Influencing the Behavior of General Chang Wanquan to Protect United States Space Assets
In January 2007, the Chinese successfully tested an anti-satellite (ASAT) missile that threatened US space assets and weakened Sino-US ties. A second successful test would further damage those ties and place more debris in Low-Earth Orbit, rendering that critical space passage less usable. The US must attempt to engage General Chang Wanquan, the Director of the General Armament Department, and influence him not to attempt a second test. This study recommends an influence strategy after studying General Chang's culture, organizations to which he refers, and psychological dimension. The psychological dimension considers the perceptions, cognition, emotions, reasoning, judgment, and decision-making process of Chang Wanquan; information gleaned from General Chang's background, public speeches, and writings available from open sources. In an attempt to influence the decision to launch a second ASAT missile, the US needs to immediately engage General Chang and offer limited cooperation on technical aspects of training, education, or anti-terrorism by using formal or informal avenues.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
U.S. Military Space
Executive Summary Our nation's military Space capability is a vital component to successful U.S. and coalition military operations around the globe. Since the first gulf war in the early 1990s our nation's utilization of Space has increased exponentially. Our increased leveraging of military Space capabilities demands that we take steps to preserve and advance our technological advantage to ensure U.S. dominance across all mediums of combat into the next century. In todays fiscally straining environment many portions of the military Space portfolio are under budgetary pressure. In some cases this should be expected due to the size, cost, and complexity of many of these programs that, in some cases, are significantly behind schedule and over cost. Because of these pressures, and the continuously expanding need for military Space capabilities, we need to examine other viable options for Space partnership and funding. This policy paper is going to argue that as U.S. reliance on Space technology and capability increases, we need to define new paradigms for approached acquisition, operation, and funding of specific capabilities that support our largely coalition fight. Furthermore, our current Space strategy and policies are not 'international' enough, or rather; they do not establish international cooperation and partnership as the cornerstone of our policy as we move forward.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Overseas Military Bases
Overseas military bases have played a prominent role in support of United States security interests since World War II and particularly during the Cold War. While basing requirements have changed in the wake of the Cold War, it is clear that a forward US defense posture, including overseas bases and security partnerships, will remain essential to exert strategic influence, enable global access and project power when necessary. Globalization, fiscal constraints and the evolving threat landscape all present challenges to maintaining a network of forward bases. While it is important to assess overseas basing options in terms of operational requirements and value, their establishment and utility in times of crisis depend on host nation consent and support. Therefore, understanding host nation interests and concerns when it comes to the presence of US forces is critically important. Prompted by observations of the globalization phenomenon and an operational experience that highlighted the complexity of base hosting decisions, this study seeks greater awareness of the determinants of host nation hospitality. By examining overseas bases in Ecuador and Saudi Arabia that were ultimately rejected by those host nations and a third installation facing sharp opposition in Japan, the complex nature and relevance of host nation perspective is brought to light. These insights may inform future basing strategies as well as the diplomatic, military and economic engagement on which they depend.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
West Africa
After the 9/11 attacks, The United States of America (USA) destroyed al Qaeda's established training bases and removed the Taliban from power in Afghanistan. Thus, al Qaeda is forced to find new havens to continue operating safely as well as new sources of recruits. Unfortunately, if the conditions in the ground do not change, West Africa will be the next recruiting front for Osama bin Laden's terrorist movement. This paper examines what al Qaeda wants in the region and what the terrorist organization is presently doing there to meet its goals. Lastly, the document will address the means and ways to thwart al Qaeda's efforts in West Africa.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Role of the Armed Forces in Indonesia
Indonesia is a strategically important country, rich in natural resources, sitting astride a critical chokepoint, the Strait of Malacca. Demographically, it holds the important distinctions of being the fourth most populous country in the world and the world's most populous Muslim country. Traditionally, Indonesia has embraced pancasila, a secular tradition which respects all religions equally, not favoring one over another. The first portion of this paper defines fundamentalism, explores the Indonesian version and what role the armed forces plays in preventing the spread of fundamentalism. The second section examines military professionalism, comparing the Indonesian variety to the Western model, and what role this professionalism plays in national stability. Inferring that the military enhances stability, the final section examines the country's stability from an empirical viewpoint. Indonesia emerged from the thirty-plus year Suharto dictatorship in 1998. Throughout Suharto's rule, the military proved to be a substantial element of his power base, yet fissures in this base helped contribute to Suharto's demise. Since 1998, various political parties have flexed their muscle as they jockey for position in the nation's new democratic hierarchy. Of these parties, those with a fundamentalist orientation prove worrisome from the United States' perspective in the Global War on Terrorism. Terrorist attacks carried out by fundamentalist groups in Bali and Jakarta in recent years highlight the potential threat. The Indonesian military, the TNI, has embraced the notion of dwifungsi, or dual role in its complex interaction with Indonesia's people and government. This dual role ensured the military's omniscient role in politics and the economy, particularly in the Suharto era. Using Professor Samuel Huntington's model of the western military professionalism, we clearly see that this dual role has resulted in questionable professionalism in the TNI. Consequently, now thdemocThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Winning Hearts and Minds Is Not for Amateurs
U.S. military forces have repeatedly been expected to perform in peacekeeping, nationbuilding and other non-kinetic roles throughout history. However, in recent years, the U.S. military has been awakened to its lack of preparedness for full spectrum operations. Two factors, the publication of DoD Directive 3000.05 and recent studies of negotiation in Iraq may help pave the way for improved training in negotiation, one of these non-kinetic skill areas. Reviewing these recent reports led the author to assess the negotiation training currently provided to Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT). Likewise, to provide additional perspective, the author examined how the Canadians prepare their PRTs to negotiate effectively. This report examines current negotiation training provided to U.S. and Canadian PRTs and evaluates the current training. After reviewing both training programs, some areas for improvement were noted. The training provided to U.S. PRTs is improving every year, but should include more academics, more practice negotiating, and training for all team members. To their credit, U.S. PRT trainers have developed a very realistic "capstone" exercise at the end of training which well prepares the teams to deploy. On the other hand, the Canadians have a very solid negotiation training program which includes much training and practice for all team members, but one that would be improved with practice in a challenging role-play scenario, reflecting a realistic Afghani cultural environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Step Forward for Interdependence
As the Joint force transforms to become more interdependent, the manner in which the Services train must also adapt. Joint interdependence requires increased trust and confidence among all Service members. In order to foster this trust, joint training must increase. For Combat Air Forces (CAF) aircrew this means that the program used to direct their training--the Continuation Program (CT)--must adapt. This paper opines that the current CT Program is inadequate in training highly proficient pilots and lacks in joint training requirements. This paper investigates the CT Program by comparing the requirements from 1999 to those of 2008 (AEF Cycle 7). The results show that pilots are training for more combat skills with the same number of sorties--a number which is too low by expert standards. Also, the joint training requirements for pilots have remained low despite the push for interdependence.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Time is Now
The Air Liaison Officer has been a foundational concept in combined Air Force-Army operations since World War II. Over 300 aviators from combat units currently spend an assignment working in an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS), facilitating Close Air Support operations at upper Army organizational levels. However, the cost of this current ALO force structure in dollars, flying experience levels, and readiness has increased significantly in recent years. Detrimental impacts are being felt throughout the Combat Air Forces (CAF). The temporary nature of ALO duty also causes considerable continuity, morale, and professionalism issues within the ALO ranks themselves. Finally, the permanent enlisted terminal air controller structure that provides the backbone of the combat capability of the ASOS suffers from a dearth of motivated, knowledgeable officers that can mentor and train the enlisted force and serve as a career advocate to the Air Force at large.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
United States Preparedness to Respond to a "Mumbai-Style" Attack Within the Homeland
"American homeland defenders are quick to criticize the Government of India's (GoI) counterterrorism techniques, or lack thereof, in response to the attacks in Mumbai last November. But there are two major gaps in the areas of 1) Federal authority and 2) State and Local authority if the "whole of U.S. Government" was required to counter a "Mumbai-style" assault in the United States. This study will outline the Mumbai attacks, examine a homeland defense simulation mandated by the National Security Council (NSC) to amplify these gaps, and recount recent success stories demonstrating what departments and agencies are doing to remedy these two deficiencies."--Abstract from web site.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessing Chinese Intentions for the Military Use of the Space Domain
The continuing rise of Chinese political and military power has made Americans suspicious of China's intentions in the space domain. For many in the American defense community, the 2007 Anti-Satellite (ASAT) test was the smoking gun that proved China's ultimate desire to challenge American space dominance. Other experts, however, have proposed a more benign intent behind such actions, leading to vigorous debates over Chinese motives and the appropriate American responses. How can American policymakers decipher Chinese intentions for space to craft sound defense policy? This monograph proposes that to understand Chinese intentions, it is necessary to examine the current schools of military thought vying for influence within China's policymaking apparatus.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams
If you believe weapons of mass destruction (WMD), chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high-yield explosives (CBRNE), exist and pose a threat to this country and our way of life, this paper will alternately elicit both fear and assurance. The reality of the threat will elicit a fear for yourself, your family and your country, while the recognition of this threat by the national security community and the creation of response units like the Army National Guard's (ARNG) Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CST) might give you assurance you are safe. Unfortunately, poor program management, ineffective equipment acquisition and unclear command and control structures have made the current version of the WMD-CST teams ineffective and inspire fear because our nation is at risk. This paper investigates the threat that drove the creation and evolution of the WMD-CST program. It then explores the specific mission of the WMD-CSTs to assess, advise and facilitate a response to a WMD event in the United States. This mission, and the ARNG's unique federal-state status, is critical to coordinating a synergistic state/local and federal response during and after a WMD event. The paper then focuses on the current program management and organizational problems affecting these teams. The paper concludes by offering suggestions on programmatic, doctrinal and organizational solutions to make these teams an effective part of a coordinated Homeland Security (HLS) response force. For without these teams to bridge the chasm between state/local and federal response units to a WMD event, the nation's reaction will be inefficient and lives will be lost.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Leading Air Mobility Operations in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
The Maxwell Papers, the Air War College's occasional papers series, focus oncurrent and future issues of interest to the Air Force and US Department of Defense.The first Maxwell Papers was published in May of 1996 with the Air UniversityCommander's signature on the foreword. Maxwell Papers are open to all interestedauthors, particularly Air War College faculty and students, but also to other officersand analysts. Maxwell Papers have been distributed to over 400 addresses includingall senior Air Force and US Department of Defense decision makers, ProfessionalMilitary Education (PME) schools, contractors, and other US agencies, and morethan 40 foreign air forces and institutions. This document is a Air War CollegeMaxwell Paper.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Other Possible Alternatives Where EBT/Debit Cards Can Be Used to Deliver Benefits
Because Electronic Benefits Transfer is the method that SC uses to deliver food stamps benefits to clients in this state, this paper investigates other possible alternatives (programs) where EBT/Debit cards can be used to deliver benefits. There is the possibility that cash and other benefit delivery can be utilized to provide clients a more up-to-date method of receiving benefits.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reforming Domestic Intelligence
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 became a catalyst for significant reforms within the intelligence community. Those reforms have resulted in the creation of the National Counterterrorism Center, the designation of a Director of National Intelligence, and improved cooperation and collaboration on efforts to counter foreign terrorism efforts aimed at the United States. Reforms have not, however adequately addressed the domestic terrorism threat the United States faced long before September 11th and will continue to face in the future. The National Counterterrorism Center, which is charged with integrating all terrorism reporting and facilitating intelligence community collaboration, has no authority over purely domestic terrorism reporting (i.e., intelligence reporting collected inside of and pertaining to the United States). Consequently, the nation's most significant intelligence community reform can do nothing to overcome the gap between domestic intelligence agencies and law enforcement organizations. This paper will examine past and current domestic terrorism threats and analyze current limitations impacting domestic intelligence and law enforcement effectiveness in domestic counterterrorism efforts. It will use federal and local collaboration in Montgomery, Alabama as a case study of successful local efforts that could be refined for national application. The paper will also examine the achievements and potential applicability of the Compstat Paradigm - a management, collaboration, and technology system - to organizations engaged in domestic counterterrorism efforts. Finally, by applying Compstat Paradigm principles, it will recommend a new Domestic Terrorism Intelligence Center, to bridge the gap between domestic intelligence and local law enforcement counterterrorism efforts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
But That's Not Fair
The current US conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are characterized by enemies who regularly disregard international law and just war principles. Asymmetric conflicts such as these, in which belligerents violate laws of war to gain an advantage over a superior military force, are likely to be the norm for the foreseeable future. When such opponents refuse to "play by the rules," are there rules which the United States may then justifiably set aside? This normative paper examines jus in bello principles within just war theory to provide recommendations for US forces faced with this situation. The restrictions based on discrimination and proportionality must remain intact, but the US interpretation of military necessity must be altered from traditional views that have historically led to immoral decisions in the conduct of war. Military necessity must be considered at all levels of war, and the justice of the cause must not be used to justify gradual violations of jus in bello when selecting the tactics. Fighting with strict adherence to these just war principles is not only vital to securing domestic and international support for the US military, but it directly affects our ability to achieve current and future military objectives.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Influence Operations
The first part of the paper helps detail the argument for "why" an effective influence organization is required. The second part of the paper examines successes and failures of the US information influence, and propaganda machine in previous conflicts and possible lessons learned. The third part of the paper outlines a recommended organization to meet the requirement detailed in part one. The research method used for this paper is the problem/solution method. The paper examines the problem of the United States Government's lack of an effective organization to enable unity of effort in countering propaganda by VEOs. This paper explores a solution to maximize efficiency and improve the United States Government's ability to counter VEO influence. The United States Government needs to create an organization dedicated to influence operations with the necessary authorities, manpower, and budget to perform operations at the appropriate attribution levels to effectively win the information component of the Global War on Terror. Significant unclassified documentation exists regarding the execution of information operations in both current and past operations. Primary sources for this paper included Air University Library textbooks and magazines, as well as material from online resources such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and LexisNexis. References included PME based research papers, professional journals, and various geopolitical websites. Additionally, the author conducted interviews with information operations experts via phone and email.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stabilization, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction
Today, there is a considerable amount of discussion on whole of government approaches and building partnership capacity to help address many of the security challenges facing the United States (US) and its allies. Various agencies within the DoD seek information on the history of whole of government approaches and the techniques for getting these agencies to work together effectively to build partner capacity with states or nations in differing stages of development or instability. The emphasis is on combining domestic and international resources to aid the stabilization, security, transition, and/or reconstruction (SSTR) in a growing number of areas globally.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
IModeling Strategic Effects in Wargames
This paper addresses how strategic effects win and lose wars. Strategic effects are defined here as the impacts that the outcomes from wartime operational and tactical events have on the highest level of decision-makers. Building on concepts proposed by Thomas Schelling, Robert Pape and John Warden, it proposes a model that can be incorporated into the artificial intelligence routines of a computer-based strategic wargame to simulate the goals and will of either or both sides in a conflict. This proposed model is called the value-based strategic effects model (VBSEM). VBSEM essentially provides rules for determining the value of each side in a conflict and then has each side behave according to economic and risk management formulas relative to actual and potential changes in that value. The underlying assumption is each side will ultimately act in its own best interest (as they define their best interest) based on the information available. This paper looks at symmetrical and asymmetrical strategic effects. Finally it offers advice on how VBSEM can be incorporated in a computer-based strategic wargame.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Building the Culturally Aware Combat Airman
The Air Force (AF) is making major contributions in conflicts such as Iraq and Afghanistan through the work of air advisors (AA). AAs are Air Force airmen from a variety of AF career fields, who are sent to interact with US partner nations (PN) in an effort to build, rebuild, and improve the PN's air force. The cultural and language differences between the United States and these PNs are numerous and are not being adequately addressed. Providing pre-deployment training that teaches cross-cultural competence through foreign language and cultural education is essential to AAs' success. A review of the history of AA operations, reports from language and anthropology experts, and a description of current AA missions provides an understanding of some of the skill sets necessary for AA success. An evaluation of current pre-deployment training programs was conducted by interviewing past and presently deployed individuals on the perceived applicability of the training they received and whether or not they were adequately prepared for the AA role. Interview results confirmed that language and culture training needs improvement; however, the current AF AA Course in Ft Dix, New Jersey received some good reviews. Recommendations for improvement include incorporation of successful training methods used by Army Special Forces, the Air Force's 6th Special Operations Squadron and the AA Course.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Catastrophic Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorist Attack on U.S. Homeland
The basic investigation of this paper is the dilemma of balancing military effectiveness versus moral righteousness. There are times when our military is called upon to perform tasks that when executed may violate our personal morals, customary law or even international law. This balance is particularly difficult in times of extreme crises where national decisions are clouded with more emotion than reason. Just war theory is a well traditioned doctrine used to guide moral reasoning in deciding to conduct war and in the actual conduct of war. There are times, however, where just war theory is overridden or even ignored in the name of perceived greater justice. One such doctrine that allows for an exception to just war theory and its restraints on war is the supreme emergency doctrine proposed by prominent moral theorist Michael Walzer. A clear and present danger to the U.S. today is the threat of a catastrophic terrorist attack with weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This type of threat may qualify as a supreme emergency, even more so immediately after a successful terrorist attack occurs. This "worst case" scenario poses the basic question: What are legitimate U.S. responses to this action? The historical example of the supreme emergency exemption seems to suggest that very few restraints of war cannot be overridden, therefore leaving every option still on the table to national leadership and military planners. This is not the case in today's environment as the just war theory principles of discrimination and proportionality should not be violated regardless of the atrocities committed against the U.S. To violate sacred just war theory principles such as noncombatant immunity would be to forfeit the very American ideals and rights that a campaign of terrorism response would aim to protect. This paper will research the supreme emergency exemption from just war theory as it applies to a terrorist WMD attack on the U.S. scenario. It will first review the strateg contThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Acme of Skill
Non-kinetic warfare, or conflict without the use of force for the purpose of inflicting physical damage, is rapidly gaining in importance. Scholars of war even from the time of Sun Zi have articulated that the enemy's destruction is neither essential nor necessarily the best route to ultimate victory. The insurgency attributes that have characterized many wars since World War II suggest that the objective of warfare has shifted from the kinetic destruction of military forces to the non-kinetic impairment of the enemy's will to fight. The four global trends identified here, economic prosperity, freedom of information, the rise of nationalism and globalization and interdependence, are possible causes for this shift, but, more importantly, they are factors that make war a less attractive option than ever. The last major conflict between major powers was won with barely a single kinetic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union-an excellent model of non-kinetic conflict and perhaps a sign of things to come. In the Cold War, the military largely played a supporting role. In an age characterized by the information revolution and globalization, the Information and Diplomatic instruments of power will rise in importance. Even in a supporting role, the Military instrument nonetheless remains relevant, not least because kinetic conflict can never be ruled out. However its non-kinetic potential needs to be developed in order for it to be more effective in today's world. Three ways to achieving this end are: developing an interagency approach to the military; imbuing a supporting diplomatic role for the military; and a comprehensive and coherent information strategy not only for the military, but at all levels of government.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Bureaucracy vs. Bioterrorism
The author shows how, even in a future where biological weapons are proliferated to terrorists through globalization and technological advancements, a bureaucracy can indeed develop an effective network of countermeasures to bioterrorism. The first aspect of the proposed network is professional policing among life science professionals through development of an oath of ethical actions. The second aspect in this network is a nanotechnology detection capability to permit unambiguous attribution of bioterrorist activity. The third aspect of this network is mitigation of the consequences of terrorists' desires though development of quick response teams capable of rapidly identifying pathogens, treating the infected and inoculating the masses through nanovector delivery techniques. Three pragmatic issues critical for effective Air Force contribution to a bureaucratic network of biothreat countermeasures are: 1) the Air Force must determine the proper level of active duty biologists and chemists required to support the 2010 National Security Strategy, 2) an institutionalized cross-functional communication mechanism across the intelligence, scientific, acquisition and medical functional communities, must be implemented, and 3) the Air Force must develop an industry-accepted certification program for life science officers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessing Proposals for Interagency Reorganization
US military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan caused the U.S. Government to reassess its interagency capabilities. In the wake of these conflicts, Congress held hearings in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the interagency process and evaluate different remedies. Numerous organizations and national security experts testified and presented their studies analyzing the interagency process and its shortcomings. Using the body of evidence presented to them, Senators Lugar and Biden made recommendations for revamping the interagency process. These studies presented compelling cases for change however, their recommendations failed to consider some significant factors. Much of the research focused on developing a new organizational structure without fully understanding the environment in which these organizations operate. Additionally, the studies failed to consider organizational theory and its application to the interagency process. Instead, the recommendations focused on accountability and efficiency but failed to consider information management and coordination among and between agencies. In order to account for the numerous factors impacting interagency coordination a detailed examination of the congressional requirements, "think tank" recommendations, the environment, and organizational theory were required. Two studies provide different approaches to organizational design. Beyond Goldwater-Nichols by the Center for Strategic and International Studies approached interagency reorganization using a traditional 20th century organizational design.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Disruptive Breakthroughs and the USAF
While on the ground responding to crises, strategic airlift aircraft are a likely target of terrorism because they represent pervasive US global influence and are relatively vulnerable to attack. Successful attacks will disrupt strategic airlift's global reach, hampering the US military's operational capability during crisis response actions. The media is an enabler of terrorism against strategic airlift because it may predict where the US military will be operating next and provides an opportunity for terrorists to have their message conveyed to the world community. The keys to preventing attacks that will disrupt strategic airlift are awareness of the vulnerability to the threat, increased education on terrorist threats, and expanded use of current tactics, techniques, and procedures. Enhancement of the PHOENIX RAVEN program is the most important element of this solution set. The methodology used to conduct this research consisted of two parts. First, an examination of the relevance of today's terrorism threat to the strategic airlift mission was accomplished. Second, key components of the mission itself were assessed for vulnerabilities to terrorism. Interviews with representatives from Air Mobility Command's (AMC) intelligence, force protection, and operations communities were central to this effort. Further research consideration should be given to other AMC aircraft that may be similarly vulnerable to this threat, to general airfield defense against terrorism, to the terrorist threat to airborne aircraft in similar situations, and to specific weapons RAVEN team members might expect terrorists to use against mobility aircraft in the future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Psychology of Coercion
This paper examines a model for thinking about coercion that explains airpower's role in achieving national objectives. Coercion is the use of power to achieve objectives, not by imposing the desired conditions upon an adversary, but rather by convincing the adversary to accept and implement those conditions as a negotiated solution to a confrontation. The foundation of coercion is the adversary's decisionmaking process, and most theories of coercion rely on a rational model that weighs costs, benefits, and expectations for success. Prospect theory provides a broad and intuitively appealing perspective on coercion, one that demands we consider the alternatives the adversary faces when we ask him to give up a course of action. Additionally, it incorporates the concept of risk, and thereby attempts to account for the variety of risk-taking and conservative behavior we see in conflicts throughout history. The central proposition is that how decisionmakers frame problems guides the decisions they make. A prospect theory model of airpower coercion is developed here that defines framing, decision parameters, alternatives of continuing action or acquiescing to demands, and airpower linkages.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Prioritizing Quality of Life Issues
Quality of life has become more than simply taking care of people. Throughout the DoD, retention of trained personnel has become a top concern and is compounded by the inability to recruit sufficient numbers to refill the ranks. The heart of the issue is increased missions, decreased personnel, insufficient equipment, too much time away from family, too little leisure time, and not enough money to balance out these negatives. Today's active duty military force is 33% smaller and three times more deployed than it was just ten years ago: meaning more are gone for longer periods and do it more often. The strong economy only compounds the problem because alternatives to staying in the military are abundant. Despite increased emphasis from the Department of Defense's (DoD) leadership to stave the degradation of benefits and pay, quality of life within the ranks continues to suffer. This paper looks at the various quality of life (QoL) surveys utilized within the DoD and the information they provide leadership. Drawing from the best of the current surveys and filling in the gaps, four cross-DoD surveys are recommended to better ascertain which QoL areas most impact troop retention. The goal is to better understand the attitudes and opinions of the men and women in the "field" so that leadership can hone in on those issues that will most impact QoL and ultimately retention.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Strategy to Protect and Strengthen Development in Southern Africa
This paper offers an overarching strategy for the United States (U.S.) and USAFRICOM in protecting and strengthening social economic development in central and southern Africa. First, this paper provides a background of the recent and current political conflicts in the region. These include Hutu/Tutsi ethnic strife, Zimbabwean economic ruin and corrupt leadership, and the recently-ended Angolan civil war (2002). This paper also identifies HIV/AIDS as a major impediment to development.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Some Principles of Human Intelligence and Their Application
Human intelligence (HUMINT), which is the oldest of the intelligence disciplines, has through the course of the twentieth century, been less emphasized by the U.S. Army relative to the technical disciplines of signals intelligence (SIGINT) and imagery intelligence (IMINT). HUMINT should remain a key component of an intelligence system, as it can cue and be cued by the other disciplines and combine with them to be more effective than any of them would be by itself. Additionally, the Army is involved in low- and mid-intensity campaigns around the world and Army doctrine for these types of operations identifies the importance of HUMINT in their conduct. Army leadership has expressed dissatisfaction with the current state of Army HUMINT and stated that it needs improvement. In order to make such an improvement, principles of HUMINT are necessary so that the HUMINT system and its components--including the individual HUMINT collectors--may be properly designed or trained. Such principles may be derived from writings of theorists and practitioners of HUMINT. All of the civilizations of the ancient world practiced HUMINT in one form or another, and many of them left behind extensive writings on the theory and practice of HUMINT This was particularly true of the ancient Chinese and Indians, for whom HUMINT in its various forms was integral to their statecraft. The civilizations of the ancient Near East and classical period in the Mediterranean also engaged in HUMINT and left behind a record of it. Governments and militaries also employed HUMINT throughout the twentieth century, and there is an extensive body of both history and theory from twentieth century practitioners and theorists. From all of these writings, which almost completely agree, one can see that HUMINT collectors should be people of the best personal quality, mature and experienced, and with good knowledge of the areas on which they are collecting. Other writings on leadership, business, and training practiceThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Transformation Dilemma
The National Security Strategy of the United States issued in September 2002 states "a military structured to deter massive Cold War-era armies must be transformed to focus more on how an adversary might fight rather than where and when a war might occur." To support this focus, the Secretary of Defense issued the final report of the 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review which provides a framework for the services and US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) to establish material solutions, organizational constructs, and administrative procedures to effect transformation. Given that Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is both an Air Force major command as well as the air component to USSOCOM, the command has been put into a unique dilemma of trying to support some distinct differences in how the Air Force and USSOCOM plan to transform their organization. Using transformation road maps of both organizations as well as current doctrine and force structure, the paper analyzes congruencies and inconsistencies in both plans with reference to organizing, training, and equipping AFSOC forces. Based on those comparisons, this paper looks at how the current AFSOC long range plan is postured to support both strategies. Also, the Air Force's approach to transformation of Low Density/High Demand (LD/HD) assets will be reviewed with the goal to seek similar applications to AFSOC. Finally, this paper proposes transformation initiatives that the Air Force and USSOCOM could integrate into a joint strategy to meet the goals of DOD transformation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Missile Defense Strategic Stationing
This U.S. Army War College student author believes that a strategic stationing plan for existing THAAD and JLENS missile defense assets must be developed concurrent with acquisition of new air and missile defense capabilities. He argues: ---- Although the Army has conceptual plans and requirements for the development of new air and missile defense capabilities, specifically THAAD and JLENS, the Army has not defined a strategic employment / deployment plan to meet Combatant Commanders' demands. ---- Throughout the 1990s, the Army deployed PATRIOT task forces to Southwest Asia and South Korea with little overarching strategic planning balanced against competing and evolving demands for missile defense capabilities. ---- The constant deployments had an adverse impact on the AMD force from personnel, training, and operational readiness perspectives. ---- This caused the Army to reevaluate its employment plan to sustain operational demand without breaking the AMD force. The Army used the Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) model with 1:2 dwell time as means to sustain operational commitments. ---- Combatant Commanders' immediate demand for THAAD and JLENS, as they come off the production lines and lack of a clear stationing plan, could lead to a repeat of these 1990's challenges.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Professionalism in the USAF
Decades ago, military sociologists predicted a rising trend among officers away from traditional institutional military values and toward more economically-based occupational values due to the effects of the transition from a conscription-based military to an all-volunteer force. Subsequent empirical research resulted in data that supports such predictions. More recent researchers have suggested that in addition to the all volunteer force, an increase on technology may also accelerate the trend toward occupationalism and away from traditional institutional military values and the warrior ethos that typically define successful military organizations. The officer corps may be particularly vulnerable to occupationalism due to increased technical specialization and the corporate mindset that is evolving within the service, potentially resulting in reduced organizational commitment and a greater reliance on extrinsic motivational incentives.The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of rank structures on professionalism in the context of Moskos' institutional versus occupational (I/O) professionalism model. Previous studies utilizing the I/O model have been primarily limited to Air Force officers and suggest a trend toward occupationalism among this group. This study proposes that a much broader sample of Air Force personnel is required to determine the magnitude of this trend, both in the officer ranks as well as the NCO ranks. This study analyzes the roots of military professionalism, considers the impact of recent transformations in the military, and makes recommendations about enhancing professionalism within the Air Force among all ranks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapons of Mass Destruction
This study analyzes the characteristics and capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to determine their capability to carry weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The author presents an overview of the various forms of WMD-chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. The objective is to review the characteristics of both UAVs and WMD to determine if they are capable of being used together as an effective weapon. The result indicates that there is great potential for the use of UAVs as delivery systems for WMD, particularly by developing nations and nonstate actors such as terrorist groups who may not have the technical capability to employ other means. The potential exists for the proliferation of both UAVs and WMD to become widespread and thus a major security concern. There is no clear solution to this problem; however, actions including bringing the issue to the forefront, strengthening export and arms controls, deterrence, and defense will have a synergistic effect that will help mitigate this threat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Time is Trauma
Time is Trauma: Improving U.S. Planned Response to a WMD This paper will address our nation's federal response to a WMD based on previous performance during Type I disasters. It will take into account critical agencies and what areas can be improved upon to be ready when a WMD has been exposed. The improvements discussed will be in concert with our federalist form of government.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Power in MOOTW
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of no-fly zones and to assess the contextual factors that influence success. The measures of success for the no-fly zones are: a) achievement of air objectives b) congruency between air objectives and higher level objectives, and c) actual effects of each no-fly zone on higher level objectives and a desired end state. The air objectives of each no-fly zone has been to prevent flights of all aircraft not in support of the allied forces, to protect civilians from aerial bombardment, and to provide air supremacy for other missions. The no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina achieved limited success in achieving air objectives, while the two no-fly zones over Iraq have been very successful. The air objectives of each no-fly zone have been congruent with national objectives. The success of the November 1995 negotiations in Dayton, Ohio is testament to the positive progress toward all of the long term objectives for Bosnia-Herzegovina. The long term effects of operations in Iraq are unclear. To overcome limitations imposed by the physical environment, proper synchronization between all forces will be essential. Rules of engagement for military operations should simplify coordination, integration, and identification among forces so that execution can be decentralized. The long term impact of U.S. military presence in the Gulf should be studied further. If ending the oppression of the Shiites in southern Iraq is a U.S. objective, then a reevaluation of the forces in theater is necessary. This study supports the hypothesis that no-fly zones are an effective strategy for U.S. forces.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Congress and the Air Force
The involvement of the Congress in military affairs has always had a significant impact on the Air Force; after all, it was an act of Congress that created the Air Force as a separate service. A positive relationship between these two organizations helps shape the current and future capabilities necessary to defend our nation. However, in an era when all the Services are competing for shares of declining defense budgets, it has become even more important for the Air Force to cultivate a positive relationship with Congress. The problem is that many Air Force members do not have an in-depth understanding of how to interact with Congress in order to build and maintain that relationship to the benefit of the Air Force. Moreover, they don't know where to go to find out that information. The "Congress and the Air Force" Internet web page serves as a "one-stop shop" where Air Force personnel can find vital guidance and direction on how to interact with Congress. It also provides comprehensive background information to help Air Force members better understand the Congressional-Air Force relationship. The web page discusses four major subject areas: (1) the historical congressional-military relationship, (2) the basic legislative process, (3) the Air Force's involvement with Congress, and (4) specific "how to" guidance for interacting with Congress. The need for a "one-stop" guide is clear. The literature on this topic is not readily accessible by the Air Force member out in the field who has a need to know. This research project incorporates statutory, regulatory, and background information from a multitude of sources: books, periodicals, documents, government publications and reports, personal interviews, and multi-media sources. All of the sources the team used can be found in the bibliography. The team also used internal directives and working papers not normally distributed outside of the Air Force Legislative Liaison Office (SAF/LL) to produce a concisely tailor prodThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
At What Cost, Intelligence? A Case Study of the Consequences of Ethical and Unethical Leadership
irst Place Winner of the MacArthur Military Leadership Writing Competition for the CGSC Class 2009 -- 01. In this essay, the hypothesis that the essential ethical position assumed by leaders is the most important determinant of, one, the level of detainee abuse in interrogation units, and, two, whether these units are strategically effective on today's battlefield. This hypothesis will be validated by the storyline beginning with an email exchange. If this hypothesis is correct, then interrogations at detention facilities influenced by the CJTF-7, 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, and 4th Infantry Division leaders above should have escalated to serious detainee abuse, and conversely, the TF 1AD detention facility should have remained relatively free of allegations of detainee abuse since its leaders viewed interrogation operations from a higher ethical vantage point. Qualities shared by these detention facilities (such as theater policy, manning, overcrowding, interrogator experience, etc.) will be discussed before these "control factors" are discarded as largely irrelevant to the final results. Once this hypothesis is validated, it is applied to the present to indicate what steps our Army still needs to take to prevent future interrogation abuse and the strategic defeat such abuse creates.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Africom
United States Africa Command AFRICOM promises to be a different kind of command that will take a non-traditional approach to solving African problems and achieving U.S. objectives on the continent. This unique mission includes a multi-agency and multi-organization approach. AFRICOM has incorporated within its ranks representatives from other US government agencies as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). And, as it sets out to achieve its goals of security and stability, AFRICOM will attempt to use non-kinetic means. It will focus on security, stability, and conflict-prevention. To achieve these objectives AFRICOM plans to utilize security cooperation, crisis response, humanitarian assistance and civil-military affairs projects as its weapons of choice. In essence this "sunshine and love" policy is an extension of the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) model, but is it an effective strategy for AFRICOM to us throughout the continent? CJTF-HOA was established to combat terrorism though promoting regional cooperation, good governance, stability, and development. This non-traditional military mission was intended to counter extremism and militant Islamism by preventing safe havens for terrorists and promoting US goodwill through civil military affairs projects. In order to assess the CJTF-HOA model as a strategy for AFRICOM, this paper looked at common critiques of military intervention in humanitarian affairs and information operations in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti as well as key issues in the Horn of Africa such as good governance in Ethiopia, problems in Somalia, and piracy. After reviewing these areas, it is clear that the CJTF-HOA model can be effective under certain circumstances. But, because the CJTF-HOA model requires that which AFRICOM aims to achieve, namely security and stability, it is unsuitable for AFRICOM to use as a model throughout the continent.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research, development and evaluationagency of the US Department of Justice. The NIJ is dedicated to improvingknowledge and understanding of crime and justice issues through science. NIJprovides objective and independent knowledge and tools to reduce crime andpromote justice, particularly at the state and local levels. Each year, the NIJ publishes and sponsors dozens of research and study documentsdetailing results, analyses and statistics that help to further the organization'smission. These documents relate to topics like biometrics, corrections technology, gun violence, digital forensics, human trafficking, electronic crime, terrorism, tribaljustice and more. This document is one of these publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Engaged Leadership
First Place Winner of the MacArthur Military Leadership Writing Competition for the CGSC Class 2011-01. The ethical behavior of Soldiers on the battlefield is paramount, especially in counterinsurgency and stability operations where the support of the local populace is vital to the success of the mission. Despite their rarity, a few ethical lapses of Soldiers serving at the lowest tactical echelons can be detrimental to the strategic mission. We continue to see how one incident by an individual Soldier or small group of Soldiers can set back the success of an entire unit, even a coalition. This came to the forefront during the war in Iraq with the events of Abu Ghraib and Haditha. Recently, similar events were reported in Afghanistan with five members of an Army Stryker brigade charged with the premeditated murder of three Afghan civilians. These events resurrected memories of Vietnam where Soldier misconduct was considered more prevalent, marked not only by major events such as the My Lai Massacre, but by frequent drug use, fragging of unit leaders, and poor treatment of non-combatants. These events in Iraq suddenly revived a debate over the professional ethic of our Soldiers calling into question whether these events represented isolated incidents or an ethical culture problem in our present armed forces. A culture problem might indicate a failure of initiatives introduced after Vietnam to help counter the problems of the "Hollow Army" including the extension of professional status to non-commissioned officers and the institution of the Army Values. On the surface, these events appear to represent a few isolated incidents. However, the present conditions that exist within our Army including repetitive combat deployments provide opportunities for future lapses to occur. Preventing ethical lapses in the face of these conditions requires a change in unit culture in which fellow members (Soldiers) hold each other accountable to proper standards of conduct and performThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Eating Soup With a Spoon
There is little executable counterinsurgency doctrine existing in joint publications. What little exists is too vague to establish a foundation for the development of tactical level doctrine because there is no operational authoritative guidance for long-duration counterinsurgency operations. The purpose of this paper is to begin to examine this issue. Tracing the linkages and analyzing existing counterinsurgency doctrine from the strategic to the tactical level will determine what, if anything exists. The observations garnered from that analysis will suggest fundamental changes. Finally, these doctrinal recommendations will suggest methods for organizing, training, and equipping the future force to execute that doctrine.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011, Botswana
The world is changing every day in regards to Human Rights. In 2011, from the Middle East to North Africa, and all around the globe, citizens stood up to demand respect for: human dignity, more promising economic opportunities, greater political liberties, and a say in their own future. Many times they faced tremendous odds and endured violent responses from their different governments. The resulting upheavals are still unfolding today effecting many. This year's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices chronicle these dramatic changes and the stories of the people defending human rights in almost 200 countries around the world; this is one of those reports.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Adapting Professional Military Education to the Current Threat
The American military needs to incorporate adaptability-related skills into its education and training programs to better prepare personnel for the current threat. Understanding the current threat is a precursor to adapting to it. Lind and Wilson's generations of warfare model provides one such approach. It divides warfare into four generations, each with unique characteristics. Within this construct, the current adversary is predominately a Fourth Generation of Warfare (4GW) threat. Certain characteristics are common indicators of success in war. Boyd thought initiative, harmony, variety, and rapidity allowed one to adapt to and shape the battlefield, securing victory in war. These characteristics form the foundation of his observation-orientation-decision-action (OODA) loop, which illustrates how a warfighter can incapacitate an enemy by out-thinking him to victory. Orientation is the critical OODA step in an uncertain 4GW environment; adaptability is the essential skill to ensure a warfighter's OODA loop is properly oriented. Professional military education (PME) provides the perfect environment to learn adaptability-related skills, which consist of both cognitive and relational skills. This paper recommends incorporating them into the curriculum at the Air Force's Air Command and Staff College (ACSC), but other PME institutions can tailor these recommendations as desired. Incorporating adaptability-related training into ACSC and other Air Force programs will allow these skills to permeate the Air Force and make its cultural climate more adaptable, ultimately helping America win the Global War on Terror (GWOT).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Harnessing the Military's Voice
Since 9/11 many articles have been written, studies undertaken and recommendations made in an effort to repair America's hemorrhaging public diplomacy (PD) capabilities. However, these efforts, intended to serve as holistic reviews of the U.S. public diplomacy apparatus, fail to adequately address the existing shortcomings within the Department of Defense (DoD) or, more importantly, to truly explore methods to better harness the military's significant potential to enhance the country's public diplomacy capability. Its size, budget and overseas presence make DoD perhaps the most powerful voice for U.S. public diplomacy, which in turn warrant a more detailed and critical review of its role and capabilities. To gain a full understanding of the issues and gather information relevant to making the recommendations included in the report, the authors conducted: " A thorough review of existing public diplomacy studies, draft directives, policy proposals and scholarly writings, with particular focus on those findings and recommendations that addressed the military " A review of existing doctrine and training programs to discern the extent to which they addressed public diplomacy " Interviews with relevant DoD, Department of State (DoS), Defense Science Board (DSB) and other agency officials and public diplomacy experts to gain insights into current efforts and challenges associated with DoD's attempts to define its public diplomacy role " Interviews with selected military leaders to garner insights from their personal experiences during recent deployments The authors then analyzed the available data to determine the key findings suggested by the information and developed a set of specific recommendations matched to each of the findings. This study, while not sufficiently comprehensive to address every aspect of DoD's public diplomacy task, does discern a number of significant issues that, if addressed, would likely improve both the military's ability to win heart minds andThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Militants of the Mangroves
The United States is highly dependent upon Nigeria for oil and natural gas products. Instability in the Niger Delta threatens a significant portion of the world's oil production. Stabilizing the situation in Nigeria is vital to United States national security interests. The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) is a Nigerian indigenous militant organization that targets oil facilities in an attempt to obtain a greater share of the oil revenue. Primarily comprised of unemployed, disaffected youth from the Ijaw minority ethnic group, MEND single-handedly has been disrupting the world's oil supply. Seen as freedom fighters to the local population and criminals to the government, MEND has given the issue of resource control of the Niger Delta an international stage.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Joint Contact Team Program
The Joint Contact Team Program is a EUCOM military-to-military engagement program designed to foster relationships, illustrate the standard of U.S. style military under civilian control, and promote stability, democratization, military professionalism, and closer ties to NATO for host nation countries. There are currently over 20 participating countries on the European and African continents. Unforeseen developments and challenges have shown the world to be a more dangerous place than first believed at the end of the Cold War. It is more important than ever to develop strong strategic relationships and stimulate cooperation in areas we had not previously foreseen. The U.S. must practice a policy of active engagement and the U.S. military should be a key player not only in times of conflict, but just as importantly, in times of peace. Assisting the Joint Contact Team Program participating countries in bettering their civil-military relations and their militaries is not only in their best interests, but also in the best interests of the U.S. Since its inception in 1993, the Joint Contact Team Program has played an important role in helping ten of its member countries in Eastern Europe achieve NATO membership. The Joint Contact Team Program is a proven model for military-to-military engagement.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unfocused Energy
Over the past decade, the U.S. government struggled consistently to establish a solid foothold in the global marketplace of ideas. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks and through two persistent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan the U.S. expends significant national resource toward promoting, explaining, and defending its actions to audiences of particular strategic importance to U.S. national security like the Afghan people. The Obama administration made a redoubled commitment in late 2009 to successfully conclude the war in Afghanistan. With Afghanistan as a focus of the new administration's foreign policy, it also becomes a key front line for U.S. strategic communications efforts. The author focuses on strategic communications in Afghanistan with an eye toward understanding and improvement. Once an understanding of the U.S. strategic communications system is established, an analysis of the unique STRATCOM challenges in Afghanistan will be presented. Finally, once the two strategic communication environments are established, an analysis of current STRATCOM operations will be presented along with recommendations for improvement.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Southeast Asia
America's strategy to combat terrorism, resulting from Al-Qaeda's 2001 attacks, falls short of its intent to defeat transnational terrorism. While the tenets of the current counterterrorism strategy were written broadly to enable global employment, this template approach proved ineffective. While focusing its efforts on dismantling terrorist organizations in Afghanistan and Iraq, America neglected parts in Southeast Asia that provided sanctuary to Islamic terrorists. Such sanctuaries facilitated the regrouping, recruiting, and training of Al-Qaeda operatives to conduct subsequent attacks against America and its allies throughout the world. The central research question is: What strategy can the US employ to eliminate Al-Qaeda's influence throughout the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines? Recommended strategy changes were generated from applying a three-step analysis approach. First, analyzing the adversary established a foundation from which to develop recommendations to counter Al-Qaedas operations. Second, analyzing three Southeast Asian governments' responses to terrorist threats within their country assisted in the formulation of a counterterror strategy for the region. Finally, the analysis of the current counterterror strategy resulted in recommended adjustments to each of America's instruments of national power--diplomatic, informational, military, and economic--to facilitate elimination of Al-Qaeda's influence in Southeast Asia. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Coalition of the Willing...Coalition of The Able? A Case to Reform U.S. Export Policy
The U.S. export laws have undergone minor changes, mainly directed at speeding up the export process and not since the Cold War have there been any significant changes. Since the end of the Cold War, the world, the defense industries, and the Department of Defense have undergone significant changes. The U.S. export system will have to undergo significant changes itself, more than procedural changes. The U.S. export system needs a top down review if it is to serve U.S. national interests, and adequately protect critical U.S. technology. No longer is the U.S. the sole keeper of leading edge technology, no longer is the Department of Defense relying solely on the U.S. defense industry, and no longer can the U.S. military endure long developmental cycles for weapon systems. When the Soviet Union broke up, the world entered a new era, one built not on walls but one built on bridges. This reality has changed the defense industry into an industry where mergers and acquisitions, both within national borders and across national borders, are needed to survive and compete.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
