Ultrafast Lasers
This textbook presents a comprehensive introduction to ultrafast laser physics with a keen awareness of the needs of graduate students. It is self-contained and ready to use for both ultrafast laser courses and background for experimental investigation in the lab. The book starts with an advanced introduction to linear and nonlinear pulse propagation, details Q-switching and modelocking and goes into detail while explaining ultrashort pulse generation and measurement. Finally, the characterization of the laser signals is illustrated, and a broad range of applications presented. A multitude of worked examples and problems with solutions help to deepen the reader's understanding.
Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar
Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar A detailed introduction to voltage-enhanced processing of carbonaceous materials While there are many well-established biomass processing techniques that are suitable for a variety of different situations, the utilization of voltage-driven techniques for the processing of biomass and biochar has been shown to have advantages for certain applications. Specifically, the field of thermal plasma gasification--where plasma provides the conversion energy--is relied upon in certain commercial equipment that is already available on the market. Crucially, however, the field of non-thermal plasma pyrolysis and gasification--chemical reactions are intensified by the presence of the plasma discharge--is still a developing subject with a great scope for innovation in research and development. A timely book considering its potential applications in a greener market, Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar helpfully provides a detailed description of voltage-enhanced processing of carbonaceous materials. The book explains aspects of this processing method in thermal and non-thermal plasmas, as well as describing the effects of Joule heating as part of the temperature distribution and conversion rate. In many ways, this book presents a detailed description of different processes and plasma discharges currently available, with the provision of experimental and simulation results gathered over years of research and development. Importantly, it also offers many methods by which we can be environmentally friendly when working with biomass and biochar. Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar readers will also find: Simulation results of Joule heating of biomass, biochar, and pyrolytic graphite Descriptions of thermal plasma torches currently available in the market Accounts of the experimental results of conversion utilizing steam plasma Comparison of results against provided numerical models that predict synthesis gas composition under the presence of thermal plasma discharge Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar is a useful reference for researchers and practitioners working on applications of plasma for the conversion of biomass and biochar, as well as graduate students studying mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering.
Acoustics for Engineers
This textbook provides materials for an introductory course in Engineering Acoustics for students with a basic knowledge of mathematics. The contents are based on extensive teaching experience at the graduate level. Each of the 14 main chapters deals with a well-defined topic and represents the material for a two-hour lecture. The chapters alternate between more theoretical and more application-oriented concepts. The presentation is organized to be suitable for self-study as well.For this third edition, the complete text and many figures have been revised. Several current amendments take account of advancements in the field. Further, a completely new chapter has been added which presents approaches and solutions to all assigned exercise problems. The new chapter offers the opportunity to explore the underlying theoretical background in more detail. However, the study of the problems and their proposed solutions is no prerequisite for comprehending the material presented in the book's lecture part.
Making Sense of Statistical Mechanics
Many people, including physicists, are confused about what the Second Law of thermodynamics really means, about how it relates to the arrow of time, and about whether it can be derived from classical mechanics. They also wonder what entropy really is: Is it all about information? But, if so, then, what is its relation to fluxes of heat?One might ask similar questions about probabilities: Do they express subjective judgments by us, humans, or do they reflect facts about the world, i.e. frequencies. And what notion of probability is used in the natural sciences, in particular statistical mechanics?This book addresses all of these questions in the clear and pedagogical style for which the author is known. Although valuable as accompaniment to an undergraduate course on statistical mechanics or thermodynamics, it is not a standard course book. Instead it addresses both the essentials and the many subtle questions that are usually brushed under the carpet in such courses. As one of the most lucid accounts of the above questions, it provides enlightening reading for all those seeking answers, including students, lecturers, researchers and philosophers of science.
The Extra Mile
"In the United States, proposals for gasoline tax hikes have consistently met with broad-based congressional opposition. Although such taxes are a common and effective method of conserving energy in other industrialized nations, U.S. policy has traditionally relied on regulatory programs rather than fuel taxes to promote energy efficiency in automotive transportation. This book examines both the political causes and the economic effects of this idiosyncratic policy preference.Moderating the consumption and importation of oil has been an explicit goal of the United States over the past twenty years. Pietro S. Nivola and Robert W. Crandall argue that a higher levy on gasoline would be a more efficient way of achieving this goal than current automotive fuel economy standards. In fact, they find that an additional excise of less than twenty-five cents per gallon over the past dozen years would have conserved more oil than has the existing policy of administering gas mileage requirements for new passenger vehicles. And such a tax, they maintain, would not be as detrimental to the economy as opponents fear, nor as regressive as they claim.Why, then, is there such a strong national resistance to a fuel tax in the United States? And why is there less resistance in other countries? The authors examine the development of motor-fuel excises in Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Canada, and explain the historical and political factors that have led to different national policy orientations.Turning their attention back to the United States, Nivola and Crandall show how regulatory measures have fallen short of their goal and why political barriers to bolder taxation of gasoline remain formidable. They conclude by offering suggestions for new directions in U.S. energy policy at the federal, state, and local level."
Numerical schemes for multi-species BGK equations based on a variational procedure
Many applications require reliable numerical simulations of realistic set-ups e.g. plasma physics. This book gives a short introduction into kinetic models of gas mixtures describing the time evolution of rarefied gases and plasmas. Recently developed models are presented which extend existing literature by including more physical phenomena. We develop a numerical scheme for these more elaborated equations. The scheme is proven to maintain the physical properties of the models at the discrete level. We show several numerical test cases inspired by physical experiments.
State-Sum Models of Piecewise Linear Quantum Gravity
This book gives a description of state-sum quantum gravity models which are based on triangulations of a smooth spacetime manifold. It contains detailed descriptions of Regge quantum gravity, spin-foam models and spin-cube models. Some other similar models, like the dynamical triangulations models, are only briefly described, since the sum over the spacetime triangulations is outside the scope of this book.The book also contains a detailed description of the approach where the piecewise linear (PL) manifold corresponding to a smooth manifold triangulation is considered as the basic structure of the spacetime. Hence the PL structure is not an auxiliary tool used to define the gravitational path integral for a smooth spacetime, but it is taken as a physical property of the spacetime. Consequently, it is straightforward to construct a finite gravitational path integral. Another consequence is that the problems of determination of the classical limit and how to calculate the quantum corrections can be solved by using the effective action method. The smooth manifold limit problem is then replaced by the problem of a smooth manifold approximation for the effective action, which can be obtained by using the standard quantum field theory with a physical cutoff.Some physical effects of a PL spacetime quantum gravity theory are also described, one of which is that the cosmological constant spectrum contains the observed value.A short exposition of higher gauge theory is also given, which is a promising way to generalize a gauge symmetry by using the concept of a 2-group. A 2-group is a categorical generalization of a group, and by using this approach one can construct the spin-cube models of quantum gravity.
The New Solar Physics/H
Our concepts of the sun have been altered by four new developments--the discovery of apparent global solar oscillations, an unsettled and unsettling deficit of neutrinos from the center of the sun, a new elucidation of the role of solar wind, and some disturbing historical facts that shake old concepts of solar constancy and regularity.
Sonomyography
1 The exciting technology to use continuous signals detected in real-time.- 2 The measured quantities and their analysis such as muscle thickness.- 3 The assessment of dysfunctional muscles.
Solar-Terrestrial Relations
This books presents a brief review of modern concepts of the Sun-Earth problem and proposed physical mechanisms of solar-terrestrial relations (STR). This field covers a wide range of fundamental and actual applied problems of paramount importance (Space Weather, radiation hazard in space, functioning of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, heliobiology etc.). It is also closely tied with some general gnosiological problems.The author provides state-of-the-art information about existing problems and discusses different channels for extraterrestrial influences at the up-to-date level: electromagnetic waves and fields, total solar irradiance, solar wind, energetic solar particles, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic dust, etc. Some of the well-known and suggested STR effects and corresponding physical mechanisms are illustrated by several examples. In particular, a number of different external "signals" in observed changes of terrestrial climate and weather are considered. Especially, an expected impact of geophysical disturbances on the accuracy of some precise physical measurements and experiments is analysed. Due attention is paid to the heliobiological aspects of STR. Particular emphasis is on the multifactor nature of magneto-biological effect (MBE), its non-stationary and non-linear behaviour. The author also discusses main features of different physical mechanisms (electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation, triggers, rhythmic and resonances in solar-terrestrial systems) and their applicability to the Sun-Earth problem. The most of them are still needed in more sophisticated theoretical development and experimental confirmation. The main goals of interdisciplinary studies in this field are to determine partial impacts of solar-geomagnetic variability on the terrestrial environments and estimate (separate) relative contributions of different factors into various STR phenomena. The book is based on lectures given on advanced undergraduate leveland will also benefit newcomers (physicists and engineers) to the field.
Einstein Constraints and Ricci Flow
This book contains a self-consistent treatment of a geometric averaging technique, induced by the Ricci flow, that allows comparing a given (generalized) Einstein initial data set with another distinct Einstein initial data set, both supported on a given closed n-dimensional manifold. This is a case study where two vibrant areas of research in geometric analysis, Ricci flow and Einstein constraints theory, interact in a quite remarkable way. The interaction is of great relevance for applications in relativistic cosmology, allowing a mathematically rigorous approach to the initial data set averaging problem, at least when data sets are given on a closed space-like hypersurface. The book does not assume an a priori knowledge of Ricci flow theory, and considerable space is left for introducing the necessary techniques. These introductory parts gently evolve to a detailed discussion of the more advanced results concerning a Fourier-mode expansion and a sophisticated heat kernel representation of the Ricci flow, both of which are of independent interest in Ricci flow theory. This work is intended for advanced students in mathematical physics and researchers alike.
Measurement Across the Sciences
This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the framework, including operationalism, definitional uncertainty, and the relations between measurement and computation, and describes how the framework, operating as a shared concept system, supports understanding measurement's work in different domains, using examples in the physical and human sciences. This revised and expanded second edition features a new analysis of the analogies and the differences between the error/uncertainty-related approach adopted in physical measurement and the validity-related approach adopted in psychosocial measurement. In addition, it provides a better analysis and presentation of measurement scales, in particular about their relations with quantity units, and introduces the measurand identification/definition as a part of the "Hexagon Framework" along with new examples from the physical and psychosocial sciences. Researchers and academics across a wide range of disciplines including biological, physical, social, and behavioral scientists, as well as specialists in measurement and philosophy appreciate the work's fresh and provocative approach to the field at a time when sound measurements of complex scientific systems are increasingly essential to solving critical global problems.
Measurement Across the Sciences
This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the framework, including operationalism, definitional uncertainty, and the relations between measurement and computation, and describes how the framework, operating as a shared concept system, supports understanding measurement's work in different domains, using examples in the physical and human sciences. This revised and expanded second edition features a new analysis of the analogies and the differences between the error/uncertainty-related approach adopted in physical measurement and the validity-related approach adopted in psychosocial measurement. In addition, it provides a better analysis and presentation of measurement scales, in particular about their relations with quantity units, and introduces the measurand identification/definition as a part of the "Hexagon Framework" along with new examples from the physical and psychosocial sciences. Researchers and academics across a wide range of disciplines including biological, physical, social, and behavioral scientists, as well as specialists in measurement and philosophy appreciate the work's fresh and provocative approach to the field at a time when sound measurements of complex scientific systems are increasingly essential to solving critical global problems.
Nanotechnology and How it Works. Possible Ways to Use and Apply Nanotechnology
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2022 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, grade: 10.0, language: English, abstract: Nanoscience is the study of things that happen at the nanoscale. This means that different structures, devices, and systems must have one dimension that is 100 nanometers or smaller. There are many natural structures with a size of one or more nanometers. Nanotechnology could have a big effect on society and help people in many ways. Using nanomaterials could lead to the discovery of new ways to reduce pollution. On the other hand, these compounds could pose risks to human health that we don't know about yet. As long as the nanoparticles are attached to the carrier, there is no reason to think that they pose a greater risk to human health or the environment than materials that are bigger. Nanotechnology is different from other fields of technology because it can control things on a scale that is nanoscale. Nanotechnology has the potential to have a huge effect on society. Nanotechnology creates new materials that can do things at the nanoscale that no other materials can. The industries most open to nanotechnology are those that deal with information and communications, such as electronics and optoelectronics. People should be concerned about what happens to free nanoparticles that are made by nanotechnology and then released into the environment. Because of their size, shape, or make-up, these nanoparticles could be harmful to people. This is because they have properties that have never been seen before. If there is a chance that a completely new danger will be found, it is very important to look into the nature of the risk in great detail.
The Sky Eye
This book introduces the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), also known as the "The Sky Eye", one of the China's big science facilities. Using easy-to-understand language, the book covers the scientific background, construction process, achievements, and effects of FAST on the development of the national economy. With a large number of intuitive and vivid images and videos, the book presents basic information on FAST for general readers who are interested in astronomy.
Dynamically Coupled Rigid Body-Fluid Flow Systems
This book presents a unified study of dynamically coupled systems involving a rigid body and an ideal fluid flow from the perspective of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. It compiles theoretical investigations on the topic of dynamically coupled systems using a framework grounded in Kirchhoff's equations. The text achieves a balance between geometric mechanics, or the modern theories of reduction of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems, and classical fluid mechanics, with a special focus on the applications of these principles. Following an introduction to Kirchhoff's equations of motion, the book discusses several extensions of Kirchhoff's work, particularly related to vortices. It addresses the equations of motions of these systems and their Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations. The book is suitable to mathematicians, physicists and engineers with a background in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics and theoretical fluid mechanics. It includes a brief introductory overview of geometric mechanics in the appendix.
Systems with Persistent Memory
Introduction.- Preliminary Considerations and Examples.- Operators and Semigroups for Systems with Boundary Inputs.- The Heat Equation with Memory and its Controllability.- The Wave Equation with Memory and its Controllability.- The Stability of the Wave Equation with Persistent Memory.- Dynamical Algorithms for Identification Problems.- Final Miscellaneous Problems.
Mars: A Volcanic World
Chapter 1 - History of scientific studies and current views of Mars.- Chapter 2 - The formation of Mars and the origin of its volcanic provinces.- Chapter 3 - Petrologic evolution of Martian volcanism and clues from meteorites.- Chapter 4 - Volcanic eruptions on Mars, lava flow morphology, and thermodynamics.- Chapter 5 - Volcanic Channels and Volcanic Features on Mars.- Chapter 6 - General concepts on porous-media flow on Mars - thermal H2O-CO2-fers -.- Chapter 7 - Buried volcano-hydrothermal systems and minerals on Mars.- Chapter 8 - Explosive volcanism on Mars.- Chapter 9 - The origin and evolution of volcanism at Martian highland paterae: A review of the current state of knowledge.- Chapter 10 - Infrasound Propagation on Mars atmosphere.- Chapter 11 - Potential Futures in Human Habitation of Martian Lava Tubes.- Chapter 12 - Future perspectives of Mars after the latest studies.
Exact Space-Time Models of Gravitational Waves
The book is about exact space-time models of the gravitational fields produced by gravitational radiation. The authors' extensive work in the field is reviewed in order to stimulate the study of such models, that have been known for a long time, and to highlight interesting physical aspects of the existing models in some novel detail. There is an underlying simplicity to the gravitational radiation studied in this book. Apart from the basic assumption that the radiation has clearly identifiable wave fronts, the gravitational waves studied are directly analogous to electromagnetic waves. The book is meant for advanced students and researchers who have a knowledge of general relativity sufficient to carry out research in the field.
Great Mysteries in Astrophysics
This book explores the biggest gaps in current research of the universe. The text covers topics such as dark matter, dark energy, the Hubble constant/tension, deaths of massive stars, mysteries associated with black holes, neutron stars, and binary/ multiple systems. Written at a general and accessible level, each chapter also contains separate panel inserts with more technical explanations, as well as references for further details. As a highly useful reference book it provides a summary of where mysteries in the universe lie and exciting new avenues of future research. The text fills an important gap in current scientific literature and appeals to general audiences, astronomy students, and scientists in other disciplines. Key FeaturesAppeals to a broad audience on a topic that is universally interesting. Useful for a general audience, as well as students looking to choose a research field and scientist in other fields desiring a better handle on the sub-fields of astrophysics research. Invites the reader to ponder fundamental questions and engage in the pursuit of understanding our universe.
Intrinsic Time Geometrodynamics: At One with the Universe
A discourse on time, gravity, and the universe that takes the reader through the subtleties of time, the origin of the universe, and physical evolution in Einstein's theory and its extensions. Can time and causality remain fundamental when the classical ideal of spacetime becomes a concept of limited applicability in quantum gravity? A thorough exposition on the canonical framework of Einstein's theory and its extensions reveals the synergy between gravitation and the cosmic clock of our expanding universe that renders time concrete, physical, and comprehensible. In conjunction with a paradigm shift from four-covariance to just spatial diffeomorphism invariance, causal time-ordering of the quantum state of the universe and its evolution in cosmic time become meaningful. The quantum state of the universe is the embodiment of our shared past, present, and future. The advocated framework prompts natural extensions and improvements to Einstein's theory. A salient feature is the addition of a Cotton-York term to the physical Hamiltonian. Besides bringing improved ultraviolet convergence, this radically changes the solution to the initial data problem and the quantum origin of the universe. It lends support to the quantum beginning of the universe as an exact Chern-Simons Hartle-Hawking state that features Euclidean-Lorentzian instanton tunneling. A signature of this state is that it manifests, at the lowest order approximation, scale-invariant two-point correlation function for transverse-traceless quantum metric fluctuations. This initial quantum state also implies, at the level of expectation values, a low-entropy hot smooth Robertson-Walker beginning that is in accord with Penrose's Weyl Curvature Hypothesis. Consequently, the gravitational arrow of time of increasing spatial volume and the thermodynamic second law arrow of time of increasing entropy concur as our universe expands and ages.
The Art of the Cosmos
Hundreds of deep space missions since the 1960s have captured stunning photographs of the cosmos. Many of these scientific images can also be classified as art. This book highlights more than 100 examples, revealing the splendor of our universe. This book is a gallery of human accomplishment that celebrates the scientists and engineers who push civilization--including the ways that we produce and experience art--beyond the physical limits of our planet. The photographs, selected by Dr. Jim Bell, represent some of the finest examples of the art of deep space exploration, most of them involving high-tech robotic emissaries. The images are loosely organized by distance from the Earth, so that readers will slowly travel on a journey farther and farther away from home, ultimately voyaging out to vistas of the farthest-known places in the universe.
Machian Mond
Violation of the weak equivalence principle by mach inertia principle results modification of Newtonian dynamics with machian modified inertia so that milgrom model is deduced as an approximation and verification of machian modified inertia with mond paradigms is argued here. it is introduced here a new method in cosmology that the physics laws are correlated to the boundary conditions and it is not logical to integrate the inertia in the galaxies and cluster of the galaxies over the whole universe but thr inertia is bound limited integrated over the boundary of the system as a quasi universe and this machian Newtonian gravity does refute dark matter theory and ends to the modified gravity mystery.
World of Machines -An Introduction to Simple Machines for Young Scientists
World of Machines: An Introduction to Simple Machines for Young Scientists is an exploration of basic laws of physics, and the functions and uses of six simple machines.Students are introduced to simple fundamentals of matter, mass, density, inertia, force, the laws of motion, gravity, friction and work. They learn how machines reduce effort, then focus in on six simple machines: the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge and screw.Let's Do This! activities give students opportunities to test out basic physics concepts in the real world and to experiment with each simple machine. The result is a grounding in the uses of simple machines to reduce effort and make it possible to carry out tasks that would not be possible without them. This can be an empowering experience!What is a machine exactly?Did you know that a scientist would call a wheelbarrow a machine? How about a nail, a doorknob, a shovel or a bicycle?Are these machines?If you said, "yes," you're on your way because . . . machines are things that help make work easier!Want to know more about machines and how they work?Then you're ready to explore the World of Machines.
King Dethroned - A History of the Evolution of Astronomy from the Time of the Roman Empire Up to the Present Day
Debunking scientific theories with alternative hypotheses, this intriguing examination of the development of astronomy offers non-traditional approaches to history, from Ancient Rome through to the early twentieth century. Gerrard Hickson challenges widely accepted scientific principles with his own alternative theories, aiming to expose what he perceives as fundamental errors in the field of astronomy. Tracking the progress of astronomical thought from Nicolaus Copernicus to Albert Einstein, Hickson critiques the contributions of renowned figures, arguing that their groundbreaking discoveries are built upon flawed foundations. Beginning with a bold assertion that the commonly accepted distance from Earth to the sun--93 million miles--is incorrect, Hickson suggests that this purported error has led to a cascade of misunderstandings in our understanding of the cosmos. In the final chapters, he takes aim at Einstein's theories, particularly the Theory of Relativity, attempting to disprove them with his own evidence and logic. First published in 1922, Kings Dethroned is an intriguing read for those interested in alternative perspectives on astronomy and unorthodox theories on scientific history.
Asteroids And Nasa Dart Mission
Would it be possible for us to STOP an asteroid from colliding with Earth in the same way that the one that wiped out the dinosaurs did?The Double Asteroid Redirection Test that NASA is doing is tasked with answering this very question.Now that the world's first full-scale mission to test equipment for safeguarding Earth from possible asteroid crashes has successfully reached its objective, experts will be attentively monitoring the situation to determine whether or not the mission was successful. Here is what you will see in this book;What is DART?The DART SpacecraftEverything you need to know about NASA's DART missionNasa live stream asteroidA binary pair of space rocksThe Nasa Dart MissionThe Nasa Dart Threat Author has penned down the outcome of his research on the just concluded DART'S Mission, to purposely hit Asteroid in space.Why was this experiment carried out?What's the outcome of this experiment?Any side effects of this experiment? And other questions are perfectly responded to in this book: Asteroids and nasa Dart mission: First Ever Planetary Defense Test & A big step forward for humanity(Crashing of Nasa Dart Spacecraft into an Asteroid)Get a copy today and buy some for your space-science lovers too.
Infinite-Dimensional Dirac Operators and Supersymmetric Quantum Fields
1. Boson Fock Space and Bose Field.- 2. Fermion Fock Space and Fermi Field.- 3. Boson-Fermion Fock Space and Supersymmetric Quantum Fields.- 4. Applications to Models in Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theory.
Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
This textbook offers a detailed and uniquely self-contained presentation of quantum and gauge field theories. Writing from a modern perspective, the author begins with a discussion of advanced dynamics and special relativity before guiding students steadily through the fundamental principles of relativistic quantum mechanics and classical field theory. This foundation is then used to develop the full theoretical framework of quantum and gauge field theories. The introductory, opening half of the book allows it to be used for a variety of courses, from advanced undergraduate to graduate level, and students lacking a formal background in more elementary topics will benefit greatly from this approach. Williams provides full derivations wherever possible and adopts a pedagogical tone without sacrificing rigour. Worked examples are included throughout the text and end-of-chapter problems help students to reinforce key concepts. A fully worked solutions manual is available online for instructors.
Nano-Structured Photovoltaics
The book provides an in-depth and lucid presentation of the subject matter in an elegant, easy-to-understand writing style, starting from basic knowledge through principles of operation and fabrication of devices to advanced research level encompassing the recent breakthroughs and cutting-edge innovations.
Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma
Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark-gluon plasma. This hot soup of quarks and gluons is effectively an inescapable consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing search to verify the prediction experimentally and discusses the physical properties of this novel form of matter. It begins with an overview of the subject, followed by a discussion of experimental methods and results. The second half of the book covers hadronic matter in confined and deconfined form, and strangeness as a signature of the quark-gluon phase. It is ideal as an introduction for graduate students, as well as providing a valuable reference for researchers already working in this and related fields. This title, first published in 2002, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Quantum Chromodynamics at High Energy
Filling a gap in the current literature, this book is dedicated to high energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) including parton saturation and the color glass condensate (CGC). It presents groundbreaking progress on the subject and describes many problems at the forefront of research, bringing postgraduate students, theorists and interested experimentalists up to date with research in this field. The material is presented in a pedagogical way, with numerous examples and exercises. Discussion ranges from the quasi-classical McLerran-Venugopalan model to the linear BFKL and nonlinear BK/JIMWLK small-x evolution equations. The authors adopt both a theoretical and an experimental outlook, and present the physics of strong interactions in a universal way, making it useful for physicists from across high energy and nuclear physics, and applicable to processes studied at high energy accelerators around the world. This title, first published in 2012, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Principles of Magnetostatics
Magnetostatics, the mathematical theory that describes the forces and fields resulting from the steady flow of electrical currents, has a long history. By capturing the basic concepts, and building towards the computation of magnetic fields, this book is a self-contained discussion of the major subjects in magnetostatics. Overviews of Maxwell's equations, the Poisson equation, and boundary value problems pave the way for dealing with fields from transverse, axial and periodic magnetic arrangements and assemblies of permanent magnets. Examples from accelerator and beam physics give up-to-date context to the theory. Both complex contour integration and numerical techniques for calculating magnetic fields are discussed in detail with plentiful examples. Theoretical and practical information on carefully selected topics make this a one-stop reference for magnet designers, as well as for physics and electrical engineering undergraduate students. This title, first published in 2016, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Kinks and Domain Walls
Kinks and domain walls are the simplest kind of solitons and are invaluable for testing various ideas and for learning about non-perturbative aspects of field theories. They are the subject of research in essentially every branch of physics, ranging from condensed matter to cosmology. This book, first published in 2006, is an introduction to kinks and domain walls and their principal classical and quantum properties. The book examines classical solitons, building from examples in elementary systems to more complicated settings. The formation of solitons in phase transitions, their dynamics and their cosmological consequences are further discussed. The volume concludes with an explicit description of a few laboratory systems containing solitons. This text will be of interest to both graduate students and academic researchers in theoretical physics, particle physics, cosmology and condensed matter physics. This book has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
QCD as a Theory of Hadrons
This 2004 book provides a pedagogical introduction to the perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The text introduces the basic theory of QCD and its historical development, covering pre-QCD ideas of strong interactions such as the quark and parton models, the notion of colours and the S-matrix approach. The author then discusses gauge theory, techniques of dimensional regularization and renormalization, deep inelastic scattering and hard processes in hadron collisions, hadron jets and e+e- annihilations. Other topics include power corrections and the technologies of the Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov operating product expansion. The final parts of the book are devoted to modern non-perturbative approaches to QCD and the phenomenological aspects of QCD spectral sum rules. The book will be a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in high-energy particle and nuclear physics, both theoretical and experimental. This book has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Supersymmetry and String Theory
This text is an introduction to the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. The book focuses on three principal areas: supersymmetry, string theory, and astrophysics and cosmology. The chapters on supersymmetry introduce the basics of supersymmetry and its phenomenology, and cover dynamics, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, and electric-magnetic duality. The book then introduces general relativity and the big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cosmologies. The section on string theory discusses the spectra of known string theories, and the features of their interactions. Material added in the second edition includes the pivotal Higgs discovery and the results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. This book will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics, and cosmology. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Mathematics of Quantization and Quantum Fields
Unifying topics that are scattered throughout the literature, this book offers a definitive review of mathematical aspects of quantization and quantum field theory. It presents both basic and advanced topics of quantum field theory in a mathematically consistent way, focusing on canonical commutation and anti-commutation relations. It begins with a discussion of the mathematical structures underlying free bosonic or fermionic fields: tensors, algebras, Fock spaces, and CCR and CAR representations. Applications of these topics to physical problems are discussed in later chapters. Although most of the book is devoted to free quantum fields, it also contains an exposition of two important aspects of interacting fields: diagrammatics and the Euclidean approach to constructive quantum field theory. With its in-depth coverage, this text is essential reading for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and physics. This title, first published in 2013, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Gaseous Radiation Detectors
Widely used in high-energy and particle physics, gaseous radiation detectors are undergoing continuous development. The first part of this book provides a solid background for understanding the basic processes leading to the detection and tracking of charged particles, photons, and neutrons. Continuing then with the development of the multi-wire proportional chamber, the book describes the design and operation of successive generations of gas-based radiation detectors, as well as their use in experimental physics and other fields. Examples are provided of applications for complex events tracking, particle identification, and neutral radiation imaging. Limitations of the devices are discussed in detail. Including an extensive collection of data and references, this book is ideal for researchers and experimentalists in nuclear and particle physics. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
The Theory and Applications of Instanton Calculations
Instantons, or pseudoparticles, are solutions to the equations of motion in classical field theories on a Euclidean spacetime. Instantons are found everywhere in quantum theories as they have many applications in quantum tunnelling. Diverse physical phenomena may be described through quantum tunnelling, for example: the Josephson effect, the decay of meta-stable nuclear states, band formation in tight binding models of crystalline solids, the structure of the gauge theory vacuum, confinement in 2+1 dimensions, and the decay of superheated or supercooled phases. Drawing inspiration from Sidney Coleman's Erice lectures, this volume provides an accessible, detailed introduction to instanton methods, with many applications, making it a valuable resource for graduate students in many areas of physics, from condensed matter, particle and nuclear physics, to string theory. This title, first published in 2017, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Quantum Chromodynamics and the Pomeron
This volume describes the Pomeron, an object of crucial importance in very high energy particle physics. Starting with a general description of the Pomeron within the framework of Regge theory, the emergence of the Pomeron within scalar field theory is discussed, providing a natural foundation on which to develop the more realistic case of QCD. The reggeization of the gluon is demonstrated and used to build the Pomeron of perturbative QCD. The dynamical nature of the Pomeron and its role in small-x deep inelastic scattering and in diffractive scattering is also examined in detail. The volume concludes with a study of the colour dipole approach to high energy scattering and the explicit role of unitarity corrections. This book will be of interest to theoretical and experimental particle physicists, and applied mathematicians. First published in 1997, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Advanced Concepts in Particle and Field Theory
Uniting the usually distinct areas of particle physics and quantum field theory, gravity and general relativity, this expansive and comprehensive textbook of fundamental and theoretical physics describes the quest to consolidate the elementary particles that are the basic building blocks of nature. Designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students and abounding in worked examples and detailed derivations, as well as historical anecdotes and philosophical and methodological perspectives, this textbook provides students with a unified understanding of all matter at the fundamental level. Topics range from gauge principles, particle decay and scattering cross-sections, the Higgs mechanism and mass generation, to spacetime geometries and supersymmetry. By combining historically separate areas of study and presenting them in a logically consistent manner, students will appreciate the underlying similarities and conceptual connections across these fields. This title, first published in 2015, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Strong Interactions of Hadrons at High Energies
Vladimir Gribov was one of the founding fathers of high-energy elementary particle physics. This volume derives from a graduate lecture course he delivered in the 1970s. It provides graduate students and researchers with the opportunity to learn from the teaching of one of the twentieth century's greatest physicists. Its content is still deeply relevant to modern research, for example exploring properties of the relativistic theory of hadron interactions in a domain of peripheral collisions and large distances that quantum chromodynamics has barely approached. In guiding the reader step-by-step from the basics of quantum mechanics and relativistic kinematics to the most challenging problems of high-energy hadron interactions with simplifying models and physical analogies, it demonstrates general methods of addressing difficult problems in theoretical physics. Covering a combination of topics not treated elsewhere, this 2008 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters
Atomically precise metal nanocluster research has emerged as a new frontier. This book serves as an introduction to metal nanoclusters protected by ligands. The authors have summarized the synthesis principles and methods, the characterization methods and new physicochemical properties, and some potential applications. By pursuing atomic precision, such nanocluster materials provide unprecedented opportunities for establishing precise relationships between the atomic-level structures and the properties. The book should be accessible to senior undergraduate and graduate students, researchers in various fields (e.g., chemistry, physics, materials, biomedicine, and engineering), R&D scientists, and science policy makers.
Nonequilibrium Quantum Field Theory
Bringing together the key ideas from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and powerful methodology from quantum field theory, this 2008 book captures the essence of nonequilibrium quantum field theory. Beginning with the foundational aspects of the theory, the book presents important concepts and useful techniques, discusses issues of basic interest, and shows how thermal field, linear response, kinetic theories and hydrodynamics emerge. It also illustrates how these concepts are applied to research topics including nonequilibrium phase transitions, thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions, the nonequilibrium dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensation, and the generation of structures from quantum fluctuations in the early Universe. This self-contained book is a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in particle physics, gravitation, cosmology, atomic-optical and condensed matter physics. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Weak Scale Supersymmetry
Supersymmetric models of particle physics predict new superpartner matter states for each particle in the Standard Model. These superpartners will have wide ranging implications, from cosmology to observations at high energy accelerators, such as CERN's LHC. In this 2006 text, the authors develop the basic concepts of supersymmetry and show how it can be incorporated into a theoretical framework for describing unified theories of elementary particles. They develop the technical tools of supersymmetry using four-component spinor notation familiar to high energy experimentalists and phenomenologists. The text takes the reader from an abstract formalism to a straightforward recipe for writing supersymmetric gauge theories of particle physics, and ultimately to the calculations necessary for practical applications at colliders and in cosmology. This is a comprehensive, practical and accessible introduction to supersymmetry for experimental and phenomenological particle physicists and graduate students. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Electron Scattering for Nuclear and Nucleon Structure
The scattering of high-energy electrons from nuclear and nucleon targets provides a microscope for examining the structure of these tiny objects. The best evidence we have on what nuclei and nucleons actually look like comes from electron scattering. This 2001 book examines the motivation for electron scattering and develops the theoretical analysis of the process. It discusses our theoretical understanding of the underlying structure of nuclei and nucleons at appropriate levels of resolution and sophistication, and summarizes experimental electron scattering capabilities. Only a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed, making this a suitable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses. It will also provide a valuable summary and reference for researchers already working in electron scattering and other areas of nuclear and particle physics. This text has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics
This book brings together the most important topics in experimental particle physics in the late twentieth century to give a brief but balanced overview of the subject. The author begins by reviewing particle physics and discussing electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. He then goes on to discuss three nearly universal aspects of particle physics experiments: beams, targets, and fast electronics. The second part of the book treats in detail the properties of various types of particle detector, such as scintillation counters, Cerenkov counters, proportional chambers, drift chambers, sampling calorimeters, and specialized detectors. Wherever possible the author attempts to enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of performance. Finally, he discusses aspects of specific experiments, such as properties of triggers, types of measurement, spectrometers, and the integration of detectors into coherent systems. First published in 1986, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
