Prosody in Syntactic Encoding
What is the role of prosody in the generation of sentence structure?A standard notion holds that prosody results from mapping a hierarchical syntactic structure onto a linear sequence of words. A radically different view conceives of certain intonational features as integral components of the syntactic structure. Yet another conception maintains that prosody and syntax are parallel systems that mutually constrain each other to yield surface sentential form.The different viewpoints reflect the various functions prosody may have: On the one hand, prosody is a signal to syntax, marking e.g. constituent boundaries. On the other hand, prosodic or intonational features convey meaning; the concept "intonational morpheme" (as e.g. an exponent of information structural notions like topic or focus) puts prosody and intonation squarely into the syntactic representation. The proposals collected in this book tackle the intricate relationship of syntax and prosody in the encoding of sentences. The contributions build their cases on the basis of solid empirical evidence, adducing data from experiments or from the careful analysis of natural speech. The volume thus represents a state of the art survey of research on the syntax-phonology interface.
Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions for Dummies (＋ Free Online Practice)
Learn to dot your I's and cross your T's with this hands-on grammar practice The rules of grammar can seem abstract and confusing. But putting them into practice will help you understand and retain grammatical conventions. In Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies, you'll get the step-by-step and hands-on experience you need to improve your conjugations, gerund use, punctuation, and more. Each practice question includes detailed explanations and solutions available both in the book and online. The book also includes: Intuitive questions on everything from Oxford commas to verb tense Free, one-year access to all 1,001 practice questions online, and the ability to create customized quizzes and study sessions Detailed explanations for every question to help build your understandingIdeal for self-paced learning and as a companion for students in grammar and English classes in high school and college, Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) is a must-have resource to improve your written and spoken English communication. Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (9781119883746) was previously published as 1,001 Grammar Practice Questions For Dummies (9781118745014). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product.
Grammar in Literature
This textbook familiarizes students with grammatical concepts of the English language and develops skills to apply grammar to creative writing and the study of literature. Students take an interactive 'learn-by-doing' approach to the mechanics of language and explore the creative uses of grammar. Experimenting with their own linguistic and creative skills, they come to appreciate the importance of language not only as a means of communication but also as an essential part of creative practice and literary composition. This applied approach to learning about grammar will be a valuable resource for students of English Literature and Creative Writing who may already be good users of grammar but not fully aware of its significance for communication and creativity.
Exploring Interfaces
Models of theoretical linguistics now emphasize the meeting points, or interfaces, between different aspects of our language capacity. Syntactic operations include structure-building, checking long-distance relationships between units, and connecting alternative word orders. This volume presents a collection of original studies that explore the mapping between these operations and other language-related areas such as word meanings, discourse contexts, the construction of meaning for larger units, and the alternative expressions of word order. It differs from previous traditional research on interfaces by bringing together studies and analyses from a range of languages, using monolingual varieties that include second language phenomena. Case studies of different types of interfaces, as well as studies based on lesser known sets of linguistic data, provide important examples that propose a new view of the connections between syntactic processes and other areas of grammar.
Sign Language Phonology
A concise overview of key findings and ideas in sign language phonology and its contributions to related fields, including historical linguistics, morphology, prosody, language acquisition and language creation. Working on sign languages not only provides important new insights on familiar issues, but also poses a whole new set of questions about phonology, because of the use of the visual communication modality. This book lays out the properties needed to recognize a phonological system regardless of its modality. Written by a leading expert in sign language research, the book describes the current state of the field and addresses a range of issues that students and researchers will encounter in their work, as well as highlighting the significant impact that the study of sign languages has had on the field of phonology as a whole. It includes lists of further reading materials, and a full glossary, as well as helpful illustrations that demonstrate the important aspects of sign language structure, even to the most unfamiliar of readers. A text that will be useful to both specialists and general linguists, this book provides the first comprehension overview of the field.
The Elements Of Style
The Elements of Style is an American English writing style guide in numerous editions. The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and published by Harcourt in 1920, comprising eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of 57 "words often misspelled". E. B. White greatly enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan in 1959. That was the first edition of the so-called Strunk & White, which Time named in 2011 as one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923.
The Grammar Network
Cognitive linguists and psychologists have often argued that language is best understood as an association network; however while the network view of language has had a significant impact on the study of morphology and lexical semantics, it is only recently that researchers have taken an explicit network approach to the study of syntax. This innovative study presents a dynamic network model of grammar in which all aspects of linguistic structure, including core concepts of syntax (e.g. phrase structure, word classes, grammatical relations), are analyzed in terms of associative connections between different types of linguistic elements. These associations are shaped by domain-general learning processes that are operative in language use and sensitive to frequency of occurrence. Drawing on research from usage-based linguistics and cognitive psychology, the book provides an overview of frequency effects in grammar and analyzes these effects within the framework of a dynamic network model.
A Historical Phonology of Central Chadic
Of all of the African language families, the Chadic languages belonging to the Afroasiatic macro-family are highly internally diverse due to a long history and various scenarios of language contact. This pioneering study explores the development of the sound systems of the 'Central Chadic' languages, a major branch of the Chadic family. Drawing on and comparing field data from about 60 different Central Chadic languages, H. Ekkehard Wolff unpacks the specific phonological principles that underpin the Chadic languages' diverse phonological evolution, arguing that their diversity results to no little extent from historical processes of 'prosodification' of reconstructable segments of the proto-language. The book offers meticulous historical analyses of some 60 words from Proto-Central Chadic, in up to 60 individual modern languages, including both consonants and vowels. Particular emphasis is on tracing the deep-rooted origin and impact of palatalisation and labialisation prosodies within a phonological system that, on its deepest level, recognises only one vowel phoneme */a/.
Syntactic Argumentation and the Structure of English
Syntactic Argumentation and the Structure of English (SASE) presents the major theoretical developments in generative syntax and the empirical arguments motivating them. Beautifully and lucidly written, it is an invaluable resource for working linguists as well as a pedagogical tool of unequaled depth and breadth. The chief focus of the book is syntactic argumentation. Beginning with the fundamentals of generative syntax, it proceeds by a series of gradually unfolding arguments to analyses of some of the most sophisticated proposals. It includes a wide variety of problems that guide the reader in constructing arguments deciding between alternative analyses of syntactic constructions and alternative theoretical formulations. Someone who has worked through the problems and arguments in this book will be able to apply the skills in argumentation it develops to novel issues in syntax. While teaching syntactic argumentation, SASE covers the major empirical results of generative syntax. Its contents include: 1) Transformations in single-clause sentences2) Complementation and multi-clause transformations3) Universal principles governing rule interaction: the cycle and strict cyclicity4) Movement rules5) Ross's constraints6) Pronominal reference and anaphora SASE is an important book for several different audiences: 1) For students, it is an introduction to syntax that teaches argumentation as well as a wide range of empirical results in the field. 2) For linguists, it is a sourcebook of classical analyses and arguments, with some new arguments bearing on classical issues. 3) For scholars, teachers, and students in related fields, it is a comprehensive guide to the major empirical and theoretical developments in generative syntax. SASE contains enough material for a two-semester or three-quarler sequence in syntax. Because it assumes no previous background, it can be used as the main text in an introduction to syntax. Since it covers a wide range of material not available in other texts, it is also suitable for intermediate and advanced syntax courses and as a supplementary source in more specialized courses and courses in other disciplines. A storehouse of classical and original arguments, SASE will prove to be of lasting value to the teacher, the student, and researchers in both linguistics and related fields.
How adjectival can a participle be?; Subsective Gradience in English 2nd Participles
This study of the adjectival passive uses Christopher Beedham's aspect analysis of the passive to reconcile the contradiction between verbal and adjectival passive. The author's study of 1,000 2nd participles presented to native speakers results in a new gradient scale of adjectival passives.
The Grammar of the Utterance
This book examines how speakers of Ibero-Romance 'do things' with conversational units of language, paying particular attention to what they do with i) vocatives, interjections, and particles; and ii) illocutionary complementizers, items that look like subordinators but behave differently. Alice Corr argues that the behaviour of these conversation-oriented items provides insight into how language-as-grammar builds the universe of discourse. The approach identifies the underlying unity in how different Ibero-Romance languages, alongside their Romance cousins and Latin ancestors, use grammar to refer - i.e. to connect our inner world to the one outside - and the empirical arguments are underpinned by the philosophical position that the configurational architecture of grammar also configures the architecture of the mind. The book thus builds on existing work on the syntax of discourse not only by contributing new empirical and theoretical insights, but also by pursuing explanatory adequacy via a so-called 'un-Cartesian' grammar of reference. In so doing, it formalizes the intuition that language users do things not with words, but with grammar. Drawing on a wealth of naturalistic data from social media and online corpora, augmented by elicited introspective judgements, The Grammar of the Utterance offers new insights into the colloquial grammar and morphosyntactic variation of (Ibero-)Romance, and showcases the utility of comparative work on this language family in advancing our empirical and conceptual understanding of the organization of grammar.
Pragmatic Particles
Pragmatic Particles sheds new light on the linguistic theory and application of Asian languages with a particular focus on the role of particles and their socio-pragmatic nature. Drawing on a range of data that spans Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish and beyond, the multidimensionality of Asian languages is brought to attention. Particles are central in this discourse and their constructive, expressive and attitudinal behaviours are revealed to be neither arbitrary nor peripheral. By branching away from a predominantly Euro-centric discussion and covering the relevant formal and functional foundations of syntax and semantics, this book offers an alternative lens to the appropriate treatment of Asian languages in contemporary linguistics.
Non-Finiteness
'Non-finiteness' is a phenomenon that occurs in most natural languages, whereby a verb is not inflected by grammatical tense, and does not possess the grammatical features of aspect, mood or voice. Various theories have been developed to explain their distribution and their role in clause structure, but many instances of non-finiteness remain unaccounted for. Taking a functional approach, this study proposes a 'process relation framework' to explain the more complex, previously unaccounted for, instances of non-finiteness in clause structure. It applies the framework comparatively to non-finiteness in English and Chinese, showing how it can be applied across typologically distinct languages. Drawing on corpus-based instances and observations, it introduces numerous thought-provoking cases, in which constructional (or combining) types and the predictability of non-finiteness co-occur. In terms of application, non-finiteness is decisive in categorising language types, and it is critical in processing natural languages, text segmentation and annotation in particular.
The Lexical and Metrical Phonology of English
This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.
The Lexical and Metrical Phonology of English
This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.
Sanskrit Noun declension using Ashtadhyayi Sutras
Sanskrit is coming of Age. More and more Colleges and Universities are offering a degree course in this lingua franca of yore. Many schools across Europe and America are introducing Sanskrit to young learners.In India too there is a revival across the length and breadth, with committed organizations working to reach out to adults and children all over.To understand Sanskrit Grammar, the basic stuff is all about knowing the correct spelling of NOUNS and VERBS. This edition gives the correct spelling of Sanskrit NOUNS, that are commonly seen in literature or those that serve as templates for spellings of other Nouns. It also goes into the Ashtadhyayi of Panini to see what changes are involved to make the final spelling.The 7x3 Sup Table matrices for Nouns in 7 cases and 3 numbers are judiciously arranged, with emphasis on clarity and legibility. Gender of Nouns is explicitly specified, and the mechanism of Original Sup Affixes, and Modified Sup affixes is elaborated.Ashtadhyayi Sutras Nos for Substitutions and Sandhi changes in the Noun spellings are listed, so that the reader understands the background process threadbare.
Discourse Syntax
Discourse Syntax is the study of syntax that requires an understanding of the surrounding text and the overall discourse situation, including considerations of genre and modality. Using corpus data and insights from current research, this book is a comprehensive guide to this fast-developing field. It takes the reader 'beyond the sentence' to study grammatical phenomena, like word order variation, connectives, ellipsis, and complexity. It introduces core concepts of Discourse Syntax, integrating insights from corpus-based research and inviting the reader to reflect on research design decisions. Each chapter begins with a definition of learning outcomes, provides results from empirical articles, and enables readers to critically assess data visualization. Complete with helpful further reading recommendations as well as a range of exercises, it is geared towards intermediate to advanced students of English linguistics and it is also essential reading for anyone interested in this exciting, fast-moving discipline.
Discourse Syntax
Discourse Syntax is the study of syntax that requires an understanding of the surrounding text and the overall discourse situation, including considerations of genre and modality. Using corpus data and insights from current research, this book is a comprehensive guide to this fast-developing field. It takes the reader 'beyond the sentence' to study grammatical phenomena, like word order variation, connectives, ellipsis, and complexity. It introduces core concepts of Discourse Syntax, integrating insights from corpus-based research and inviting the reader to reflect on research design decisions. Each chapter begins with a definition of learning outcomes, provides results from empirical articles, and enables readers to critically assess data visualization. Complete with helpful further reading recommendations as well as a range of exercises, it is geared towards intermediate to advanced students of English linguistics and it is also essential reading for anyone interested in this exciting, fast-moving discipline.
The Syntax of V-V Resultatives in Mandarin Chinese
Chapter 1: Introduction 1 The empirical domain and basic research questions 2 Arguments and proposals: Preview 2.1 The generation of V-V resultative compounds 2.2 The syntactic structure of V-V resultatives 2.3 The alternation properties of V-V resultatives 3 Theoretical assumptions 4 Outline of the dissertationChapter 2: The generation of resultative V-V compounds 1 Introduction 2 Lexicalist vs. syntactic approaches to word formation 2.1 The lexicalist approach 2.2 Word formation in Distributed Morphology: A syntactic approach 3 The inner vs. outer domain hypothesis for the formation of complex words 3.1 The inner vs. outer domain hypothesis 3.2 The crosslinguistic application of the two-domain hypothesis 4 A lexicalist analysis: Y. Li (2005) 5 Generation of resultative and parallel V-V compounds in Mandarin 5.1 Resultative vs. parallel V-V compounds 5.1.1 Parallel V-V compounds 5.1.2 Contrasting properties of resultative and parallel V-V compounds 5.2 An analysis under the two-domain hypothesis 5.2.1 Semantics: Compositionality vs. idiosyncrasy 5.2.2 Nominalizations 5.2.3 Free vs. bound component morphemes 5.2.4 Productivity vs. semi-productivity 5.2.5 Adverbial modification 6 ConclusionChapter 3: The syntactic structure of Mandarin V-V resultatives: An event-mapping approach 1 Introduction 2 The event-mapping approach to argument structure 2.1 Lexicalist vs. syntactic approaches to argument structure 2.1.1 The lexicalist approach 2.1.2 The syntactic approach: The autonomy of syntactic structure 2.2 The event-mapping approach to argument structure 2.2.1 Event-structure decomposition of verbal semantics 2.2.2 The event-mapping approach to argument structure 2.2.2.1 Travis (2010) and Ramchand (2008) 2.2.2.2&nbs
Serial Verbs
This book provides an in-depth typological account of the forms, functions, and histories of serial verb constructions. Serial verbs, in which several verbs combine to form a single predicate, describe what is conceptualized as a single event. The verbs in the construction have the same tense, aspect, mood, modality, and evidentiality values, cannot be negated or questioned separately, and usually share the same subject and object. They are a powerful means of portraying various facets of one event, and can express grammatical meanings such as aspect, direction, and causation, particularly in languages where few other means are available. In this volume, Alexandra Aikhenvald seeks to answer unresolved questions such as: What are the parameters of variation in serial verbs? How do serial verbs differ from other, superficially similar multi-verb constructions? How do serial verbs emerge, and what happens to them over time? What role do they play in the representation of event structure? The book uses an inductively-based framework for the analysis and draws on data from languages with different typological profiles and genetic affiliations. It will be of interest to researchers and students from a wide range of fields of linguistics, especially typology, anthropological linguistics, and language contact.
English Master C2 Key Word Transformation
Practice tests for the Use of English (C2 level)This edition of practice tests has been written to closely replicate the Cambridge exam experience, although it is also suitable for any English-language student working at CEFR C2 level.Each of its 200 exam-styled, single-sentence Key Word Transformation (Part 4) assessments carries a lexico-grammatical focus, testing lexis, grammar and vocabulary.Each assessment comprises a sentence followed by a 'key' word and an alternative sentence conveying the same meaning as the first but with a gap in the middle. Use the key word provided to complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You cannot change the keyword provided. Each correct answer is broken down into two marks.About the authorMargaret Cooze holds an MA in Applied Linguistics and an MSc in English Language Teaching Management, and has worked in senior roles at Cambridge English Language Assessment and Cambridge Assessment International Education.
Interactive and Interpersonal Meanings of Grammatical Structures
The work offers an analysis of the imperative, the periphrastic imperative, and the directive infinitive in Polish, with focus on how these grammatical structures are used in context to achieve particular kinds of interactive and interpersonal effects. The theoretical framework adopted for the study is Langacker's theory of cognitive grammar.
All in One Common Errors in English
This book is the complete storehouse of all types of common errors in English. Everything in this book is analysed in simple language and with complete explanation. It also covers solved exercises that will help a lot in the preparation of the examinations. Contents from every corner made this book perfect for all types of competitive examinations.
Universal Grammar and Iconicity
Within linguistics, the formal and functional approaches each offer insight into what language might be and how it operates, but so far, there have been hardly any systematic attempts to integrate them into a single theory. This book explores the relationship between universal grammar - the theory that we have an innate mechanism for generating sentences - and iconicity - the resemblance between form and meaning in language. It offers a new theory of their interactions, 'UG-iconicity interface' (UG-I), which shows that not only do universal grammar and iconicity coexist, but in fact collaborate in intricate and predictable ways. The theory explains various recalcitrant cross-linguistic facts surrounding the serial verb constructions, coordination, semantically and categorically obscure 'linkers', the multiple grammatical aspects of the external argument, and non-canonical arguments. This groundbreaking work is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students in linguistics, as well as scholars in psychology and cognitive science.
Tono-types and Tone Evolution
This book is a comprehensive study on the phonetic characteristics of citation tones in Chaoshan Chinese. It presents the tonal patterns of 65 localities in the Chaoshan area under the "multiple-register and four-level" tonal model. Three case studies are conducted to delve into the evolutionary paths of Chaoshan tones. This book not only provides a large-scale typological study on Chaoshan Chinese, but also offers a good example of how to figure out the evolutionary paths of tones from the perspective of variation. The natural alliance of phonetics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, and dialect geography is reinforced. It is also suggested in this book that the joint use of these four disciplines is very promising for the study of Chinese.
Methodological Considerations in Morphological Processing Research
With a comprehensive review of the relevant factors that first- and second-language morphological processing researchers need to take into consideration, including material- and procedure-related factors and participant differences, this book is a useful theoretical reference book for morphological processing researchers.
Grammatical Reconstruction
There is still widespread disagreement among historical linguists about how, or whether, syntactic reconstruction can be done. This book presents a comprehensive methodology for syntactic reconstruction, grounded in a constructional understanding of language. The author then uses that methodology to reconstruct Proto-Sogeram, the ancestor to ten languages in Papua New Guinea. Chapters are devoted to phonology, lexicon, verbal morphosyntax, nominal morphosyntax, and syntactic constructions. The work culminates in a sketch of Proto-Sogeram grammar. Based largely on the author's original fieldwork, this is an innovative application of a novel methodology to new data, and the most complete reconstruction of a Papuan proto-language to date. It will be of interest to scholars of language change, language reconstruction, typology, and Papuan languages.
Philippine English
This book is a reference on the history, sociology, and linguistic structure of Philippine English. It offers readers access to a synthesis of the last fifty years of research on Philippine English and also offers a new and better understanding of the nativization of English in the Philippines.
English Grammar Book
Borne from interviews with people from around the globe, this book is designed as a practical aid to help non-native English speakers find solutions to common problems and resolve misunderstandings they face while trying to learn the language. With chapters that break-down sentence structures, others focusing on the application of nouns, verbs, and more, the English Grammar Book is a one-stop-shop for grammarians and a great resource for any wanting to learn the basic rules of the English language.
About Writing Right
The first complete print book in the "Writing Right" series offers one of the least tapped and most helpful sources of information on writing, editing, and publishing in the world: the author's personal experience. When someone sets out to be an author at the age of 14 and makes a go of it for the next half-century, he has some stories to tell. And some information to impart. And some inspiration to share. In this book, D. J. Herda offers all that and more. Based upon his years of teaching various writing courses and Creative Writing Workshop, plus his publishing, editing, and ghostwriting experiences, he is the ultimate source of information ... now available in this book for the first time ever. Here you'll find tips on writing, editing, publishing, marketing, POD processes, landing a top literary agent, and much more from a ninety-book author who has spent half a century in the industry. Are there really secrets in the pages to come? Yes-some never revealed before. And everything you read about here, as well as in the author's eBook "About Writing Right" series, is one hundred percent accurate and based upon first-hand experience and relentless investigation. No hunches masquerading as truths. No realities hiding behind suppositions. As Sgt. Joe Friday used to say on the classic television series, Dragnet: "Just the facts, ma'am. Just the facts." Learn what the author has to share based upon some of the thousands of questions asked of him over the years. Read, enjoy, and prosper. And then pass that information along to a friend.
Essentials of Grammatical Theory: Volume 2
The grammar of a natural language is a group of structural constraints on the speaker's or writer's construction of clauses, phrases, and words. The term may also refer to the study of such restraints, a field that includes domains such as phonology, morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics and pragmatics. Theoretical linguistics has developed grammatical structures that seek to give an accurate scientific theory of the syntactic rules of grammar and their function. Functional grammar, dependency grammar and Montague grammar are some examples of such frameworks. Other frameworks, such as generative grammar, cognitive grammar and stochastic grammar, are based on an inherent universal grammar, where the object is placed into the verb phrase. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the essentials of grammatical theory. It provides comprehensive insights into this field. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.
Introduction to Formal Grammar
Grammar is the description of language in terms of its form and structure, as opposed to its function and meaning. Formal grammar describes the formation of strings from a language's alphabet that are valid according to the syntax of the language. It consists of a set of rules used to identify correct or incorrect strings of tokens in a language. It is also used to generate all possible strings over the alphabet that is syntactically correct in the language. Formal grammar is studied under the umbrella of applied mathematics, within a sub-discipline termed as formal language theory. Its applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic and other fields. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of formal grammar. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.
Rhyme Over Reason
We are fascinated by what words sound like. This fascination also drives us to search for meaning in sound - thereby contradicting the principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign. Phonesthemes, onomatopoeia or rhyming compounds all share the property of carrying meaning by virtue of what they sound like, simply because language users establish an association between form and meaning. By drawing on a wide array of examples, ranging from conventionalized words and expressions to brand names and slogans, this book offers a comprehensive account of the role that sound symbolism and rhyme/alliteration plays in English, and by doing so, advocates a more relaxed view of the category 'morpheme' that is able to incorporate less regular word-formation processes.
Phonological Tone
From the physiology and acoustics to their patterning across human languages, tone is one of the fundamental constructs in human languages that is also among the hardest to apprehend. Drawing upon a large number of languages around the world, this volume explores the concept of tone starting from its physical properties of articulation and acoustics to its manifestation in phonology. Designed as a comprehensive study accessible to the novice and useful for the expert, each chapter covers a particular aspect of tone in increasing depth and complexity, weaving together key concepts and theories that provide complementing or competing accounts of tone's phonological intricacies. In the process, one uncovers the underlying laws and principles that inform today's understanding of the subject to form a more synthesized view that also allows us to explore the relation of tone to other important areas of humanity such as literature, history, music and cognition.
The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization
This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created. Leading scholars from around the world introduce and discuss the core theoretical and methodological bases of grammaticalization, report on work in the field, and point to promising directions for new research. They represent every relevant theoretical perspective and approach. Research on grammaticalization and its role in linguistic change encompasses work on languages from every major linguistic family. Its results offer valuable insights for all theoretical frameworks, including generative, construction, and cognitive grammar, and relate to work in fields such as phonology, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition. The handbook is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of grammaticalization in a range of languages. It will be an indispensable source of information and inspiration for all those who wish to know more about this fascinating and important field.
Trends in South Asian Linguistics
The field of South Asian linguistics has undergone considerable growth and advancement in recent years, as a wider and more diverse range of languages have become subject to serious linguistic study, and as advancements in theoretical linguistics are applied to the rich linguistic data of South Asia. In this growth and diversity, it can be difficult to retain a broad grasp on the current state of the art, and to maintain a sense of the underlying unity of the field. This volume brings together twenty articles by leading scholars in South Asian linguistics, which showcase the cutting-edge research currently being undertaken in the field, and offer the reader a comprehensive introduction to the state of the art in South Asian linguistics. The contributions to the volume focus primarily on syntax and semantics, but also include important contributions on morphological and phonological questions. The contributions also cover a wide range of languages, from well-studied Indo-Aryan languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Bangla and Panjabi, through Dravidian languages to endangered and understudied Tibeto-Burman languages. This collection is a must-read for all scholars interested in current trends and advancements in South Asian linguistics.
Everything You Need to Know About Commas
Of all the punctuation marks, the lowly comma may be the most misunderstood and most misused. Some writers use too many, some not enough, and some just place them in the wrong place. This book will help. It explains where to use commas and how to use them, and in many cases even why to use them. It also explains when you can break the so-called rules and use commas the way you want. Best of all, it does all this without resorting to complex grammatical terms. Everything is explained in plain English.
The English Phrasal Verb, 1650-Present
Providing a detailed and comprehensive account of the development of phrasal verbs from early modern to present-day English, this study covers almost 400 years in the history of English, and provides both a diachronic and synchronic account based on over 12,000 examples extracted from stratified electronic corpora. The corpus analysis provides evidence of how registers can inform us about the history of English, as it traces and compares the usage and stylistic drifts of phrasal verbs across ten different genres - drama, fiction, journals, diaries, letters, medicine, news, science, sermons, and trial proceedings. The study also sheds new light on the morpho-syntactic and semantic features of phrasal verbs, proposing a new approach to the category, considering not only on their grammatical features, but also their historical development, by discussing the category in terms of a number of central mechanisms of language change.
Grammaticality Judgements: A Linguistic Perspective
Grammaticality in linguistics is decided by the conformity to language usage corresponding to the grammar of a particular speech variety. The concept of grammaticality grew along with the theory of generative grammar, which aims to construct rules that define well-formed, grammatical, sentences. A grammaticality judgement is a speaker's assessment of the extent to which a linguistic string is well formed. It is based on whether the sentence is interpreted according to the rules and constraints of the relevant grammar. If the rules and constraints of the particular variety are followed, the sentence is considered to be grammatical. Linguists use grammaticality judgements to examine the syntactic structure of sentences. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of grammaticality judgements and related fields. It aims to give a general view of the different areas of this field, and its applications. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.
English Grammar in Familiar Lectures
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The Frameworks of English
How does English work? What are the different elements? How do they all fit together?The fourth edition of this popular textbook takes the reader on a step-by-step journey through the various levels of language, covering all the linguistic frameworks in a single volume. Beginning with words as the building blocks of language, Ballard investigates their internal structure before moving on to larger and larger units, from phrases to sentences and beyond. The sound system of English is also explored in detail, from individual segments to connected speech. Lastly, some broader perspectives are offered, looking at regional, global and historical variation in English. Fully revised and refreshed, this edition includes an engaging new chapter exploring how the frameworks of the language have changed over time, from Old English to the present day, provides a selection of exercises at the end of every chapter allowing readers to consolidate and develop their understanding, and introduces 'point of comparison' boxes offering opportunities to compare features of English with those found in other languages. Supported by plenty of examples, helpful cross-referencing and a detailed glossary, The Frameworks of English is the perfect reader-friendly guide for all students of English language and linguistics.Accompanying online resources for this title can be found at bloomsbury.pub/frameworks-of-english. These resources are designed to support learning when using this textbook and are available at no extra cost.
Samskrutarambh - A beginner book for learning Sanskrit
Samskrutaramb is a beginner's (level 1) book for Sanskrit which uses hybrid approach to teaching the language. The book contains spoken themes as well as Devanagari recognition at same time. As with most books from Vedic Vidyalay this book is most effective if used in classroom setting and students are encouraged to interact in Sanskrit.
Mysteries of English Grammar
This book illuminates some of the complexities of the grammar of English, the areas where new discoveries await and why it matters. Both aimed at the interested general reader and the beginning student of English language and linguistics, this is a fresh take on grammar.
Mysteries of English Grammar
This book illuminates some of the complexities of the grammar of English, the areas where new discoveries await and why it matters. Both aimed at the interested general reader and the beginning student of English language and linguistics, this is a fresh take on grammar.
Universal Semantic Syntax
Syntactic theory has been dominated in the last decades by theories that disregard semantics in their approach to syntax. Presenting a truly semantic approach to syntax, this book takes as its primary starting point the idea that syntax deals with the relations between meanings expressed by form-meaning elements and that the same types of relations can be found cross-linguistically. The theory provides a way to formalize the syntactic relations between meanings so that each fragment of grammar can be analyzed in a clear-cut way. A comprehensive introduction into the theoretical concepts of the theory is provided, with analyzes of numerous examples in English and various other languages, European and non-European, to illustrate the concepts. The theory discussed will enable linguists to look for similarities between languages, while at the same time acknowledging important language specific features.
Numeraci籀n actual en espa簽ol
聶Sab穩a que entre las cifras de un n繳mero solo se usa un punto o una coma, que ser獺 el marcador decimal, o bien un espacio? As穩, 6734-2876 debe escribirse 6734 2876, y 1,100,000.00 euros significa un euro con diez cent矇simos.聶Sab穩a que cuando decimos que nuestro hijo est獺 en doceavo a簽o aseguramos que est獺 en 1/12? Lo correcto ser穩a 12.簞, decimosegundo o d矇cimo segundo a簽o, y el femenino de este ordinal ser穩a 12.a, decimasegunda o d矇cima segunda. 聶Sab穩a usted que el s穩mbolo de balboa es ฿, no B/., y se escribe, como todos los s穩mbolos menos los de grados angulares, detr獺s de la cantidad y tras un espacio? 聶Y que .00 detr獺s de los enteros no significa nada? Escribiremos 25 $ y no $ 25.00. 聶Cu獺ndo se usan letras y cu獺ndo cifras en un escrito? 聶C籀mo se indican las horas? 聶Y las fechas? 聶Se escribe punto tras la fecha en una carta? 聶C籀mo se numeran los documentos? 聶Para qu矇 sirven y c籀mo se usan los n繳meros romanos? La numeraci籀n se est獺 unificando en todo el mundo. Desde la ortograf穩a de 2010, en espa簽ol hay unas normas que no debemos desconocer si no queremos malinterpretar o ser malinterpretados. Tambi矇n ISO y otros sistemas de normalizaci籀n han impuesto sus normas, no siempre acordes con esta ortograf穩a.Aqu穩 presentamos una recopilaci籀n sencilla y bastante completa de la moderna numeraci籀n en espa簽ol.
The Guide Book for the Use of National Taiwan Normal University Department of English Students Whose Work Frequently Requires Them to Use Nouns That Are Not ’Common Nouns’ in English Grammar
The Guide Book for the Use of National Taiwan Normal University Department of English Students Whose Work Frequently Requires Them to Use Nouns That Are Not 'Common Nouns' in English GrammarBy: Chiu Yong PoonThe Pinsin Chinese-English Dictionary was compiled by the Chinese-English editorial committee of the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute over the course of eight years, from 1971 to 1978. More than fifty people took part in the compilation and editing. A Practical English Grammar was written by A. J. Thompson and A.V. Martinet and printed by the Oxford University Press. Together these two sources take up little shelf space and complement each other perfectly. Under the shelter of A Practical English Grammar, the Pinsin Chinese-English Dictionary carries within it the seeds at the contents of this book. In fertile soil, the seed sprouted and produced The Guide Book for the Use of National Taiwan Normal University Department of English Students Whose Work Frequently Requires Them to Use Nouns That Are Not 'Common Nouns' in English Grammar.About the AuthorChiu Yong Poon has a B.A. in English from Taiwan Normal University in Taiwan and an M.A. in Education, Shippensburg State College in Shippensburg Pennsylvania. Additionally he has written Folktales of Love from China, a translation from Chinese into English.
