Die Bleizucker-fabrikation
"Die Bleizucker-fabrikation" by Frdr. Bussenius, explores the historical processes involved in the manufacture of lead sugar. This detailed work provides insight into the technical aspects of chemical engineering and industrial practices of the time. It is an invaluable resource for historians of technology and those interested in the evolution of the sugar industry and chemical manufacturing.The book provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques and challenges associated with producing lead sugar, offering a unique perspective on early industrial chemistry. "Die Bleizucker-fabrikation" remains a significant contribution to the understanding of historical industrial processes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Low Probability of Intercept Waveforms via Intersymbol Dither Performance Under Multipath Conditions
This thesis examines the effects of multipath interference on Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) waveforms generated using intersymbol dither. This thesis expands on prior work by examining the effects of multipath interference on cooperative and non-cooperative receiver performance to assess the above method's effectiveness using a more realistic model of the physical transmission channel. The performance of a Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) cooperative equalizer and a Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) non-cooperative equalizer are examined. Simulation results suggest that it is possible for cooperative receivers to accurately demodulate a transmitted waveform in multipath conditions, while degrading non-cooperative receiver performance. Several randomly generated multipath channels exhibited extremely poor equalization results, indicating a level of algorithm sensitivity to multipath conditions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Determination of Structure From Motion Using Aerial Imagery
The structure from motion process creates three-dimensional models from a sequence of images. Until recently, most research in this field has been restricted to land-based imagery. This research examines the current methods of land-based structure from motion and evaluates their performance for aerial imagery. Current structure from motion algorithms search the initial image for features to track though the subsequent images. These features are used to create point correspondences between the two images. The correspondences are used to estimate the motion of the camera and then the three-dimensional structure of the scene. This research tests current algorithms using synthetic data for correctness and to characterize the motions necessary to produce accurate models. Two approaches are investigated: full Euclidian reconstructions, where the camera motion is estimated using the correspondences, and navigation-aided Euclidian reconstructions, where the camera motion is calculated using the Global Positioning System and inertial navigation system data from the aircraft. Both sets algorithms are applied to images collected from an airborne blimp. It is found that full Euclidian reconstructions have two orders of magnitude more error than navigation-aided Euclidian reconstructions when using typical images from airborne cameras.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Particle Image Velocimetry Using Novel, Non-Intrusive Particle Seeding
The purpose of this research effort was to study the use of non-intrusive particle seeding for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Current seeding material and techniques involve the use of either solid particles or liquid mixtures which can contaminate or damage closed circuit wind tunnels, and in some cases can introduce a potential fire or explosive hazard. The proposed method is based on creating seed particles utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 would be dispensed into the flow as a liquid, immediately condensing to solid seed particles as they leave the spray nozzle. The advantage of using these particles is that they will sublimate from their solid state to harmless CO2 gas that would neither contaminate nor damage the tunnel and would not present a combustion hazard. The goal of this research is to determine if this technique is capable of yielding suitable CO2 seed particles, in an attempt to be able to ensure their suitability for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Particle sizing data was acquired for a small-scale low-speed flow, and a size range on the order of 10 m was a common result for a variety of different nozzle and flow conditions. It was determined that with little modification, a commercial CO2 cleaning device created enough suitably sized seed tracer particles to execute PIV measurements and a proof-of-concept was successfully demonstrated in a supersonic flow using this technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Design of an Oxygen Turbopump for a Dual Expander Cycle Rocket Engine
The design of a pump intended for use with a dual expander cycle (LOX/H2) engine is presented. This arrangement offers a number of advantages over hydrogen expander cycles; among these are the elimination of gearboxes and inter-propellant purges and seals, an extended throttling range, and higher engine operating pressures and performance. The target engine has been designed to meet the needs of Phase III of the Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology (IHPRPT) program; thus, this pump must meet the program's reliability, maintainability, and service life goals. In addition, this pump will be driven by warm gaseous oxygen. In order to meet the needs of this engine, the pump will need to be capable of delivering 106 lbm/s (48.1 kg/s) at 4500 psi (31 MPa); this will necessitate a turbine capable of supplying at least 2215 hp (1652 kW). The pump and turbine were designed with the aid of an industry standard design program; the design methodology and justification for design choices are presented. Appropriate materials of construction and bearings for this pump are discussed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of Doppler Effects on the Detection of Polyphase Coded Radar Waveforms
Special operations missions often depend on discrete insertion of highly trained soldiers into dangerous territory. To reduce the risk involved in this type of engagement, Low Probability of Detection radar waveforms have been designed specifically to defeat enemy passive radar detectors. These waveforms have been shown to perform well when the Doppler shift is minimal, but their performance degrades dramatically with increased frequency shifts due to Doppler effects.This research compares one known Low Probability of Detection waveform, based on Welti coding, with a radar waveform known to provide Doppler constancy, namely, one based on Frank coding. These waveforms are tested using a non-cooperative square-law passive detector as well as a cooperative matched filter detector for various Doppler shift values. Research conclusions address the question of whether or not the Frank coded waveforms provide better detection capability than Welti coded waveforms at high levels of Doppler shift.Conclusions from this research indicate that there is no advantage to using Frank coded waveforms over Welti coded waveforms. All waveforms behaved the same at increasing Doppler shift levels for each of the detectors.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Airborne Wind Energy
Excitement among researchers about Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) technology matches DoD aims to advance and employ renewable energy. AWE seeks to cost-effectively tap the vast supply of wind energy available at altitudes high above the reach of conventional, ground-based wind turbines (e.g. 500-12,000m). This paper explores viability and implementation of AWE technology for fulfilling USAF energy needs. Characteristics, potential, and developmental status of the AWE resource are presented. A design tool for a rotor-based AWE system is developed, facilitating the analysis of blade performance to simplify design and provide the best efficiencies for a range of conditions. USAF bases are evaluated upon energy needs, design requirements, and other factors to determine which bases could benefit most from AWE. Bases most viable for an AWE project, with 75% potential savings on energy costs/base (up to $40M annually for larger bases), are: Tinker, Vance, Wright-Patt, Arnold, Ellsworth, and Grand Forks. Key results reveal it is possible to achieve notable benefits for the USAF using AWE technology.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development of In-Plane Surface Deformation Sensing for Thin Film PVDF Actuated Membrane Mirrors
This study investigated the feasibility of surface deformation sensing of a membrane mirror using only embedded PVDF sensors. Results were compared to measured deformations using a scanning laser vibrometer. The frequency response function (FRF) was measured based on recorded voltages of a singlelayer 7-sensor mirror actuated externally from the embedded PVDF actuators. Additionally, a two-layer, 7-sensor, 7-actuator membrane mirror was constructed for use, with one layer acting as the sensing layer and the other acting as the actuation layer. The measured FRF for this mirror was compared to previous results. Finally a single-layer 61-sensor PVDF mirror was constructed to experimentally investigate the practicality of denser sensor/actuators patterns. Experimental results for all configurations are presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting
Explore the groundbreaking "Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting," a pivotal technology in railroad passenger car illumination. This 19th-century treatise details the innovative system lauded as "The Greatest Light Of The Age." Discover the intricacies of the Frost Dry Carburetor, designed to provide a safe and reliable acetylene lighting solution for railway cars. Volume 12 offers a deep dive into the system's engineering, operation, and benefits, emphasizing its superiority over earlier lighting methods. This historical account provides valuable insights into the evolution of railroad technology and the quest for efficient and safe illumination during the golden age of rail travel. A must-read for historians, engineers, and anyone fascinated by the ingenuity of early railroad innovations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior of a Titanium Alloy Ti-6AL-4V at Elevated Temperature
Fretting fatigue crack initiation in titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, at elevated temperature is investigated experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis. The temperature of this study is chosen to be 260 oC. Several specimens are tested at different stress levels to establish the life data (i.e. S-N relationship). The crack initiation location and the crack angle orientation along the contact surface are determined using scanning electron microscopy. Finite element analysis is used to obtain the stress states for the experimental conditions used during the fretting fatigue tests. These are then used to investigate several critical plane based multi-axial fatigue parameters. These parameters are evaluated based on their ability to predict the crack initiation location, crack orientation angle along the contact surface, and the number of cycles to fretting fatigue crack initiation. These predictions are compared with their experimental counterparts to characterize the role of normal and shear stresses on fretting fatigue crack initiation at elevated temperature. Also, plain and fretting fatigue data at room and elevated temperature are compared. From these comparisons, it can be concluded that 260 temperature does not have any detrimental effect on fretting fatigue crack initiation of Ti-6Al-4V when compared to that at room temperature. Further, fretting fatigue crack initiation mechanism in the tested titanium alloy appears to be governed by the shear stress on the critical plane. However, further work is needed to understand the role of both shear and normal stresses on the critical plane at elevated temperatures.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Efficient and Effective Implementation of the Trust System for Power Grid Compartmentalization
The goal of this research is to show in a simulated environment that security of the network can be strengthen by first fielding the trust system and second, by dividing a network into smaller clusters, called "domains", in order to isolate anomalies or intrusions detected. In order to show this, a mathematical model of the problem will be built and translated into a software tool that at the end will receive real-life-network data as input. This program uses real world power grid representative data, outputs a network configuration that has used the concepts described above of network compartmentalization and strategic placing of trust nodes. As a result, this new network configuration ensures safe day-to-day operations by minimizing the effects in case of an attack or equipment malfunction of the system by subdividing the network into domains. Each domain protected by a trust node(s) without violating timing constraints.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Meyer Nutating Engine
The purpose of this project was to develop a tool to model the performance of the Meyer nutating engine. A new type of internal combustion engine, this engine replaces the pistons with a nutating, or wobbling, disk. Contact between the disk and the engine walls create the chambers for compression and expansion. The disk's motion causes the volumes of these chambers to change, causing air intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust to take place. In the process of creating a program to do this, thermodynamic relationships were determined and incorporated into an Engineering Equation Solver computer model. This allows designers to see the performance of differently-sized engines at various engine speeds and altitudes. This model was verified against a MATLAB model, showing good agreement at mid range engine speeds and comparisons were made to current engines. The nutating engine showed significant weight savings over current engines of the same power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Minutes Of Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers
This volume contains the Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, offering a detailed record of the institution's activities. A valuable resource for researchers, historians, and practicing engineers, "Minutes Of Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers, Volume 118" provides insights into the discussions, decisions, and technical presentations that shaped the field of civil engineering. Explore historical perspectives on infrastructure development, engineering challenges, and the evolving practices of the profession as documented by one of the world's leading engineering institutions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Use of Space-Based Assets to Reduce the Effects of Natural Disasters
Natural disasters kill one million people around the world each decade, and leave millions homeless each year. As destructive as natural disasters are, there are means to reduce the effects of natural disasters. Reducing the effects of natural disasters requires volumes of data to improve preparation, response, and recovery efforts. By virtue of physical location and global access, satellites provide an ideal platform to collect and disseminate information related to natural disaster management. Specifically, imagery (multispectral, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar) and communication satellites are essential to the efforts of reducing the effects of natural disasters before, during, and after they occur. As capable as the individual satellites are in reducing the effects of natural disaster, new strategies of how to employ satellites are leveraging those capabilities even further.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Manufacture Of Russian Sheet-iron
Delve into the intricate processes of 19th-century metallurgy with John Percy's detailed study, "The Manufacture Of Russian Sheet-iron." This work provides a comprehensive look at the methods and techniques employed in the production of Russian sheet-iron, a material renowned for its quality and durability. Percy's meticulous descriptions cover every stage of the manufacturing process, offering valuable insights into the industrial practices of the time. A valuable resource for historians, metallurgists, and anyone interested in the history of technology, this book sheds light on a fascinating aspect of Russia's industrial past and the broader context of global iron production. Discover the secrets behind the creation of a material that played a crucial role in various industries, from construction to transportation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Ganges Canal
"The Ganges Canal" offers a detailed discussion regarding the projection and present state of the Ganges Canal, along with measures required to make it reliably useful and profitable. Authored by Sir Arthur Cotton and Sir Proby Thomas Cautley, this historical work provides valuable insights into the planning, construction, and operation of one of India's major irrigation projects. The book explores the engineering challenges, the economic benefits, and the impact of the canal on the surrounding region. This book is essential reading for historians of technology, civil engineers, and anyone interested in the development of irrigation systems in India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Calibration of Bistatic Radar Cross Section Measurements
Recent advances in signal processing and remote sensing have highlighted the importance of bistatic radar systems for the purposes of environmental monitoring, surveillance, and tracking radar. The calibration of such systems has been problematic much more so than similar monostatic systems, primarily as a result of the lack of reference objects suitable for calibrating at any given bistatic angle. This research deals with the problems of calibrating full-polarimetric laboratory-environment bistatic radar systems, including the lack of suitable calibration targets and procedures, and operational considerations such as alignment and mounting. Several popular bistatic calibration techniques are classified, evaluated, and comparisons are made between the relative merits of various calibration objects. The analysis addresses sensitivity to target alignment error, sensitivity to polarization impurity, and ease of implementation. Both theoretical concepts and practical considerations are discussed, based on measurements accomplished at the European Microwave Signature Laboratory (EMSL) of the Joint Research Center (JRC) in Ispra, Italy. Significant gains in co-polarized channel accuracy and cross-polarization purity are realized with calibrations that utilize the complete system distortion model, and these conclusions are discussed in detail.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Comparison of Computational Electromagnetic Codes for Prediction of Low-Frequency Radar Cross Section
Radar cross section (RCS) prediction of full-scale aircraft is of interest to military planners for a variety of applications. Several computational electromagnetic codes for RCS prediction are available with differing features and capabilities. The goal of this research is to compare the capabilities of three computational electromagnetic codes for use in production of RCS signature assessments at low frequencies in terms of performance, accuracy, and features: Fast Illinois Solver Code (FISC), Code for Analysis of Radiators on Lossy Surfaces (CARLOS-3D), and Science Applications International Corporation Full-wave solver (SAF). The comparison is accomplished through analysis of predicted and measured RCS of several canonical and simple objects and a complex target comprised of these constituent objects. In addition to RCS accuracy, memory requirements and computation time are key considerations for this code comparison. Verification of code performance in memory and processing time based on varying levels of unknowns is performed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Specifications & Notes On Macadam Road Construction
"Specifications & Notes On Macadam Road Construction" offers a detailed look into the methods and materials used in building macadam roads, a once-common type of road construction that revolutionized transportation. Authored by Arthur Newhall Johnson, this book provides practical insights into the specifications and techniques involved in creating durable and effective road surfaces. This book is valuable for civil engineers, historians of technology, and anyone interested in the evolution of road-building practices. It serves as a historical resource, documenting a crucial phase in the development of modern transportation infrastructure. The detailed notes and specifications provide a clear understanding of the challenges and solutions faced by early road construction engineers, offering a unique perspective on the engineering achievements of the past.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling and Simulation in Support of Testing and Evaluation
Testing and Evaluating are key to the successful development of an acquisition program. Operational Testing during the development phases of the acquisition process is the most difficult to accomplish. This is so because it requires that a system be nearly complete before you can conduct testing. Computer Modeling and Simulation of a proposed program is one way to achieve early operational test requirements. In this project, I will show how modeling and simulations support test and evaluation. At the conclusion of this paper, I will have given the reader the following: 1) an explanation of how similar programs can benefit from modeling and simulation, 2) an explanation of the current methods of validating models, 3) a discussion on why we should standardize validation methods, and 4) an explanation of how to standardize validation methods.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Doppler-Only Multistatic Radar
In order to estimate the position and velocity of a target, most multistatic radar systems require multiple independent target measurements, such as angle-ofarrival, time-of-arrival, and Doppler information. Though inexpensive and reliable, Doppler-only systems have not been widely implemented due to the inherent nonlinear problem of determining a target's position and velocity from their measurements. We solve this problem. In particular, we first establish the lack of observability in the Doppler-only bistatic system, thereby demonstrating the need for multiple transmitters and/or receivers. Next, for a multistatic system with a sufficient number of transmitter-receiver pairs, we invoke classical optimization techniques, such as gradient-descent and Newton's method, to quickly and reliably find a numerical solution to the system of nonlinear Doppler equations. Finally, we indicate a best design for the transmitter-receiver constellation to be employed in the aforementioned optimization.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Modeling and Evaluation of Recurring Infrastructure Maintenance Budget Determination Methods
The focus of this research is using system dynamics modeling to evaluate the impact of missed scheduled maintenance due to budgetary constraints. Missed maintenance cannot be made up and the benefit to the facility's serviceability is lost. The cumulative effect on an entire facility's life span is that it is unable to reach its designed life expectancy. Replacement construction costs are hundreds, thousands, or millions times more than the annual maintenance repair costs. Therefore, Air Force civil engineers must be capable of evaluating maintenance strategies in a dynamic environment to determine the budget strategy's prolonged effect on infrastructure serviceable life. The results of the evaluation demonstrate how five major categories of infrastructure maintenance budgets change infrastructure's serviceable life. The modeling process provides considerable insight into these budget methods that must be considered to determine what is best for the infrastructures serviceable life.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Roorkee Treatise On Civil Engineering In India
"The Roorkee Treatise On Civil Engineering In India, Volume 3," by Allan Cunningham, is a comprehensive historical record of civil engineering practices in 19th-century India. Originally compiled for the British Raj's engineering corps and students at Roorkee College (now IIT Roorkee), this volume provides detailed insights into the construction methods, materials, and challenges faced during that era. Covering a wide array of topics from irrigation works to building construction, the treatise offers valuable perspectives on the engineering solutions adapted to the Indian subcontinent's unique geographical and climatic conditions.This meticulously detailed work serves as an invaluable resource for historians, engineers, and anyone interested in the technological achievements and colonial history of India. Cunningham's treatise remains a testament to the ingenuity and dedication of the engineers who shaped the infrastructure of British India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modern Blanking And Piercing Dies
Explore the intricacies of metalworking with "Modern Blanking And Piercing Dies" by Axel Ludwig Monrad and Douglas Thomas Hamilton. This comprehensive guide delves into the design, construction, and application of blanking and piercing dies, essential tools in modern manufacturing. Gain valuable insights into the techniques and principles that underpin the creation of precise and efficient metal components. Whether you're a seasoned engineer or a student eager to learn, this book provides a detailed look at the practical aspects of tool and die making. Discover the methods for optimizing die performance, reducing material waste, and enhancing the overall quality of manufactured parts. "Modern Blanking And Piercing Dies" is a valuable resource for anyone involved in the metalworking industry, offering a blend of theoretical knowledge and real-world applications that will improve your skills and understanding of these critical manufacturing processes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Energy Conservation
The BiblioGov Project is an effort to expand awareness of the public documents and records of the U.S. Government via print publications. In broadening the public understanding of government and its work, an enlightened democracy can grow and prosper. Ranging from historic Congressional Bills to the most recent Budget of the United States Government, the BiblioGov Project spans a wealth of government information. These works are now made available through an environmentally friendly, print-on-demand basis, using only what is necessary to meet the required demands of an interested public. We invite you to learn of the records of the U.S. Government, heightening the knowledge and debate that can lead from such publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reflectivity and Transmissivity Through Layered, Lossy Media
The theory behind the use of layers of radar absorbing materials or other dielectric materials is identical to the theory of optical reflection and transmission through layered media. This report is intended to be of use to students studying the application of layered media to a radar cross-section reduction problem. In this report, we survey several established optics and electromagnetics texts. We critique them and attempt to reconcile differences. We arrive at a single consistent theory which fully considers lossy materials. Layers are depicted as matrices which can be multiplied to combine the effects of several adjacent layers. We can then find the transmissivity and reflectivity of the entire multiple-layer structure. This theory is implemented in the MATLAB language in a user-friendly format.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Effects of Jamming on Radars
Although jamming of radar's has been in vogue for nearly 50 years there appears to be no comprehensive report on the subject matter. The purpose of this research is to fill this gap. The methodology consisted of analysis, simulation, and where feasible experimental demonstrations. Experimental equipment consisted of a digital noise generator whose output was used to modulate a high frequency carrier in various fashions. The modulated output was fed into a very sensitive super-heterodyne receiver whose Intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth could be varied from tens of Hz to mega Hz range. The detected output was displayed on a sampling oscilloscope. The display was in turn digitized and stored to make hard copies for documentation purposes. There was enough flexibility in the equipment to make a wide variety of observations. Experiments showed that the victim receiver should have sufficient bandwidth to fully respond to the jamming signal. In the case of pure tone jamming, IF bandwidth requirements were minimal and any increase beyond the minimum did not improve jamming effectiveness. In case of pseudo random analog or digital noise, increasing the shift register sequence length and clock frequency made it more difficult for the receiver to recover the jamming waveform and identification. This implied inability to devise quick countermeasures. As follow-on to this research, more precise experiments involving FM by noise and random pulses are suggested.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Platform for Antenna Optimization With Numerical Electromagnetics Code Incorporated With Genetic Algorithms
This thesis investigation presents a unique incorporation of the Method of Moments with a Genetic Algorithm. The use of this tool can improve antennas whose basis of designs are both the Yagi-Uda antenna and the Log Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antenna. The applications for these two antennas are of particular use in Passive Remote Sensing (PRS) and Over the Horizon Radar (OTHR). The designs are reached in a low cost and effective manner, the implementation of which is simple and expandable. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in concert with the Numerical Electromag- netics Code, Version 4 (NEC4) to create and optimize typical wire antenna designs including single elements and arrays, the result being antennas with impressive char- acteristics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Desktop Computer Programs for Preliminary Design of Transonic Compressor Rotors
A need exists in the field of turbomachinery for correlation-based desktop computer programs that predict the flow through transonic compressor rotors with nominal computational time and cost. In this research, modified versions of two desktop computer programs, intended for preliminary transonic compressor rotor design, BOWSHOCK and TRANSROTOR, were used to perform a parametric study on a modern compressor rotor. BOWSHOCK uses a method-of-characteristics approach to calculate exit flow properties of a supersonic streamtube through a user-defined compressor rotor. TRANSROTOR calculates flow properties at three stations in a user-defined compressor stage. Modifications to TRANSROTOR included the incorporation of a recently published rotor loss model, advertised as suitable for analyzing modern blading concepts. The baseline and modified TRANSROTOR versions were run with two modern transonic compressor blades. Results were compared with results from a Navier-Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, APNASA. A parametric study using BOWSHOCK examined the sensitivity of rotor efficiency and pressure ratio to variations in six blade parameters. Both TRANSROTOR versions predicted rotor efficiency and pressure ratios within ten-percent of the CFD results. The baseline version predicted total pressure ratio more accurately. Computational times were under six minutes for a single 450 MHz processor. The results of the blade geometry parametric study showed that isentropic efficiency was most sensitive to stagger angle and least sensitive to blade spacing. Total pressure ratio was most sensitive to blade maximum thickness location and least sensitive to blade maximum thickness.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Finite Element Solution
The development and use of Micro Air Vehicles is becoming more and more important to the military. Size, weight, maneuverability, stealth, and fuel consumption are just some of the constraints on a future Micro Air Vehicle. Perfect blueprints for a small scale flying machine are both insects and humming birds. Medium sized hummingbirds are found to have wings-beats at a frequency of 18-28 Hz. There is a vast amount of complexity to just how these creatures can create lift; however, this study looks at different beams made of common materials with 1st natural bending frequencies in this range. This study documents and evaluates the use of analytical tools to solve for nonlinear characteristics of a system. A function called the backbone curve is incorporated into a MATLAB program. The Hilbert transform characterized by the nonlinear decrement approach captures all of the necessary coefficients for this function. ABAQUS/CAE is relied upon. The numerical finite element results are compared to experiments. This work gives a better understanding of how materials and geometry perform when used in Micro Air Vehicle design considering large displacements.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Microelectromechanical Systems Safe and Arm Device
A munition's fuze is the most critical part of a weapon that must be highly reliable for providing a safe environment for those responsible for handling and transporting munitions. As these munitions are removed from war reserves for use in the battlefield, the number of unexploded ordinances has steadily risen. In addition to unreliability, fuze production has been impacted over the decades. The once robust fuze industry that prospered during the Cold War has dwindled down to a handful of manufacturers. In light of the problems associated with today's fuzes, AFIT has been proactive in designing a new microelectro-mechanical fuze system. AFIT has successfully shown proof-of-concept MEMS safe and arm (S and A) devices can be developed for future use with a MEMS fuze system. Although functional, AFIT's initial S and A device limits the size of fuze required. For this thesis, several new MEMS S and A devices were designed and tailored for much larger MEMS fuzes. Several types of MEMS actuators were considered for the actuation of the S and A device. The thermal actuator seemed the most logical choice for actuation. Unlike other types of MEMS actuators, the thermal actuator is highly regarded for generating high forces and deflection. In an attempt to design the optimal thermal actuator array for the S and A device, the single and double hot-arm thermal actuators were tested. These results were then used for designing three different MEMS S and A devices that varied in size for larger fuze systems. In this thesis, these three S and A devices will be discussed and their performance during test and validation will be shown.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Liverpool Waterworks
The Liverpool Waterworks, written by Charles Henry Beloe, offers a detailed examination of the water supply system in Liverpool during the 19th century. This historical account provides valuable insights into the engineering and technological challenges of providing clean water to a rapidly growing urban population. Explore the innovative solutions implemented and the impact of the waterworks on the health and development of Liverpool. This book is an invaluable resource for historians, engineers, and anyone interested in the history of public works and urban development.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cost Effectiveness of the Civil Engineering Self-Help Program
Self-help began as a method for base organizations to perform minor tasks such as painting to upgrade their facility environment. Today self-help's role has expanded to include major projects which are completed during duty time. This project studied the cost effectiveness of the present day self-help program. The development of self-help is explained to establish the programs background. Senior Civil Engineering leadership was interviewed for their viewpoints on the program. Self-help centers were visited or contacted to determine existing operational practices. This information is analyzed to help determine if self-help has outgrown its cost effective use.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting
Explore the groundbreaking "Frost Dry Carburetor System Of Car Lighting," a pivotal technology in railroad passenger car illumination. This 19th-century treatise details the innovative system lauded as "The Greatest Light Of The Age." Discover the intricacies of the Frost Dry Carburetor, designed to provide a safe and reliable acetylene lighting solution for railway cars. Volume 12 offers a deep dive into the system's engineering, operation, and benefits, emphasizing its superiority over earlier lighting methods. This historical account provides valuable insights into the evolution of railroad technology and the quest for efficient and safe illumination during the golden age of rail travel. A must-read for historians, engineers, and anyone fascinated by the ingenuity of early railroad innovations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Short Treatise Upon The Belleville Water-tube Boiler, Its Uses And Advantages
"A Short Treatise Upon The Belleville Water-tube Boiler, Its Uses And Advantages" offers a detailed examination of the Belleville boiler, a significant innovation in steam technology. Published by Maudslay, Sons, & Field, this treatise provides insights into the design, functionality, and benefits of this particular type of water-tube boiler. It is an invaluable resource for engineers, historians of technology, and anyone interested in the evolution of steam power. This book delves into the practical applications of the Belleville boiler, highlighting its advantages over contemporary designs. It serves as a historical document, capturing the engineering practices and technological advancements of its time. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles behind this important piece of machinery and its impact on industrial and maritime applications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Modeling and Evaluation of Recurring Infrastructure Maintenance Budget Determination Methods
The focus of this research is using system dynamics modeling to evaluate the impact of missed scheduled maintenance due to budgetary constraints. Missed maintenance cannot be made up and the benefit to the facility's serviceability is lost. The cumulative effect on an entire facility's life span is that it is unable to reach its designed life expectancy. Replacement construction costs are hundreds, thousands, or millions times more than the annual maintenance repair costs. Therefore, Air Force civil engineers must be capable of evaluating maintenance strategies in a dynamic environment to determine the budget strategy's prolonged effect on infrastructure serviceable life. The results of the evaluation demonstrate how five major categories of infrastructure maintenance budgets change infrastructure's serviceable life. The modeling process provides considerable insight into these budget methods that must be considered to determine what is best for the infrastructures serviceable life.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Doppler-Only Multistatic Radar
In order to estimate the position and velocity of a target, most multistatic radar systems require multiple independent target measurements, such as angle-ofarrival, time-of-arrival, and Doppler information. Though inexpensive and reliable, Doppler-only systems have not been widely implemented due to the inherent nonlinear problem of determining a target's position and velocity from their measurements. We solve this problem. In particular, we first establish the lack of observability in the Doppler-only bistatic system, thereby demonstrating the need for multiple transmitters and/or receivers. Next, for a multistatic system with a sufficient number of transmitter-receiver pairs, we invoke classical optimization techniques, such as gradient-descent and Newton's method, to quickly and reliably find a numerical solution to the system of nonlinear Doppler equations. Finally, we indicate a best design for the transmitter-receiver constellation to be employed in the aforementioned optimization.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Side-Looking Arrays With Platform Maneuver
This research develops a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) radar model for side-looking (SL) arrays with platform maneuver incorporation, and examines maneuver effects on Matched Filter (MF) performance and sample support homogeneity for linear and planar arrays at various ranges. A primary assumption of most STAP models is the absence of platform maneuver during the coherent processing interval (CPI). This research abandons the platform stationarity assumption, allowing plat- form pitch, roll, and yaw during the CPI. Maneuver rates (set to 800 /sec) are held constant throughout the CPI and each maneuver type is examined individually. All maneuver effects have a negative impact on both MF performance and sam- ple support homogeneity. The introduction of pitch marginally impacts MF Signal- to-Interface-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) due to the lack of achieved azimuth resolution in this research, but decreases available homogenous sample support 24% at 11 km and 20% at 66 km. Roll impact on MF performance is observed only in the planar array, with MF SINR dropping 4 dB but sample support homogeneity is unaffected. Yaw effects are the by far the most devastating, dropping output SINR 15 dB at 11 km and 66 km, and decreasing available homogeneous sample support 34% at 11 km and 18% at 66 km.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Examination of Range and Doppler Mismatch and Their Effects on Radar Modeling
A commonly accepted airborne phased array radar model simplifies the analytical derivation by assuming a waveform is perfectly matched in range and Doppler shift. This assumption means the matched lter output is e ectively constant for all possible received scatterer Doppler and range mismatches, greatly simplifying the analytical development from that point forward. This research removes the matched Doppler and range assumption and examines the e ects of several common waveforms on the model's delity along with the associated impact on radar performance, both non-adaptive and adaptive. Analysis is completed using power spectral density comparisons and the fully adaptive output signal to interference plus noise ratio comparison. Results indicate that the model's delity is impacted little by the Time Frequency Auto Correlation Function. However, change in bandwidth from the compressed waveforms does impact the model. Increased bandwidth introduces more thermal noise which dominates clutter returns. Therefore, the clutter problem becomes less di cult. The trade-o is a reduction in the resolution capability of the clutter spectrum.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Radial Basis Function Neural Network Approach to Two-Color Infrared Missile Detection
Multi-color infrared imaging missile-warning systems require real-time detection techniques that can process the wide instantaneous field of regard of focal plane array sensors with a low false alarm rate. Current technology applies classical statistical methods to this problem and ignores neural network techniques. Thus the research reported here is novel in that it investigates the use of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks to detect sub-pixel missile signatures. An RBF neural network is designed and trained to detect targets in two-color infrared imagery using a recently developed regression tree algorithm. Features are calculated for 3 by 3 pixel sub-images in each color band and concatenated into a vector as input to the network.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of Doppler Effects on the Detection of Polyphase Coded Radar Waveforms
Special operations missions often depend on discrete insertion of highly trained soldiers into dangerous territory. To reduce the risk involved in this type of engagement, Low Probability of Detection radar waveforms have been designed specifically to defeat enemy passive radar detectors. These waveforms have been shown to perform well when the Doppler shift is minimal, but their performance degrades dramatically with increased frequency shifts due to Doppler effects.This research compares one known Low Probability of Detection waveform, based on Welti coding, with a radar waveform known to provide Doppler constancy, namely, one based on Frank coding. These waveforms are tested using a non-cooperative square-law passive detector as well as a cooperative matched filter detector for various Doppler shift values. Research conclusions address the question of whether or not the Frank coded waveforms provide better detection capability than Welti coded waveforms at high levels of Doppler shift.Conclusions from this research indicate that there is no advantage to using Frank coded waveforms over Welti coded waveforms. All waveforms behaved the same at increasing Doppler shift levels for each of the detectors.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Doppler Aliasing Reduction in Wide-Angle Synthetic Aperture Radar Using Phase Modulated Random Stepped-Frequency Waveforms
This research investigates the benefits of using several phase modulated Random Stepped Frequency (RSF) waveforms in a Wide-Angle Synthetic Aperture Radar (WA-SAR) scenario. RSF waveforms have been demonstrated to have desirable properties which allow for cancelling of Doppler aliased scatterers in WA-SAR images. Additional aliased energy reduction is realized by improving the uniformity of the fre- quency coverage across the waveform's bandwidth. Phase code modulations applied to the subpulses of a RSF waveform spread the subpulse frequency content and im- prove WA-SAR image quality. A length 13 Barker code applied to a RSF waveform produces an image with a 91.95% reduction in the aliased energy present relative to a WA-SAR image produced using uncoded RSF. Length 25 Frank and P4 coded RSF waveforms reduce aliased energy by 96.65% and 96.72% respectively. Additionally, phase coded RSF waveforms produce images with improved noise-free dynamic range capabilities. The Barker, Frank and P4 coded waveforms improve the noise-free dynamic range by 9.4 dB, 12.6 dB, and 12.4 dB, respectively.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Plumbers, Gas And Steam Fitters Journal
Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters Journal, Volume 22, presents a detailed look into the plumbing, gas fitting, and steam fitting industries. Published by the United Association of Journeymen Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Steam Fitters, and Steam Fitters Helpers of the United States and Canada, this volume offers insights into the practices, technologies, and standards of the trade during its time. This journal provides valuable historical context for those in the mechanical engineering fields, offering a snapshot of the industry's evolution. It serves as a resource for understanding the challenges and innovations faced by professionals in these trades, reflecting the commitment to quality and expertise within the plumbing, gas, and steam fitting sectors.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Investigation Into the Feasibility of Using a Modern Gravity Gradient Instrument for Passive Aircraft Navigation and Terrain Avoidance
Recently, Gravity Gradient Instruments (GGIs) - devices which measure the spatial derivatives of gravity, have improved remarkably due to development of accelerometer technologies. Specialized GGIs are currently flown on aircraft for geological purposes in the mining industries. As such, gravity gradient data is recorded in flight and detailed gradient maps are created after post mission processing. These maps, if stored in a database onboard an aircraft and combined with a GGI, form the basis for a covert navigation system using a map matching process. This system is completely passive and essentially unjammable. To determine feasibility of this method, a GGI sensor model was developed to investigate signal levels at representative flight conditions. Aircraft trajectories were simulated over modeled gravity gradient maps to determine the utility of flying modern GGIs in the roles of navigation and terrain avoidance.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hyperspectral Imaging of a Turbine Engine Exhaust Plume to Determine Radiance, Temperature, and Concentration Spatial Distributions
The usefulness of imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy (IFTS) when looking at a rapidly varying turbine engine exhaust scene was explored by characterizing the scene change artifacts (SCAs) present in the plume and the effect they have on the calibrated spectra using the Telops, Inc.-manufactured Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology, Midwave Extended (FIRST-MWE). It was determined that IFTS technology can be applied to the problem of a rapidly varying turbine engine exhaust plume due to the zero mean, stochastic nature of the SCAs, through the use of temporal averaging.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development and Characterization of an Emergency Communications System Using Near Vertical Incident Skywave Antennas
Near Vertical Incident Skywave (NVIS) techniques involve physical propagation using the electromagnetically reflective canopy of ionosphere. HF radio transmission is normally optimized for distances beyond 1000 miles. However, NVIS techniques optimize communication from the transmitting station out to 200 miles. A void exists in communication distances beyond line-of-sight and closer than several hundred miles. Line-of-sight communications can easily be accomplished with transceivers operating above 90 MHz. Long distance communication around the globe can be accomplished with HF radios, however HF communication is frequently disrupted by the peculiar nature of skip propagation. Skip propagation is the tendency for HF waves to be received in the immediate vicinity of the transmitter and also received several hundred miles away, but to be missing (skipping) the interval between. This is the result of optimizing the design of HF antennas for long distance communication. The NVIS system characterized in this work was designed to eliminate skip propagation by optimizing the design for contiguous coverage. The NVIS technique involves use of transmission and receiving antennas that create nearly vertical propagation and continuous coverage from the transmitter to a distance of 200 miles.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Small Single Phase Transformers
Small Single Phase Transformers by Edgar Theodore Painton offers a comprehensive guide to the design and construction of small transformers. This book explains a commercial method of design, emphasizing economy of material and accurate predetermination of characteristics. It provides valuable information enabling the amateur and professional alike to design and construct transformers meeting specific requirements. Detailing practical applications and theoretical underpinnings, this volume is essential for anyone involved in electrical engineering and electronics. With clear explanations and accessible language, it remains a valuable resource for understanding the principles behind transformer design. Painton's work ensures readers can confidently approach transformer projects with a solid foundation in both theory and practice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of Methods for Determining High Cycle Fatigue Strength of aA Material With Investigation of Ti-6Al-4V Gigacycle Fatigue Behavior
The onset of mechanical failures due to metal fatigue has been a constant source of concern for engineers ever since the initial discoveries of fatigue-related phenomena in the early 1800s. Today, aerospace engineers still grapple with the qualitative and quantitative understanding of fatigue behavior in the design and testing of turbine-driven jet engines. The Department of Defense has taken a very active role in addressing this problem with the formation of the National High Cycle Fatigue Science and Technology Program in 1994. The primary goal of this program is to further the understanding of high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior and develop methods in order to mitigate the negative impact of HCF on aerospace operations. This research supports this program by addressing the fatigue strength testing guidance currently provided by the DoD to engine manufacturers, with the primary goal to investigate current methods and recommend a test strategy to characterize the fatigue strength of a material at a specified number of cycles, such as the 109 design goal specified by MIL-HDBK-1783B, or range of cyclesThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
