Sustainable Rice Straw Management
This open access book on straw management aims to provide a wide array of options for rice straw management that are potentially more sustainable, environmental, and profitable compared to current practice. The book is authored by expert researchers, engineers and innovators working on a range of straw management options with case studies from Vietnam, the Philippines and Cambodia. The book is written for engineers and researchers in order to provide them information on current good practice and the gaps and constraints that require further research and innovation. The book is also aimed at extension workers and farmers to help them decide on the best alternative straw management options in their area by presenting both the technological options as well as the value chains and business models required to make them work. The book will also be useful for policy makers, required by public opinion to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsand air pollution, looking for research-based evidence to guide the policies they develop and implement.
Unraveling the human-snow leopard conflict in Spiti Valley, India
This study scrutinizes the various factors directly or indirectly impacting human-wildlife conflict in Spiti Valley, India and investigates the nature of the relationships found between them.In the late 1900s, the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), a vulnerable species, caused intense conflict through livestock depredation, which led to a conflict of interests between the various stakeholders in the region. This problem was partly tackled by the advent of the tourism industry and creation of jobs in the region. In-depth qualitative interviews and observation results show that there have been a series of complications following this, for example, rapid expansion of tourism infrastructure, increased waste, proliferation feral dog population, and changing local perceptions towards tourism. These complications in combination with climate change could exacerbate human-wildlife conflict in the future as elucidated in this study. The linkages between these issues has been established with references to supporting literature.
Ecosystem-Based Management, Ecosystem Services and Aquatic Biodiversity
Aquatic ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and home to a diverse array of species and habitats, providing a wide variety of benefits to human beings. Many of these valuable ecosystems are at risk of being irreversibly damaged by human activities and pressures, including pollution, contamination, invasive species, overfishing and climate change. Such pressures threaten the sustainability of these ecosystems, their provision of ecosystem services and ultimately human well-being.Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is now widely considered the most promising paradigm for balancing sustainable development and biodiversity protection, and various international strategies and conventions have championed the EBM cause and the inclusion of ecosystem services in decision-making. This open access book introduces the essential concepts and principles required to implement ecosystem-based management, detailing tools and techniques, and describing the application ofthese concepts and tools to a broad range of aquatic ecosystems, from the shores of Lough Erne in Northern Ireland to the estuaries of the US Pacific Northwest and the tropical Mekong Delta.
Environmental Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility
Urban air mobility (UAM) is a new mobility concept that could significantly change the way urban mobility is understood in general and drastically influence the current manner of travelling. Taking into account the environmental concerns and the problems of heavily polluted air in the cities, new transportation solutions must be environmentally evaluated prior to their launch. Therefore, this work estimates the effects of UAM operation on current levels of traffic-related CO2 and NOx emissions in Munich. The study compares two scenarios with and without UAM. Moreover, ten additional scenarios considering shift to electric vehicles and increased share of renewables in electricity mix were calculated. Initial results showed that the UAM introduction in Munich did not have an effect on average trip distance and the total distance travelled of ground modes. The UAM operation generates additional levels of CO2 and NOx. Nevertheless, UAM operation could the most environmentally beneficial and could reduce daily CO2 emission levels when electricity consumed by aerial vehicle is fully generated from renewable sources.
Green Marketing
The green marketing is an eco-friendly manner of marketing without effecting the environment in the automobile industry for producing the green products and services to the consumer. These customers who utilize the green products and services are not common, this type of customer category are high educated who is consciously provoked to the environment, regarding his/her own awareness and alertness must also be required for promoting and adopting by them in their daily routine. For promoting the green marketing it must be suitable for marketer to allow that make him to utilize the old marketing mix for the marketing of green product for green consumers. There must be compulsory for green marketers, they should be developed a new type of marketing mix, which is called Green Marketing Mix (GMM).for green products and services in the field of green automobile industry.
Green Marketing
The term Green Marketing (GM) comes into the light late 1980 and early 1990. The first workshop on Ecological Marketing in 1975 which is organised by American Marketing Association (Karunakaran, 2015). The needness to feel a necessity for implementing the approachable and affordable GM practices in automobile industry regarding current time period. This branch of marketing (GM) makes us more alivable and reduce the pace in-between nature and biotic substance (i.e. all alive animal, tree, human being weather it is consumer or marketer or government body or other else ). The reduction of harmful effect on our environment, it may possible to utilize the substitute fuel, which is untoxic in its nature i.e. solar energy, propen, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), bio-disesl, ethanol and hydrogen.
Life cycle sustainability assessments (LCSA) of four disposal scenarios
Prior to the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, environmental protection was hailed as the main determinant for survival of mankind. However, during the said conference, two other vital dimensions: economy and social well-being emerged as equally essential elements to environmental protection. These three dimensions constitute the concept of sustainable development (SD) (Kloepffer 2008). SD describes a development that is capable to cover today's needs for an intact environment, social justice and economic prosperity, without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Finkbeiner et al. 2010). Since then, the global society has gradually undergone a paradigm shift from environmental protection towards sustainability. In fact achieving sustainability or striving towards SD has become the motto in practically all areas of life, both nationally and internationally. Industries, for instance, are gradually shifting their focus from the traditional end of pipe technology to adopt the principles of life cycle thinking. In parallel, consumers' growing awareness on environmental sustainability and the competitive trade markets have also paved
Urban Flood Modeling and Management
Increasing population and migration of people to cities around the globe causes improper urbanization issues, because of this urban infrastructure is densely preoccupied.The acute acceleration in urban advancement has prompted an expansion in impermeable zones and a reduction in vegetated surfaces. At the same time, anthropogenic activity of human in cities disturbs the water cycle, resulting urban heat island effect. All these leads to the inception of urban flooding situations in a localized area. Urban areas are the major hotspots for the origination of floods. Occupying the surfaces with various impervious surface features there is an opportunity of changeover of rainfall to runoff which results in flooding. Variations of atmospheric changes is also a crucial factor for precipitation events in unusual times that outcomes in rising flood peaks. Volume of runoff from the investigation area is assessed by adopting Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The major purpose of utilizing SWMM is to monitor the quality along with quantity of overflow originating from the sub catchments. The SWMM functions on collection of rainfall from various sub catchments then generates runoff.
Drones - Current and future perspective in forestry
India has around 24.39 % under forest cover (FSI, 2017). Forest offers a variety of ecosystem services which are experiencing rapid negative impacts due to the economical, ecological, climatic and biophysical forces. Apart from these, vast forest area, low labour force, less infrastructure and low financial supports were also limiting the efficient administration and management of Indian forests. There is an urgent need for collection of accurate information for the sustainable management of forests. Nowadays the sophisticated sensors, aerial photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques provides the most advanced tool for monitoring, inventorying and mapping of forests. Other than airborne and space borne platforms, the drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in the management of Indian forests in recent years due to their low operational costs, light weight, high intensity data collection in short time, variety of sensors, usability in inaccessible and high-risk areas. So, there is huge potential for drones in Indian forests and it is already in use.
Biomethanation Of Dairy Effluent By Two Phase Uasb Reactor
This study examined the feasibility of applying Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) bioreactor with phase separation including acidogenesis/methanogenensis, to treat dairy effluent. Dairy industry is one of the main agro industry in all over the world. At the same time the dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not only in terms of the volume of effluent generated, but also in terms of characteristics as well. Many treatment methods are available to treat this wastes, but the anaerobic treatment methods is seems to be more viable for treatment of dairy waste as well as recover energy during this process. Among the anaerobic treatment two phase UASB reactor work efficiently to treat also to mitigate the issue of acidification nature of dairy effluent.
Air Pollution
Air is an indispensable part of human life. This natural source is contentiously being polluted by human activities. This book sheds light on various aspects of air pollution ranging from dust fall rate, sulphation rate, mixing height. At the same time to control this air pollution use of cleaner technologies in the form of flue gas desulfurization is also explained. This book will be immensely helpful for the learner to understand the basic aspects of the subject.
Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq
1. Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq using Remote Sensing Proximal Sensing for Soil Monitoring Multi-Temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq Agricultural Drought Monitoring over Iraq utilizing MODIS Products Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: a Case Study Duhok Sub-Basin Drought Monitoring for Northern part of Iraq using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices Geo-morphometric analysis and flood simulation of the Tigris River due to a predicted failure of the Mosul Dam Hydrologic and hydraulic modelling of the Greater Zab River-Basin for an effective management of water resources in the Kurdistan region of Iraq using DEM and Raster Images. Spatial Prediction of Rainfall Distribution in the Iraqi Governorate using the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility 16. Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Resources in Erbil Area, Iraq using Geo-Information and Landsat Data 17. Agriculture Land Capability classification based on agro-spatial decision support system (microlies) 18. Relationships Among the Landsat-based Indices and Soil Conditions in Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 19. Monitoring the Sand and Dust Storms in Euphrates and Tigris Basins and Iraq using Remote Sensing 20. Conclusions and Recommendations
Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans
An Introduction to the Biogeography of South American Anurans.- South American Anurans: Species Diversity and Description Trends Through Time and Space.- Patterns of Species Richness, Range Size, and their Environmental Correlates of South American Anurans.- Spatial Distribution of Phylogenetic Diversity of South American Anurans.- Geographical Patterns of Functional Diversity of South American Anurans.- Biogeographic Regionalization of South American Anurans.- Spatial Conservation Prioritization for the Anuran Fauna of South America
Ocean Outbreak
Winner of the Sustainability Science Award 2020, Ecological Society of America Winner of the PROSE Award (Biological Sciences category) 2020, Association of American PublishersThere is a growing crisis in our oceans: mysterious outbreaks of infectious disease are on the rise. Marine epidemics can cause mass die-offs of wildlife from the bottom to the top of food chains, impacting the health of ocean ecosystems as well as lives on land. Portending global environmental disaster, ocean outbreaks are fueled by warming seas, sewage dumping, unregulated aquaculture, and drifting plastic.Ocean Outbreak follows renowned scientist Drew Harvell and her colleagues into the field as they investigate how four iconic marine animals--corals, abalone, salmon, and starfish--have been devastated by disease. Based on over twenty years of research, this firsthand account of the sometimes gradual, sometimes exploding impact of disease on our ocean's biodiversity ends with solutions and a call to action. Only through policy changes and the implementation of innovative solutions from nature can we reduce major outbreaks, save some ocean ecosystems, and protect our fragile environment.
Recycling Notebook
This unique Recycling Notebook is a great way to track the many ways that you protect our earth and the environment. Everyone needs to recycle, reuse and reduce to help do their part to save the earth with green living. Great for school, work, travel or home. Each inside page contains prompts for writing: DateHow Did I Help The Environment Today?What Can I Reuse?My Recycling List For TodayToday I Love Earth Because. . .How Did I Reduce My Waste Today? There is plenty of blank lined space you can write different ideas, lists and personal notes. Will make a wonderful gift for those special people in your life who want to make a difference in the world by doing their part, men, women, boys & girls alike. Be an example and raise awareness. Journals are an awesome way to keep your important information all in one place. Grab one today! Size is 6x9 inches, 102 page, soft matte finish cover, white paper, paperback.
Integration of Information Flow for Greening Supply Chain Management
This book provides a framework for integrating information management in supply chains. Current trends in business practice have made it necessary to explore the potential held by information integration with regard to environmental aspects. Information flow integration provides an opportunity to focus on the creation of a more "green" supply chain. However, it is currently difficult to identify the impact of information integration on greening a supply chain in a wide range of practical applications. Accordingly, this book focuses on the potential value of information integration solutions in terms of greening supply chain management. It covers the following major topics: Application of information flow standards in the supply chain Information systems and technological solutions for integrating information flows in supply chainsThe Internet of Things and the industry 4.0 concept, with regard to the integration ofsupply chains Modeling and simulation of logistics processesDecision-making tools enabling the greening of supply chains
Pandemos
Niente sar? come prima. Un virus di 400 nanometri ha sconvolto il mondo. Centinaia di migliaia di persone sono state colpite dal Covid-19. Molte sono morte. Gran parte dei paesi sviluppati sono stati fermati dal lockdown imposto dai rispettivi governi. La gente 癡 stata distanziata, chiusa in casa. Ha imparato cosa sia lo smart working. Torneremo mai alla normalit?? Poi, 癡 cos穫 tanto desiderabile tornare a quanto c'era prima, se esiste il forte sospetto che 癡 proprio nel modello di sviluppo che vanno ricercate le cause della pandemia?
The Contagion Myth
For readers of Plague of Corruption, Thomas S. Cowan, MD, and Sally Fallon Morell ask the question: are there really such things as "viruses"? Or are electro smog, toxic living conditions, and 5G actually to blame for COVID-19? The official explanation for today's COVID-19 pandemic is a "dangerous, infectious virus." This is the rationale for isolating a large portion of the world's population in their homes so as to curb its spread. From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. It was Louis Pasteur who convinced a skeptical medical community that contagious germs cause disease; his "germ theory" now serves as the official explanation for most illness. However, in his private diaries he states unequivocally that in his entire career he was not once able to transfer disease with a pure culture of bacteria (he obviously wasn't able to purify viruses at that time). He admitted that the whole effort to prove contagion was a failure, leading to his famous death bed confession that "the germ is nothing, the terrain is everything." While the incidence and death statistics for COVID-19 may not be reliable, there is no question that many people have taken sick with a strange new disease--with odd symptoms like gasping for air and "fizzing" feelings--and hundreds of thousands have died. Many suspect that the cause is not viral but a kind of pollution unique to the modern age--electromagnetic pollution. Today we are surrounded by a jangle of overlapping and jarring frequencies--from power lines to the fridge to the cell phone. It started with the telegraph and progressed to worldwide electricity, then radar, then satellites that disrupt the ionosphere, then ubiquitous Wi-Fi. The most recent addition to this disturbing racket is fifth generation wireless--5G. In The Contagion Myth: Why Viruses (including Coronavirus) are Not the Cause of Disease, bestselling authors Thomas S. Cowan, MD, and Sally Fallon Morell tackle the true causes of COVID-19. On September 26, 2019, 5G wireless was turned on in Wuhan, China (and officially launched November 1) with a grid of about ten thousand antennas--more antennas than exist in the whole United States, all concentrated in one city. A spike in cases occurred on February 13, the same week that Wuhan turned on its 5G network for monitoring traffic. Illness has subsequently followed 5G installation in all the major cities in America. Since the dawn of the human race, medicine men and physicians have wondered about the cause of disease, especially what we call "contagions," numerous people ill with similar symptoms, all at the same time. Does humankind suffer these outbreaks at the hands of an angry god or evil spirit? A disturbance in the atmosphere, a miasma? Do we catch the illness from others or from some outside influence? As the restriction of our freedoms continues, more and more people are wondering whether this is true. Could a packet of RNA fragments, which cannot even be defined as a living organism, cause such havoc? Perhaps something else is involved--something that has upset the balance of nature and made us more susceptible to disease? Perhaps there is no "coronavirus" at all; perhaps, as Pasteur said, "the germ is nothing, the terrain is everything."
Viruses: More Friends Than Foes (Revised Edition)
Coronavirus, AIDS, and Ebola: Viruses are normally defined as pathogens. Most viruses are, however, not enemies or killers. Well-known virologist and cancer researcher Karin Moelling describes surprising insights about a completely new and unexpected world of viruses. Viruses are ubiquitous, in the oceans, our environment, in animals, plants, bacteria, in our body, even in our genomes. They influence our weather, can contribute to control obesity, and can surprisingly be applied against threatening multi-resistant bacteria. The success story of the viruses started more than 3.5 billion years ago in the dawn of life when even cells did not exist. They are the superpower of life. There are more viruses on earth than stars in the sky. Viruses are everywhere. Some of them are incredibly ancient. Many viruses are hundredfold smaller than bacteria, but others are tenfold bigger and they were discovered only recently -- the giant viruses, even deep within the permafrost where they were reactivated after 30,000 years.The author talks about a completely new world of viruses, which are based on the most recent, in part her own research results. Could viruses have been our oldest ancestors? Have viruses even 'invented' social behavior, do they lead to geniuses such as Mozart or Einstein -- or alternatively to cancer? They can help to cure cancer. In this book, the author made a clear distinction between what is fact and what is her vision. This book is written for a general audience and not just for the experts. Its aim is to stimulate thinking, and perhaps to attract more young scientists to enter this field of research.This revised edition is brought up to date by a new chapter on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Related Link(s)
Environmental Science in a Changing World
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary subject which encompasses biological, physical and information sciences such as, ecology, chemistry, zoology, oceanography, soil science and many others. It also includes atmospheric science. It uses all these scientific fields to study the environment and find solutions to environment related problems. Environmental science provides a quantitative and integrated approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental science aims to understand the earth processes, mitigation of pollution, alternative energy systems and also the effects of global climate change. It examines the environmental problems and finds the appropriate solutions. The four primary components of this discipline include ecology, geoscience, atmospheric sciences and environmental chemistry. All these components can be further classified into focused branches to facilitate the understanding of our environment. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.
Ecology: Concepts and Applications
Ecology is a biological branch that is concerned with the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It primarily focuses on the biotic and abiotic components of the organisms' environment. Ecology studies the distribution, biodiversity, biomass and populations of organisms. It also focuses on the competition and cooperation among species. Concepts from this field are often applied in areas such as wetland management, conservation biology, city planning, community health, applied science, human social interaction, etc. It is also applied in natural resource management such as forestry, agroforestry and agriculture. Ecology works to explain the movement of energy and materials via living communities, life processes, adaptations and interactions, the successional development of ecosystems, and the distribution of organism's biodiversity in the environment. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of ecology. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented herein. The textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.
Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: Its Future Management is a much-needed text for water resources managers, water, catchment, estuarine and coastal scientists, and aquatic ecologists. The book first provides a summary of the Murray-Darling River system: its hydrology, water-related ecological assets, land uses (particularly irrigation), and its rural and regional communities; and management within the Basin, including catchments and natural resources, water resources, irrigation, environment, and monitoring and evaluation. Additionally, the recent major water reforms in the Basin are discussed, with a focus particularly on the development and implementation of the Basin Plan. Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: Its Future Management then provides an analysis of the next set of policy and institutional reforms (environmental, social, cultural and economic) needed to ensure the Basin is managed as an integrated system (including its water resources, catchment and estuary) capable of adapting to future changes. Six major challenges facing the Basin are identified and discussed, particularly within the context of predicted changes to the climate leading to an increased frequency of drought and a hotter and dryer future. Finally, a 'road map' or 'blueprint' to achieve more integrated management of the Basin is provided, together with some 'key lessons' of relevance to others involved in the management of multijurisdictional river Basins.
Ecology: Evolution, Biodiversity and Conservation
The field of study that focuses on the interactions among organisms and their environment is called ecology. It is a branch of biology that overlaps with the disciplines of genetics, ethology and evolutionary biology. The applications of ecology are prevalent in the fields of conservation biology, city planning, wetland management, community health, natural resource management and human social interaction. The understanding of evolution, biodiversity and the need for conservation is vital for a complete understanding of ecology. Adaptation, natural selection, inheritance, populations and life history are some of the concepts intrinsic to both evolutionary biology and ecology. Biodiversity is the variety of life and life's processes. It encompasses the genetic differences among living organisms, the ecosystems and communities they inhabit and the evolutionary and ecological processes required for their subsistence. The conservation and management of biodiversity requires innovative approaches to address the ecological scope of biodiversity. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of ecology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and insights in evolution, biodiversity and conservation. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.
Landscape Ecology: Theory and Practice
Landscape ecology is an interdisciplinary field in systems science. The relationships between ecological processes in the environment and ecosystems are studied and improved in landscape ecology. The human impact on landscape structures and functions is investigated in this field. An important principle of landscape ecology is the landscape stability principle, which stresses on the importance of integrity of landscape components in exhibiting resilience to disturbances, promoting total system stability and recovering from disturbances. Some of the vital research areas in this field are land use and land cover change, relating landscape pattern analysis with ecological processes, ecological flows in landscape mosaics, scaling, and landscape conservation and sustainability. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theories and practices of landscape ecology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field of study. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about landscape ecology.
Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance
Aligning global governance to the challenges of sustainability is one of the most urgent international issues to be addressed. This book is a timely and up-to-date compilation of the main pieces of the global environmental governance puzzle.Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance synthesizes writing from an internationally diverse range of well-known experts. Each entry defines a central concept in global environmental governance, presents its historical evolution and related debates, and includes key bibliographical references. This new edition takes stock of several recent developments in global environmental politics including the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change, the UN Global Pact for the Environment attempt in 2017, and the 2018 Oceans Plastics Charter. More precisely, this book: offers cutting-edge analysis of the state of global environmental governance; presents an up-to-date debate on sustainable development at the global level; gives an in-depth exploration of current architecture of global environmental governance; examines the interaction between environmental politics and other policy fields such as trade, development, and security; provides a critical review of the recent global environmental governance literature. Innovative thinking and high-profile expertise come together to create a volume that is accessible to students, scholars, and practitioners alike.
New Frontiers in Virology
Virology is the science concerned with the study of viruses and virus-like agents. Study of viruses encompasses an examination of their structure, evolution, classification, interactions and the diseases they cause. Virology also lays due emphasis on the techniques of isolating and culturing viruses, and investigating ways to use them for research and therapy. Virology is a subfield of microbiology and medicine. A major dimension of study in virology is virus classification. Viruses may be classified relative to the host cells that they infect, the shape of their capsid, the viral structure, the nucleic acid used as the genetic material or the viral replication method they employ. The structure and shape of viruses can be studied by NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. Viruses cause several infectious diseases, such as measles, common cold, influenza, rabies, hepatitis, AIDS, polio, small pox, etc. Certain viruses may contribute to the development of some cancers. The use of viruses as gene vectors is actively being pursued for gene therapy. They are also being used to introduce new genes in host cells. Virology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.
Human Virology
Virology is a sub-field of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses, their structure, properties, classification and evolution. It also studies the interactions of viruses with host cells, their modes of infecting hosts for reproduction, the diseases that they cause and their use in therapy and research, among others. Viral classification is an important area of virology. Plant viruses, bacteriophages, fungal viruses and animal viruses are the classifications of viruses based on the host cells that they infect. Humans can only be infected by viruses from other vertebrates. These viruses cause many important infectious diseases such as dengue fever, AIDS, polio, hepatitis, influenza, common cold, rabies, etc. Viruses such as human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B and C viruses contribute to the development of cervical cancer and liver cancer respectively. Therefore, the study of virology is of immense importance in medical science. Our understanding of viruses has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book presents the complex subject of human virology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.
Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions III
This volume continues the retrospective analyses of Volumes I and II, but goes beyond that in an attempt to understand how phenolic acids are partitioned in seedling-solution and seedling-microbe-soil-sand culture systems and how phenolic acid effects on seedlings may be related to the actual and/or conditional physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility, hydrophobicity, pKa, molecular structure and soil sorption/desorption) of simple phenolic acids. Specifically, it explores the quantitative partitioning (i.e., source-sink relationships) of benzoic and cinnamic acids in cucumber seedling-solution and cucumber seedling-microbe-soil-sand systems and how that partitioning may influence phenolic acid effects on cucumber seedlings. Regressions, correlations and conceptual and hypothetical models are used to achieve these objectives. Cucumber seedlings are used as a surrogate for phenolic acid sensitive herbaceous dicotyledonous weed seedlings. This volumewas written specifically for researchers and their students interested in understanding how a range of simple phenolic acids and potentially other putative allelopathic compounds released from living plants and their litter and residues may modify soil chemistry, soil and rhizosphere microbial biology, seedling physiology and seedling growth. In addition, this volume describes the potential relationships, where they may exist, for direct transfer of organic compounds between plants, plant communication and plant-plant allelopathic interactions and addresses the following questions: Can physicochemical properties of phenolic acids be used as tools to help understand the complex behavior of phenolic acids and the ultimate effects of phenolic acids on sensitive seedlings? What insights do laboratory bioassays and the conceptual and hypothetical models of laboratory systems provide us concerning the potential behavior and effects of phenolic acids in field systems? Whatpotential role may phenolic acids play in broadleaf-weed seedling emergence in wheat debris cover crop no-till systems?
A New Paradigm for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology
This book provides comprehensive coverage of the theoretical developments and technological breakthroughs that have deepened our understanding of environmental pollution and human health, while also promoting a comprehensive strategy to address these problems. The respective chapters highlight groundbreaking concepts fueling the development of environmental chemistry and toxicology; revolutionary analytical and computational approaches providing novel insights into environmental health; and nature-inspired, innovative engineering solutions for tackling complex hazardous exposures. The book also features a forward-looking perspective on emerging environmental issues that call for new research and regulatory paradigms, laying the groundwork for future advances in the broad field of environmental chemistry and toxicology. Written by respected authorities in the field, A New Paradigm for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology - From Concepts to Insights will offer an invaluable reference guide for concerned researchers and professional practitioners for years to come.
Combating Global Warming
This book critically examines the environmental hazards posed by global warming with regard to future food security, which will depend on a combination of stresses, both biotic and abiotic, imposed by climate change; variability of weather within a growing season; and the development of cultivars that are more sensitive to different ambient conditions. Furthermore, the ability to develop effective adaptive strategies which allow these cultivars to express their genetic potential under changing climate conditions will be essential. In turn, the book investigates those plant species which are very closely related to field crops and have the potential to contribute beneficial traits for crop improvement, e.g. resistance to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses, enriching the gene pool, and ultimately leading to enhanced plant yield, known as "Crop Wild Relatives" (CWRs). CWRs hold tremendous potential to sustain and enhance global food security, contributing to human well-being. Accordingly, their development, characterization and conservation in crop breeding programs have assumed great practical importance.Professor Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair is an internationally acclaimed agricultural scientist, with over three decades of experience in Europe, Africa and Asia, holding some of the most prestigious academic positions, including the National Chair of the Science Foundation, The Royal Society, Belgium. A Senior Fellow of the world renowned Alexander von Humboldt Research Foundation of The Federal Republic of Germany, he is best known, globally, for having developed a revolutionary soil management technique, known as "The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept", which, while questioning the scientific fallacies of the highly soil extractive farming, euphemistically known as the "green revolution", has opened up an alternative path for sensible and scientific soil management
Trait矇 矇l矇mentaire de la peinture
L矇onard de Vinci (1452-1519) n'矇tait pas seulement un homme d'esprit universel, ? la fois artiste, scientifique, anatomiste, peintre, sculpteur, architecte, botaniste et philosophe. Il a aussi beaucoup 矇crit. Parmi ses oeuvres, il propose dans son Trait矇 de la Peinture, rest矇 inachev矇, une triple d矇finition de la perspective: 1): perspective lin矇aire (diminution de la taille des objets proportionnellement ? leur distance ? l'observateur); 2): perspective des couleurs (att矇nuation des couleurs proportionnellement ? cette distance); 3): perspective d'effacement (diminution de la pr矇cision des d矇tails). Son 矇l癡ve Francesco Melzi, chercha jusqu'? sa mort ? reconstituer le Trait矇 de la peinture que L矇onard de Vinci avait projet矇 toute sa vie de faire publier. Son manuscrit, un travail tr癡s avanc矇, mais inachev矇, selon Andr矇 Chastel, est aujourd'hui conserv矇 ? la Biblioth癡que du Vatican sous la r矇f矇rence Codex Urbinas latinus 1270. Il compila pour cela les aspects de son travail sur l'anatomie, la lumi癡re et les ombres, les drap矇s, les paysages. Une premi癡re 矇dition de ce vaste chantier parut en 1651, en italien, puis en fran癟ais. Charles Le Brun pr矇senta l'矇dition fran癟aise du Trait矇 de la peinture (Trattato della pittura), illustr矇 de 58 figures du c矇l癡bre Nicolas Poussin, aux membres de l'Acad矇mie royale de peinture et de sculpture comme un ouvrage d矇sormais de r矇f矇rence. La pr矇sente 矇dition est 矇tablie ? partir de cette version.
Carbon Management for Promoting Local Livelihood in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (Hkh) Region
Discusses carbon management and its linkages with livelihood improvement of the fragile communities of the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) regionFocuses on a region that has multidimensional ecological, economic, cultural and environmental significanceSheds new light on the social, economic, and policy perspectives associated with carbon management
Paleoecological Research on Easter Island
Paleocological Research on Easter Island: Insights on Settlement, Climate Changes, Deforestation and Cultural Shifts examines the area's climatic and ecological history, a topic not usually addressed in other literature. The book provides a thorough and synthetic account of all paleoecological works developed to date, including the latest discoveries. Finally, it attempts to match paleoecological evidence with the results of other disciplines creating a multidisciplinary framework. This approach to the field is ideal for researchers, university professors and graduate students in a varied range of disciplines and subdisciplines, including ecology, paleoecology, paleoclimatology, biogeography, sedimentology, and paleontology. Users will find synthesized information on Easter Island from the last millennia that will help pave the way towards an integrated interdisciplinary vision of the island's environmental-ecological-cultural system as a complex functional unit. Human and environmental deterministic views are avoided and the Easter Island enigmas are analyzed under a holistic perspective of continuous feedbacks and synergies among the different components of the system.
Coping Mechanisms for Climate Change in Peri-Urban Areas
This book discusses the dynamics and resource management qualities of the peri-urban interface to address climate change consequences, focusing on the peri-urban region of the global city of Bengalaru. In 5 chapters, the authors document the unique challenges experienced in peri-urban areas, including soil-water vegetation dynamics, local and regional impacts on water bodies (surface and groundwater), food production issues, and the inhibited adaptive capacity of local communities. The book also provides knowledge on implementations of environmental management by local institutions, government interventions that have acted as catalysts in promoting community based adaptation strategies, and the physical, social and economic aspects of rural-urban dynamics. The book not only adds to the scarce existing literature on peri-urban contexts, but also addresses the role of culture in protecting ecological landscapes and how traditions play an important role in coping with climate change. Furthermore, the authors expand on these climate change coping mechanisms in peri-urban areas, taking into account local cultural factors and interesting governance interventions in the context of health. The book will be of interest to planners, policy makers, and students and researchers engaged in rural-urban dynamics and climate change adaptation.
Resilience, Response, and Risk in Water SystemsShifting Management and Natural Forcings Pa
Section 1: Water Resilience: Vulnerability and Responsei. Problem, perspective and challenges of water monitoringii. Water resilience to natural and human disastersiii. Food-Energy-Water-Ecosystem Services Nexusiv. Water supply, urbanization and climate changev. Integrative risk assessment and water management Section 2: Data science and engineering for water systemvi. Water Data: modeling, uncertainty, and securityvii. Standardization, Interoperability, and data sharingviii. Analytics in Water Resourceix. Visualization and synthesis of the multi-dimensional water systemx. Water Indices: specification, criteria and application Section 3: Innovation in operational water managementxi. Engineering water supply for conservation, resiliency, and sustainabilityxii. Water quality treatments and natural remediation of water contaminantsxiii. Shifts and trends of water quality analysesxiv. Paradigms of life cycle, vulnerability and cost benefit analyses for waterxv. Modeling human behavior and decision making Section 4: Policy and Mitigationxvi. Bridging water quality and quantity for adaptive managementxvii. Preparedness and awareness in sanitization for health and prosperityxviii. Science, sense and sensibility for water quality mitigation and policy makingxix. Collaborations and conflicting interest across government and interstate conflictsxx. Language of water science: common ground for scientist, stake holders and managers
Influence of the Sea Surface Temperature Decadal Variability on Tropical Precipitation: West African and South American Monsoon
In this book the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) patterns of decadal-to-multidecadal variability observed and simulated by 17 general circulation models (GCMs) are analyzed. Furthermore, their impact on precipitation in West Africa and South America and the atmospheric mechanisms involved are assessed. Through this analysis, the effect of external forcings on these impacts and the relative contribution of decadal-to-multidecadal variability patterns of SST to precipitation are presented in depth. Finally, a humid period in the West African region of the Sahel during the 19th century, previously little documented, is analyzed using an atmospheric GCM.The monsoons of West Africa and South America have shown changes in the timescales of a few decades. Previous work suggests a relationship with patterns of decadal-to-multidecadal variability of SST, such as global warming and the Atlantic and Pacific variability. However, the dynamics underlying this relationship and its simulation by current GCMs had not been addressed in a consistent manner. This is the main motivation of this book. The results of this book not only represent a great step forward in our understanding of the changes in the precipitation regimes of the studied regions, but they can also be of great help for the improvement of decadal prediction systems and the associated social consequences.
Microcosm Manual for Environmental Impact Risk Assessment
Introduces N-system microcosm as a whole Presents how N-system microcosm can be used as a stable and high reproductive method for aquatic ecosystem risk assessment Provides standardization in creating the microbial ecosystem, enabled it to be used as model ecosystem testing method for multiple-species testing
The Mar Chiquita Salt Lake (C籀rdoba, Argentina)TheMar Chiquita Salt Lake (C籀rdoba, Argentina)Ecology and Conservation of the Largest Salt Lake in South America
This book provides a comprehensive, updated syntheses of all the information available on Mar Chiquita, covering various aspects of the geography, geological history, biology and ecology of the site, as well as a detailed analysis of the current land-use patterns, environmental threats, and conservation issues. Mar Chiquita, located in the province of Cordoba, Argentina, is a protected wilderness area that includes South America's largest saline lake and wetland. It has a very rich bird biodiversity, including three of the six species of flamingos that exist in the world, and high numbers of intercontinental migratory shorebirds. For this reason, the area has been declared an International Site by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, and also a Site of Hemispheric Importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserves Network. Largely unknown until very recently, particularly in terms of the English literature, the site is rapidly gaining international visibility, not only in terms of scientific research, but also as site of interest for the nature lovers around the globe. Written in a language accessible to the non-specialists, the book focuses on integrating the dynamic, functional processes in the ecosystem, while at the same time providing the necessary descriptive information. Accordingly, it is of interest to scientists from diverse disciplines interested in saline wetlands, as well as to students, managers, and the general public.
Design of Novel Biosensors for Optical Sensing and Their Applications in Environmental Analysis
Introduction.- A fluorescent biosensor for copper ion detection.- Pyoverdine as a bio-recognition element to develop biosensor for the detection of furazolidone.- 27An ultrasensitive colorimetric biosensor for copper ion detection.- A carboxylesterase E2 based biosensor to simultaneously remediate and detect mercury ions.- A near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent probe to selectively detect cysteine in mitochondria for indicating oxidative stress in vivo.- Conclusions.
Green Photocatalysts
This book presents advanced photocatalytic technologies for wastewater treatment. The fabrication, surface modification, roles and mechanisms of green catalysts are detailed. The catalysts include nanostructured catalysts, semiconductors, metal and non-metal doped catalysts, surface plasmon materials, graphene oxide-based materials, polymer-based composite materials, heterogenous type I and type II catalysts.
Sustainable Solutions for Urban Water SecurityInnovative Studies
Explores in detail new paradigms of urban water security in changing context Presents a wide range of sustainable solutions to address the water scarcity problem, including localized sustainable solutions, innovations, computer models and simulations, capacity building, stakeholder analysis, and sustainable solutions case studiesOffers an analysis of the potential of the role of recent innovations such as frugal innovation, smart water, etc. Offers an analysis of the potential of the role of space technology and the latest water related techniques for water security
Industrial Solid Waste Recycling in Western China
Combines for the first time the up-to-date research developments and practical cases of industrial solid waste recycling in China's western regionsProvides abundant information on massive solid wastes such as fly ash, magnesium slag, manganese slag, acid sludge of lead and zinc metallurgy Based on the authors' research experience and includes the original research results which have not been disseminated before
The Un Sustainable Development Goals for the Textile and Fashion IndustryTheUn Sustainable Development Goals for the Textile and Fashion Industry
This book highlights the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These universally agreed-upon aspirational goals for people, the planet, prosperity, and peace will not be achieved without all global and local actors - governments, the private sector, and civil society - playing their part. The SDGs offer a unique opportunity to align existing sustainability initiatives through a common framework and accelerate the industry's efforts to address important challenges in the global textile value chain. Future sourcing models will largely be redefined by how this sector addresses the underlying themes as sourcing countries prioritize the goals and integrate them into their national plans. Stimulating discussion and exploring the many different ways in which the textile and clothing industry can implement the UN SDGs, this informative book provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the topic, and presents various approaches, including reflexive, empirical, hands-on or applied theoretical.
Gut Remediation of Environmental PollutantsPotential Roles of Probiotics and Gut Microbiot
Chapter 1: Gut microbiotaSummary: The gut is a huge complex ecosystem where microbiota, nutrients, and host cells interact extensively, a process crucial for the gut homeostasis and host health. The gut microbiota has many functions including metabolic, barrier effect, and trophic functions. Hence, many diseases have been associated to impairment of the gut microbiota. This part provides in depth view of the close relationship between gut microbiota, health and disease.1.1Gut microbiota1.2Gut microbiota balance and health1.3Gut microbiota dysbiosis and diseaseChapter 2: Probiotics and gut microbiotaSummary: Probiotics, "live micro-organisms", when consumed in adequate amounts, positively modulate the gut microbiota to prevent or treat somediseases. This part gives the interaction between probiotics and gut microbiota contributing to host health.2.1Probiotics2.2Probiotics and gut microbiota2.3 Probiotics and healthChapter 3: Probiotics, gut microbiota and heavy metalsSummary: The accumulation of heavy metals disrupts the structure of gut microbiota, causing damage to organs such as liver and kidney. Probiotics effectively protect against heavy metals toxicity by facilitating heavy metals excretion and mediating gut microbiota.3.1Common heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Cu, MeHg)3.2Other representative metals (Al, Zn, Ni)Chapter 4: Probiotics, gut microbiota and pesticidesSummary: Various pesticides lead to adverse effects on human health, such as oxidative stress and metabolism disorder of the gut microbiota. Probiotics protect against pesticides-induced oxidative stress and downstream cellular damage by enzymatically degrading pesticides, reducing the absorption of pesticides and stimulating host's own immunity.4.1Organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon, glyphosate)4.2Organochlorine pesticides (pentachlorophenol, permethrin)4.3Other pesticides (imazalil, carbendazim)Chapter 5: Probiotics, gut microbiota and antibioticsSummary: Antibiotics kill a large number of gut microbiota without prejudice, and improve the resistance of pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium difficile. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile infection can be common following antibiotics treatment. Probiotics have been widely reported to reduce the risks of antibiotics-induced side effects.5.1Antibiotics and gut microbiota5.2Effect of probiotics on antibiotics associated diarrhoea5.3Effect of probiotics on Clostridium difficile infection5.4Potential protective mechanism of probioticsChapter 6: Probiotics, gut microbiota and other persistent organic pollutantsSummary: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons come from grilled or smoked meat and fish that is carcinogenic. The essential oil analogue has significant antimicrobial activity against gut microbiota, which causes abnormal metabolism of gut microbiota. However, probiotics can be used as an alternative method against mutagenesis caused by some persistent organic pollutants. Many food additives can be replaced by lactic acid bacteria.6.1Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene)6.2 Food additives (sweeteners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents)Chapter 7: Gut microbiota, probiotics and biological contaminantsSummary: Some pathogenic organisms can invade the gastrointestinal tract, compete for nutrients and release toxins. Meanwhile, they can inhibit the normal growth and metabolism of the host's native microbiota. Probiotic, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, has been reported to detoxify aflatoxin through modulate gut microbiota, fecal excretion in animals.
Municipal Landfill Leachate Management
This book is divided into seven chapters, which address various leachate landfill management issues such as the quality, quantity and management of municipal landfill leachate, together with new methods. There are many methods available for the treatment and management of municipal landfill leachate. The waste management methods presented here can be applied in most third-world countries, due to the lack of waste separation and high organic content of waste. The book provides descriptions and a hierarchy of waste management, reviews the history of solid waste disposal, and covers a range of topics, including: leachate and gas generation in landfills; natural attenuation landfills; landfill site selection; leachate and stormwater management, collection and treatment; landfill gas management; landfill cover requirements; leachate collection; types of natural treatment systems; and design procedure and considerations. In closing, it provides an overview of the current solid waste management status in Iran.
Tailings Dam Management for the Twenty-First CenturyWhat Mining Companies Need to Know and Do to Thrive in Our Complex World
This book presents a comprehensive approach to address the need to improve the design of tailings dams, their management and the regulation of tailings management facilities to reduce, and eventually eliminate, the risk of such facilities failing. The scope of the challenge is well documented in the report by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and GRID Arendal entitled "Mine Tailings Storage: Safety Is No Accident," which was released in October 2017. The report recommends that "Regulators, industry and communities should adopt a shared, zero-failure objective to tailings storage facilities..." and identifies several areas where further improvements are required. In this context, the application of cutting-edge risk-assessment methodologies and risk-management practices can contribute to a significant reduction and eventual elimination of dam failures through Risk Informed Decision Making. As such, the book focuses on identifying and describing the risk-assessment approaches and risk-management practices that need to be implemented in order to develop a way forward to achieve socially acceptable levels of tailings dam risk.
Sustainability on University Campuses: Learning, Skills Building and Best Practices
The implementation of sustainability initiatives on campuses is an essential component of promoting sustainability in the higher education context. In addition to reflecting an awareness of environmental issues, campus programmes demonstrate how seriously universities take sustainability at the institutional level.There is a lack of truly interdisciplinary publications that comprehensively address the issue of campus greening, and there is an even greater need for publications that do so at a truly international level. This book meets these needs. It is one of the outcomes of the "Second Symposium on Sustainability in University Campuses" (SSUC-2018), which was jointly organised by the University of Florence (Italy), Manchester Metropolitan University (UK), the Research and Transfer Centre "Sustainable Development and Climate Change Management" and the "European School of Sustainability Science and Research" at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (Germany), in cooperation with the Inter-University Sustainable Development Research Programme (IUSDRP).The book showcases examples of campus-based research and teaching projects, regenerative campus design, low-carbon and zero-carbon buildings, waste prevention, and resilient transport, among others. Ultimately, it demonstrates the role of campuses as platforms for transformative social learning and research, and explores the means by which university campuses can be made more sustainable.The aims of this publication are as follows: - to provide universities with essential information on campus greening and sustainable campus development initiatives from around the world;- to share ideas and lessons learned in the course of research, teaching and projects on campus greening and design, especially successful initiatives and good practice; and- to introduce methodological approaches and projects intended to integrate the topic of sustainable development in campus design and operations.This book gathers contributions from researchers and practitioners in the field of campus greening and sustainable development in the widest sense, from business and economics, to the arts, administration and the environment, and hailing from Europe, Latin America, North America and Asia.
