Nonlinear Waves
This book concentrates upon the study of mathematical models of nonlinear solitary waves known as solitons. As the name indicates, a soliton is a localized wave that travels without changing its shape, such as an ocean wave. An important feature of solitons is that they keep their shapes after collisions with other solitons. Interesting to anybody who wants to unearth the real sense and nature of solitary waves, and the relevant mathematical tools to use for effective investigation and analysis of these phenomena, the text focuses on numerical analysis of solitons. The integrability and multidimensionality of solitons is inextricably bound up with the approach of investigation and, as the more physical systems are not fully integrable, even in one dimension, numerical analysis is the main tool to investigate and understand the pertinent physical mechanisms.
Essential Semiconductor Laser Device Physics
The invention of the semiconductor laser along with silica glass fiber has enabled an incredible revolution in global communication infrastructure of direct benefit to all. Development of devices and system concepts that exploit the same fundamental light-matter interaction continues. Researchers and technologists are pursuing a broad range of emerging applications, everything from automobile collision avoidance to secure quantum key distribution. This book sets out to summarize key aspects of semiconductor laser device physics and principles of laser operation. It provides a convenient reference and essential knowledge to be understood before exploring more sophisticated device concepts. The contents serve as a foundation for scientists and engineers, without the need to invest in specialized detailed study. Supplementary material in the form of MATLAB(R) is available for numerically generated figures.
Non-Instantaneous Impulsive Differential Equations
Many real-life processes can be characterised by rapid changes in their state. Some of these changes begin impulsively and are not negligible. For changes such as these, mathematical models called non-instantaneous differential equations are created. These models give rise to a new, hybrid dynamical system that can be used for many different purposes. Using a variety of equations, examples and solutions, this book will be an essential guide for researchers, graduate students and those interested in applied mathematics and related fields.
Ahead of the Curve
The popular conception of science is of a steady, upward climb of progress. The reality is not that simple. Significant discoveries often stay unrecognized for decades, particularly if they conflict with the current paradigm or extend it in ways hard to imagine at the time. Ahead of the Curve: Hidden breakthroughs in the biosciences is a fascinating collection of lost research that the editors believe are important scientific contributions. The book highlights specific topics in biology including the roles of biophysical forces, mathematical descriptions of living systems, the importance of the no-treatment control, the fallacy of the lone pioneer, the power of light, and the cognitive aspects of biological systems with and without brains.
External Field and Radiation Stimulated Breast Cancer Nanotheranostics
Nano drug-delivery systems responding to cellular local stimuli, such as pH, temperature and reductive agent's activation, i.e. enzymes, could effectively provide passive-mode desirable release but fail in disease treatment following the biological rhythms of brain tumor. Undoubtedly, physical stimulation of functional hybrid nanostructures can release chemotherapeutic cargos more efficiently and could offer an alternative solution as on-demand breast-cancer theranostics. Moreover, remote physical triggering of these nanostructures are more advantageous in terms of improved therapeutics efficiency, spatial and temporal controllability over the chemically stimulated release, the lack of undesirable adverse effects and minimal cargo detachment during the in vivo delivery. This book is a compilation of research development lead by expert researchers and it establishes a single reference module. These novel multimodalities can be extremely potent in understanding cancer through real-time observation of drug delivery, release and activity for non-conventional breast-cancer therapies. In this scenario, the text directly addresses, for the first time, all translational aspects and clinical perspectives of physically stimulated breast-cancer nanotheranostics from a wide-ranging and multidisciplinary perception providing unrivalled and comprehensive knowledge in the field.
Lens Design
Lens Design: Automatic and quasi-autonomous computational methods and techniques is the first book that interactively describes the newest lens design tools. Detailing design methods for a variety of lens forms, this book shows that fixed focus and zoom lenses can be optimized, starting from plane-parallel surfaces, in a brief time on a modern fast PC compared with traditional tools that require many days or weeks of tedious work. Loaded with tips and ideas resulting from more than 50 years of experience, the reader will improve their lens design skill. Experienced and aspiring lens designers who master the power of the tools, methods, and principles taught in this book will be able to develop excellent designs now and in the future.
Creating the Molecules of Life
Creating the Molecules of Life discusses origins, including the Big Bang and the origin of the elements. With a complete presentation and explanation, this book provides evidence that the molecules of life are produced in outer space and how the SNAAP model purports to explain that origin. Extremophiles, which explain that evolution is robust enough to create life forms in a wide variety of conditions, are also presented. This book is suitable for those at the upper undergraduate level, with mathematics associated with coupling the nuclear spins to the molecular chirality. An accompanying appendix is provided to support mathematics.
Adventures with Lissajous Figures
Lissajous figures are produced by combining two oscillations at right angles to each other. The figures, drawn by mechanical devices called harmonographs, have scientific uses, but are also enjoyed for their own beauty. The author has been working with harmonographs since his undergraduate days, building several of them, lecturing on them and has written articles about them. This book is intended for people who enjoy physics or art or both. Certainly, physics professionals, both students and faculty members, will enjoy reading about an interesting byway of physics. The book is mainly designed for the reader who has some scientific literacy, but who may not be a scientist. If your mathematics is rusty, a preliminary section on mathematics supplies the necessary background for reading the rest of the book.
Special and General Relativity
This book provides a concise introduction to the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. The format has been chosen to provide the basis for a single semester course that can take the students all the way from the foundations of special relativity to the core results of general relativity: the Einstein equation, and the equations of motion for particles and light in curved spacetime. To facilitate access to the topics of special and general relativity for science and engineering students, without prior training in relativity or geometry, the relevant geometric notions are introduced and developed from the ground up. Students in physics, mathematics or engineering with an interest to learn Einstein's theories of relativity should be able to use this book already in the second semester of their third year. This text might also be used as the basis of a graduate-level introduction to relativity for students who did not learn relativity as part of their undergraduate training.
Extreme Solar Particle Storms
It is becoming increasingly clear that our modern technological society is vulnerable to the impacts of severe solar storms, as well as radiation, particle and geomagnetic disturbances. However, the potential severity of these extreme solar events and their probability of occurring are unknown. What can we expect from the Sun? What could the most severe solar particle storms look like? Does the Sun have an unlimited ability to produce severe storms? Can a destructive "black swan" event occur? Direct solar data covers only several decades, a period too short to answer these questions. Fortunately, other indirect ways to study these, possibly rare, extreme solar storms have been discovered, paving the way for analysis of these events on the multi-millennial timescale. At present, studies of extreme solar events are growing, forming a new research discipline. This book, written by leaders in the corresponding aspects of the field, presents a first systematic review of the current state of the art.
Radiation Dose Management of Pregnant Patients, Pregnant Staff and Paediatric Patients
X-ray diagnostic or interventional examinations are needed during pregnancy to provide information for significant medical problems and emergency situations. When this occurs, it is important to follow the right steps to minimize conceptus radiation dose. Occasionally, pregnant patients are also exposed accidentally to X-rays. These patients need different dose management in comparison with those exposed intentionally. Furthermore, proper dose management is needed for pregnant staff working with X-rays. Additionally, the dose management of paediatric patients undergoing radiology procedures requires special attention because children are especially vulnerable to X-rays. They have longer life expectancy to develop radiogenic health effects and they receive a higher radiation dose than necessary if the acquisition protocol is not adjusted to their small body size.This book reflects the broad advances that have been made in the field of medical dosimetry and medical radiation protection, and it provides information about the practical use of new information in radiation dose management of pregnant patients, pregnant staff and paediatric patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology. It is suitable for students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners interested in the fields of medical dosimetry, medical radiation protection and diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Physics of Cancer, 2nd Edition, Volume 2
In order to increase the healing opportunities of cancer, it is important to impair the dissemination and the spreading of cancer cells from the initial tumor and the formation of metastases in other organs or tissues of the human body. The underlying physical principles of these oncological processes are a major constituent of the research field highlighted in Physics of Cancer. This completely revised second edition of is improved linguistically with multiple increases of the number of figures and the inclusion of several novel chapters such as actin filaments during matrix invasion, microtubuli during migration and matrix invasion, nuclear deformability during migration and matrix invasion, and the active role of the tumor stroma in regulating cell invasion.
Matrix Models of String Theory
Beginning with a systematic review of the standard exposition of string theory, which is required for a proper understanding of matrix models of string theory, this book proceeds to provide a comprehensive presentation of matrix models of string theory and their areas of applications. Supplemented with exercises and an appendix on Monte Carlo algorithms and methods used for matrix models of string theory, this work provides both a valuable self-study guide for postgraduate students and a comprehensive review and reference guide for researchers.
Energy Density Functional Methods for Atomic Nuclei
In the past 20 years, energy density functional (EDF) approaches have become a powerful framework to study the structure and reactions of atomic nuclei. This book provides an updated presentation of non-relativistic and covariant energy functionals, single- and multi-reference methods, and techniques to describe small- and large-amplitude collective motion or nuclei at high excitation energy. Detailed derivations, practical approaches, examples and figures are used throughout the book to give a coherent narrative of topics that have hitherto rarely been covered together.
Solitons in Crystalline Processes (2nd Edition)
Solitons play a fundamental role in ordering processes in crystals, where the collective motion is essential for mesoscopic disorder in thermal equilibrium. The first edition of this book detailed the essential mechanism of structural changes where solitons play the fundamental role of boson statistics for irreversible thermodynamics in crystals; explaining the structural transformations and mesoscopic disorder, and the nonlinear mechanism of superconductivity. A major development and extension presented in this new edition is in the application of soliton theory to polymers and liquid crystals, in addition to capturing the theoretical developments and newer experimental results of soliton analysis in general. This updated text also emphasises the thermodynamics of soft modes, pseudospins and order variables for finite lattice displacements. Soliton statistics of the nonlinear order variables are also logically discussed. Written as an introductory treatise, with respect to the soliton concept in matter, with exercises provided, this book will help to further develop readers' understanding of the subject.
Statistical Mechanics
Essential Advanced Physics is a series comprising four parts: Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics. Each part consists of two volumes, Lecture notes and Problems with solutions, further supplemented by an additional collection of test problems and solutions available to qualifying university instructors. This volume is intended to be the basis for a one-semester course on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The structure of the course is mostly traditional though, due to the current interest in nanoscale systems and ultrasensitive physical measurements, large attention is given to classical and quantum fluctuations of various physical variables. A brief introduction to physics kinetics is also included.
Basic Surfaces and their Analysis
"God made solids, but surfaces were the work of the devil." This statement by Nobel prize winner Wolfgang Paul emphasizes the diabolic nature of surfaces. Since surface properties deviate significantly from the bulk solid state, surface studies can be puzzling, misleading, and quite exciting! This book is an introduction to the basics of surface science including thermodynamics, surface structure, experimental probes, spectroscopy, microscopy, and ion-scattering. Surfaces are the external border of materials to the external worlds, thus by exploring surfaces one can investigate the material. At a fundamental level, surfaces are of great interest as they can be considered as special defect of the bulk material. Introduction of the surface breaks an ideal periodicity in three dimensions leading to structural changes, and introduction of the new electronic and vibrational states. In the last few decades new and exciting surfaces properties have been explored in nanomaterials, low-dimensional structures in electronic and photonic devices, and other numerous applications.
Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics
Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics provides a fascinating overview of meteoroid atmospheric entry and covers meteoroid observations in outer space; the description of the chemical-physical phenomena during atmospheric entry; recovery of the meteor on the Earth's surface and meteorite chemical analysis. The book, based on the lectures given during the HyMEP course held in Erice in 2017, is addressed to students and researchers with an interest in plasma chemistry, astrophysics and aerospace engineering. It offers a comprehensive overview of the present status of the investigation on meteoroid entry physics while merging the knowledge of astrophysicists and the aerospace engineering communities.
Airborne Radioactive Discharges and Human Health Effects
Nuclear new build provides major opportunities for the nuclear supply chain and skilled workforce across the UK and abroad. However, the scale of the nuclear new build ambitions, coupled with increasing demand throughout the nuclear fuel cycle and the high average age of the existing qualified and experienced workforce, has heightened concerns of further skills gaps. One of the key skills gaps relates to the field of radiological protection, in particular modelling and measuring doses accrued by members of the public under both normal operational discharges and accident scenarios. This book provides an essential introduction to the basic principles of radiation protection and aerosol physics, along with an appreciation of its application to the international and UK regulatory framework. The text also discusses specific difficulties with the monitoring and the health detriment associated with the more mobile and problematic radionuclides such as tritium.
Statistical Mechanics
Essential Advanced Physics is a series comprising four parts: Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics. Each part consists of two volumes, Lecture notes and Problems with solutions, further supplemented by an additional collection of test problems and solutions available to qualifying university instructors. This volume contains detailed model solutions to the exercise problems formulated in the companion Lecture notes volume. In many cases, the solutions include result discussions that enhance the lecture material. For readers' convenience, the problem assignments are reproduced in this volume.
Gas-Phase Chemistry in Space
Gas-Phase Chemistry in Space: From elementary particles to complex organic molecules is written by a collection of experts in the field of astrochemistry. The book introduces essential concepts that govern the formation, excitation and destruction of molecules at postgraduate and research levels. A broad range of topics are covered; from early universe chemistry and stellar nucleosynthesis, to the study of bimolecular reaction kinetics. Detailed description of the gas-phase process is provided and recent examples of the interplay between observational and laboratory astrophysics are examined. Using more than 100 figures, as well as examples, this work reveals, in detail, both theoretical and experimental perspectives that can be implemented in future discoveries.
The Most Interesting Galaxies in the Universe
Prior to the 1920s it was generally thought, with a few exceptions, that our galaxy, the Milky Way, was the entire universe. Based on the work of Henrietta Leavitt with Cepheid variables, astronomer Edwin Hubble was able to determine that the Andromeda Galaxy and others had to lie outside our own. Moreover, based on the work of Vesto Slipher, involving the redshifts of these galaxies, Hubble was able to determine that the universe was not static, as had been previously thought, but expanding. The number of galaxies has also been expanding, with estimates varying from 100 billion to 2 trillion. While every galaxy in the universe is interesting just by its very fact of being, the author has selected 60 of those that possess some unusual qualities that make them of particular interest. These galaxies have complex evolutionary histories, with some having supermassive black holes at their core, others are powerful radio sources, a very few are relatively nearby and even visible to the naked eye, whereas the light from one recent discovery has been travelling for the past 13.4 billion years, and from a time when the universe was in its infancy. And despite the vastness of the universe, some galaxies are colliding with others, embraced in a graceful gravitational dance. Indeed, as the Andromeda Galaxy is heading towards us, a similar fate awaits our Milky Way. When looking at a modern image of a galaxy, one is in awe at the shear wondrous nature of such a magnificent creation, with its boundless secrets that it is keeping from us, its endless possibilities for harboring alien civilizations, and we remain left with the ultimate knowledge that we are connected to its glory.
Pyramids of the Great Architect of the Universe
The Book Is Unique of Its Kind and Has No Analog In The World. The first edition of this book is an introduction to the pyramid ciphers. The book starts with a general history of the pyramids, and then the book goes over the ciphers of pyramids proposed by the author and the general astronomy. Overall, the book is unique of its kind and is inspired by the passage from the Holy Bible in the New Testament, "...the keys of the kingdom of heaven" Matthew 16:19. The book highlights the following: The pyramid is not a sepulcher of Pharaoh and the purpose of its construction was not on this plane.Pyramid architectural parameters are of no importance from a cryptographic point of view.The cipher essence is hidden in the pyramid's geometric form.The principal model of ciphering was established, formed of 365 small pyramids and 14 levels.The Bible had an immediate relation to the cipher, being simultaneously both part and clue to its decoding.The numbers 365 and 14 are one of the mathematical cryptogram decoding keys.
A History of the Universe in 21 Stars
Expert science writer Giles Sparrow guides you through 21 stars you can see in the night sky and what they can teach us about our universe. On a clear evening, if you look up you can see thousands of stars shining in the dark sky, each with a story of their own. Taking 21 stars (and three imposters, that cheekily aren't technically stars), expert science writer Giles Sparrow offers a complete introduction to what is happening up in the night sky. Sparrow draws 'star maps' to help you easily identify the celestial bodies and then explains (for anyone not an astronomer themselves) what this particular pinprick of light can tell us about the birth, life and death of our universe. From red giants, quasars and supernovae to black holes, multiple stars and even our own Sun, this fascinating book tells the intriguing, inspiring and sometimes incredible story of how we came to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, and what we learnt along the way. So look up at the sky and marvel at its wonders with this exciting new book.
Multiscaled Pva Bionanocomposite Films
This book highlights a novel and holistic approach to multiscaled PVA bionanocomposite films used for electrical sensing, medical and packaging applications. With a combination of material characterization and modeling to understand the effect of nanoparticle size and shape, as well as 3D interphase properties and features such as interphase modulus and nanoscale dimensions, this book substantiates how excellent mechanical and thermal properties of these materials are achieved. Also it addresses the importance of using economical and ecofriendly bionanocomposites as potential green materials to support the goal of environmental sustainability with multifunctional properties.
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Hybrid Systems
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Hybrid Systems takes a practical approach to present characteristic features, planning and implementation aspects, and techno-economic issues of PHES. It discusses the importance of pumped hydro energy storage and its role in load balancing, peak load shaving, grid stability and hybrid energy systems deployment. The book analyses the architecture and process description of different kinds of PHES, both established and upcoming. Different case studies of pumped hydro energy storage are discussed as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different applications.An essential read for students, researchers and engineers interested in renewable energy, hydropower, and hybrid energy systems.
Energy Storage in Energy Markets
Energy Storage in Energy Markets reviews the modeling, design, analysis, optimization and impact of energy storage systems in energy markets in a way that is ideal for an audience of researchers and practitioners. The book provides deep insights on potential benefits and revenues, economic evaluation, investment challenges, risk analysis, technical requirements, and the impacts of energy storage integration. Heavily referenced and easily accessible to policymakers, developers, engineer, researchers and students alike, this comprehensive resource aims to fill the gap in the role of energy storage in pool/local energy/ancillary service markets and other multi-market commerce. Chapters elaborate on energy market fundamentals, operations, energy storage fundamentals, components, and the role and impact of storage systems on energy systems from different aspects, such as environmental, technical and economics, the role of storage devices in uncertainty handling in energy systems and their contributions in resiliency and reliability improvement.
Multifrequency Electromagnetic Data Interpretation for Subsurface Characterization
Multifrequency Electromagnetic Data Interpretation for Subsurface Characterization focuses on the development and application of electromagnetic measurement methodologies and their interpretation techniques for subsurface characterization. The book guides readers on how to characterize and understand materials using electromagnetic measurements, including dielectric permittivity, resistivity and conductivity measurements. This reference will be useful for subsurface engineers, petrophysicists, subsurface data analysts, geophysicists, hydrogeologists, and geoscientists who want to know how to develop tools and techniques of electromagnetic measurements and interpretation for subsurface characterization.
Modelling, Operation and Analysis of DC Grids
Modeling, Operation, and Analysis of DC Grids presents a unified vision of direct current grids with their core analysis techniques, uniting power electronics, power systems, and multiple scales of applications. Part one presents high power applications such as HVDC transmission for wind energy, faults and protections in HVDC lines, stability analysis and inertia emulation. The second part addresses current applications in low voltage such as microgrids, power trains and aircraft applications. All chapters are self-contained with numerical and experimental analysis.
Embedded Digital Control with Microcontrollers
EMBEDDED DIGITAL CONTROL WITH MICROCONTROLLERS Explore a concise and practical introduction to implementation methods and the theory of digital control systems on microcontrollers Embedded Digital Control with Microcontrollers delivers expert instruction in digital control system implementation techniques on the widely used ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. The accomplished authors present the included information in three phases. First, they describe how to implement prototype digital control systems via the Python programming language in order to help the reader better understand theoretical digital control concepts. Second, the book offers readers direction on using the C programming language to implement digital control systems on actual microcontrollers. This will allow readers to solve real-life problems involving digital control, robotics, and mechatronics. Finally, readers will learn how to merge the theoretical and practical issues discussed in the book by implementing digital control systems in real-life applications. Throughout the book, the application of digital control systems using the Python programming language ensures the reader can apply the theory contained within. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the hardware used in the book, including STM32 Nucleo Development Boards and motor drive expansion boards An exploration of the software used in the book, including Python, MicroPython, and Mbed Practical discussions of digital control basics, including discrete-time signals, discrete-time systems, linear and time-invariant systems, and constant coefficient difference equations An examination of how to represent a continuous-time system in digital form, including analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion Perfect for undergraduate students in electrical engineering, Embedded Digital Control with Microcontrollers will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers and hobbyists working on digital control and robotics systems seeking a one-stop reference for digital control systems on microcontrollers.
Fluid Flow in Porous Media: Fundamentals and Applications
Processes of flow and displacement of multiphase fluids through porous media occur in many subsurface systems and have found wide applications in many scientific, technical, and engineering fields. This book focuses on the fundamental theory of fluid flow in porous media, covering fluid flow theory in classical and complex porous media, such as fractured porous media and physicochemical fluid flow theory. Key concepts are introduced concisely and derivations of equations are presented logically. Solutions of some practical problems are given so that the reader can understand how to apply these abstract equations to real world situations. The content has been extended to cover fluid flow in unconventional reservoirs. This book is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students as a textbook in petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology, soil sciences, and other related engineering fields.
Experimental Aerodynamics
This book presents experimental techniques in the field of aerodynamics, a discipline that is essential in numerous areas, such as the design of aerial and ground vehicles and engines, the production of energy, and understanding the wind resistance of buildings. Aerodynamics is not only concerned with improving the performance and comfort of vehicles, but also with reducing their environmental impact. The book provides updated information on the experimental and technical methods used by aerodynamicists, engineers and researchers. It describes the various types of wind tunnels - from subsonic to hypersonic - as well as the problems posed by their design and operation. The book also focuses on metrology, which has allowed us to gain a detailed understanding of the local properties of flows, and examines current developments toward creating a methodology combining experiments and numerical simulations: the computer-assisted wind tunnel. Lastly, it offersan overview of experimental aerodynamics based on a prospective vision of the discipline, and discusses potential futures challenges. The book can be used as a textbook for graduate courses in aerodynamics, typically offered to students of aerospace and mechanical engineering programs, and as a learning tool for professionals and engineers in the fields of aerodynamics, aeronautics and astronautics automobile.
Molecular Mechanisms of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Water Oxidation in Photosystem II
The book reviews photosynthetic water oxidation and proton-coupled electron transfer in photosystem, focusing on the molecular vibrations of amino acid residues and water molecules. Photosynthetic water oxidation performed by plants and cyanobacteria is essential for the sustenance of life on Earth, not only as an electron source for synthesizing sugars from CO2, but also as an O2 source in the atmosphere. Water oxidation takes place at the Mn4CaO5 cluster in photosystem II, where a series of electron transfer reactions coupled with proton transfer occur using light energy. The author addresses the unresolved mechanisms of photosynthetic water oxidation and relevant proton-coupled electron transfer reactions using a combined approach of experimental and computational methods such as Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The results show that protonation and hydrogen-bond structures of water molecules and amino acid residues in the protein play important roles in regulation of the electron and proton transfer reactions. These findings and the methodology make a significant contribution to our understanding the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation.
Fabrication and Physical Properties of Novel Two-Dimensional Crystal Materials Beyond Graphene: Germanene, Hafnene and Ptse2
This thesis reports on essential experimental work in the field of novel two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals beyond graphene. It especially describes three new 2D crystal materials, namely germanene, hafnene, and monolayer PtSe2 fabricated experimentally for the first time, using an ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy (UHV-MBE) system.Multiple characterization techniques, including scanning tunneling microscope (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), combined with theoretical studies reveal the materials' atomic and electronic structures, which allows the author to further investigate their physical properties and potential applications. In addition, a new epitaxial growth method for transition metal dichalcogenides involving direct selenization of metal supports is developed. These studies represent a significant step forward in expanding the family of2D crystal materials and exploring their application potentials in future nanotechnology and related areas.
Quantum F-Divergences in Von Neumann Algebras
1 Introduction.- 2 Standard f -Divergences.- 3 R矇nyi Divergences and Sandwiched R矇nyi Divergences.- 4 Maximal f -Divergences.- 5 Measured f -Divergences.- 6 Reversibility and Quantum Divergences.- 7 Reversibility and Measurements.- 8 Preservation of Maximal f -Divergences.- A Preliminaries on von Neumann Algebras.- B Preliminaries on Positive Self-Adjoint Operators.- C Operator Convex Functions on (0,1).- D Operator Connections of Normal Positive Functionals.
Scale Transitions as Foundations of Physics
The scale transitions are essential to physical knowledge. The book describes the history of essential moments of physics, viewed as necessary consequences of the unavoidable process of scale transition, and provides the mathematical techniques for the construction of a theoretical physics founded on scale transition. The indispensable mathematical technique is analyticity, helping in the construction of space coordinate systems. The indispensable theoretical technique from physical point of view is the affine theory of surfaces. The connection between the two techniques is provided by a duality in defining the physical properties.
Space-Time-Matter
This is a new publication of Hermann Weyl's book Space-Time-Matter, which was first published in German in 1919 and the English translation was published in 1922.What makes Weyl's book invaluable is that, in addition to his masterfully presented lectures on special and general relativity (starting with a helpful introduction to tensor analysis), he was the first (and essentially the only one so far) who tried to reconcile two seemingly unreconcilable facts - Minkowski's discovery (deduced from the failed experiments to detect absolute motion) of the spacetime structure of the world (that it is a static four-dimensional world containing en bloc the entire history of the perceived by us three-dimensional world) and the inter-subjective fact that we are aware of ourselves and the world only at one single moment of time - the present moment (the moment now) - which constantly changes. Weyl reached the conclusion that it is our consciousness (somehow "traveling" in the four-dimensional world along our worldlines) which creates our feeling that time flows. Unfortunately, Weyl's reconciliation of the above facts has not been rigorously examined so far; the apparent contradiction that the consciousness "travels" in the "frozen" four-dimensional world - spacetime - is not an excuse because Weyl had surely been aware of it and nevertheless "went public" with his proposed resolution.
Un Universo Dial矇ctico
Egresado de la Universidad Michoacana como pasante en Ciencias Fisico-Matem獺ticas.Algo que marc籀 mi vida fue la impartici籀n de la c獺tedra Fundamentos de la Ciencia en la Facultad de Filosof穩a en la misma Universidad, lo que me permiti籀 la visualizaci籀n de un universo diferente basado en el Materialismo Dial矇ctico.Con la aplicaci籀n de las tres leyes de la dial矇ctica se figura un universo discordante del universo del Big Bang, un universo dial矇ctico que crea toda la materia existente en el universo mediante solo dos part穩culas fundamentales, el positr籀n materia y elelectr籀n, regido todo el universo por las 繳nicas fuerzas fundamentales de la gravedad, las el矇ctricas y las magn矇ticas.
Heat-Induced Quasicrystal Formation in Vicinal Water. Quantum Coherence in Microtubules and the Phi Connectome
Scientific Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Physics - Quantum Physics, language: English, abstract: This paper proposes a mechanism producing quantum coherence in microtubules and questions, how this quantum coherence is scaled up to include the cerebral cortex. Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton in all cells. In neurons, they are thought to play a key role in consciousness. The Orch-OR theory of consciousness maintains that consciousness-qualia, the feeling of life itself-requires quantum processes, and that Turing machine algorithms, though capable of astonishing calculations, lack insight and understanding. "Insight" as G繹del's incompleteness argument suggests may not be demonstrable by an algorithmic process. Consciousness (Chalmer's explanatory gap) may depend on more than calculation. In the current consciousness paradigm, quantum coherent microtubules are considered the primary unit of "computation" rather than neurons and the synapses between neurons.
Unified Field Theory in a Nutshell1
The first successful field theory was created by the Scottish Physicist James Clerk Maxwell in the mid -19th century - the electromagnetic field theory. Then in the early 1900s, Einstein spent 30yrs of his life developing a unified field theory but all in vain. One limitation with Einstein's work was at first his rejection, and then his ignorance of quantum theory. Einstein was motivated by an intellectual need to unify the forces of nature. He felt very strongly that all of nature must be described by a simple force field theory from which all other forces can be deduced. In principle, if one had the formula of a Unified field theory at hand, it would be possible to derive every other natural law from them, including all the laws of physics, chemistry, even molecular biology. Without the use of the mathematics of the standard model and the notions of Einstein's general relativity theory, we postulate a single force field equation from which all other physics laws are derived.
The Night Sky Month by Month
Learn how to observe and navigate the night sky with this guide to stargazing for beginners!The dazzling reference book shines bright with crystal-clear charts of the planets, stars and constellations in both the northern and southern hemispheres for each month of the year! It's perfect for anyone interested in stargazing and astronomy. This unique astronomy book explains and demystifies the changing night sky. It includes: - Illustrated overviews that introduce each month with a guide to the main attractions, like bright stars, prominent constellations and meteor showers. - An introduction explains what the universe is, our place within it, how it appears to us in the night sky and how our view of it changes with time and place. - Each illustrated overview features a planet locator, showing the position of the planets during the month introduced. - Charts that show the positions of all stars visible to the naked eye in even the darkest skies. Discover a complete year-round atlas of the night sky! Filled with easy-to-use star charts showing the constellations, alongside specially commissioned artworks and photography, this space book has everything the budding astronomer needs to understand the night sky. You'll learn how to recognize different kinds of objects and see how they move through the sky over the course of the night and the year. Whether you're new to astronomy or a seasoned stargazer, The Night Sky Month by Month enables everyone to be awed by stargazing. It covers skywatching without any equipment at all, as well as with the use of binoculars and telescopes. Plus, the newly updated edition features an astronomy calendar detailing the annual and one-off celestial events for the decade ahead, ensuring you'll never miss a visible planet or solar eclipse again. It's the perfect gift for amateur astronomers.
The Everyday Physics of Hearing and Vision (Second Edition)
This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.The ears and eyes are examined in their physical form in humans as well as in other members of the animal kingdom to show differences in how each receive information from the same waves and how hearing and vision may have evolved in humans. The book also discusses the perception of sound by examples such as sound intensity, decibels, and masking, while also covering the basis of music and resonance. Vision and the perception of light and colour are discussed at length including the psychology of colour perception and colour mixing.This second edition includes the latest developments in hearing and vision. New topics include hearing and vision aids, electron microscopy, the third eye (pineal body), vision and hearing gene therapies and new remote sensing techniques.Key Features Introduces the science behind vision and hearing, covering both the underlying biology and the technologies we increasingly use to augment and improve our senses Written in a straightforward and approachable style, making the content understandable and engaging for non-experts Includes extensive illustrations and diagrams
Fifty Year Almanac of Astronomical Events - 2021 to 2070
The Fifty Year Almanac of Astronomical Events: 2021 to 2070 is a catalog listing a wide range of solar system phenomena as seen from Earth. Each year gives a concise compendium of the most conspicuous and/or significant astronomical events involving the Sun, Moon and the planets. The astronomical events include the following. - solar and lunar eclipses - phases of the Moon - apogees and perigees of the Moon - Equinoxes and Solstices of Earth - aphelion and perihelion (Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus) - oppositions and conjunctions of the planets - elongations of Mercury and Venus - close conjunctions of the Moon with the planets and bright stars - close conjunctions of planets with bright stars and other planets - peak of major meteor showersThe date and time of each event is given in Greenwich Mean Time (= Coordinated Universal Time). With 200+ events each year, the Fifty Year Almanac includes over 10,200 astronomical events.
Machine Learning Kompakt
Dieses essential befasst sich mit Anwendungen des maschinellen Lernens in verschiedenen Bereichen der Naturwissenschaften. Es behandelt gel瓣ufige Strukturen und Algorithmen, um Daten mit den Techniken des maschinellen Lernens zu analysieren. Zun瓣chst werden Methoden eingef羹hrt, die an klassischen statistischen Analysen andocken und auf soliderem mathematischem Fundament stehen. Die Autoren machen mit den verschiedenen Strukturen f羹r k羹nstliche neuronale Netzwerke vertraut und zeigen die jeweiligen Anwendungsgebiete.
The Time-Force Imperative
Imagine time as the force driving existence, rather than just a procession of events. How can that concept enhance how we regard science, religion, philosophy, and our daily living? Review the possibilities presented in this book. Then you decide.Our tendency to initiate, define and measure causation dimensionally continues to obscure underlying reality. This book provides a simplified imperative of two concurrent integrated realms, one of unity where everything occurs, and one where the results of action in unity are displayed dimensionally. A duality of unity and dimension realms necessitates a corresponding duality of time. All four of our fundamental forces have time embedded within them. We cannot tell time except through one of these forces. Therefore, time must be their parent force. This book views time as the sole force facilitating phenomena, furnishing insights into our major scientific riddles and how to resolve them. These riddles includes the resistance to unification of forces as part of a theory of everything, and the incongruity between general relativity and quantum field theory. Time-force acknowledges an underlying universal intelligence as necessary to simplify existence into concepts anyone can grasp and discuss. Science has reached the point of over-complex explanations, and needs to be freed to engage in a holistic approach to describe existence.
Delay Controlled Partial Synchronization in Complex Networks
The focus of this thesis are synchronization phenomena in networks and their intrinsic control through time delay, which is ubiquitous in real-world systems ranging from physics and acoustics to neuroscience and engineering. We encounter synchronization everywhere and it can be either a helpful or a detrimental mechanism. In the first part, after a survey of complex nonlinear systems and networks, we show that a seemingly simple system of two organ pipes gives birth to complex bifurcation and synchronization scenarios. Going from a 2-oscillator system to a ring of oscillators, we encounter the intriguing phenomenon of chimera states which are partial synchrony patterns with coexisting domains of synchronized and desynchronized dynamics. For more than a decade scientist have tried to solve the puzzle of this spontaneous symmetry-breaking emerging in networks of identical elements. We provide an analysis of initial conditions and extend our model by the addition of time delay and fractal connectivities. In the second part, we investigate partial synchronization patterns in a neuronal network and explain dynamical asymmetry arising from the hemispheric structure of the human brain. A particular focus is on the novel scenario of partial relay synchronization in multiplex networks. Such networks allow for synchronization of the coherent domains of chimera states via a remote layer, whereas the incoherent domains remain desynchronized. The theoretical framework is demonstrated with different generic models.
A New Kind of Science
NOW IN PAPERBACK"€"Starting from a collection of simple computer experiments"€"illustrated in the book by striking computer graphics"€"Stephen Wolfram shows how their unexpected results force a whole new way of looking at the operation of our universe.
Essential Pre-University Physics and Developing Problem Solving Skills
Isaac is a Department for Education project at the University of Cambridge that develops understanding and confidence through problem solving in the physical sciences, by combining accessible and concise print resources with a state of the art online study tool. This book is a co-publication between Periphyseos Press/Isaac and Cambridge University Press. 2 books in 1: ESSENTIAL PRE-UNIVERSITY PHYSICS helps you master the concepts of physics in pre-university courses (including A Level, IAL, IB and the AICE Diploma). Use the skill sheets to practise applying fundamental principles of physics to a range of situations, beginning with manipulating the essential equations. DEVELOPING PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS builds the problem solving fluency needed for physics and engineering at university. All problems can be answered on the Isaac online platform. Registration is free and gives both students and teachers personalised support through a sophisticated online marking system for all problems and a section-by-section archive of video lessons.
