Bistatic Radar Cross Section Characterization of Complex Objects
The averaging is expected to improve the performance of the MBETs, but this is not always the case. The geometric complexity of the object determines which scattering mechanisms dominate the scattered field, and it is this characteristic which dictates the appropriateness of the MBET prediction. Both MBETs predict purely specular activity from the flat plate (simple object) fairly well for bistatic angles less than 30-40 degrees, but the dual specular scattering of Object C (minimally complex object) decreases MBET performance to bistatic angles of 15-20 degrees, and the specular/non-specular interactions of Object B (rigorously complex object) make the MBETs useful for bistatic angles of only 5-10 degrees. MBET predictions at larger bistatic angles tend to be lower than measured data for the minimally complex object and higher than measured for the rigorously complex object. The discrepancies are primarily due to the changing nature of the scattering centers as a function of bistatic angle. Geometries which support wide lobewidth specular reflections exhibit less variation in the nature/existence of the scattering centers than those who support specular and non-specular effects, thus leading to better correlation between MBET and measured RCS. Averaging improves MBET correlation noticeably for the specular reflection of the flat plate, minimally for Object C's dual specular reflections, and not at all for Object B's specular/non-specular signature. Kell's MBET is slightly better at predicting the amplitude of diffraction components from a simple shape, but neither has the advantage when predicting scattering from the complex objects. Kell's formula also requires a larger monostatic data set than Crispin's to predict the same angular extent of bistatic RCS and suffers from a degradation in angular resolution near the transmitter illumination angle.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Frequency Diverse Array Radar
Radar systems provide an important remote sensing capability, and are crucial to the layered sensing vision; a concept of operation that aims to apply the right number of the right types of sensors, in the right places, at the right times for superior battle space situational awareness. The layered sensing vision poses a range of technical challenges, including radar, that are yet to be addressed. To address the radar-specific design challenges, the research community responded with waveform diversity; a relatively new field of study which aims reduce the cost of remote sensing while improving performance. Early work suggests that the frequency diverse array radar may be able to perform several remote sensing missions simultaneously without sacrificing performance. With few techniques available for modeling and characterizing the frequency diverse array, this research aims to specify, validate and characterize a waveform diverse signal model that can be used to model a variety of traditional and contemporary radar configurations, including frequency diverse array radars. To meet the aim of the research, a generalized radar array signal model is specified. A representative hardware system is built to generate the arbitrary radar signals, then the measured and simulated signals are compared to validate the model. Using the generalized model, expressions for the average transmit signal power, angular resolution, and the ambiguity function are also derived. The range, velocity and direction-of-arrival measurement accuracies for a set of signal configurations are evaluated to determine whether the configuration improves fundamental measurement accuracy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Modeling and Evaluation of Recurring Infrastructure Maintenance Budget Determination Methods
The focus of this research is using system dynamics modeling to evaluate the impact of missed scheduled maintenance due to budgetary constraints. Missed maintenance cannot be made up and the benefit to the facility's serviceability is lost. The cumulative effect on an entire facility's life span is that it is unable to reach its designed life expectancy. Replacement construction costs are hundreds, thousands, or millions times more than the annual maintenance repair costs. Therefore, Air Force civil engineers must be capable of evaluating maintenance strategies in a dynamic environment to determine the budget strategy's prolonged effect on infrastructure serviceable life. The results of the evaluation demonstrate how five major categories of infrastructure maintenance budgets change infrastructure's serviceable life. The modeling process provides considerable insight into these budget methods that must be considered to determine what is best for the infrastructures serviceable life.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Low Probability of Intercept Waveforms via Intersymbol Dither Performance Under Multipath Conditions
This thesis examines the effects of multipath interference on Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) waveforms generated using intersymbol dither. This thesis expands on prior work by examining the effects of multipath interference on cooperative and non-cooperative receiver performance to assess the above method's effectiveness using a more realistic model of the physical transmission channel. The performance of a Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) cooperative equalizer and a Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) non-cooperative equalizer are examined. Simulation results suggest that it is possible for cooperative receivers to accurately demodulate a transmitted waveform in multipath conditions, while degrading non-cooperative receiver performance. Several randomly generated multipath channels exhibited extremely poor equalization results, indicating a level of algorithm sensitivity to multipath conditions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ambiguity Function Analysis and Direct-Path Signal Filtering of the Digital Audio Broadcast Waveform for Passive Coherent Location
This research presents an ambiguity function analysis of the digital audio broadcast (DAB) waveform and one signal detection approach based on signal space projection techniques that effectively filters the direct path signal from the receiver target channel. Currently, most Passive Coherent Location (PCL) research efforts are focused and based on frequency modulated (FM) radio broadcasts and analog television (TV) waveforms. One active area of PCL research includes the search for new waveforms of opportunity that can be exploited for PCL applications. As considered for this research, one possible waveform of opportunity is the European digital radio standard called DAB. For this research, the DAB performance is analyzed for application as a PCL waveform of opportunity. For this analysis, DAB ambiguity function calculations and ambiguity surface plots are created and evaluated.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fire Dynamics Tools (FDTs) Quantitative Fire Hazard Analysis Methods for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Fire Protection Inspection Program
The Yucca Mountain Review Plan provides guidance for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff to evaluate a U.S. Department of Energy license application for a geologic repository. It is not a regulation and does not impose regulatory requirements. The licensing criteria are contained in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 10, Part 63 (10 CFR Part 63), "Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in a Proposed Geologic Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada." The Secretary of Energy has recommended the Yucca Mountain site to the President for the development of a Yucca Mountain repository. The President has notified Congress that he considers the Yucca Mountain site qualified for application for a construction authorization for a repository. Nevada filed a notice of disapproval of the President's recommendation; however, Congress later approved the site recommendation. The U.S. Department of Energy may now submit a license application to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The principal purpose of the Yucca Mountain Review Plan is to ensure the quality, uniformity, and consistency of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff reviews of the license application and any requested amendments. The Yucca Mountain Review Plan has separate sections for reviews of general information, repository safety before permanent closure, repository safety after permanent closure, the research and development program to resolve safety questions, the performance confirmation program, and administrative and programmatic requirements. Each section addresses determining compliance with specific regulatory requirements from 10 CFR Part 63. The regulations and the Yucca Mountain Review Plan are risk-informed, performance-based to the extent practical.Draft Revision 2 of the Yucca Mountain Review Plan was made available for public comment in March 2002. This Final Revision 2 reflects revisions to address those comments, as appropriate.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Book Of Bridges
Explore the fascinating history and engineering of bridges in "A Book Of Bridges" by Walter Shaw Sparrow. This comprehensive volume delves into the design, construction, and significance of bridges throughout history. From ancient Roman aqueducts to modern marvels of engineering, the book examines the structural principles and aesthetic considerations that have shaped these vital transportation links.Learn about the materials, techniques, and challenges involved in building bridges across diverse landscapes and waterways. Discover the stories behind iconic bridges and the engineers who conceived and built them. With detailed illustrations and insightful commentary, "A Book Of Bridges" offers a captivating look at these essential structures and their enduring impact on society.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hyperspectral Imagery Target Detection Using Improved Anomaly Detection and Signature Matching Methods
This research extends the field of hyperspectral target detection by developing autonomous anomaly detection and signature matching methodologies that reduce false alarms relative to existing benchmark detectors. The proposed anomaly detection methodology adapts multivariate outlier detection algorithms for use with hyperspectral datasets containing thousands of high-dimensional spectral signatures. In so doing, the limitations of existing, non-robust anomaly detectors are identified, an autonomous clustering methodology is developed to divide an image into homogeneous background materials, and competing multivariate outlier detection methods are evaluated. To arrive at a final detection algorithm, robust parameter design methods are employed to determine parameter settings that achieve good detection performance over a range of hyperspectral images and targets. The final anomaly detection algorithm is tested against existing local and global anomaly detectors, and is shown to achieve superior detection accuracy when applied to a diverse set of hyperspectral images.The proposed signature matching methodology employs image-based atmospheric correction techniques in an automated process to transform a target reflectance signature library into a set of image signatures. This set of signatures is combined with an existing linear filter to form a target detector that is shown to perform as well or better relative to detectors that rely on complicated, information-intensive atmospheric correction schemes. The performance of the proposed methodology is assessed using a range of target materials in both woodland and desert hyperspectral scenes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Machinery's Reference Series, Issues 1-40
This comprehensive compilation, "Machinery's Reference Series, Issues 1-40," offers a wealth of practical information for engineers, machinists, and students in the mechanical and industrial fields. Covering a diverse range of topics related to machine design, toolmaking, and shop practice, this series provides essential knowledge and insights into the principles and applications of modern machinery. Originally published as individual pamphlets, these issues have been brought together in a single volume, allowing readers to access a vast collection of data, formulas, and procedures in a convenient and organized format. Whether you are a seasoned professional or just starting out, "Machinery's Reference Series" is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of machinery and its related technologies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Doppler-Only Multistatic Radar
In order to estimate the position and velocity of a target, most multistatic radar systems require multiple independent target measurements, such as angle-ofarrival, time-of-arrival, and Doppler information. Though inexpensive and reliable, Doppler-only systems have not been widely implemented due to the inherent nonlinear problem of determining a target's position and velocity from their measurements. We solve this problem. In particular, we first establish the lack of observability in the Doppler-only bistatic system, thereby demonstrating the need for multiple transmitters and/or receivers. Next, for a multistatic system with a sufficient number of transmitter-receiver pairs, we invoke classical optimization techniques, such as gradient-descent and Newton's method, to quickly and reliably find a numerical solution to the system of nonlinear Doppler equations. Finally, we indicate a best design for the transmitter-receiver constellation to be employed in the aforementioned optimization.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Simulating Wet Deposition of Radiocesium From the Chernobyl Accident
In response to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident of 1986, cesium-137 deposition was measured in Europe at sites equipped to do so. The resulting deposition dataset is uniquely applicable to atmospheric transport model validation. Most of the airborne Chernobyl cesium was wet deposited, i.e., either via interception by falling raindrops (below-cloud scavenging) or via absorption into cloud droplets destined to become raindrops (in-cloud scavenging). The model used in this work is the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport (HySPLIT) model developed at Air Resources Laboratory. A cloud base modification is tested and appears to slightly improve the accuracy of one HySPLIT simulation of daily Chernobyl cesium-137 deposition over the course of the accident at isolated European sites, and degrades the accuracy of another HySPLIT simulation of deposition in Germany and Austria accumulated in the month of April, 1986. Large uncertainties in the emission specifications, model precipitation fields, and deposition measurements prevent designating the results as conclusive, but most evidence points to improved performance within 500km of the emission source. Trial and error lessons learned from hundreds of preliminary model runs are documented, and the exact HySPLIT settings of successful and meaningful simulations are appended.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of Nonlinear Elastic Deformations for a Homogeneous Beam at Varying Tip Loads and Pitch Angles
The Princeton beam experiments of 1975 were performed in hopes of producing viable data for beam nonlinear elastic deformation models in hopes of improving helicopter main beam designs. The recorded data, specifically for homogeneous beams of 7075 aluminum, have been referenced as a baseline for the past thirty years to validate numerous computer models and theories in an effort to build beams capable of withstanding aeroelastic, static, and dynamic loading. The purpose of this study is to improve upon the data recorded in 1975 using newer technologies including a laser distance meter, digital inclinometer, and threedimensional traverse to test X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis and angular displacements for varying tip loads and pitch angles.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Efficient and Effective Implementation of the Trust System for Power Grid Compartmentalization
The goal of this research is to show in a simulated environment that security of the network can be strengthen by first fielding the trust system and second, by dividing a network into smaller clusters, called "domains", in order to isolate anomalies or intrusions detected. In order to show this, a mathematical model of the problem will be built and translated into a software tool that at the end will receive real-life-network data as input. This program uses real world power grid representative data, outputs a network configuration that has used the concepts described above of network compartmentalization and strategic placing of trust nodes. As a result, this new network configuration ensures safe day-to-day operations by minimizing the effects in case of an attack or equipment malfunction of the system by subdividing the network into domains. Each domain protected by a trust node(s) without violating timing constraints.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Meyer Nutating Engine
The purpose of this project was to develop a tool to model the performance of the Meyer nutating engine. A new type of internal combustion engine, this engine replaces the pistons with a nutating, or wobbling, disk. Contact between the disk and the engine walls create the chambers for compression and expansion. The disk's motion causes the volumes of these chambers to change, causing air intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust to take place. In the process of creating a program to do this, thermodynamic relationships were determined and incorporated into an Engineering Equation Solver computer model. This allows designers to see the performance of differently-sized engines at various engine speeds and altitudes. This model was verified against a MATLAB model, showing good agreement at mid range engine speeds and comparisons were made to current engines. The nutating engine showed significant weight savings over current engines of the same power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Construction and Testing of Broadband High Impedance Ground Places for Surface Mount Antennas
The purpose of this research was to design and build appropriate broadband high impedance ground planes for surface mount antennas. Broadband, low-profile antennas, such as spirals, log-periodics, and bow-ties, suffer substantially in gain and bandwidth performance when they are brought close to a conducting surface. Thus, when standard broadband antenna designs are conformally placed on vehicle bodies, they can no longer achieve the high data rates required by modern communication. A simple remedy for this has been to place an absorber lined cavity behind the antenna to preserve some bandwidth, at the expense of reduced gain. However, recently introduced high impedance ground planes have novel electromagnetic features that have been shown to improve conformal antenna performance without the detrimental effects of absorber losses. In this research, first, square patch ground planes for narrowband antennas were built and analyzed. Second, a log-periodic broadband antenna was analyzed with square and circular patch ground planes. Finally, two novel triangular-patch high impedance ground plane designs as a meta-substrate for a broadband bow-tie antenna were presented. Consequently, the high impedance ground plane provided a suitable platform for the bow-tie with removing the undesired effects of a regular metallic ground plane. Results indicated that the novel designs have better gain than the bow-tie in free space, and the bow-tie over a metallic surface.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior of a Titanium Alloy Ti-6AL-4V at Elevated Temperature
Fretting fatigue crack initiation in titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, at elevated temperature is investigated experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis. The temperature of this study is chosen to be 260 oC. Several specimens are tested at different stress levels to establish the life data (i.e. S-N relationship). The crack initiation location and the crack angle orientation along the contact surface are determined using scanning electron microscopy. Finite element analysis is used to obtain the stress states for the experimental conditions used during the fretting fatigue tests. These are then used to investigate several critical plane based multi-axial fatigue parameters. These parameters are evaluated based on their ability to predict the crack initiation location, crack orientation angle along the contact surface, and the number of cycles to fretting fatigue crack initiation. These predictions are compared with their experimental counterparts to characterize the role of normal and shear stresses on fretting fatigue crack initiation at elevated temperature. Also, plain and fretting fatigue data at room and elevated temperature are compared. From these comparisons, it can be concluded that 260 temperature does not have any detrimental effect on fretting fatigue crack initiation of Ti-6Al-4V when compared to that at room temperature. Further, fretting fatigue crack initiation mechanism in the tested titanium alloy appears to be governed by the shear stress on the critical plane. However, further work is needed to understand the role of both shear and normal stresses on the critical plane at elevated temperatures.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
C-17 Airdrop Simulation
We develop an object-oriented simulation that models the airdrop mission of the newest U.S. transport aircraft, the C-17 Globemaster III. The simulation, written in MODSIM III, is based on three basic object types: a C-17, a wake vortex, and a paratrooper. The aircraft object provides the required aerodynamic constants for simulating the wake vortices generated off each wing tip; the vortex object includes velocity field and decay models as well as a position algorithm; and, the paratrooper object implements a 6-degree of freedom trajectory model. After considering two validation scenarios, we generate vortex encounter information for various formations and wind conditions, and quantify the associated risk of paratrooper/vortex encounters in a potential encounter rate. Time over the DZ is a primary concern in any airdrop operation, and the results of this analysis form a tool that allows the ground commander to assess the risk involved in decreasing that time. We also present a 3D visualization of the simulation output that may be used for mission planning and prototyping of new aircraft formations or tactics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Calibration of Bistatic Radar Cross Section Measurements
Recent advances in signal processing and remote sensing have highlighted the importance of bistatic radar systems for the purposes of environmental monitoring, surveillance, and tracking radar. The calibration of such systems has been problematic much more so than similar monostatic systems, primarily as a result of the lack of reference objects suitable for calibrating at any given bistatic angle. This research deals with the problems of calibrating full-polarimetric laboratory-environment bistatic radar systems, including the lack of suitable calibration targets and procedures, and operational considerations such as alignment and mounting. Several popular bistatic calibration techniques are classified, evaluated, and comparisons are made between the relative merits of various calibration objects. The analysis addresses sensitivity to target alignment error, sensitivity to polarization impurity, and ease of implementation. Both theoretical concepts and practical considerations are discussed, based on measurements accomplished at the European Microwave Signature Laboratory (EMSL) of the Joint Research Center (JRC) in Ispra, Italy. Significant gains in co-polarized channel accuracy and cross-polarization purity are realized with calibrations that utilize the complete system distortion model, and these conclusions are discussed in detail.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Steam Turbines
Dive into the intricacies of steam turbine technology with Walter Swift Leland's comprehensive work, "Steam Turbines: A Practical Work On The Development, Advantages, And Disadvantages Of The Steam Turbines." This book offers a detailed exploration of the development, advantages, and disadvantages of steam turbines, making it an invaluable resource for engineers, students, and anyone interested in the history and mechanics of power generation. Leland's work provides practical insights into the design and operation of steam turbines, highlighting their role in the evolution of mechanical engineering and power resources. Explore the historical context and understand the enduring principles that underpin this vital technology. This book remains a relevant and insightful contribution to the field, offering a blend of historical perspective and technical detail.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Comparison of Computational Electromagnetic Codes for Prediction of Low-Frequency Radar Cross Section
Radar cross section (RCS) prediction of full-scale aircraft is of interest to military planners for a variety of applications. Several computational electromagnetic codes for RCS prediction are available with differing features and capabilities. The goal of this research is to compare the capabilities of three computational electromagnetic codes for use in production of RCS signature assessments at low frequencies in terms of performance, accuracy, and features: Fast Illinois Solver Code (FISC), Code for Analysis of Radiators on Lossy Surfaces (CARLOS-3D), and Science Applications International Corporation Full-wave solver (SAF). The comparison is accomplished through analysis of predicted and measured RCS of several canonical and simple objects and a complex target comprised of these constituent objects. In addition to RCS accuracy, memory requirements and computation time are key considerations for this code comparison. Verification of code performance in memory and processing time based on varying levels of unknowns is performed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of Doppler Effects on the Detection of Polyphase Coded Radar Waveforms
Special operations missions often depend on discrete insertion of highly trained soldiers into dangerous territory. To reduce the risk involved in this type of engagement, Low Probability of Detection radar waveforms have been designed specifically to defeat enemy passive radar detectors. These waveforms have been shown to perform well when the Doppler shift is minimal, but their performance degrades dramatically with increased frequency shifts due to Doppler effects.This research compares one known Low Probability of Detection waveform, based on Welti coding, with a radar waveform known to provide Doppler constancy, namely, one based on Frank coding. These waveforms are tested using a non-cooperative square-law passive detector as well as a cooperative matched filter detector for various Doppler shift values. Research conclusions address the question of whether or not the Frank coded waveforms provide better detection capability than Welti coded waveforms at high levels of Doppler shift.Conclusions from this research indicate that there is no advantage to using Frank coded waveforms over Welti coded waveforms. All waveforms behaved the same at increasing Doppler shift levels for each of the detectors.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Determination of Structure From Motion Using Aerial Imagery
The structure from motion process creates three-dimensional models from a sequence of images. Until recently, most research in this field has been restricted to land-based imagery. This research examines the current methods of land-based structure from motion and evaluates their performance for aerial imagery. Current structure from motion algorithms search the initial image for features to track though the subsequent images. These features are used to create point correspondences between the two images. The correspondences are used to estimate the motion of the camera and then the three-dimensional structure of the scene. This research tests current algorithms using synthetic data for correctness and to characterize the motions necessary to produce accurate models. Two approaches are investigated: full Euclidian reconstructions, where the camera motion is estimated using the correspondences, and navigation-aided Euclidian reconstructions, where the camera motion is calculated using the Global Positioning System and inertial navigation system data from the aircraft. Both sets algorithms are applied to images collected from an airborne blimp. It is found that full Euclidian reconstructions have two orders of magnitude more error than navigation-aided Euclidian reconstructions when using typical images from airborne cameras.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Design of an Oxygen Turbopump for a Dual Expander Cycle Rocket Engine
The design of a pump intended for use with a dual expander cycle (LOX/H2) engine is presented. This arrangement offers a number of advantages over hydrogen expander cycles; among these are the elimination of gearboxes and inter-propellant purges and seals, an extended throttling range, and higher engine operating pressures and performance. The target engine has been designed to meet the needs of Phase III of the Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology (IHPRPT) program; thus, this pump must meet the program's reliability, maintainability, and service life goals. In addition, this pump will be driven by warm gaseous oxygen. In order to meet the needs of this engine, the pump will need to be capable of delivering 106 lbm/s (48.1 kg/s) at 4500 psi (31 MPa); this will necessitate a turbine capable of supplying at least 2215 hp (1652 kW). The pump and turbine were designed with the aid of an industry standard design program; the design methodology and justification for design choices are presented. Appropriate materials of construction and bearings for this pump are discussed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting
Explore the groundbreaking "Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting," a pivotal technology in railroad passenger car illumination. This 19th-century treatise details the innovative system lauded as "The Greatest Light Of The Age." Discover the intricacies of the Frost Dry Carburetor, designed to provide a safe and reliable acetylene lighting solution for railway cars. Volume 12 offers a deep dive into the system's engineering, operation, and benefits, emphasizing its superiority over earlier lighting methods. This historical account provides valuable insights into the evolution of railroad technology and the quest for efficient and safe illumination during the golden age of rail travel. A must-read for historians, engineers, and anyone fascinated by the ingenuity of early railroad innovations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Advanced Cathodes for Next Generation Electric Propulsion Technology
The research presented here investigated the feasibility of a 6.4 mm Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6) and Cerium Hexaboride (CeB6) hollow cathode for low power electric propulsion applications (100-300W). Two orifice geometries, one anode configuration, several anode and keeper currents, and a range of flow rates were tested for the LaB6 cathode. The CeB6 cathode underwent the same tests, with the exception of the second orifice geometry due to time constraints. The required instruments include an oscilloscope to monitor the keeper and anode voltages, a Langmuir probe measured electron temperature, plasma densities, and plasma potential for the coupling plasma, infrared imaging studied the thermal characteristics of each cathode, electron microscopy for surface contaminant analysis, and high-speed imaging for coupling plasma observations. The oscilloscope, Langmuir probe, and high-speed camera determined the cathodes' mode of operation and gave information that indicated stable spot mode or unstable, destructive plume mode.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Multiple Channel Laser Beam Combination and Phasing Using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers
Brightness scaling lasers using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers is explored. A multiple-channel amplifier approach is used to increase the total power of a laser system while avoiding a significant burden on a single channel. The work explores two approaches utilizing both SBS beam cleanup and SBS piston error conjugation. A unique beam combiner that takes advantage of the SBS beam cleanup properties of a long, gradient-index multimode fiber was designed and tested. The beam combiner was developed to combine multiple-channel laser beams simultaneously with high input and output coupling efficiency. The design for the SBS beam combiner is presented along with experimental demonstration of multiple-channel beam combining using the technique. Using SBS piston error conjugation to phase multiple-channel two-pass amplifiers is also explored. Various system configurations were investigated to demonstrate SBS beam phasing of both passive, unamplified channels and active channels containing fiber amplifiers. Beam phasing of the channels was successfully demonstrated with enough gain and power to merit consideration as a viable approach to multiple-channel laser power scaling. Methods for improving efficiency and scaling to include a greater number of channels were also tested.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tightly Integrating Optical and Inertial Sensors for Navigation Using the UKF
The motivation of this research is to address the benefits of tightly integrating optical and inertial sensors where GNSS signals are not available. The research begins with describing the navigation problem. Then, error and measurement models are presented. Given a set of features, a feature detection and projection algorithm is developed which utilizes inertial measurements to predict vectors in the feature space between images. The unscented Kalman filter is applied to the navigation system using the inertial measurements and feature matches to estimate the navigation trajectory. Finally, the image-aided navigation algorithm is tested using a simulation and an experiment. As a result, the optical measurements combined with the inertial sensors result in improved performance for non-GNSS based navigation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Ganges Canal
"The Ganges Canal" offers a detailed discussion regarding the projection and present state of the Ganges Canal, along with measures required to make it reliably useful and profitable. Authored by Sir Arthur Cotton and Sir Proby Thomas Cautley, this historical work provides valuable insights into the planning, construction, and operation of one of India's major irrigation projects. The book explores the engineering challenges, the economic benefits, and the impact of the canal on the surrounding region. This book is essential reading for historians of technology, civil engineers, and anyone interested in the development of irrigation systems in India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Empirical Methodology for Engineering Human Systems Integration
The systems engineering technical processes are not sufficiently supported by methods and tools that quantitatively integrate human considerations into early system design. Because of this, engineers must often rely on qualitative judgments or delay critical decisions until late in the system lifecycle. Studies reveal that this is likely to result in cost, schedule, and performance consequences. This dissertation presents a methodology to improve the application of systems engineering technical processes for design. This methodology is mathematically rigorous, is grounded in relevant theory, and applies extant human subjects data to critical systems development challenges. The methodology is expressed in four methods that support early systems engineering activities: a requirements elicitation method, a function allocation method, an input device design method, and a display layout design method. These form a coherent approach to early system development. Each method is separately discussed and demonstrated using a prototypical system development program. In total, this original and significant work has a broad range of systems engineer applicability to improve the engineering of human systems integration.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Particle Image Velocimetry Using Novel, Non-Intrusive Particle Seeding
The purpose of this research effort was to study the use of non-intrusive particle seeding for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Current seeding material and techniques involve the use of either solid particles or liquid mixtures which can contaminate or damage closed circuit wind tunnels, and in some cases can introduce a potential fire or explosive hazard. The proposed method is based on creating seed particles utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 would be dispensed into the flow as a liquid, immediately condensing to solid seed particles as they leave the spray nozzle. The advantage of using these particles is that they will sublimate from their solid state to harmless CO2 gas that would neither contaminate nor damage the tunnel and would not present a combustion hazard. The goal of this research is to determine if this technique is capable of yielding suitable CO2 seed particles, in an attempt to be able to ensure their suitability for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Particle sizing data was acquired for a small-scale low-speed flow, and a size range on the order of 10 m was a common result for a variety of different nozzle and flow conditions. It was determined that with little modification, a commercial CO2 cleaning device created enough suitably sized seed tracer particles to execute PIV measurements and a proof-of-concept was successfully demonstrated in a supersonic flow using this technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Gaussian Mixture Reduction for Bayesian Target Tracking in Clutter
The Bayesian solution for tracking a target in clutter results naturally in a target state Gaussian mixture probability density function (pdf) which is a sum of weighted Gaussian pdfs, or mixture components. As new tracking measurements are received, the number of mixture components increases without bound, and eventually a reduced-component approximation of the original Gaussian mixture pdf is necessary to evaluate the target state pdf efficiently while maintaining good tracking performance. Many approximation methods exist, but these methods are either ad hoc or use rather crude approximation techniques. Recent studies have shown that a measure-function-based mixture reduction algorithm (MRA) may be used to generate a high-quality reduced-component approximation to the original target state Gaussian mixture pdf. To date, the Integral Square Error (ISE) cost-function-based MRA has been shown to provide better tracking performance than any previously published Bayesian tracking in heavy clutter algorithm. Research conducted for this thesis has led to the development of a new measure function, the Correlation Measure (CM), which gauges the similarity between a full- and reduced-component Gaussian mixture pdf. This new measure function is implemented in an MRA and tested in a simulated scenario of a single target in heavy clutter. Results indicate that the CM MRA provides slightly better performance than the ISE cost-function-based MRA, but only by a small margin.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hyperspectral Imaging of a Turbine Engine Exhaust Plume to Determine Radiance, Temperature, and Concentration Spatial Distributions
The usefulness of imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy (IFTS) when looking at a rapidly varying turbine engine exhaust scene was explored by characterizing the scene change artifacts (SCAs) present in the plume and the effect they have on the calibrated spectra using the Telops, Inc.-manufactured Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology, Midwave Extended (FIRST-MWE). It was determined that IFTS technology can be applied to the problem of a rapidly varying turbine engine exhaust plume due to the zero mean, stochastic nature of the SCAs, through the use of temporal averaging.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Minutes Of Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers
This volume contains the Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, offering a detailed record of the institution's activities. A valuable resource for researchers, historians, and practicing engineers, "Minutes Of Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers, Volume 118" provides insights into the discussions, decisions, and technical presentations that shaped the field of civil engineering. Explore historical perspectives on infrastructure development, engineering challenges, and the evolving practices of the profession as documented by one of the world's leading engineering institutions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Die Bleizucker-fabrikation
"Die Bleizucker-fabrikation" by Frdr. Bussenius, explores the historical processes involved in the manufacture of lead sugar. This detailed work provides insight into the technical aspects of chemical engineering and industrial practices of the time. It is an invaluable resource for historians of technology and those interested in the evolution of the sugar industry and chemical manufacturing.The book provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques and challenges associated with producing lead sugar, offering a unique perspective on early industrial chemistry. "Die Bleizucker-fabrikation" remains a significant contribution to the understanding of historical industrial processes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Laser Demonstration and Performance Characterization of an Optically Pumped Alkali Laser Systems
Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers (DPALs) offer a promising approach for high power lasers in military applications that won't suffer from the long logistical trails of chemical lasers or the thermal management issues of diode pumped solid state lasers. This research focuses on characterizing a DPAL type system to gain a better understanding of using this type of laser as a directed energy weapon. A rubidium laser operating at 795nm is optically pumped by a pulsed titanium sapphire laser to investigate the dynamics of DPALs at pump intensities between 1.3 and 45 kW/cm2 . Linear scaling as high as 32 times threshold is observed, with no evidence of second order kinetics. Comparison of laser characteristics with a quasi-two level analytic model suggests performance near the ideal steady-state limit, with the exception of mode matching. Additionally, the peak power has scaled linearly as high as 1 kW, suggesting aperature scaling to a few cm2 is sufficient to achieve tactical level laser powers. The temporal dynamics of the 100ns pump and rubidium laser pulses are presented, and the continually evolving laser efficiency provides insight into the bottlenecking of the rubidium atoms in the 2P3/2 state. Lastly, multiple excited states of rubidium and cesium were accessed through two photon absorption in the red, and yielded a blue and an IR photon through amplified stimulated emission.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Manufacture Of Russian Sheet-iron
Delve into the intricate processes of 19th-century metallurgy with John Percy's detailed study, "The Manufacture Of Russian Sheet-iron." This work provides a comprehensive look at the methods and techniques employed in the production of Russian sheet-iron, a material renowned for its quality and durability. Percy's meticulous descriptions cover every stage of the manufacturing process, offering valuable insights into the industrial practices of the time. A valuable resource for historians, metallurgists, and anyone interested in the history of technology, this book sheds light on a fascinating aspect of Russia's industrial past and the broader context of global iron production. Discover the secrets behind the creation of a material that played a crucial role in various industries, from construction to transportation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Material Perturbations to Enhance Performance of the Thiele Half-Width Leaky Mode Antenna
Microstrip traveling-wave antennas, often referred to as leaky-wave antennas, have been shown to radiate when the dominant or fundamental mode is suppressed and the first higher-order mode is excited. One such microstrip variation is the Thiele Half-Width (THW) antenna, which operates from 5.9 - 8.2 GHz for this research. Increasing the bandwidth over which the THW antenna radiates is desired, as is a fundamental understanding of the propagation characteristics over this region. This dissertation seeks to vary or perturb the material and physical properties of the THW antenna, including strip-width variations and modifications of the substrate layer, to achieve these results.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Airborne Wind Energy
Excitement among researchers about Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) technology matches DoD aims to advance and employ renewable energy. AWE seeks to cost-effectively tap the vast supply of wind energy available at altitudes high above the reach of conventional, ground-based wind turbines (e.g. 500-12,000m). This paper explores viability and implementation of AWE technology for fulfilling USAF energy needs. Characteristics, potential, and developmental status of the AWE resource are presented. A design tool for a rotor-based AWE system is developed, facilitating the analysis of blade performance to simplify design and provide the best efficiencies for a range of conditions. USAF bases are evaluated upon energy needs, design requirements, and other factors to determine which bases could benefit most from AWE. Bases most viable for an AWE project, with 75% potential savings on energy costs/base (up to $40M annually for larger bases), are: Tinker, Vance, Wright-Patt, Arnold, Ellsworth, and Grand Forks. Key results reveal it is possible to achieve notable benefits for the USAF using AWE technology.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development of In-Plane Surface Deformation Sensing for Thin Film PVDF Actuated Membrane Mirrors
This study investigated the feasibility of surface deformation sensing of a membrane mirror using only embedded PVDF sensors. Results were compared to measured deformations using a scanning laser vibrometer. The frequency response function (FRF) was measured based on recorded voltages of a singlelayer 7-sensor mirror actuated externally from the embedded PVDF actuators. Additionally, a two-layer, 7-sensor, 7-actuator membrane mirror was constructed for use, with one layer acting as the sensing layer and the other acting as the actuation layer. The measured FRF for this mirror was compared to previous results. Finally a single-layer 61-sensor PVDF mirror was constructed to experimentally investigate the practicality of denser sensor/actuators patterns. Experimental results for all configurations are presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Side-Looking Arrays With Platform Maneuver
This research develops a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) radar model for side-looking (SL) arrays with platform maneuver incorporation, and examines maneuver effects on Matched Filter (MF) performance and sample support homogeneity for linear and planar arrays at various ranges. A primary assumption of most STAP models is the absence of platform maneuver during the coherent processing interval (CPI). This research abandons the platform stationarity assumption, allowing plat- form pitch, roll, and yaw during the CPI. Maneuver rates (set to 800 /sec) are held constant throughout the CPI and each maneuver type is examined individually. All maneuver effects have a negative impact on both MF performance and sam- ple support homogeneity. The introduction of pitch marginally impacts MF Signal- to-Interface-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) due to the lack of achieved azimuth resolution in this research, but decreases available homogenous sample support 24% at 11 km and 20% at 66 km. Roll impact on MF performance is observed only in the planar array, with MF SINR dropping 4 dB but sample support homogeneity is unaffected. Yaw effects are the by far the most devastating, dropping output SINR 15 dB at 11 km and 66 km, and decreasing available homogeneous sample support 34% at 11 km and 18% at 66 km.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Finite Element Solution
The development and use of Micro Air Vehicles is becoming more and more important to the military. Size, weight, maneuverability, stealth, and fuel consumption are just some of the constraints on a future Micro Air Vehicle. Perfect blueprints for a small scale flying machine are both insects and humming birds. Medium sized hummingbirds are found to have wings-beats at a frequency of 18-28 Hz. There is a vast amount of complexity to just how these creatures can create lift; however, this study looks at different beams made of common materials with 1st natural bending frequencies in this range. This study documents and evaluates the use of analytical tools to solve for nonlinear characteristics of a system. A function called the backbone curve is incorporated into a MATLAB program. The Hilbert transform characterized by the nonlinear decrement approach captures all of the necessary coefficients for this function. ABAQUS/CAE is relied upon. The numerical finite element results are compared to experiments. This work gives a better understanding of how materials and geometry perform when used in Micro Air Vehicle design considering large displacements.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Microelectromechanical Systems Safe and Arm Device
A munition's fuze is the most critical part of a weapon that must be highly reliable for providing a safe environment for those responsible for handling and transporting munitions. As these munitions are removed from war reserves for use in the battlefield, the number of unexploded ordinances has steadily risen. In addition to unreliability, fuze production has been impacted over the decades. The once robust fuze industry that prospered during the Cold War has dwindled down to a handful of manufacturers. In light of the problems associated with today's fuzes, AFIT has been proactive in designing a new microelectro-mechanical fuze system. AFIT has successfully shown proof-of-concept MEMS safe and arm (S and A) devices can be developed for future use with a MEMS fuze system. Although functional, AFIT's initial S and A device limits the size of fuze required. For this thesis, several new MEMS S and A devices were designed and tailored for much larger MEMS fuzes. Several types of MEMS actuators were considered for the actuation of the S and A device. The thermal actuator seemed the most logical choice for actuation. Unlike other types of MEMS actuators, the thermal actuator is highly regarded for generating high forces and deflection. In an attempt to design the optimal thermal actuator array for the S and A device, the single and double hot-arm thermal actuators were tested. These results were then used for designing three different MEMS S and A devices that varied in size for larger fuze systems. In this thesis, these three S and A devices will be discussed and their performance during test and validation will be shown.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling and Simulation in Support of Testing and Evaluation
Testing and Evaluating are key to the successful development of an acquisition program. Operational Testing during the development phases of the acquisition process is the most difficult to accomplish. This is so because it requires that a system be nearly complete before you can conduct testing. Computer Modeling and Simulation of a proposed program is one way to achieve early operational test requirements. In this project, I will show how modeling and simulations support test and evaluation. At the conclusion of this paper, I will have given the reader the following: 1) an explanation of how similar programs can benefit from modeling and simulation, 2) an explanation of the current methods of validating models, 3) a discussion on why we should standardize validation methods, and 4) an explanation of how to standardize validation methods.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of a Nonlinear, Uniform Cantilevered Beam
A series of experiments in 1975, referred to as the Princeton Beam Experiments, were performed to measure natural frequencies and create a nonlinear elastic deformationmodel to improve helicopter main beam designs. These experiments used a uniform, homogeneous 7075 aluminum beam and have been referenced as a baseline for the pastthirty years to validate computer models and theories in an effort to build beams capableof withstanding aero elastic, static, and dynamic loading.The purpose of this study is to measure the dynamic nonlinear bending andtorsion response of a cantilever beam. The natural frequencies are measured in theflatwise and edgewise directions at different static root pitch angles with varying levels oftip weights. The measured natural frequencies were compared to linear equations ofmotion, a nonlinear computer model and previous experiments to verify the nonlineareffects of root pitch angle and tip weights.The experiment produced promising results in that the first mode in the edgewiseand flatwise directions were within the error bands of the Princeton Beam Experiment forall weights and that the linear model matched the experimental case with no tip weights.Further experimentation is needed in order to properly calculate the edgewise frequenciesand estimate mode shapes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Specifications & Notes On Macadam Road Construction
"Specifications & Notes On Macadam Road Construction" offers a detailed look into the methods and materials used in building macadam roads, a once-common type of road construction that revolutionized transportation. Authored by Arthur Newhall Johnson, this book provides practical insights into the specifications and techniques involved in creating durable and effective road surfaces. This book is valuable for civil engineers, historians of technology, and anyone interested in the evolution of road-building practices. It serves as a historical resource, documenting a crucial phase in the development of modern transportation infrastructure. The detailed notes and specifications provide a clear understanding of the challenges and solutions faced by early road construction engineers, offering a unique perspective on the engineering achievements of the past.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lessons Learned From Early Implementation of The Maintenance Rule at Nine Nuclear Power Plants
This report summarizes the lessons learned from the nine pilot site visits that were performed to review early implementation of the maintenance rule using the draft NRC Maintenance Inspection Procedure. Licensees followed NUMARC 93-01, "Industry Guideline for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants." In general, the licensees were thorough in determining which structures, systems, and components (SSCs) were within the scope of the maintenance rule at each site. The use of an expert panel was an appropriate and practical method of determining which SSCs are risk significant. When setting goals, all licensees considered safety but many licensees did not consider operating experience throughout the industry. Although required to do so, licensees were not monitoring at the system or train level the performance or condition for some systems used in standby service but not significant to risk. Most licensees had not established adequate monitoring of structures under the rule. Licensees established reasonable plans for doing periodic evaluations, balancing unavailability and reliability, and assessing the effect of taking equipment out of service for maintenance. However, these plans were not evaluated because they had not been fully implemented at the time of the site visits.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Use of Space-Based Assets to Reduce the Effects of Natural Disasters
Natural disasters kill one million people around the world each decade, and leave millions homeless each year. As destructive as natural disasters are, there are means to reduce the effects of natural disasters. Reducing the effects of natural disasters requires volumes of data to improve preparation, response, and recovery efforts. By virtue of physical location and global access, satellites provide an ideal platform to collect and disseminate information related to natural disaster management. Specifically, imagery (multispectral, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar) and communication satellites are essential to the efforts of reducing the effects of natural disasters before, during, and after they occur. As capable as the individual satellites are in reducing the effects of natural disaster, new strategies of how to employ satellites are leveraging those capabilities even further.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Standard Review Plan for Decommissioning Cost Estimates for Nuclear Power Reactors
This Standard Review Plan (SRP) for decommissioning cost estimates provides guidance to Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (NRR) and Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS) staff on how to evaluate each of the decommissioning cost estimates that are required to be provided by the power reactor licensees. The SRP includes guidance on evaluating decommissioning costs for both pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling water reactors (BWRs). The SRP is divided into sections that are keyed to the sections in Regulatory Guide-1085, "Standard Format and Content of Decommissioning Cost Estimates for Nuclear Power Reactors," which was developed to provide guidance to licensees on decommissioning cost estimates. Each section of this NUREG is a separate SRP and presents the areas of review, acceptance criteria, review procedures, and evaluation findings for each of the decommissioning cost estimates required by 10 CFR 50.75 and 10 CFR 50.82.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
