Tackling Wicked Policy Problems
This short book contributes to accelerating the process of recognition of governance studies as a heuristically powerful field of study in two distinct ways. In Part I, it shows first how the governance approach has emerged in response to the limitations of the two main cosmologies that have dominated the 20th century scene type-I liberalism rooted in the market and decentralization; and type-II liberalism rooted in statism and centralization. It proposes a better way to respond effectively to the challenges of effective coordination when power, resources and information are widely distributed into many hands and heads. This new approach has been criticized by the defenders of the ruling cosmologies, but it has evolved effective prototypes of inquiring systems capable of guiding the search for effective wayfinding and for the design of organizational arrangements ensuring effectiveness, resilience and innovation. In Part II, it explores how the governance approach may help in tackling wicked policy problems where ends are neither well known nor agreed upon, and means-ends relationships are either poorly understood or unstable. Three somewhat different cases are discussed: equality where a dominant ideology of egalitarianism in democratic societies is challenged with great difficulty by a cosmology of equability; diversity where, in Canada, maximum diversity would appear to be regarded as optimal diversity, and multiculturalism is propagandized as the nec plus ultra response even though it may be shown to be toxic; and sustainability, where the problem definition and the general direction in which a viable organizational learning regime will emerge are unclear. On both fronts, the book tries to bring a bit of subtlety, a taste for complexity, and some innovative ideas to debates that have wallowed, both at the conceptual and at the practical levels, in ideologically muddy waters.
Probing the Bureaucratic Mind
The transformation of the environment and of the institutional order has created quite a challenge: maintaining some sort of adequacy between these evolving realities and the frames of reference in use by public sector executives. Complexity is often nothing more than a name for a new order calling for a new frame of reference, and the reluctance to abandon old conceptual frameworks is often responsible for fundamental learning disabilities. Through a series of conversations with Canadian federal senior executives about more and more daunting problems - from coping with an evolving context, to engaging intelligently with a new modus operandi, to trying to nudge and tweak programs in order to correct toxic pathologies, to reframing perceptions and redesigning organizations to meet the new challenges - weaknesses of the capabilities of the Canadian federal executives to respond to current challenges were revealed, and suggestions made about ways to kick start a process of refurbishment of these capabilities. This means having to gain new knowledge about complex systems - something that calls for intellectual effort. This volume draws mainly from extensive Chatham House style discussions on 24 different topics, with approximately 100 senior executives of the Canadian federal government, with a number of interviews conducted afterward with other senior Canadian federal executives on the same themes. APEX provided a safe space for these Chatham House discussions, an opportunity for engaged senior executives to discuss daunting wicked policy problems, challenging ideas and intriguing hypotheses, and to reveal how they and their colleagues think.
Globalising Chinese Actors and Internalising the Belt and Road
The literature on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) points out either its negative or positive impacts on global and domestic governance. However, such a dichotomy is too simplistic, not least because it tells us little about the complexity of change in the nature of the BRI as it is implemented. This book argues that the BRI manifests an intricate dynamic comprising two contradictory tendencies: Xi Jinping's top-down and centralised approach to policymaking, with its focus on producing robust Chinese actors who can succeed in a competitive global economy; and a fragmented and decentralised reality made up of an expanding range of actors engaged in realising myriad BRI projects on the ground. The co-existence of these two contradictory tendencies implies that the BRI has a multidimensional impact on global and domestic governance in general, and on the role of Japan in countries where BRI projects take place. Japan matters because of its 'in-between' position between non-Western donors and the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, a position that offers a unique dimension to a frequently dichotomous discussion of the BRI. Globally, China's promotion of the BRI has strengthened an aspect of global governance, the 'open economy', while at the same time fostering the Chinese nuance of a 'planned economy'. Domestically, a Chinese-style approach to state management and investment without political conditions may set back democratisation efforts in emerging countries, but the BRI has also given rise to a renewed sense of democracy in those countries. These multidimensional impacts enable China and Japan to find an on-the-ground complementarity in their approaches to development aid in relation to future cooperation.
Death of Democratic Freedoms
The second instalment in the Death of Democratic Freedoms series, A Tangled Web of Trump Loyalists, is a clear and accessible guide for everyday readers seeking to understand the forces reshaping American governance. It unpacks the cabinet appointments, their media personas, and loyalties defining Trump's 2025 administration and what they signal about the direction of U.S. democracy. This clear, accessible guide exposes the key players in Trump's 2025 administration: loyalists, influencers, and media insiders chosen more for allegiance than expertise. The book reveals how chaos, competition, and constant reinvention now define American governance.We explore the players in a presidency driven by constant reinvention, factional chaos, and strategic ambiguity; all designed to preserve power, not serve the nation.But this is not just a critique of the political actors. It's a call to caution.Understanding who holds power and why, is the first step toward reclaiming it. At its core, this book is a warning: when loyalty becomes the highest qualification for public office, governance suffers, accountability erodes, and institutions begin to serve a single figure instead of the people. Everyday citizens must recognise that democracy is not self-sustaining. It requires informed engagement, principled resistance, and the courage to speak against systems that reward obedience over competence. The cost of doing nothing is far greater than any discomfort or division: It's the quiet unravelling of a nation.The time to pay attention is now.
Irregular Governance
Irregular governance pertains to the exploration and design of unusual or, at least, less habitual forms of governance in order to deal more effectively with emerging forms of turbulence and complexity. This capacity to transform depends on the constant arrival on the scene of the right sort of new actors, new structures and new social technologies. Yet our democratic systems are rooted in administrative conservatorship: too many public administrators conceive their role less as serving their political masters than as preserving institutions in a manner consistent with traditions that supposedly need to be maintained. This elusive, self-granted mandate is quite empowering for public administrators, since they argue that they, and their academic colleagues, are the sole group authorized to define what is to be preserved and why. This book is a challenge to administrative conservatorship. It highlights promising initiatives and perilous ones. It makes the case for ombudspersons and against super-bureaucrats, for public-private partnerships and against single-purpose agencies, and for innovation and against the reluctance to adopt effective management tools. A case is made for irreverence vis-?-vis traditional arrangements, and for experimentation and prototyping of new governing arrangements to be actively pursued. It is argued that organizations and socio-economies need to be progressive (in the new sense of having a greater capacity to transform) and antifragile (becoming ever more creative in dealing with avalanches as they get exposed to nastier shocks).
The China Questions 2
"A timely book...An impressive roster of authors collectively provides a broad overview of the many aspects of the relationship, going well beyond diplomacy and politics. The essays also work beautifully by themselves." --Odd Arne Westad, author of Empire and Righteous Nation "Offers a wide range of accessible essays on topics from international relations to culture, in a tone that is lively and argumentative but always balanced. Overall, the book has a powerful message: the United States needs informed and clear-eyed engagement with China." --Rana Mitter, author of China's Good War For decades, Americans have described China as a rising power. But China has already risen. What does this mean for the United States, for the global economy, and for international security? Tackling key issues, providing historical perspective, and demystifying stereotypes, Maria Adele Carrai, Jennifer Rudolph, Michael Szonyi, and an all-star group of China experts offer essential insights into the many dimensions of the world's most important bilateral relationship. Ranging across questions of security, economics, military development, climate change, public health, science and technology, education, and the worrying flashpoints of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Xinjiang, the concise essays that compose this book are ideal vantage points on the tensions as well as the potential collaborations between China and the United States. The China Questions 2 makes clear that we are faced not with another Cold War but with something more complex that must be understood on its own terms.
From Kosovo to Darfur
Why are some violent crises more likely to prompt humanitarian military interventions than others? Conventional wisdom says that humanitarian military interventions occur due to national interests, shared values and norms, or economic benefits for the interveners. Yet neither of these factors can fully explain the selectivity of such interventions. The international community continues to ignore the decades-long suffering in Darfur, often dismisses the genocidal policies within Myanmar, and even perpetuates the suffering in contemporary Yemen, while undertaking humanitarian-laden missions in Libya, Syria, and the Balkans. Using in-depth case studies and new data on all post-Cold War internal armed conflicts matched to third-party responses, From Kosovo to Darfur offers the first regionally sensitive analysis of humanitarian military intervention since the end of the Cold War. It shows that international military interventions in the context of acute humanitarian crises are driven by different pathways within the Western versus the non-Western world and fueled by elite perceptions of the crisis, making interventions closer to the geographic and cultural West most probable and most intense. As our international community becomes increasingly interdependent and aware of human suffering across borders, From Kosovo to Darfur points to new pathways of conflict trajectories and reveals vital implications for leaders, scholars, and nongovernmental actors advocating for or against international military intervention as a policy choice.
Russian Policy Towards Mongolia, 1911-1952
This study analyzes the Soviet Union's strategic interests and policies toward Mongolia, emphasizing Joseph Stalin's perception of its geopolitical importance. It examines why Mongolia's independence was a key condition Stalin set at the Yalta Summit for the Soviet declaration of war on Japan. While existing research has explored Soviet-Mongolian relations, this study utilizes newly declassified archival materials from Russia, Mongolia, and Japan to reassess Stalin's strategic vision and interactions with Mongolian leaders. The research argues that Soviet policy was primarily driven by economic interests, with political considerations playing a secondary role. It also highlights the alignment between Mongolian national aspirations and Russian strategic objectives, particularly since the 1910s. By incorporating previously unexamined sources, this study offers a more nuanced understanding of Soviet-Mongolian relations and Mongolia's role in Soviet Far Eastern strategy, shedding light on its historical path to sovereignty and its significance in regional power dynamics.
The Political Role of the European Commission in Regulating State Aid Policy
This book delves into questions of whether the European Commission is effectively regulating large corporations in Europe, and the public perceptions of the legitimacy of its decisions, by examining state aid cases and when and how actors choose to politicise or depoliticise them.The book analyses how these corporations get away with certain anti-competitive behaviours and whether the European Commission is achieving something positive with its state aid cases in this regard. It also asks whether the role of the European Commission in regulating anti-competitive behaviour is perceived as legitimate by different political actors in the media. By uncovering how politicisation and depoliticisation can both positively and negatively shape the EU's legitimacy, this book brings clarity to debates about the evolving role of the European Commission in an era of increased political contestation.This book is of key interest to scholars and students of European Union politics/policy, European politics, comparative politics, public policy, political communication, global business law and regulation, sociology, public policy and law, and International Political Economy.
The World Politics of Disco Elysium
The World Politics of Disco Elysium analyzes the distinctive political claims and original arguments on a wide range of international political issues of the highly-acclaimed Marxist video game Disco Elysium (2019), which takes place in a speculative fictional world anchored in a post-Soviet Estonian perspective.Disco Elysium (2019) has been repeatedly acclaimed as one of the best video games of all time. This detective role-playing game unfolds in a city ruined by a failed communist revolution and occupied by a foreign coalition. Furthering recent work in International Relations and popular culture, this book claims that the "cognitive estrangement" of speculative fiction can produce theoretical and political novelty, beyond merely reflecting existing political dynamics. By placing a metaphor for the Estonian capital Tallinn at the centre of a world, Disco Elysium produces an estranged Estonian perspective on world politics that challenges dominant Anglo-American views of International Relations, while also undermining the opposition between a coherent West and a colonized Rest. The contributors, from International Relations and Cultural Studies, discuss the game's claims on topics such as capitalism, (neo)liberalism, foreign intervention, law enforcement, fascism, colonialism, gender, disability, violence, memory, revolutionary politics, the European Union, political realism and international security.The World Politics of Disco Elysium will be of great interest to students and scholars researching the politics of popular culture, post-Soviet politics, non-Western International Relations, as well as game studies and cultural studies.
UK Politics
The UK is more decentralised, contested and diverse than ever before. This new, introductory textbook demonstrates how political scientists are tackling some of the biggest questions in UK politics today. It devotes particular attention to questions of representation, social class, gender, and race and ethnicity. Drawing on the latest research and debates, the book explores key topics from the constitution to Englishness, Scottish independence to Brexit, inequality to foreign policy, and the end of Empire. Case studies bring theory to life, while reflective questions provide a jumping-off point for discussion and further investigation. An opening ′What will this chapter tell me?′ section and further reading suggestions complete each chapter. Written by leading experts in the field, this textbook is essential reading for anyone studying UK Politics at undergraduate level. Alan Convery is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Edinburgh.
Sport, Development and Peace
This volume offers a comprehensive exploration of the rapidly evolving landscape of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP), a critical approach to peacebuilding, economic development, and social transformation gaining increasing stature during the last twenty-five years. Contributors here scrutinize the diversification in SDP methods and ideals, spotlighting global dimensions and differences in this burgeoning field. Encompassing contributions from scholars across five continents, the chapters illuminate diverse approaches and analyses, reflecting a variety of viewpoints and experiences. The volume highlights the heterogeneity within SDP and assesses the trajectory of SDP studies, while also identifying common threads among seemingly disparate approaches. Further, it investigates sport's role in responding to global challenges, from financial crises to the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and conflicts, and although sport is often recognized for its potential to foster peace and development, this book navigates the intricate complexities and contradictions that can arise in the practice of harnessing sport for these goals. With 14 engaging chapters, the book delves into a range of topics, including critical analyses of different SDP approaches, the sustainability of sport initiatives, alignment of SDP with sustainable development goals, and the use of sport in refugee resettlement. It also examines sport's contribution to societal outcomes like health, education, inequality reduction, and peace, while discussing challenges faced in the field. Moreover, the volume explores the connections between SDP and indigenous philosophies, feminism, local community development, and issues of violence within prisons. Offering a holistic view of SDP's evolution and impact, presenting fresh perspectives as well as critical insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers in the realm of international sport, development, and peacebuilding, this volume marks itself an essential resource for understanding the multifaceted landscape of SDP.
Who Fights for Governments?
Exploring why, when and under which circumstances individuals decide to take up arms mobilizing for pro-government militias, Huseyn Aliyev draws on insights from long-standing ethnographic fieldwork among former and active members of Ukraine's pro-government volunteer battalions, and an original database of militias' obituaries, to offer this complex and in-depth explanation of the phenomenon of pro-government mobilization. Revealing the patterns and dynamics of individual mobilization into pro-government militias, this study is critical to understanding how the Ukrainian nation succeeded in repelling Russian aggression both in 2014-15 and in 2022, but also essential to explaining how and why hundreds of pro-government militias emerge in the context of armed conflicts in different parts of the world.
Going to War with the Other: A Study of U.S. Foreign Policies of Violence
The objective of this book was to use Edward Said's theory Orientalism in order to increase our understanding of such how and why the United States goes to war in the manner in which it has and does. I examined all cases of United States foreign policies of overt violence, bounded by and including, Vietnam (1964-1969) and Iraq (2003-2007). What this research showed was quite contrary to Orientalism's expectations (as well as my own). Analyzing the discursive record for the "trigger words" that should be present if Orientalist frames were used in the making/applying of US foreign policy resulted in conclusions that are not only largely unsupportive, but in some cases detrimental to the theory. While I cannot categorically deny the existence of any supportive evidence for Orientalism, there is clearly no extant pattern of such ideological discourse in any examined cases. The only exception to this is germane to the last case study, Afghanistan (2001-2003). In this case, I argued that what we are seeing is an outlier, created by a sui generis action, viz., a traumatizing terrorist attack on US soil. Instead of Orientalism, what the record shows are examples of what I've termed "neutral-Orientalism" and "anti-Orientalism." The former are cases where Orientalist trigger words are present in the discourse, but they do only prosaic duty. Such lexical choices are a-ideological, often providing definitional work in the contexts considered. "Anti-Orientalism," which is actually more common than Orientalism, is when the trigger words work in precisely the opposite way from which the theory would suggest. The evidence uncovered in this book suggests a renewed caution when dealing with questions of Orientalism, and a more robust consideration of the empirical record.
Consociational Federalism
This work focuses on constitutional amendments in divided societies. It analyzes and compares the ways in which constitutional amendment procedures are organized in states with significant linguistic, national or cultural cleavages. To explore this issue, we mobilize the theoretical framework of consociational federalism. The latter is a particular form of federalism that takes shape in accordance with the teachings and values of consociationalism (or consociational democracy). Consociational federalism is particularly relevant to study constitutional amendment procedures in divided societies, since it recommends a set of institutional arrangements and normative proposals designed to facilitate the achievement and maintenance of political stability in states marked by significant cleavages. Using a comparative approach, we study the constitutional amendment procedures in place in Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, while drawing on a number of other systems
Counting Like a State
An inside look at the 2020 Census that shows the importance of state and local cooperation in the complex federal project of census taking.The census plays a foundational, if all too easily ignored, role in the operation of the American state, shaping everything from congressional representation to the allocation of trillions of federal dollars. While census taking aspires to the high-modernist goal of "seeing like a state"--centralizing, standardizing, and homogenizing knowledge about a polity--it is subject to far more conflict and negotiation than final tabulations, maps, or technical documentation make apparent. This is especially true in a large, decentralized polity like the United States where the Constitution entrusts the ultimate authority for the census in the legislative branch.In Counting Like a State, Philip Rocco shows how the production of the US census now hinges crucially not only on what happens in Washington but also on a series of intergovernmental partnerships. State and local officials, though not formally responsible for census taking, figure importantly in the implementation of the decennial count. These officials are essential partners in the construction and maintenance of address lists, as well as in outreach and promotion campaigns in hard-to-count communities. The 2020 Census compounded these challenges with new crises. Intergovernmental partnerships played a key role in preventing President Trump from adding a citizenship question, as state and local officials mounted a coordinated legal counteroffensive. Many local officials also simply refused to cooperate with the Trump administration's efforts to exclude undocumented immigrants from the apportionment count. The census also took place in the context of a global pandemic that stretched administrative resources to the breaking point. While these partnerships allowed the Census Bureau to adapt to ever-changing conditions on the ground, state and local governments also sounded the alarm when the Trump administration sought to rush the census. These efforts helped preserve the quality of the data collected in the 2020 count.Rocco's illuminating study of the 2020 Census pulls back the curtain on the administrative state to reveal how something as complex and centralizing as a census takes place within a decentralized, federalist system. Drawing on analyses of interviews with hundreds of public officials and quantitative analyses of state and local census activities, Counting Like a State allows scholars and practitioners to better understand what facilitates as well as what impedes effective intergovernmental partnerships for census taking.
Counting Like a State
An inside look at the 2020 Census that shows the importance of state and local cooperation in the complex federal project of census taking.The census plays a foundational, if all too easily ignored, role in the operation of the American state, shaping everything from congressional representation to the allocation of trillions of federal dollars. While census taking aspires to the high-modernist goal of "seeing like a state"--centralizing, standardizing, and homogenizing knowledge about a polity--it is subject to far more conflict and negotiation than final tabulations, maps, or technical documentation make apparent. This is especially true in a large, decentralized polity like the United States where the Constitution entrusts the ultimate authority for the census in the legislative branch.In Counting Like a State, Philip Rocco shows how the production of the US census now hinges crucially not only on what happens in Washington but also on a series of intergovernmental partnerships. State and local officials, though not formally responsible for census taking, figure importantly in the implementation of the decennial count. These officials are essential partners in the construction and maintenance of address lists, as well as in outreach and promotion campaigns in hard-to-count communities. The 2020 Census compounded these challenges with new crises. Intergovernmental partnerships played a key role in preventing President Trump from adding a citizenship question, as state and local officials mounted a coordinated legal counteroffensive. Many local officials also simply refused to cooperate with the Trump administration's efforts to exclude undocumented immigrants from the apportionment count. The census also took place in the context of a global pandemic that stretched administrative resources to the breaking point. While these partnerships allowed the Census Bureau to adapt to ever-changing conditions on the ground, state and local governments also sounded the alarm when the Trump administration sought to rush the census. These efforts helped preserve the quality of the data collected in the 2020 count.Rocco's illuminating study of the 2020 Census pulls back the curtain on the administrative state to reveal how something as complex and centralizing as a census takes place within a decentralized, federalist system. Drawing on analyses of interviews with hundreds of public officials and quantitative analyses of state and local census activities, Counting Like a State allows scholars and practitioners to better understand what facilitates as well as what impedes effective intergovernmental partnerships for census taking.
Exit from International Organizations
Why do states exit international organizations (IOs)? How often does exit from IOs - including voluntary withdrawal and forced suspension - occur? What are the effects of leaving IOs for the exiting state? Despite the importance of membership in IOs, a broader understanding of exit across states, organizations, and time has been limited. Exit from International Organizations addresses these lacunae through a theoretically grounded and empirically systematic study of IO exit. Von Borzyskowski and Vabulas argue that there is a common logic to IO exit which helps explain both its causes and consequences. By examining IO exit across 198 states, 534 IOs, and over a hundred years of history, they show that exit is driven by states' dissatisfaction, preference divergence, and is a strategy to negotiate institutional change. The book also demonstrates that exit is costly because it has reputational consequences for leaving states and significantly affects other forms of international cooperation.
Reimagining Development
Imagining a better future is at the heart of development. But mainstream development models are driven by a very narrow, Western-centric set of ideas about what it means to be human. What could be possible if we let ourselves imagine differently? As our world continues to evolve at breakneck speed and faces unprecedented crises--from the decaying environment to cascading inequality--the need for bold new directions for development has never been greater. Peter Sutoris and Uma Pradhan put a spotlight on the thought-provoking visions of leading theorists, activists and practitioners for rethinking development as a political project towards more equitable futures. Questioning top-down economic frameworks, they explore transformative ideas--from degrowth to indigenous knowledge--that may enable us to address the complexities of our rapidly changing global landscape. They consider how the world can chart a path towards reconciling the moral case for eradicating poverty with these critical perspectives to advance a more ethical approach, one that is sensitive to history, diversity, and the challenges and opportunities of this moment. If development is to remain relevant today, it must reinvent itself--and finally listen to voices on the ground.
Governing Climate Change Loss and Damage
Climate-related loss and damage has been dominating international climate change negotiations in recent years. Until now we have had little understanding of how individual states are grappling with climate change destruction. Governing Climate Change Loss and Damage offers among the first book-length explorations of how loss and damage policy works at a national level. It focuses specifically on countries in the Global South on the frontline of climate change to identify new mechanisms through which key factors - climate risks and impacts, international developments, national institutions and the ideational landscape - shape policy engagement, development and adoption. Guided by an original theoretical framework and seven original empirical case studies, this book shows the way to more effective governance of loss and damage now and in the future. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Untied Hands
How do states advance their national security interests? Conventional wisdom holds that states must court the risk of catastrophic war by 'tying their hands' to credibly protect their interests. Dan Reiter overturns this perspective with the compelling argument that states craft flexible foreign policies to avoid unwanted wars. Through a comprehensive analysis of key international crises, including the Berlin, Taiwan Straits, and Cuban Missile Crises, and the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Reiter provides new perspectives on the causes of wars, the role of international alliances, foreign troop deployments, leader madness, and the impact of AI on international relations. With critical insights into contemporary foreign policy challenges, such as America's role in NATO, the risks of war with China, containing a resurgent Russia, and the dangers of nuclear war, Untied Hands is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding how states can effectively manage international crises while avoiding the wrong wars.
The Deep State Goes Viral
So what if the pandemic response was run by national security agencies according to a biodefense/counterterrorism playbook, rather than by public health agencies according to public health guidelines? And why is it surprising that most countries responded in similar ways? Put simply, if it had been a regular public health response, Covid would not have differed from any of the viral epidemics or pandemics of the last century: The public would have been told to remain calm, wash hands frequently, and stay home if sick. Public health agencies would have tracked clusters of severe disease and treated them accordingly. This would have happened at different times, in different locations. Most people would barely have been aware that there was a novel virus circulating among them. Instead, the response to Covid was the exact opposite: The media and public health agencies whipped the population into levels of panic massively disproportionate to the threat actually posed by the virus. Everyone was convinced that the only way to "beat the virus" was to lock down the whole world and wait for a never-before-tested or manufactured vaccine. This book presents Debblie Lerman's attempt to understand why and how that switch happened: from a rational, medically, and ethically sound pandemic response to a global military-style lockdown-until-vaccine nightmare. The ramifications of Lerman's research and analysis extend far beyond the Covid pandemic response, exposing global trends that increasingly affect our everyday lives. This book is not about an event that happened in the past. It is about the shape of what's to come - unless we wake up and stop it.
The Triangle of Power
How the world broke--and how we can still save it The liberal world order that emerged after World War II--and expanded triumphantly following the Cold War--is unraveling. Multilateral cooperation is giving way to multipolar rivalry and conflict. Global norms are eroding. What comes next will define the rest of the century, so the search is on for a new global framework--a rebalancing of power. In The Triangle of Power, Finnish President Alexander Stubb argues that we are living through a hinge moment in history, akin to 1918, 1945, or 1989. A new international system is taking shape, driven by three major forces: the Global West, the Global East, and the Global South. At the center is the escalating competition between the United States and China, as both try to forge bilateral deals and regional alliances, but it is the Global South that will ultimately determine whether the future tilts toward cooperation or fragmentation. Drawing on decades at the front lines of diplomacy and blending personal insight with political and academic experience, Stubb delivers a passionate call for values-based realism and dignified foreign policy--and warns that unless the West learns to listen, it will lose its place in the world it once built.
The United States Tariffs Of 1846 And 1857
Explore the historical landscape of American trade policy with "The United States Tariffs Of 1846 And 1857." This comprehensive volume provides an in-depth look at the tariffs that shaped the nation's economic trajectory during a pivotal era. Accompanied by an insightful introduction, the book meticulously details the evolution of U.S. tariffs from 1789 to 1856, offering readers a clear understanding of the shifting economic strategies employed by the government. Included is the complete text of the Tariff Act passed by Congress on March 3, 1857, allowing for a direct examination of the legislation itself. This book is an invaluable resource for economists, historians, and anyone interested in the intricacies of American economic policy and its historical roots.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Untied Hands
How do states advance their national security interests? Conventional wisdom holds that states must court the risk of catastrophic war by 'tying their hands' to credibly protect their interests. Dan Reiter overturns this perspective with the compelling argument that states craft flexible foreign policies to avoid unwanted wars. Through a comprehensive analysis of key international crises, including the Berlin, Taiwan Straits, and Cuban Missile Crises, and the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Reiter provides new perspectives on the causes of wars, the role of international alliances, foreign troop deployments, leader madness, and the impact of AI on international relations. With critical insights into contemporary foreign policy challenges, such as America's role in NATO, the risks of war with China, containing a resurgent Russia, and the dangers of nuclear war, Untied Hands is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding how states can effectively manage international crises while avoiding the wrong wars.
Exit from International Organizations
Why do states exit international organizations (IOs)? How often does exit from IOs - including voluntary withdrawal and forced suspension - occur? What are the effects of leaving IOs for the exiting state? Despite the importance of membership in IOs, a broader understanding of exit across states, organizations, and time has been limited. Exit from International Organizations addresses these lacunae through a theoretically grounded and empirically systematic study of IO exit. Von Borzyskowski and Vabulas argue that there is a common logic to IO exit which helps explain both its causes and consequences. By examining IO exit across 198 states, 534 IOs, and over a hundred years of history, they show that exit is driven by states' dissatisfaction, preference divergence, and is a strategy to negotiate institutional change. The book also demonstrates that exit is costly because it has reputational consequences for leaving states and significantly affects other forms of international cooperation.
Governing Climate Change Loss and Damage
Climate-related loss and damage has been dominating international climate change negotiations in recent years. Until now we have had little understanding of how individual states are grappling with climate change destruction. Governing Climate Change Loss and Damage offers among the first book-length explorations of how loss and damage policy works at a national level. It focuses specifically on countries in the Global South on the frontline of climate change to identify new mechanisms through which key factors - climate risks and impacts, international developments, national institutions and the ideational landscape - shape policy engagement, development and adoption. Guided by an original theoretical framework and seven original empirical case studies, this book shows the way to more effective governance of loss and damage now and in the future. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Prime Ministers
There is really in law no such office as that of Prime Minister. No statute grants him or her powers. Even the name came into official use only in 1878, and the Prime Minister as such only became known to the law in 1905. The office of Prime Minister has in fact been based on convention and has been shaped by personal and political factors; it is what the holder makes of it and that is why a sensible way to study the development of the office is by reading the biographies of its holders.Originally published in 1974 (volume 1) and 1975 (volume 2), beginning with Robert Walpole and including Edward Heath, the holder at the time, there had been forty-seven Prime Ministers in all. Yet there had been no book devoted exclusively to recording their characters, actions and achievements, to which the student or the interested general reader could turn for immediate information, even if they did not seek to read the whole 250-year record - in itself a fascinating story for the politically minded. To fill this gap leading political historians of the time were invited to contribute papers, each in their own special period, and we are presented, as a result, with a complete gallery of Prime Ministers, each paper revealing the constant interaction of personality and circumstance, and the whole collection providing an impressive record of the way the premiership changed with its various incumbents.
Multilateralism and the United Nations Security Council
This edited volume aims to address the gaps in research on the United Nations (UN)'s participation in intergovernmental relationships by delving into the working mechanisms of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The book offers a novel overview of the voting procedures of the UNSC and related outcomes in practice; most significantly, it examines members' voting behaviour, veto power, power dynamics, and diplomatic means of sponsoring resolutions and forming coalitions in the Council. It also analyses the role of small, emerging, and regional powers inside the UNSC, alongside their trajectory into the power dynamics of this UN body. It assesses the intertwined relationship between the UN and the European Union (EU). Each chapter demonstrates the challenges and the workings of multilateralism in one of the most significant organisations for global cooperation.
The Oxford Handbook of International Political Sociology
This handbook provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical agendas, analytical tools, and substantive contributions offered by International Political Sociology. It explores the range of insights available to those who use sociological theory to engage various facets of world politics, from colonialism to globalization. Structured around three defining commitments - relationalism, intersubjectivity, and historicism - the book outlines what is distinct about IPS, where it came from, and where it can go next. Engaging a wide range of debates in International Relations and related fields of enquiry, the volume includes contributions on seminal concepts in the social sciences, including power, order, rule, resistance, and agency, alongside discussion of a range of important issue-areas, from climate change to revolutions. Taken as a whole, the handbook is a seminal point of reference for understanding many of the key dynamics that shape contemporary world politics. The Oxford Handbooks of International Relations is a twelve-volume set of reference books offering authoritative and innovative engagements with the principal sub-fields of International Relations.The series as a whole is under the General Editorship of Christian Reus-Smit of the University of Melbourne and Duncan Snidal of the University of Oxford, with each volume edited by specialists in the field. The series both surveys the broad terrain of International Relations scholarship and reshapes it, pushing each sub-field in challenging new directions. Following the example of Reus-Smit and Snidal's original Oxford Handbook of International Relations, each volume is organized around a strong central thematic by scholars drawn from different perspectives, reading its sub-field in an entirely new way, and pushing scholarship in challenging new directions.
Hausa Cinema of Northern Nigeria
This historical account of cinema in Nigeria explores the transcultural transfer of media from India to Africa through films.Hausa Cinema of Northern Nigeriaexamines how the Hindi Cinema of India became the template for storytelling in the Hausa regional cinema of Northern Nigeria and explores the emergence of Indigenous language within cinema in this region. Such emergence created points of divergence with the Islamic public culture leading to censorship both within the entertainment industry and the newly re-introduced Shari'a government of Kano. Throughout this book, Abdalla Uba Adamu explores the tension between Islamic society and the intrusion of transglobal media influences in cinema in Kano. He provides a deeper understanding of global media transnationalism and its impact on Muslim African popular culture. This book also discusses how the Muslim Hausa youth used the agencies of transglobal media technologies to transform the Hausa narrative style from a linear and didactic format to a complex configuration. By examining the Hausa film industry' s history, Adamu challenges the notion of cultural and media imperialism and the dominance of media consumption in contemporary African societies.
Decolonizing Global Intelligence
From September 11 to the calamitous withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, Western intelligence has failed to negotiate the largest military and humanitarian crises across the world. This book proposes to decolonize global intelligence from the peripheries of the Global South and put forward a new intelligence practice of 'inclusive statecraft'.It shows how dominant Western intelligence systems have failed to protect the very ideas they promised to uphold and the discrepancy between the West's 'Responsibility to Protect (R2P)' liberalist doctrine and the realist on-the-ground complex reality as observed by the 'Failure to Protect (F2P)' scholarships. Drawing theoretical insights and empirical (both historical and contemporary) materials from a wide array of case studies of Western and non-Western intelligence settings and practices as well as their interactions, it argues that the next generation of global security and intelligence practitioners will necessitate genuine interracial, non-anthropocentric and cross-cultural inclusivity, especially the capability to take the non-Western intelligence cultures and their realist strategic thoughts seriously.This book will not just add new knowledge to the larger field of security and intelligence studies, but will also pioneer the relatively underdeveloped fields of comparative intelligence cultures, and interstellar intelligence/cultural studies. It will be indispensable for policymakers, bureaucrats and government officials.
Thoughts on war and Peace; an Inquiry Into the Conceptions Prevailing in Foreign Politics
"Thoughts on War and Peace; an Inquiry Into the Conceptions Prevailing in Foreign Politics" by Nicholas Petrescu, originally published in 1921, delves into the philosophical and political underpinnings of conflict and diplomacy. This work examines the prevailing ideas and assumptions that shape international relations, offering a critical analysis of the concepts of war and peace. Petrescu璽€(TM)s inquiry explores the motivations behind political actions, the nature of power, and the potential for cooperation between nations. A significant contribution to the fields of political science and philosophy, this book offers insights into the enduring challenges of achieving global stability and understanding the dynamics of international conflict. Readers interested in the historical context of political thought and the timeless quest for peace will find Petrescu璽€(TM)s analysis both relevant and thought-provoking.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Tariff Controversy in the United States 1789-1833
The Tariff Controversy in the United States 1789-1833: With a Summary of the Period Before the Adoption of the Constitution by Orrin Leslie Elliot, PhD, was originally published in 1892. It is altogether a scholarly monograph, formerly published by Leland Stanford Junior University Press. It is a well researched chronicle of the history of the British mercantile system, tariffs, protection, and international trade in the colonies and the early American Republic. It covers the earliest colonial period and ends with the Nullification Crisis of 1833, when Andrew Jackson faced off against South Carolina and John Calhoun over the issue of tariffs, the National Bank, and secession.What you will find is that every single President supported tariffs. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson all supported tariffs. Some of them, like James Madison, really preferred 'free trade, ' but understood it was not possible in practice. On nearly every page there are direct quotes from the Founders, from Congressional proceedings, on the issue of tariffs, protection, and free trade. The author painstakingly gives quote after quote from all sides of the issue.What becomes apparent is that the Early American Republic could not have survived without tariffs and protection, because Great Britain at the time was powerful and sought to commercially dominate American markets. The author demonstrates that the Founders came to understand this quite quickly, and it was one reason why they moved past the Articles of Confederation to create a stronger Federal government that could regulate domestic and international trade.Since the issue of free trade vs. protection has become extremely relevant today, this book brought back to the reading public. We will conclude with two quotes from the book, from the Founders: "Much indeed it is to be wished, as I conceive, ... that no regulations of trade, that is to say, no restrictions on imposts whatever, were necessary. A perfect system is the system which would be my choice. But before such a system will be eligible, perhaps, for the United States, they must be out of debt; before it will be attainable, all other nations must concur in it. Whilst any one of these imposes on our vessels, seamen, etc., in their ports, clogs from which they exempt their own, we must either retort the distinction or renounce, not merely a just profit, but our only defence against the danger which may most easily beset us."-James Madison"[B]oth France and England have shown a constant disposition to take a selfish and partial advantage of us because of them, to turn them to the diminution or destruction of our own means of trade and strength. I hope we shall be the dupes no longer than we must. I would venture upon monopolies and exclusions, if they were found to be the only arms of defence against monopolies and exclusions."-John AdamsThis is a new edition of the public domain book that was originally published in 1892.This new edition includes: A new Foreword written by the publisherSeveral footnotes illuminating the references made by the author.New format, layout, typesetting.Bulkington Book's mission is to build a bridge into the past, before film, television, copyright, and internet swallowed up the world. We found this story worthy of revival, and we hope you find it worth your while.
The Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay and Since
The Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay and Since: An Exhaustive Review of our Tariff Legislation from 1812 to 1896 was published in 1896, the year William McKinley would run for, and win, the Presidency. Besides being a history of tariffs, it is also a very sharp synopsis of American political history. He describes every Congressional election from 1812 to 1894. He describes a Congress very different from the Congress we see today, one that is quick acting and waist deep in the details of legislation.It's an expert distillation of 80 years of Congressional history on the subject of tariffs. President McKinley, who served first as a Congressman, and then as Governor of Ohio, demonstrates his expertise on the importance of tariff protection for American industry. While he clearly has a partisan leaning, as a Republican, he offers many facts and figures that demonstrate that protectionism and tariffs have been instrumental in building up the United States into an industrial powerhouse.He gives a great deal of evidence for how tariffs increased wages and growth. He cites President Harrison, who said: "The total wealth of the country in 1860," he [Harrison] continued, "was $16,159,616,068. In 1890 it amounted to $62,610,000,000, an increase of 287 percent." And, on wages, he cites Harrison again: In 1880 the number of employees was 1,301,388. In 1890 the number of employees was 2,251,134. In 1880 the wages earned were $501,965,778. In 1890 the wages earned were $1,221,170,454. ... The wage earnings not only show an increased aggregate, but an increase per capita from $386 in 1880 to $547 in 1890, or 41.71 percent." With tariffs back in the headlines, this book will be invaluable for those who want to understand the importance of protection, and the policies helped America become an industrial superpower.This is a new edition of the public domain book that was originally published in 18960.This new edition includes: A new Foreword written by the publisher.Several footnotes giving context to the remarks made by the author.New format, layout, and typesetting.Bulkington Book's mission is to build a bridge into the past, before film, television, copyright, and internet swallowed up the world. We found this story worthy of revival, and we hope you find it worth your while.
The United States Tariffs Of 1846 And 1857
Explore the historical landscape of American trade policy with "The United States Tariffs Of 1846 And 1857." This comprehensive volume provides an in-depth look at the tariffs that shaped the nation's economic trajectory during a pivotal era. Accompanied by an insightful introduction, the book meticulously details the evolution of U.S. tariffs from 1789 to 1856, offering readers a clear understanding of the shifting economic strategies employed by the government. Included is the complete text of the Tariff Act passed by Congress on March 3, 1857, allowing for a direct examination of the legislation itself. This book is an invaluable resource for economists, historians, and anyone interested in the intricacies of American economic policy and its historical roots.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tariff act of 1922 With Index. H. R. 7456 to Provide Revenue, to Regulate Commerce With Foreign Countries, to Encourage the Industries of the United States and for Other Purposes..
This volume contains the complete text of the Tariff Act of 1922 (H.R. 7456), a landmark piece of legislation that significantly shaped United States trade policy in the early 20th century. Officially titled "An Act To provide revenue, to regulate commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes," this act details the import duties and regulations governing trade with foreign nations.This document provides a valuable resource for researchers, economists, and historians interested in understanding the economic and political landscape of the post-World War I era in the United States. The indexed text facilitates navigation and study of the Act's complex provisions and their intended impact on American industries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Federation of Nations; an Alternative to the League of Nations
"Federation of Nations; an Alternative to the League of Nations" presents a historical perspective on early 20th-century attempts to foster global cooperation and prevent war. Penned by William Henry Smyth, this work explores alternative frameworks to the League of Nations, delving into the political theories and ideals that shaped the post-World War I era. The book offers valuable insights into the challenges and complexities of international relations, examining the pursuit of world peace and the establishment of effective international organizations. This book is a significant contribution to the study of international political thought and the history of efforts to create a more peaceful and interconnected world. It remains relevant for scholars and anyone interested in understanding the historical context of contemporary global governance.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thoughts on war and Peace; an Inquiry Into the Conceptions Prevailing in Foreign Politics
"Thoughts on War and Peace; an Inquiry Into the Conceptions Prevailing in Foreign Politics" by Nicholas Petrescu, originally published in 1921, delves into the philosophical and political underpinnings of conflict and diplomacy. This work examines the prevailing ideas and assumptions that shape international relations, offering a critical analysis of the concepts of war and peace. Petrescu璽€(TM)s inquiry explores the motivations behind political actions, the nature of power, and the potential for cooperation between nations. A significant contribution to the fields of political science and philosophy, this book offers insights into the enduring challenges of achieving global stability and understanding the dynamics of international conflict. Readers interested in the historical context of political thought and the timeless quest for peace will find Petrescu璽€(TM)s analysis both relevant and thought-provoking.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tariff act of 1922 With Index. H. R. 7456 to Provide Revenue, to Regulate Commerce With Foreign Countries, to Encourage the Industries of the United States and for Other Purposes..
This volume contains the complete text of the Tariff Act of 1922 (H.R. 7456), a landmark piece of legislation that significantly shaped United States trade policy in the early 20th century. Officially titled "An Act To provide revenue, to regulate commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes," this act details the import duties and regulations governing trade with foreign nations.This document provides a valuable resource for researchers, economists, and historians interested in understanding the economic and political landscape of the post-World War I era in the United States. The indexed text facilitates navigation and study of the Act's complex provisions and their intended impact on American industries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Decolonizing Global Intelligence
From September 11 to the calamitous withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, Western intelligence has failed to negotiate the largest military and humanitarian crises across the world. This book proposes to decolonize global intelligence from the peripheries of the Global South and put forward a new intelligence practice of 'inclusive statecraft'.It shows how dominant Western intelligence systems have failed to protect the very ideas they promised to uphold and the discrepancy between the West's 'Responsibility to Protect (R2P)' liberalist doctrine and the realist on-the-ground complex reality as observed by the 'Failure to Protect (F2P)' scholarships. Drawing theoretical insights and empirical (both historical and contemporary) materials from a wide array of case studies of Western and non-Western intelligence settings and practices as well as their interactions, it argues that the next generation of global security and intelligence practitioners will necessitate genuine interracial, non-anthropocentric and cross-cultural inclusivity, especially the capability to take the non-Western intelligence cultures and their realist strategic thoughts seriously.This book will not just add new knowledge to the larger field of security and intelligence studies, but will also pioneer the relatively underdeveloped fields of comparative intelligence cultures, and interstellar intelligence/cultural studies. It will be indispensable for policymakers, bureaucrats and government officials.
Modern War and Grey Zones
This book explores the challenges small states face in navigating the complexities of modern war, particularly within the ambiguous Grey Zones where the boundaries between peace and conflict blur.This book addresses the multifaceted challenges of policy, strategy, operations, and tactics, providing valuable insights into how small states can deter and manage violence. It highlights the vital role of international organizations, alliance-building, cyber operations, information warfare, lawfare, and the balance of power. Additionally, it tackles the issue of strengthening state security and fostering social cohesion in the face of Grey Zone threats. A distinctive feature of this book is the inclusion of innovative design problems developed to assist small states in navigating complex security landscapes with both practical and strategic approaches.This book will be essential reading for security practitioners and military professionals and of great interest to students of security studies, defense studies, and international relations.
