Syllables
This workbook contains 64 printable handouts to help your students with multisyllable words that are out of context. Each page contains from 18 to 43 words divide into two, three, four, five and six syllables. Section ONE wanders from A to Z, each page dedicated to a letter of the alphabet. Words range from two to six-syllable words.Section TWO covers twenty topics: butterflies, spiders honeybees, weather, trees, cats, dogs, time, cars and trucks, school, airplanes, dinosaurs, action, flowers, space, food, houses, Christopher Columbus, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Each page has about twenty words ranging from two to four syllables.Section THREE focuses on prefixes and suffixes and covers another twenty topics: insects, dogs, books, numbers, sports, buildings, the home, the ocean, writing, mammals, the butterfly, birds, school, technology, food, clothing, holidays, flowers, jobs, and the future. Each page has about twenty words ranging from two to four syllables.Common Core Standards: ELA3.RF.3a and 3.RF.3c and 4.RF.3a and 5.RF.3a
A Field Manual of Acoustic Phonetics
This book provides a practical and easy-to-understand introduction to acoustic speech analysis, primarily aimed at those involved in linguistic analysis and description in the field and at those preparing for such fieldwork. It explains commonly used methods for displaying aspects of a speech wave, such as waveform graphs, spectra, spectrograms, fundamental frequency graphs (pitch graphs), and intensity graphs. It illustrates how the results of acoustic analysis can be interpreted and used to improve the objectivity, accuracy and precision of phonetic descriptions of speech sounds. The book assumes basic knowledge of articulatory phonetics. It can be used to teach introductory courses in acoustic phonetics at the undergraduate level.
Sanskrit Noun declension using Ashtadhyayi Sutras
Sanskrit is coming of Age. More and more Colleges and Universities are offering a degree course in this lingua franca of yore. Many schools across Europe and America are introducing Sanskrit to young learners. In India too there is a revival across the length and breadth, with committed organizations working to reach out to adults and children all over. To understand Sanskrit Grammar, the basic stuff is all about knowing the correct spelling of NOUNS and VERBS. This edition gives the correct spelling of Sanskrit NOUNS, that are commonly seen in literature or those that serve as templates for spellings of other Nouns. It also goes into the Ashtadhyayi of Panini to see what changes are involved to make the final spelling. The 7x3 Sup Table matrices for Nouns in 7 cases and 3 numbers are judiciously arranged, with emphasis on clarity and legibility. Gender of Nouns is explicitly specified, and the mechanism of Original Sup Affixes, and Modified Sup affixes is elaborated. Ashtadhyayi Sutras for Sandhi changes in the Noun spellings are listed, so that the reader understands the background process threadbare.
From Jazz and Rap to Dzhaz and Rep
The book offers an in-depth analysis of English loanword adaptation process in Russian. It is based on a rich body of data presenting the major nativisation patterns of those English sounds absent from Russian in both established and online loans. The formal analysis of the uncovered patterns is couched within the framework of Optimality Theory.
Phonetics in Language Teaching
This Element explores ways in which language teachers, especially teachers of English, can benefit from knowledge of phonetics. It also offers recommendations for introducing and improving pronunciation teaching in the classroom. While hoping that this Element is useful to instructors of all languages, the majority of the examples comes from North American English (NAE) and the English language classroom. At the same time, the Element acknowledges that English language teaching is rather different from the teaching of other languages, since nowadays, most interactions around the world in English do not involve a native speaker, and use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has become widespread. Teachers of English should be aware that their students may not want to mimic all aspects of native-speaker pronunciation; since some native-speaker patterns of speech, such as the extensive simplification and omission of sounds may not be helpful in enhancing intelligibility.
The Phonetics of Derived Words in English
Effects of morphological structure on phonetic detail present us with two challenges. The empirical challenge is that some predictors have produced inconsistent effects. The theoretical challenge is that it is unclear where morpho-phonetic effects originate from. Do speakers decompose words into morphemes? Or can such effects also originate from non-decompositional structure? This book investigates the durational properties of English derived words in four large-scale corpus studies. In the decompositional perspective, durations are modeled as a function of frequency and segmentability, prosodic structure, and affix informativeness. In the non-decompositional perspective, durations are modeled with predictors derived from linear discriminative learning networks. Results show that the decompositional predictors are far less reliable than previously thought. Meanwhile, some non-decompositional predictors model durations successfully. Discriminative learning is shown to be a promising alternative for modeling speech production. However, the book also demonstrates that many investigated predictors are conceptually interrelated. It ultimately cautions against taking the metaphors we use to describe these predictors as final explanations.
The Phonology of Consonants
The most comprehensive work on dissimilation (the avoidance or repair of combinations of similar sounds) to date, this book proposes a novel analysis that handles dissimilation as the avoidance of surface correspondence relationships. It draws on recent work in Agreement By Correspondence to show that dissimilation is a natural outcome predicted by the same theory of Surface Correspondence. The theory is developed in more detail than ever before, and its predictions are tested and evaluated through ten in-depth analyses of diverse languages from Quechua to Kinyarwanda, together with a typological survey of over 150 dissimilation patterns drawn from over 130 languages, from Acehnese to Zulu. The book redefines the core of Surface Correspondence theory to a level of formal specificity and theoretical precision surpassing previous work. The book's findings are made more accessible by numerous examples featuring data from 47 languages from around the world.
Phase Theory
Phase Theory is the latest empirical and conceptual innovation in syntactic theory within the Chomskyan generative tradition. Adopting a cross-linguistic perspective, this book provides an introduction to Phase Theory, tracing the development of phases in minimalist syntax. It reviews both empirical and theoretical arguments in favor of phases, and examines the role phases play at the interface with semantics and phonology. Analyzing current phasehood diagnostics, it applies them in a systematic fashion to a broad range of syntactic categories, both phases and non-phases. It concludes with a discussion of some of the more contentious issues in Phase Theory, involving cross-linguistic variation with respect to phasehood and the dynamic versus static nature of phases.
Voice Quality
The first description of voice quality production in forty years, this book provides a new framework for its study: The Laryngeal Articulator Model. Informed by instrumental examinations of the laryngeal articulatory mechanism, it revises our understanding of articulatory postures to explain the actions, vibrations and resonances generated in the epilarynx and pharynx. It focuses on the long-term auditory-articulatory component of accent in the languages of the world, explaining how voice quality relates to segmental and syllabic sounds. Phonetic illustrations of phonation types and of laryngeal and oral vocal tract articulatory postures are provided. Extensive video and audio material is available on a companion website. The book presents computational simulations, the laryngeal and voice quality foundations of infant speech acquisition, speech/voice disorders and surgeries that entail compensatory laryngeal articulator adjustment, and an exploration of the role of voice quality in sound change and of the larynx in the evolution of speech.
A Cross-Linguistic Approach to the Syntax of Subjunctive Mood
Proposes a syntactic account of subjunctive embedded clausesOffers a new range of cross-linguistic empirical factsProvides new insights into recent theoretical frameworks
Elements of Style 2017
Elements of Style 2017 is a major update to Strunk's grammar classic, published in 1921. Much has changed since then, and this new, expanded edition presents a set of up-to-date grammar, style, and punctuation rules for today's writers. Packed with useful advice and easy-to-follow examples, the book will help you to write well, self-edit efficiently, and produce a grammar-perfect final draft. If you write anything at all, you should have a copy of this writing guide on your desk.Bestselling author/editor Richard De A'Morelli shares his 30+ years of editorial experience and explains nearly 500 grammar, style, and punctuation rules in a clear and simple way. Read any chapter, follow the practical advice, and you will see an overnight improvement in your writing. Read a chapter a day, and in a few weeks you will be amazed by the polished quality of your final draft.- Writers of all skill levels will discover quick and easy ways to recognize and fix grammar, style, and punctuation errors in their manuscripts.- Students can use these rules to edit and polish book reports, essays, and other homework.- Teachers can use this handbook to help students learn grammar and punctuation rules without the tears.- Employees can follow these simple guidelines in the workplace to produce well-written reports, brochures, and other materials.Clear, concise writing is essential in today's world. For an author, a well-edited manuscript may bring an acceptance letter from a publisher or agent; or if you self-publish, it could generate positive reviews and sales. For students, an impressed instructor could mean an A grade; and in the workplace, a well-written report could mean a pay raise, a promotion, or the success of a business venture.Learn how to improve your grammar, style and punctuation, and take your writing to the next level with Elements of Style 2017.
Grammar Practice and Culture in Igbo Language
Welcome to Grammar Practice and Culture in Igbo Language. Language is generally an art. Further than that, Igbo Language is a communication vehicle with extensive variety. With so many dialects, the language gives the speaker such flexibility to cut and paste, cut and join, mix and match within and outside of any particular dialect. This is a language that utilizes idioms, proverbs, adage, axiom, hyperbole, euphemism and other forms of verbal communication. It is also a language that is deeply rooted in oral tradition, due to the rich historical background of the language.It is easy to see the same nuances that are found in other, and rather universal, languages. Grammar construction that utilizes nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and prepositions find good outlet in Igbo language. In a lot of places, the word 'Igbo' is presented as 'Igbo'. In this text, it is simply put as 'Igbo', the difference being an inherent diversification in the language that enables the different parts of the community to use either of those words.This text is divided into three parts thus: Grammar, Conversation, and Culture. The Grammar section deals with vowels, consonants, numbers and words. It also deals with forming sentences. The Conversation section features two characters exchanging words as well as asking and answering questions. The Culture section uses events and ceremonies to reveal the way of life of Igbo people.
Elements of Style 2017
Elements of Style 2017 is a major update to Strunk's grammar classic, published in 1921. Much has changed since then, and this new, expanded edition presents a set of up-to-date grammar, style, and punctuation rules for today's writers. Packed with useful advice and easy-to-follow examples, the book will help you to write well, self-edit efficiently, and produce a grammar-perfect final draft. If you write anything at all, you should have a copy of this writing guide on your desk.Bestselling author/editor Richard De A'Morelli shares his 30+ years of editorial experience and explains nearly 500 grammar, style, and punctuation rules in a clear and simple way. Read any chapter, follow the practical advice, and you will see an overnight improvement in your writing. Read a chapter a day, and in a few weeks you will be amazed by the polished quality of your final draft.- Writers of all skill levels will discover quick and easy ways to recognize and fix grammar, style, and punctuation errors in their manuscripts.- Students can use these rules to edit and polish book reports, essays, and other homework.- Teachers can use this handbook to help students learn grammar and punctuation rules without the tears.- Employees can follow these simple guidelines in the workplace to produce well-written reports, brochures, and other materials.Clear, concise writing is essential in today's world. For an author, a well-edited manuscript may bring an acceptance letter from a publisher or agent; or if you self-publish, it could generate positive reviews and sales. For students, an impressed instructor could mean an A grade; and in the workplace, a well-written report could mean a pay raise, a promotion, or the success of a business venture.Learn how to improve your grammar, style and punctuation, and take your writing to the next level with Elements of Style 2017.
Language and Dialect Contact in Ireland
Warren Maguire examines Mid-Ulster English as a key case of new dialect formation, considering the roles of language shift and dialect contact in its phonological development. He explores the different processes which led to the development of MUE through contact between dialects of English, Scots and Irish and examines the history of a wide range of consonantal and vocalic features. In addition to determining the phonological origins of MUE, Maguire shows us why the dialect developed in the way that it did and considers what the phonology of the dialect can tell us about the nature of contact between the input language varieties. In doing so, he demonstrates the kinds of analysis and techniques that can be used to explain the development of extra-territorial varieties of English and colonial dialects in complex situations of contact, and shows that Irish English provides a useful testing-ground for models of new dialect formation.As one of the oldest 'new' extra-territorial varieties of English, one which developed in a context of language and dialect contact, MUE provides an excellent opportunity to study how new dialects develop in situations of settlement colonisation.
Grammar and Style Choices for College Writers
This textbook provides a practical guide to grammar and style choices for college writers, giving students a basic vocabulary for thinking and talking about language use and enabling them to make purposeful choices in their writing.
How Language Speaks to Music
Prosody as a system of suprasegmental linguistic information such as rhythm and intonation is a prime candidate for looking at the relation between language and music in a principled way. This claim is based on several aspects: First, prosody is concerned with acoustic correlates of language and music that are directly comparable with each other by their physical properties such as duration and pitch. Second, prosodic accounts suggest a hierarchical organization of prosodic units that not only resembles a syntactic hierarchy, but is viewed as (part of) an interface to syntax. Third, prosody provides a very promising ground for evolutionary accounts of language and music. Fourth, bilateral transfer effects between language and music are best illustrated on the level of prosody. Highlighting the first two aspects, this book shows that it is a fruitful endeavor to use prosody for a principled comparison of language and music. In its broader sense, prosody as sound structure of communicative systems may be considered a 罈meta竄-language that formalizes the way of "how music speaks to language and vice versa". Prosody is firmly established within linguistic theory, but is also applied in the musical domain. Therefore, prosody is not just a field of inquiry that shares elements or features between music and language, but can additionally provide a common conceptual ground.
Coarticulation in Phonology
There is debate about how coarticulation is represented in speakers' mental grammar, as well as the role that coarticulation plays in explaining synchronic and diachronic sound patterns across languages. This Element takes an individual-differences approach in examining nasal coarticulation in production and perception in order to understand how coarticulation is used phonologically in American English. Experiment 1 examines coarticulatory variation across 60 speakers. The relationship between speaking rate and coarticulation is used to classify three types of coarticulation. Experiment 2 is a perception study relating the differences in realization of coarticulation across speakers to listeners' identification of lexical items. The author demonstrates that differences in speaker-specific patterns of coarticulation reflect differences in the phonologization of vowel nasalization. Results support predictions made by models that propose an active role by both speakers and listeners in using coarticulatory variation to express lexical contrasts and view coarticulation as represented in an individual's grammar.
Construction Grammar
What do speakers of a language have to know, and what can they 'figure out' on the basis of that knowledge, in order for them to use their language successfully? This is the question at the heart of Construction Grammar, an approach to the study of language that views all dimensions of language as equal contributors to shaping linguistic expressions. The trademark characteristic of Construction Grammar is the insight that language is a repertoire of more or less complex patterns - constructions - that integrate form and meaning. This textbook shows how a Construction Grammar approach can be used to analyse the English language, offering explanations for language acquisition, variation and change. It covers all levels of syntactic description, from word-formation and inflectional morphology to phrasal and clausal phenomena and information-structure constructions. Each chapter includes exercises and further readings, making it an accessible introduction for undergraduate students of linguistics and English language.
Construction Grammar
What do speakers of a language have to know, and what can they 'figure out' on the basis of that knowledge, in order for them to use their language successfully? This is the question at the heart of Construction Grammar, an approach to the study of language that views all dimensions of language as equal contributors to shaping linguistic expressions. The trademark characteristic of Construction Grammar is the insight that language is a repertoire of more or less complex patterns - constructions - that integrate form and meaning. This textbook shows how a Construction Grammar approach can be used to analyse the English language, offering explanations for language acquisition, variation and change. It covers all levels of syntactic description, from word-formation and inflectional morphology to phrasal and clausal phenomena and information-structure constructions. Each chapter includes exercises and further readings, making it an accessible introduction for undergraduate students of linguistics and English language.
An Introduction to Field Phonetics
This articulatory phonetics course is designed especially for students whose aim is to learn an unwritten language. It teaches how to pronounce and transcribe virtually all the known sounds of the world's languages. The authors incorporate data from current research on a number of sounds, including two recently documented sounds (the labial flap and the interdental approximant). The McKinneys also provide fresh information on fortis-lenis consonants based on research of the Nigerian language, Jju. The majority of the book teaches the articulatory details of specific speech sounds, but chapters also include acoustic phonetics, palatography, the fascinating area of dialectal differences, and practical considerations for conducting phonetic field work. Anecdotes from the authors' and others' field experiences enliven the book. Another strength is phonetic exercises given in each chapter and the Appendices that cite data from many of the lesser-known languages of the world. An extensive Glossary and list of references help to not only review the basic concepts, but also provide resources for the interested student to dig deeper. Norris McKinney (Ph.D., University of Michigan) and Carol McKinney (Ph.D., Southern Methodist University) conducted fieldwork for over ten years while living among the Bajju people of northern Nigeria. Both have taught articulatory phonetics, and Norris also taught acoustic phonetics. He began writing this book as an update on data taught in SIL phonetics courses. Norris passed away before this book could be published, and Carol has brought this work to completion on his behalf.
Morphology and Syntax
In this expansion of work by John Daly, Larry Lyman, and Mary Rhodes, Albert Bickford shares his enthusiasm for languages and linguistics with the reader by presenting a practical guide for acquiring skills necessary to analyze the morphology and syntax of languages around the world. Written in an informal, personal style, this is a practical book for teacher and student alike, a rich storehouse of references and helps in addition to the theoretical content drawn broadly from work within generative grammar. Most chapters begin with a statement of goals and a list of prerequisites for understanding the information contained in them. Examples and explanatory diagrams are distributed liberally throughout the text. The review of key terms, questions for analysis, and sample descriptions which appear at the end of most chapters help the student to apply the theoretical material. References for further reading are provided for those wishing to study further. Dr. Bickford serves in Tucson, Arizona, as a linguistic consultant with the Summer Institute of Linguistics, teaching and advising language workers who are investigating the languages of Mexico. Most summers he teaches the course from which this book developed at the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota, and directs the University's graduate program in linguistics.
Rebel with a Clause
NATIONAL BESTSELLER"A fresh and democratic take on language by a gifted teacher." --Mary Norris"[Jovin] never hectors, never finger-points; she enlightens and illuminates. This is lovely work." --Benjamin DreyerAn unconventional guide to the English language drawn from the cross-country adventures of an itinerant grammarian.When Ellen Jovin first walked outside her Manhattan apartment building and set up a folding table with a GRAMMAR TABLE sign, it took about thirty seconds to get her first visitor. Everyone had a question for her. Grammar Table was such a hit--attracting the attention of the New York Times, NPR, and CBS Evening News--that Jovin soon took it on the road, traveling across the US to answer questions from writers, lawyers, editors, businesspeople, students, bickering couples, and anyone else who uses words in this world.In Rebel with a Clause, Jovin tackles common grammar mistakes and what is most on people's minds, grammatically speaking--from the Oxford comma to the places prepositions can go, the likely lifespan of whom, semicolonphobia, and more.Punctuated with linguistic debates from tiny towns to our largest cities, this witty grammar guide will delight anyone wishing to polish their writing skills or revel in our age-old, universal fascination with language.Part travelogue, part reference guide, this book reminds us that grammar can be a source of joy and connection.A Cross-Country Grammar Tour: Join Ellen Jovin as she takes her famous Grammar Table on the road, meeting writers, students, and bickering couples from coast to coast.Real Answers to Real Questions: Move beyond dry rules and dive into the grammar issues that are most on people's minds, from the life span of "whom" to the terrors of semicolonphobia.Accessible Grammar Humor: Laugh while you learn with a guide that never hectors or finger-points, celebrating our universal and often hilarious fascination with language.Guidance on the Oxford Comma: Unpack the arguments, the passion, and the memes surrounding one of the most hotly debated punctuation marks in the English language.
Tone Analysis for Field Linguists
Tone, the use of pitch to provide phonological contrast between morphemes, plays an integral role in the structures of many languages. This book teaches linguists a tried-and-proven methodology for analyzing tone in any part of the world. Significant features: - Delivers the most comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to tone analysis for field linguists - Emphasizes the discovery of contrastive tone patterns of morphemes, as opposed to contrastive tones of tone-bearing units - Focuses on keeping constant all factors that can potentially affect tone, so that utterances being compared are truly comparable - Includes a chapter on the phonetic properties of pitch - Presents principles for developing orthographies for tone languages - Includes comprehensive accompanying online exercises* that guide students from beginning to end through a complete analysis of nominal tone in a single language, Chumburung.Assuming little prior knowledge of tone or tone languages, Tone Analysis for Field Linguists is readily accessible to students and field workers alike who have previously taken introductory courses in articulatory phonetics, phonology, and morphology and syntax.*Instructors may access the accompanying online exercises. Register here: https: //www.sil.org/resources/publications/toneanalysis_teachermaterials
Articulatory Phonetics
This textbook is a revision and expansion of A Manual for Articulatory Phonetics, compiled by Rick Floyd in 1981 and revised in 1986. It includes many other people's materials from articulatory phonetics courses as taught for over sixty years in the training schools of SIL International. It also includes much information from sources outside of SIL. It is written in an informal, personal style and is a practical book for teachers and students alike. Most chapters begin with a statement of goals and conclude with a list of key concepts and exercises. Examples, tables, and explanatory figures are distributed liberally throughout. This book is oriented primarily towards native speakers of American English, particularly with reference to examples used to guide pronunciation of new sounds. However, most of the information included should be profitable to students regardless of their native language. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used for the phonetic transcription, but the equivalent Americanist symbols are also given in order to equip the student to use other linguists' materials, regardless of which system they use to transcribe their data. Anita Bickford (M.A., University of North Dakota) specializes in second language acquisition and articulatory phonetics and regularly teaches courses in both at the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota.
Reconciling Synchrony, Diachrony and Usage in Verb Number Agreement with Complex Collective Subjects
*Winner of AEDEAN Leocadio Mart穩n Mingorance Book Award on Theoretical and Applied English Linguistics (2021)**Winner of ESLA Guadalupe Aguado Research Award for Young Researchers (2022)**Winner of ESSE Book Award 2022 for Young Researchers in the category 'English Language and Linguistics*This book uses corpus-based methodologies to investigate the wide variety of factors behind verb number agreement with complex collective noun phrases in English.The literature on collective nouns and their agreement patterns spans an array of disciplines and approaches. However, little of the research conducted to date has focused on the influence of of-dependents on verb number with relational collective nouns, as in examples such as a bunch of or a group of. Drawing on data from two case studies - one based on the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), and the other on the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) - Fern獺ndez-Pena uses statistical modelling to unpack the different morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical dimensions of the variables affecting verb number agreement with complex collective noun phrases in English. This multidimensional analysis of the significance of of-dependents in the patterning and contemporary usage of collective nouns offers new insight into and understanding of both synchronic variation and diachronic change.This book is an essential read for scholars of English language variation and change, historical linguistics, corpus linguistics, and usage-based approaches to the study of language.
Phonological Analysis
Human language is a remarkable phenomenon. Its study continues to be a source of fascination and delight. Dr. Donald Burquest, professor of linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington, developed this foundational textbook during years of helping students overcome the feelings of dismay that new phonology students experience when confronted by a mass of raw phonetic data. While working through the material, the student is led through the steps of organizing data and is introduced to particular theories for later in-depth specialization. In the second edition the author expanded on the first edition of this text by adding introductions to Autosegmental Phonology and Metrical Phonology. He has also included a series of problems at the end of most chapters that provide an opportunity for the student to apply the information in that chapter. This present edition incorporates numerous minor revisions and has an improved subject index. This textbook is intended for use in an upper division introductory course in phonology, preparing the student to further study aspects of current theory. Donald Burquest is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington and an International Linguistic Consultant with SIL International. He did fieldwork in Nigeria on the Ngas language and was involved in a language project completed in 1977. He received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from UCLA in 1973. He is also the coauthor of Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku, A Survey of Linguistic Theories, 3rd edition, and numerous articles.
New Directions in Cognitive Grammar and Style
In recent years, the Cognitive Grammar account of language and mind has become an influential framework for the study of textual meaning and interpretation. This book is the first to bring together applications of Cognitive Grammar for a range of stylistic purposes, including the analysis of both literary and non-literary discourse. Demonstrating the diverse range of uses for Cognitive Grammar, chapters apply this framework to diverse text-types including poetry, narrative fiction, comics, press reports, political discourse and music, as well as exploring its potential for the teaching of language and literature in a range of contexts. Combining cutting-edge research in cognitive, critical and pedagogical stylistics, New Directions in Cognitive Grammar and Styleshowcases the latest developments in this field and offers new insights into our experiences of literary and non-literary texts by drawing on current understandings of language and cognition.
Insights into the Baltic and Finnic Languages; Contacts, Comparisons, and Change
This book includes twelve articles that present new research on the Finnic and Baltic languages spoken in the southern and eastern part of the Circum-Baltic area. It aims to elaborate on the various contact situations and (dis)similarities between the languages of the area. Taking an areal, comparative, or sociolinguistic perspective, the articles offer new insights into the grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, and textual patterns of different types of predicates or nouns or consider the variation of grammatical categories from a typological perspective. The qualitative analyses find support in quantitative data collected from language corpora or written sources, including those representing the less studied varieties of the area.
Principles of Radical CV Phonology
Harry van der Hulst's model of Radical CV Phonology has roots in the framework of Dependency Phonology, but proposes a rather different 'geometry', which reduces the set of unary elements to just two: C and V. The model explains the phonological distinctions that function contrastively in the world's languages rather than presenting it as a 'random' list. Van der Hulst shows how this model accounts for a number of central claims about markedness and minimal specification. He explains how the representational system accounts for phonological rules and shows how this theory can be applied to sign language structure. Through comparison to other models, he also provides insight into current theories of segmental structure, commonly used feature systems, as well as recurrent controversies.
Prosody in Syntactic Encoding
What is the role of prosody in the generation of sentence structure?A standard notion holds that prosody results from mapping a hierarchical syntactic structure onto a linear sequence of words. A radically different view conceives of certain intonational features as integral components of the syntactic structure. Yet another conception maintains that prosody and syntax are parallel systems that mutually constrain each other to yield surface sentential form.The different viewpoints reflect the various functions prosody may have: On the one hand, prosody is a signal to syntax, marking e.g. constituent boundaries. On the other hand, prosodic or intonational features convey meaning; the concept "intonational morpheme" (as e.g. an exponent of information structural notions like topic or focus) puts prosody and intonation squarely into the syntactic representation. The proposals collected in this book tackle the intricate relationship of syntax and prosody in the encoding of sentences. The contributions build their cases on the basis of solid empirical evidence, adducing data from experiments or from the careful analysis of natural speech. The volume thus represents a state of the art survey of research on the syntax-phonology interface.
Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions for Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)
Learn to dot your I's and cross your T's with this hands-on grammar practice The rules of grammar can seem abstract and confusing. But putting them into practice will help you understand and retain grammatical conventions. In Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies, you'll get the step-by-step and hands-on experience you need to improve your conjugations, gerund use, punctuation, and more. Each practice question includes detailed explanations and solutions available both in the book and online. The book also includes: Intuitive questions on everything from Oxford commas to verb tense Free, one-year access to all 1,001 practice questions online, and the ability to create customized quizzes and study sessions Detailed explanations for every question to help build your understandingIdeal for self-paced learning and as a companion for students in grammar and English classes in high school and college, Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) is a must-have resource to improve your written and spoken English communication. Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (9781119883746) was previously published as 1,001 Grammar Practice Questions For Dummies (9781118745014). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product.
Exploring Interfaces
Models of theoretical linguistics now emphasize the meeting points, or interfaces, between different aspects of our language capacity. Syntactic operations include structure-building, checking long-distance relationships between units, and connecting alternative word orders. This volume presents a collection of original studies that explore the mapping between these operations and other language-related areas such as word meanings, discourse contexts, the construction of meaning for larger units, and the alternative expressions of word order. It differs from previous traditional research on interfaces by bringing together studies and analyses from a range of languages, using monolingual varieties that include second language phenomena. Case studies of different types of interfaces, as well as studies based on lesser known sets of linguistic data, provide important examples that propose a new view of the connections between syntactic processes and other areas of grammar.
Grammar in Literature
This textbook familiarizes students with grammatical concepts of the English language and develops skills to apply grammar to creative writing and the study of literature. Students take an interactive 'learn-by-doing' approach to the mechanics of language and explore the creative uses of grammar. Experimenting with their own linguistic and creative skills, they come to appreciate the importance of language not only as a means of communication but also as an essential part of creative practice and literary composition. This applied approach to learning about grammar will be a valuable resource for students of English Literature and Creative Writing who may already be good users of grammar but not fully aware of its significance for communication and creativity.
Sign Language Phonology
A concise overview of key findings and ideas in sign language phonology and its contributions to related fields, including historical linguistics, morphology, prosody, language acquisition and language creation. Working on sign languages not only provides important new insights on familiar issues, but also poses a whole new set of questions about phonology, because of the use of the visual communication modality. This book lays out the properties needed to recognize a phonological system regardless of its modality. Written by a leading expert in sign language research, the book describes the current state of the field and addresses a range of issues that students and researchers will encounter in their work, as well as highlighting the significant impact that the study of sign languages has had on the field of phonology as a whole. It includes lists of further reading materials, and a full glossary, as well as helpful illustrations that demonstrate the important aspects of sign language structure, even to the most unfamiliar of readers. A text that will be useful to both specialists and general linguists, this book provides the first comprehension overview of the field.
The Elements Of Style
The Elements of Style is an American English writing style guide in numerous editions. The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and published by Harcourt in 1920, comprising eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of 57 "words often misspelled". E. B. White greatly enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan in 1959. That was the first edition of the so-called Strunk & White, which Time named in 2011 as one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923.
The Grammar Network
Cognitive linguists and psychologists have often argued that language is best understood as an association network; however while the network view of language has had a significant impact on the study of morphology and lexical semantics, it is only recently that researchers have taken an explicit network approach to the study of syntax. This innovative study presents a dynamic network model of grammar in which all aspects of linguistic structure, including core concepts of syntax (e.g. phrase structure, word classes, grammatical relations), are analyzed in terms of associative connections between different types of linguistic elements. These associations are shaped by domain-general learning processes that are operative in language use and sensitive to frequency of occurrence. Drawing on research from usage-based linguistics and cognitive psychology, the book provides an overview of frequency effects in grammar and analyzes these effects within the framework of a dynamic network model.
The Shetland Dialect
The traditional dialect spoken in the Shetland Isles, the northernmost part of Scotland and Britain, is highly distinct. It displays distinct, characteristic features on all linguistic levels and particularly in its sound system, or its phonology. The dialect is one of the lesser- known varieties of English within the Inner Circle. Increasing interest in the lesser- known varieties of English in recent years has brought a realization that there are still blanks on the map, even within the very core of the Inner Circle. Sundkvist's comprehensive treatise draws upon results from a three- year research project funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, for which a phonological survey of the Shetland dialect was carried out between 2010 and 2012. This book is a useful resource for those working on historical linguistics and is intended to serve as a comprehensive description and accessible reference source on one of the most distinct lesser- known varieties of English within Britain. It documents and offers a systematic account of the rich regional variation as well as being a reference source for those studying the historical formation and emergence of the Shetland dialect and language variation and change in Shetland, as well as those within the broader field of Germanic linguistics.
A Historical Phonology of Central Chadic
Of all of the African language families, the Chadic languages belonging to the Afroasiatic macro-family are highly internally diverse due to a long history and various scenarios of language contact. This pioneering study explores the development of the sound systems of the 'Central Chadic' languages, a major branch of the Chadic family. Drawing on and comparing field data from about 60 different Central Chadic languages, H. Ekkehard Wolff unpacks the specific phonological principles that underpin the Chadic languages' diverse phonological evolution, arguing that their diversity results to no little extent from historical processes of 'prosodification' of reconstructable segments of the proto-language. The book offers meticulous historical analyses of some 60 words from Proto-Central Chadic, in up to 60 individual modern languages, including both consonants and vowels. Particular emphasis is on tracing the deep-rooted origin and impact of palatalisation and labialisation prosodies within a phonological system that, on its deepest level, recognises only one vowel phoneme */a/.
Syntactic Argumentation and the Structure of English
Syntactic Argumentation and the Structure of English (SASE) presents the major theoretical developments in generative syntax and the empirical arguments motivating them. Beautifully and lucidly written, it is an invaluable resource for working linguists as well as a pedagogical tool of unequaled depth and breadth. The chief focus of the book is syntactic argumentation. Beginning with the fundamentals of generative syntax, it proceeds by a series of gradually unfolding arguments to analyses of some of the most sophisticated proposals. It includes a wide variety of problems that guide the reader in constructing arguments deciding between alternative analyses of syntactic constructions and alternative theoretical formulations. Someone who has worked through the problems and arguments in this book will be able to apply the skills in argumentation it develops to novel issues in syntax. While teaching syntactic argumentation, SASE covers the major empirical results of generative syntax. Its contents include: 1) Transformations in single-clause sentences2) Complementation and multi-clause transformations3) Universal principles governing rule interaction: the cycle and strict cyclicity4) Movement rules5) Ross's constraints6) Pronominal reference and anaphora SASE is an important book for several different audiences: 1) For students, it is an introduction to syntax that teaches argumentation as well as a wide range of empirical results in the field. 2) For linguists, it is a sourcebook of classical analyses and arguments, with some new arguments bearing on classical issues. 3) For scholars, teachers, and students in related fields, it is a comprehensive guide to the major empirical and theoretical developments in generative syntax. SASE contains enough material for a two-semester or three-quarler sequence in syntax. Because it assumes no previous background, it can be used as the main text in an introduction to syntax. Since it covers a wide range of material not available in other texts, it is also suitable for intermediate and advanced syntax courses and as a supplementary source in more specialized courses and courses in other disciplines. A storehouse of classical and original arguments, SASE will prove to be of lasting value to the teacher, the student, and researchers in both linguistics and related fields.
How adjectival can a participle be?; Subsective Gradience in English 2nd Participles
This study of the adjectival passive uses Christopher Beedham's aspect analysis of the passive to reconcile the contradiction between verbal and adjectival passive. The author's study of 1,000 2nd participles presented to native speakers results in a new gradient scale of adjectival passives.
The Grammar of the Utterance
This book examines how speakers of Ibero-Romance 'do things' with conversational units of language, paying particular attention to what they do with i) vocatives, interjections, and particles; and ii) illocutionary complementizers, items that look like subordinators but behave differently. Alice Corr argues that the behaviour of these conversation-oriented items provides insight into how language-as-grammar builds the universe of discourse. The approach identifies the underlying unity in how different Ibero-Romance languages, alongside their Romance cousins and Latin ancestors, use grammar to refer - i.e. to connect our inner world to the one outside - and the empirical arguments are underpinned by the philosophical position that the configurational architecture of grammar also configures the architecture of the mind. The book thus builds on existing work on the syntax of discourse not only by contributing new empirical and theoretical insights, but also by pursuing explanatory adequacy via a so-called 'un-Cartesian' grammar of reference. In so doing, it formalizes the intuition that language users do things not with words, but with grammar. Drawing on a wealth of naturalistic data from social media and online corpora, augmented by elicited introspective judgements, The Grammar of the Utterance offers new insights into the colloquial grammar and morphosyntactic variation of (Ibero-)Romance, and showcases the utility of comparative work on this language family in advancing our empirical and conceptual understanding of the organization of grammar.
Pragmatic Particles
Pragmatic Particles sheds new light on the linguistic theory and application of Asian languages with a particular focus on the role of particles and their socio-pragmatic nature. Drawing on a range of data that spans Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish and beyond, the multidimensionality of Asian languages is brought to attention. Particles are central in this discourse and their constructive, expressive and attitudinal behaviours are revealed to be neither arbitrary nor peripheral. By branching away from a predominantly Euro-centric discussion and covering the relevant formal and functional foundations of syntax and semantics, this book offers an alternative lens to the appropriate treatment of Asian languages in contemporary linguistics.
Practical Grammar of Modern Chinese III
Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners.This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces sentence constituents in modern Chinese grammar, including subjects, objects, attributes, adverbials, complements, double references, and parentheses.Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.
Non-Finiteness
'Non-finiteness' is a phenomenon that occurs in most natural languages, whereby a verb is not inflected by grammatical tense, and does not possess the grammatical features of aspect, mood or voice. Various theories have been developed to explain their distribution and their role in clause structure, but many instances of non-finiteness remain unaccounted for. Taking a functional approach, this study proposes a 'process relation framework' to explain the more complex, previously unaccounted for, instances of non-finiteness in clause structure. It applies the framework comparatively to non-finiteness in English and Chinese, showing how it can be applied across typologically distinct languages. Drawing on corpus-based instances and observations, it introduces numerous thought-provoking cases, in which constructional (or combining) types and the predictability of non-finiteness co-occur. In terms of application, non-finiteness is decisive in categorising language types, and it is critical in processing natural languages, text segmentation and annotation in particular.
The Lexical and Metrical Phonology of English
This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.
