom himself to using it freely and frequently.
Phonetics and Speech Science
Phonetics is a fundamental building block not just in linguistics but also in fields such as communication disorders. However, introductions to phonetics can often assume a background in linguistics, whilst at the same time overlooking the clinical and scientific aspects of the field. This textbook fills this gap by providing a comprehensive yet accessible overview of phonetics that delves into the fundamental science underlying the production of speech. Written with beginners in mind, it focuses on the anatomy and physiology of speech, while at the same time explaining the very basics of phonetics, such as the phonemes of English, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and phonetic transcription systems. It presents the sounds of speech as elements of linguistic structure and as the result of complex biological mechanics. It explains complicated terminology in a clear, easy-to-understand way, and provides examples from a range of languages, from disorders of speech, and from language learning.
Phonetics and Speech Science
Phonetics is a fundamental building block not just in linguistics but also in fields such as communication disorders. However, introductions to phonetics can often assume a background in linguistics, whilst at the same time overlooking the clinical and scientific aspects of the field. This textbook fills this gap by providing a comprehensive yet accessible overview of phonetics that delves into the fundamental science underlying the production of speech. Written with beginners in mind, it focuses on the anatomy and physiology of speech, while at the same time explaining the very basics of phonetics, such as the phonemes of English, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and phonetic transcription systems. It presents the sounds of speech as elements of linguistic structure and as the result of complex biological mechanics. It explains complicated terminology in a clear, easy-to-understand way, and provides examples from a range of languages, from disorders of speech, and from language learning.
Grammar of the English Language
A Pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun: as, The boy loves his book; he has long lessons, and he learns them well. The pronouns in our language are twenty-four; and their variations are thirty-two: so that the number of words of this class, is fifty-six. A Verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled; I love, thou lovest, he loves. VERBS are so called, from the Latin Verbum, a Word; because the verb is that word which most essentially contains what is said in any clause or sentence. An English verb has four CHIEF TERMS, or PRINCIPAL PARTS, ever needful to be ascertained in the first place; namely, the Present, the Preterit, the Imperfect Participle, and the Perfect Participle. The Present is that form of the verb, which is the root of all the rest; the verb itself; or that simple term which we should look for in a dictionary: as, be, act, rule, love, defend, terminate.
English Grammar
A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned: as, George, York, man, apple, truth. All words and signs taken technically, (that is, independently of their meaning, and merely as things spoken of, ) are nouns; or, rather, are things read and construed as nouns; because, in such a use, they temporarily assume the syntax of nouns. An Adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses quality: as, A wise man; a new book. You two are diligent. Adjectives have been otherwise called attributes, attributives, qualities, adnouns; but none of these names is any better than the common one. Some writers have classed adjectives with verbs; because, with a neuter verb for the copula, they often form logical predicates: as, "Vices are contagious." The Latin grammarians usually class them with nouns; consequently their nouns are divided into nouns substantive and nouns adjective. With us, substantives are nouns; and adjectives form a part of speech by themselves. This is generally acknowledged to be a much better distribution. Adjectives cannot with propriety be called nouns, in any language; because they are not the names of the qualities which they signify. They must be added to nouns or pronouns in order to make sense. But if, in a just distribution of words, the term "adjective nouns" is needless and improper, the term "adjective pronouns" is, certainly, not less so: most of the words which Murray and others call by this name, are not pronouns, but adjectives.
English Grammar - Orthography, Letters, Syllables, Words
Grammar, as an art, is the power of reading, writing, and speaking correctly. As an acquisition, it is the essential skill of scholarship. As a study, it is the practical science which teaches the right use of language. An English Grammar is a book which professes to explain the nature and structure of the English language; and to show, on just authority, what is, and what is not, good English. ENGLISH GRAMMAR, in itself, is the art of reading, writing, and speaking the English language correctly. It implies, in the adept, such knowledge as enables him to avoid improprieties of speech; to correct any errors that may occur in literary compositions; and to parse, or explain grammatically, whatsoever is rightly written. To read is to perceive what is written or printed, so as to understand the words, and be able to utter them with their proper sounds. To write is to express words and thoughts by letters, or characters, made with a pen or other instrument. To speak is to utter words orally, in order that they may be heard and understood. Grammar, like every other liberal art, can be properly taught only by a regular analysis, or systematic elucidation, of its component parts or principles; and these parts or principles must be made known chiefly by means of definitions and examples, rules and exercises.
Learn English Grammar Through Harry Potter
Every language has parts of speech Now, in English, we will discuss each The noun names people, places, and thingsLike Harry, Hogwarts, a wand, and wings A pronoun can replace the mentioned noun He saw it, when she brought that owl to town The verb describes action, so what can we do? Cast spells, fly on broomsticks, and give a sock too Adjectives describe, we use them quite a lot Dark magic, brave wizard, and young Mandrake in a pot An adverb describes adjectives, verbs, and adverbs as well Hermione read patiently, while Ron quickly used a new spell Prepositions stand before nouns, relating to time or place Snape put wormwood in a pot, then he saw a pixie on the bookcase Conjunctions join two phrases or words, it can be even moreStudents from Slytherin and Ravenclaw or maybe from Gryffindor The interjection gets pretty loud, for all emotions that're great Hooray! We won. Phew! That was close. Wow! I can't waitAbout the Author: Manikantan is the author of "Breeze Past any Interview" and "The Atheist Handbook - A Search Beyond GOD". He is a data analyst by profession. You can find him as "Data Science for the Lazy" on YouTube and Facebook. He is a TEFL certified English Trainer. He swears by Einstein's saying - "If you can't explain it to a six-year-old, then you don't understand it yourself".
English Grammar with Exercises
Of making many English grammars there is no end; nor should there be till theoretical scholarship and actual practice are more happily wedded. In this field much valuable work has already been accomplished; but it has been done largely by workers accustomed to take the scholar's point of view, and their writings are addressed rather to trained minds than to immature learners. To find an advanced grammar unencumbered with hard words, abstruse thoughts, and difficult principles, is not altogether an easy matter. These things enhance the difficulty which an ordinary youth experiences in grasping and assimilating the facts of grammar, and create a distaste for the study. It is therefore the leading object of this book to be both as scholarly and as practical as possible. In it there is an attempt to present grammatical facts as simply, and to lead the student to assimilate them as thoroughly, as possible, and at the same time to do away with confusing difficulties as far as may be. To attain these ends it is necessary to keep ever in the foreground the real basis of grammar; that is, good literature. Abundant quotations from standard authors have been given to show the student that he is dealing with the facts of the language, and not with the theories of grammarians. It is also suggested that in preparing written exercises the student use English classics instead of "making up" sentences. But it is not intended that the use of literary masterpieces for grammatical purposes should supplant or even interfere with their proper use and real value as works of art. It will, however, doubtless be found helpful to alternate the regular reading and 疆sthetic study of literature with a grammatical study, so that, while the mind is being enriched and the artistic sense quickened, there may also be the useful acquisition of arousing a keen observation of all grammatical forms and usages.
Writing Errors and Their Ways
This book provides examples of changing standards of language correctness.
Beginning Syntax
A coherent introduction to generative syntax by a leader in the field, this textbook leads students through the theory from the very beginning, assuming no prior knowledge. Introducing the central concepts in a systematic and engaging way, it covers the goals of generative grammar, tacit native-speaker knowledge, categories and constituents, phrase structure, movement, binding, syntax beyond English, and the architecture of grammar. The theory is built slowly, showing in a step-by-step fashion how different versions of generative theory relate to one-another. Examples are carefully chosen to be easily understood, and a comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions of all the key terms introduced. With end of chapter exercises, broader discussion questions, and annotated further reading lists, 'Beginning Syntax' is the ideal resource for instructors and beginning undergraduate students of syntax alike. Two further textbooks by Ian Roberts, 'Continuing Syntax' and 'Comparing Syntax', will take students to intermediate and advanced level.
Writing Errors and Their Ways
This book provides examples of changing standards of language correctness.
Ikpana Interrogatives
This book documents the interrogative system of Ikpana, an endangered indigenous Ghana-Togo Mountain language of eastern Ghana also known as Logba. The system is notable in several respects. It exhibits features that buck certain typological trends, act as counterexamples to some claims about language universals, and exemplify fascinating patterns that are either rare or unfamiliar in interrogative systems cross-linguistically. Drawing on original fieldwork and a combination of formal/theoretical, experimental, and comparative methodologies, the book provides a theoretically-informed description and analysis of Ikpana interrogative grammar, encompassing both syntactic and phonological aspects of question formation in the language. The chapters explore a range of phenomena including polar question formation, wh- movement, wh- in-situ, interrogative intonation, and prosody, among others. The authors demonstrate that theoretically-guided language documentation does not only contribute to language description, but can also increase understanding of the human Language Faculty and expand the empirical base of language typologies: bringing formal and theoretical concerns to the fore facilitates richer descriptions of the grammar than purely descriptive approaches allow.
English Grammar All-In-One for Dummies (＋ Chapter Quizzes Online)
Learn to get your ideas across clearly and correctly--the easy way English Grammar All-in-One For Dummies is packed with everything you need to know to communicate with confidence--in your writing, on standardized tests, at work, on social media, and everywhere else. Strong verbal and written skills can help you get where you want to be, and this easy-to-understand Dummies guide will help you understand the English grammar principles you need to know so you can improve your understanding of basic grammar and punctuation rules, easily identify parts of speech, and communicate more effectively. Learn the basics of punctuation--periods, commas, semicolons, and beyond Write clearer e-mails and messages, or ace the writing section of your test Navigate pronouns and make sure you're using inclusive language Practice with end-of-chapter quizzes and even more online practiceEnglish Grammar All-In-One For Dummies is an excellent resource for students, professionals, job seekers, non-native-English learners, and anyone who wants to brush up on using this crazy language we call English.
All About Copyediting
Want to add punch to your prose? Follow these 55 simple edits and improve your writing forever!Getting readers past page one, despite your 'explosive, fast paced hitting-the-ground-running opening', is what this guide is all about.Applying the 55 easy editing steps to your fiction will allow reviewers and readers to evaluate your novel purely on the strength of your story and not on clumsy and weak prose, overuse of adverbs, repetition, and flabbiness. And in the process, you will learn to become an experienced and competent editor.Use these 55 steps to: Find redundant adjectives and overused adverbsBanish boring wordsLearn dialogue writingWrite characters more effectivelyDiscover over thirty overused words and phrases such as that, it, up/down, was/were, had, even, got, etc.Reduce overuse of exclamations and the ellipsisUse italics, quotations, and capitalisation properlyTarget word pairs and homophonesImprove your proofreading and editing skillsHandle numbers and time effectively...And discover more about flow, show not tell, writing tenses, dialogue handling and more.All About Copyediting will not tell you how to write a novel, nor how to write like Tolstoy, or any other author. It will certainly not explain how to write bestselling fiction, how to make money, or guarantee you marketing success. What it will guarantee, is to give your novel the best chance it can get in a tough, competitive, and new publishing world.
Prominence in a Pitch Language
Using production, perception, and processing experiments on understudied sentence- and utterance-levels, the authors explore how Japanese prominence is marked, perceived, and processed. The authors argue that Japanese functions as a pitch language, which marks prominence compositionally by lexical F0 boost and phrasal and boundary pitch movement.
Thinking with an Accent
A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. Everyone speaks with an accent, but what is an accent? Thinking with an Accent introduces accent as a powerfully coded yet underexplored mode of perception that includes looking, listening, acting, reading, and thinking. This volume convenes scholars of media, literature, education, law, language, and sound to theorize accent as an object of inquiry, an interdisciplinary method, and an embodied practice. Accent does more than just denote identity: from algorithmic bias and corporate pedagogy to migratory poetics and the politics of comparison, accent mediates global economies of discrimination and desire. Accents happen between bodies and media. They negotiate power and invite attunement. These essays invite the reader to think with an accent--to practice a dialogical and multimodal inquiry that can yield transformative modalities of knowledge, action, and care.
The Grammar of English Infinitives with Czech Comparison
This book aims to clarify some puzzles that have been topical in formal linguistics for many decades now. It concerns the status of English and, for comparison, Czech infinitives, as opposed to finite clauses and marginally also gerunds. The book systematically demonstrates the functional (meaning) and syntactic (form) properties of infinitives. It highlights the essential properties common to all infinitives, their core structure in Logical Form (LF) and their relation to an irrealis feature. It also investigates the particularities of the various infinitival constructions.
Adverbial Resumption in Verb Second Languages
While Verb-third (V3) patterns have long been studied in verb-second (V2) languages, a similar pattern in which an initial adverbial constituent is resumed by a clause-internal element has been much less studied. The latter is referred to as 'adverbial resumption' and it also has the character of being a V3 phenomenon. Therefore, the pattern is labelled 'adverbial V3 resumption' or 'adverbial V3.' The present volume is an up-to-date overview of the subject featuring case studies of individual languages that display certain patterns of V3. The authors discuss this pattern in relation to several different languages, addressing among other things issues of microvariation in contemporary varieties and diachronic variation. The book covers Medieval Romance, Old Italian, Old English, diachronic and synchronic varieties of German, varieties of Flemish and Dutch, Icelandic, varieties of Swedish, and Norwegian. Through analyses of adverbial resumptive V3 orders in Germanic and Romance, the contributors explore the nature of V2: while adverbial resumption only occurs in varieties that observe the V2 rule, in itself it leads to apparent violations of linear V2 order, namely to V3 orders. Adverbial Resumption in Verb Second Languages provides comparative analyses which touch upon the nature of sentence-external versus sentence-internal adjuncts, and the fine-grained architecture of the clausal functional hierarchy. These papers constitute a valuable contribution to the theoretically important topics of V2 and V3 that will be of interest to comparative linguists, Germanic linguistics, Romance linguists, and anyone working on formal grammar in general.
