Circular Economy and Efficient Use of Resources
Previous and current resource use models have led to high levels of pollution, environmental degradation, and depletion of natural resources. The waste policy has a long history and has traditionally focused on more environmentally sustainable waste management. To be efficient in terms of resource use, the principles of the circular economy should change this trend, transforming the economy into a sustainable economy. The new waste regulations introduce new waste management objectives in terms of waste prevention, reuse, recycling, and storage by addressing new processes.
Low-Cost Inventions and Patents
Inventions have led to the technological advances of mankind. There are inventions of all kinds, some of which have lasted hundreds of years or even longer. Low-cost technologies are expected to be easy to build, have little or no energy consumption, and be easy to maintain and operate. The use of sustainable technologies is essential in order to move towards a greater global coverage of technology, and therefore to improve human quality of life. Low-cost products always respond to a specific need, even if no in-depth analysis of the situation or possible solutions has been carried out. It is a consensus in all industrialized countries that patents have a decisive influence on the organization of the economy, as they are a key element in promoting technological innovation. Patents must aim to promote the technological development of countries, starting from their industrial situations.
The Plaston Concept
Part I. Introduction.- 1. Plaston induced plasticity in bulk nanostructured metals.- Part II. Simulation of plaston and plaston induced phenomena.- 2. Nucleation of plaston at surface and interface of metallic materials.- 3. Atomistic study of plaston in nanostructured metals.- 4. First principles calculations of collective motion of atoms in metals.- 5. Machine learning interatomic potentials with controlled accuracy.- 6. First principles calculations of dislocation cores in HCP metals.- Part III. Experimental analyses of plaston.- 7. STEM observation of plaston in alumina.- 8. Micro-pillar deformation experiments of brittle intermetallics in steel.- 9. Nano-indentation study of steels.- 10. Synchrotron x-ray study on plaston in metals.- 11. Improvement of fatigue lifetime by controlling plaston at crack tip.- Part IV. Design and development of high performance structural materials.- 12. Development of bulk nanostructured steels.- 13. Design and development of high Mn steels.- 14. Design and development novel magnesium alloys.
Defects in Nanocrystals
This book discusses small semiconductor systems and the effect of the size and shape on their thermodynamic and optoelectronic properties at the mesoscopic and nanoscopic level. It considers individual nanometric crystallites, nanocrystalline films, and nanowires of which the thermodynamic, structural, and optical properties are covered in detail.
The Global Energy Trap and A Way Out
This book looks at innovative engineering solutions to the problems of climate change and explores ways in which to develop clean, renewable energy sources.It is now generally accepted that the world's climate has entered into a phase of warming with potentially disastrous consequences for the planet, but there is no agreement about how to deal with it. The "global energy trap" of the title refers to the fact that our civilization has been built on energy derived from fossil fuels and when these are exhausted, there must be a collapse of some kind. However, long before we have run them down to exhaustion we shall have pushed atmospheric pollution and global warming beyond a tipping point. In this situation there is no rational choice except to develop clean, renewable energy sources with all deliberate haste. How this can be done is the central theme of the book. Although the answer is largely one of innovative engineering, other social and economic factors must be taken into account, and the book is written for the general reader who is interested in all aspects of this problem which is becoming increasingly urgent.Although a substantial part of the book is devoted to explaining the energy disaster which the world now faces, this is an optimistic work. The E-plus and K-gen systems together constitute a novel approach to energy generation, transformation and storage, and while biochar is the solution to a different kind of problem, all taken together constitute a three-pronged plan of action to combat global warming and fossil fuel energy depletion. Al Gore has said that there is no "silver bullet" answer to the complex problem of energy depletion and global warming, but the book is offering three silver bullets that can do the job. To determine the plausibility of this claim, one needs to begin with an understanding of what the global problem actually is and why it is described in the title as a trap. That task constitutes Part One of the book. It is actually multiple crises which interlock and are converging towards a point of catastrophe between thirty and forty years from now. Unless massive action is taken before then, we, or our children, may expect to experience global breakdown on a scale which may truly be called apocalyptic. That is a sensational term, but if it actually describes future events, there is nothing to be gained by seeking comfort in a less emotive word.
Ceramics: Materials, Processing and Properties
A ceramic is a solid material which comprises of an inorganic compound. Such an inorganic compound can be made up of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. Earthenware and brick are some common examples of ceramics. In terms of crystallinity, ceramic materials can range from completely amorphous to semi-crystalline, and highly oriented. Earthenware, stoneware and porcelain are examples of fired ceramics which are either vitrified or semi-vitrified. Most ceramic substances exhibit some common properties such as high melting temperature, low ductility, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and poor conductivity. There are various options for the composition and structure of a ceramic due to the broad range of available combinations of elements, bonding and levels of crystallinity. Accordingly, the hardness and toughness of different ceramics can vary considerably. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on ceramics have been included in this book. Those with an interest in the field of ceramics would find this book helpful.
International Environmental Labelling Vol.10 Financial
This book is dedicated to the subject of environmental labels. The basis for the classification of its parts goes back to the types of environmental labelling according to the classification provided by the International Organization for Standardization. The idea of compiling this book came to the author's mind when it was observed that national environmental labelling models had been developed in most countries. This is, however, not the case everywhere; in many other countries, even the initial steps have not been taken.
The Plaston Concept
Part I. Introduction.- 1. Plaston induced plasticity in bulk nanostructured metals.- Part II. Simulation of plaston and plaston induced phenomena.- 2. Nucleation of plaston at surface and interface of metallic materials.- 3. Atomistic study of plaston in nanostructured metals.- 4. First principles calculations of collective motion of atoms in metals.- 5. Machine learning interatomic potentials with controlled accuracy.- 6. First principles calculations of dislocation cores in HCP metals.- Part III. Experimental analyses of plaston.- 7. STEM observation of plaston in alumina.- 8. Micro-pillar deformation experiments of brittle intermetallics in steel.- 9. Nano-indentation study of steels.- 10. Synchrotron x-ray study on plaston in metals.- 11. Improvement of fatigue lifetime by controlling plaston at crack tip.- Part IV. Design and development of high performance structural materials.- 12. Development of bulk nanostructured steels.- 13. Design and development of high Mn steels.- 14. Design and development novel magnesium alloys.
International Environmental Labelling Vol.10 Financial
This book is dedicated to the subject of environmental labels. The basis for the classification of its parts goes back to the types of environmental labelling according to the classification provided by the International Organization for Standardization. The idea of compiling this book came to the author's mind when it was observed that national environmental labelling models had been developed in most countries. This is, however, not the case everywhere; in many other countries, even the initial steps have not been taken.
Nanotechnology for Smart Concrete
Nanotechnology for Smart Concrete discusses the advantages and applications of nanomaterials in concrete including high-strength performance, microstructural improvement, self-healing, energy storage, and coatings.
Urban Roar
Urban Roar argues for the existence of 'autonomous affectivities' that roar beneath the din of the urban, seeking the attention of us humans so captured by the environments of our own making. In hearing the urban roar, it is the mythic intention of this book to discover ways in which we can work with the intensities of more-than-human forces to vitalize our cities. The book explores methods by which artists, particularly those sound artists involved in fieldwork practices, might encounter and translate autonomous affectivities between different environments. Of particular interest is Jung's concept of synchronicity and its relationship to artistic creation - as experience, flow and catalyst - in manifesting autonomous affectivities into diverse and affective environments. The book makes use of both theoretical and practical approaches: from a study of scholarship through which it is argued that an autonomous affectivity is equivalent to an archetype (via Jung) and an essence (via Deleuze's reading of Spinoza), to theoretical considerations of the situated body in everyday contexts, to practical study of an artistic research experiment designed to reveal and index autonomous affectivities encountered during fieldwork practices, for the purpose of influencing urban design interventions. In this fresh analysis, Lacey reveals the possibilities in urban environments.
Flexible Batteries
Covering both important fundamental and application development, the book highlights the key advance of flexible batteries, a booming new direction in energy storage field.
Cohesive Zone Modelling for Fatigue Life Analysis of Adhesive Joints
This book explains the numerical method for fatigue life analysis of adhesive joints using the CZM technique. CZM is a robust approach that is widely used for failure analysis of adhesive joints exposed to various stress conditions including fatigue. In this book, various aspects of the numerical evaluation of adhesive bonds using CZM are discussed. First of all, it is explained how different load and environmental parameters influence the service life of adhesive connections. Various types of CZM shapes and their applications are then discussed. It was answered how different parameters of a CZM should be defined. It is also discussed which CZM form should be used for each condition. The book then describes how the CZM parameters should be degraded to simulate the cyclic loading behavior of bonded structures. Various CZM strategies for the fatigue life assessment of adhesive joints are discussed. The book presents various techniques that can be followed for the simulation of load cycles for both high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue regimes based on the concepts of the CZM. Details of numerical methods to be considered in the FE software for the fatigue life assessment of adhesives with CZM are also described in this book. Finally, some numerical examples using CZM are also provided.
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the need to make better use of natural resources. Hence, the utilization of biomass has led to so-called biorefinery, consisting of the fractionation or separation of the different components of the lignocellulosic materials in order to achieve a total utilization of the same, and not only of the cellulosic fraction for paper production. The use of plant biomass as a basic raw material implies a shift from an economy based on the exploitation of non-renewable fossil fuels, with limited reserves or with regeneration cycles far below the rates of exploitation, to a bioeconomy based on the use of renewable organic natural resources, with balanced regeneration and extraction cycles. To make this change, profound readjustments in existing technologies are necessary, as well as the application of new approaches in research, development, and production. "Biorefinery" is the term used to describe the technology for the fractionation of plant biomass into energy, chemicals, and consumer goods. The future generation of biorefinery will include treatments, leading to high-value-added compounds. The use of green chemistry technologies and principles in biorefineries, such as solvent and reagent recovery and the minimization of effluent and gas emissions, is essential to define an economically and environmentally sustainable process. In particular, the biorefinery of lignocellulosic materials to produce biofuels, chemicals and materials is presented as a solid alternative to the current petrochemical platform and a possible solution to the accumulation of greenhouse gases.
Surface Processing of Light Alloys Subject to Concentrated Energy Flows
Modifying of Structure-Phase States and Properties of Metals by Concentrated Energy Flows.- Special Analysis Aspects of Modified Light Alloys.- Structure and Properties of as Cast Silumin and Processed by Intense Pulsed Electron Beam.- Fractography of Silumin Surface Fractured in High-Cycle Fatigue Tests.- Degradation of Silumin Structure and Properties in High-Cycle Fatigue Tests.- Modifying of Titanium Vt6 Alloy Surface by Electrical Explosion Alloying.- Modifying of Tutianium Alloy Vt6 Surface by Electrical Explosion Alloying and Electron-Beam Processing.- Microhardness and Wear Resistance of Modified Layers.- Effect of Electron-Beam Processing on Structure and Phase Composition of Titanium Vt1-0 Fractured In Fatigue Tests.
In Situ Characterization Methodology for the Design and Analysis of Composite Pressure Vessels
With his work, Martin Nebe provides principal insights into the mechanical response of composite pressure vessels subjected to internal pressure. By establishing and validating an in situ characterization methodology, the vessel's geometry, its deformation behavior and the damage evolution process under internal pressure loading become accessible. This not only permits to trace back certain phenomena related to the manufacturing of these components but also allows to verify analytical and numerical modeling strategies. The exercised correlation of predicted and experimental results delivers detailed insights into design considerations to composite pressure vessels such as the definition of stacking sequence. The transfer of knowledge to a fullscale vessel geometry, which is representative for the use in fuel cell electric vehicles underlines the industrial application of this work. By combining numerical modeling, filament winding and experimental characterization, this work provides asound foundation for future developments in the area of composite pressure vessels used for hydrogen storage.
Clay Testing
Aimed at those working on stove projects or manufacture of ceramic stoves, this books offers clear explanations of some of the causes of the problems encountered while the stove is in use and gives straightforward methods of avoiding them. The findings of a clay-testing programme carried out with a number of different Asian and African clays are outlined and results show a strong correlation between the clay/non-clay ratio. It describes a method of clay testing, the clay/non clay ratio measurement technique which will reduce the chance of stoves failing through thermally induced stress.
The German Fleet; Being The Companion Volume to The Fleets At War and From Heligoland To Keeling Island
This book has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies and hence the text is clear and readable.
Boys' Book of Model Boats
This book has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies and hence the text is clear and readable.
The Boys' Book of Submarines
This book has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies and hence the text is clear and readable.
Radiolabeled Compounds for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially cancer. In general, radiopharmaceuticals are either salts of radionuclides or radionuclides bound to biologically active molecules, drugs, or cells. Tremendous progress has been made in discovering, developing, and commercializing numerous radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and therapy of cancer. Significant research is ongoing in academia and the pharmaceutical industry to develop more novel radiolabeled compounds as potential radiopharmaceuticals for unmet needs. This Special Issue aims to focus on all aspects of the design, characterization, evaluation, and development of novel radiolabeled compounds for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and the application of new radiochemistry and methodologies for the development of novel radiolabeled compounds. Outstanding contributions presented in this Special Issue will significantly add to the field of radiopharmaceuticals.
Flame Retardants for Textile Materials
This book focuses on flame retardants (FR) for textile materials. It discusses basics of flame retardancy and flammability and covers various types of flame retardants and materials, including natural FRs, halogen-, phosphorous-, and nanomaterial-based FRs. It also covers methods of applications of FRs and discusses FRs and the environment.
Exclusive Feature Papers in Colorants
"Exclusive Feature Papers in Colorants" is a collection of important high-quality papers (original research articles or comprehensive review papers) published in open access. This Special Issue aims to discuss new knowledge or new cutting-edge developments in the colorants research field through selected works, in the hope of making a great contribution to the community. We intend for this issue to be the best forum for disseminating excellent research findings as well as sharing innovative ideas in the field.
Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Foams
Foaming of polymeric materials enables weight reduction, which is very important from the economic point of view, but most of all, it should be considered as an excellent means to provide new properties to various polymeric materials. Permanent developments in foaming technologies allow manufacturing of foams with micro- and even nano-sized pores, expanding the already very wide range of their applications. Except for the most conventional applications, which include damping materials, thermal and acoustic insulation, packaging materials or absorbents, applications in catalysis, fuel cells, tissue engineering, and electromagnetic shielding, often associated with nanocellular structures, have become more and more popular. Moreover, having in mind the ongoing trends and law regulations, it is important to remember the environmental impact of polymeric foams. Recent technological developments often involve biodegradability of foams, application of environmentally friendly raw materials, and innovative recycling methods. Because of the richness of potential innovations and future developments, the Editors are pleased to present the Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Foams book, a collection of papers from Materials Special Issue dealing with the structure, performance, and applications of polymeric foams.
The Lattice Boltzmann Equation: For Complex States of Flowing Matter
Flowing matter is all around us, from daily-life vital processes (breathing, blood circulation), to industrial, environmental, biological, and medical sciences. Complex states of flowing matter are equally present in fundamental physical processes, far remote from our direct senses, such as quantum-relativistic matter under ultra-high temperature conditions (quark-gluon plasmas). Capturing the complexities of such states of matter stands as one of the most prominent challenges of modern science, with multiple ramifications to physics, biology, mathematics, and computer science. As a result, mathematical and computational techniques capable of providing a quantitative account of the way that such complex states of flowing matter behave in space and time are becoming increasingly important. This book provides a unique description of a major technique, the Lattice Boltzmann method to accomplish this task. The Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as an efficient computational tool for the numerical simulation of a wide variety of complex states of flowing matter across a broad range of scales; from fully-developed turbulence, to multiphase micro-flows, all the way down to nano-biofluidics and lately, even quantum-relativistic sub-nuclear fluids. After providing a self-contained introduction to the kinetic theory of fluids and a thorough account of its transcription to the lattice framework, this text provides a survey of the major developments which have led to the impressive growth of the Lattice Boltzmann across most walks of fluid dynamics and its interfaces with allied disciplines. Included are recent developments of Lattice Boltzmann methods for non-ideal fluids, micro- and nanofluidic flows with suspended bodies of assorted nature and extensions to strong non-equilibrium flows beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics. In the final part, it presents the extension of the Lattice Boltzmann method to quantum and relativistic matter, in an attempt to match the major surge of interest spurred by recent developments in the area of strongly interacting holographic fluids, such as electron flows in graphene.
Physical Methods in Chemistry and Nano Science. Volume 6
This Series intended as a survey of research techniques used in modern chemistry, materials science, and nanoscience. The topics are grouped into volumes, not be method per se, but with regard to the type of information that can be obtained. Thus, the Volumes are ordered as follows: 1) Elemental composition; 2) Physical and thermal analysis; 3) Chromatography; 4) Chemical speciation; 5) Molecular and solid state structure; 6) Surface morphology and structure at the nanoscale; 7) Device performance; 8) Applications of analytical methods.
Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth
This book presents a detailed discussion of the fundamentals and practical applications of membrane technology enhancement in a range of industrial processes, energy recovery, and resource recycling. To date, most books on the applications of membrane technology have mainly focused on gas pollution removal or industrial wastewater treatment. In contrast, the enhancement of various membrane processes in the areas of energy and the environment has remained largely overlooked. This book highlights recent works and industrial products using membrane technology, while also discussing experiments and modeling studies on the membrane enhancement process.
Smart and Sustainable Supply Chain and Logistics - Trends, Challenges, Methods and Best Practices
Smart Contracts in the Context of Procure-to-Pay.- Out-of-home delivery as a solution of the last mile problem in e-commerce.- Evaluation and Control of a Collaborative Automated Picking System.- Integrating RFID Signal with Scene for Automatic Identification in Logistics and Production.- Logic for Management of Vehicles at Warehouse.
Near Infrared Detectors Based on Silicon Supersaturated with Transition Metals
Introduction.- Experimental techniques.- Results: NLA using a short pulse duration KrF laser.- Results: NLA using a long pulse duration XeCl laser.- Results: Integrating the supersaturated material in a CMOS pixel matrix.
The Anti-Nuclear Power Movement and Discourses of Energy Justice
Jesse P. Van Gerven critically analyzes the movement for a carbon-free and nuclear-free energy future in the U.S. using an environmental justice framework. Van Gerven explores how different social and environmental justice discourses are constructed through the claims of social movement organizations. This study shows how ideas of distribution, recognition, and representation structure the arguments made by anti-nuclear groups against the production of nuclear power. Through this analysis the author identifies general principals of energy justice. These principles can guide future energy policy and energy system development to ensure social and environmental justice.
Degradation Theory of Long Term Operated Materials and Structures
This book addresses the fatigue behavior of riveted connections from ancient Portuguese metallic bridges as well as the fatigue crack propagation behavior of related materials. Some examples of the fatigue assessment of long-term operated metallic bridges are presented and discussed. The phenomena of degradation is discussed in chapter 2, devoted to the material aspects of the Degradation Theory. Applications of structural integrity assessment/ corrosion aspects are discussed in chapter 3; case studies in chapter 4 and fatigue and fracture test results in chapter 5.
Water in Lithium-Ion Batteries
This book reviews the impact of water content in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as well as the reactivity of anodes, cathodes and electrolytes with water and processes that provide water-resistance to materials in LIBs. Water in LIBs which were constructed with anode, cathode and organic electrolyte containing lithium salts can degrade the cell performance and seriously damage the materials present. However, because a small amount of water in cells contributes to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, complete removal of water from cells lowers the battery performance and increases costs due to removal of water from the battery materials. This book presents the optimal concentration of water for each battery material along with appropriate removal methods and water-scavengers which were developed recently to establish both high performance and lower costs. Moreover this book describes the development of anodes and cathodes prepared by aqueous process and aqueous LIBs in which aqueous electrolytes containing lithium salts are used as an electrolyte. This book will be useful not only for academic researchers but also for company researchers who deal with LIBs.
Pakistan’s Pathway to the Bomb
A groundbreaking account of Pakistan's rise as a nuclear power draws on elite interviews and primary sources to challenge long-held misconceptionsPakistan's pathway to developing nuclear weapons remains shrouded in mystery and surrounded by misconceptions. While it is no secret why Pakistan became a nuclear power, how Pakistan became a nuclear state has been obscured by mythmaking.In Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb, Mansoor Ahmed offers a revisionist history of Pakistan's nuclear program and the bureaucratic politics that shaped its development from its inception in 1956 until the 1998 nuclear tests. Drawing on elite interviews and previously untapped primary sources, Ahmed offers a fresh assessment of the actual and perceived roles and contributions of the scientists and engineers who led the nuclear program. He shows how personal ambitions and politics within Pakistan's strategic enclave generated inter-laboratory competition in the nuclear establishment, which determined nuclear choices for the country for more than two decades. It also produced unexpected consequences such as illicit proliferation to other countries largely outside of the Pakistani state's control.As Pakistan's nuclear deterrent program continues to grow, Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb provides fresh insights into how this nuclear power has evolved in the past and where it stands today. Scholars and students of security studies, Pakistani history, and nuclear proliferation will find this book to be invaluable to their understanding of the country's nuclear program, policies, and posture.
Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Unparalleled coverage of the most vibrant research field in photovoltaics! Hybrid perovskites, revolutionary game-changing semiconductor materials, have every favorable optoelectronic characteristic necessary for realizing high efficiency solar cells. The remarkable features of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics, such as superior material properties, easy material fabrication by solution-based processing, large-area device fabrication by an inkjet technology, and simple solar cell structures, have brought enormous attentions, leading to a rapid development of the solar cell technology at a pace never before seen in solar cell history. Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Characteristics and Operation covers extensive topics of hybrid perovskite solar cells, providing easy-to-read descriptions for the fundamental characteristics of unique hybrid perovskite materials (Part I) as well as the principles and applications of hybrid perovskite solar cells (Part II). Both basic and advanced concepts of hybrid perovskite devices are treated thoroughly in this book; in particular, explanatory descriptions for general physical and chemical aspects of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics are included to provide fundamental understanding. This comprehensive book is highly suitable for graduate school students and researchers who are not familiar with hybrid perovskite materials and devices, allowing the accumulation of the accurate knowledge from the basic to the advanced levels.
Graphdiyne
Graphdiyne Discover the most cutting-edge developments in the study of graphdiyne from a pioneer of the field In Graphdiyne: Fundamentals and Applications in Renewable Energy and Electronics, accomplished chemist Dr. Yuliang Li delivers a practical and insightful compilation of theoretical and experimental developments in the study of graphdiyne. Of interest to both academics and industrial researchers in the fields of nanoscience, organic chemistry, carbon science, and renewable energies, the book systematically summarizes recent research into the exciting new material. Discover information about the properties of graphdiyne through theoretical simulations and experimental characterizations, as well as the development of graphdiyne with appropriate preparation technology. Learn to create new graphdiyne-based materials and better understand its intrinsic properties. Find out about synthetic methodologies, the controlled growth of aggregated state structures, and structural characterization. In addition to demonstrating the interdisciplinary potential and relevance of graphdiyne, the book also offers readers: A thorough introduction to basic structure and band gap engineering, including molecular and electronic structure, mechanical properties, and the layers structure of bulk graphdiyne Explorations of Graphdiyne synthesis and characterization, including films, nanotube arrays and nanowires, nanowalls, and nanosheets, as well as characterization methods Discussions of the functionalization of graphdiyne, including heteroatom doping, metal decoration, and absorption of guest molecules Rigorous treatments of Graphdiyne-based materials in catalytic applications, including photo- and electrocatalysts Perfect for organic chemists, electronics engineers, materials scientists, and physicists, Graphdiyne: Fundamentals and Applications in Renewable Energy and Electronics will also find its place on the bookshelves of surface and solid-state chemists, electrochemists, and catalytic chemists seeking a one-stop reference on this rising-star carbon material.
System-Materials Nanoarchitectonics
This book is the first publication to widely introduce the contributions of nanoarchitectonics to the development of functional materials and systems. The book opens up pathways to novel nanotechnology based on bottom-up techniques. In fields of nanotechnology, theoretical and practical limitations are expected in the bottom-up nanofabrication process. Instead, some supramolecular processes for nano- and microstructure formation including molecular recognition, self-assembly, and template synthesis have gained great attention as novel key technologies to break through expected limitations in current nanotechnology. This volume describes future images of nanotechnology and related materials and device science as well as practical applications for energy and biotechnology. Readers including specialists, non-specialists, graduate students, and undergraduate students can focus on the parts of the book that interest and concern them most. Target fields include materials chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, and even biotechnology.
Building Materials
At a time of unprecedented levels of change in the production of building materials and their deployment in construction, better theoretical and historical tools are needed to understand these new developments and how they are altering the practices and concepts of architecture. Building Materials offers a radical rethink of how materials, as they are constituted in architectural practice, are themselves constructed and, in turn, uncovers a vast and neglected resource of architectural writing about materials as they are mobilized in architecture. The book is unique in conceiving architectural specification as a starting point for architectural theory, arguing that how materials are prescribed - through a range of practices from the literal processes of procurement and manufacture to epistemological, contractual, social and economic frameworks - radically alters their potential in architecture. Drawing on the work of French philosopher Gilbert Simondon, as well as close readings of everyday specifications from the 18th to 21st centuries, the book reveals that materials do not pre-exist their shaping or use in the world, but come into being through the processes that constitute them. The book addresses three distinct methods of specification each through the lens of a different material - 'naming' through timber, 'process-based' through concrete, and 'performance specification' through glass - in turn revealing how the process of architectural specification (or 'Preliminary Operations' as Simondon puts it) allows for the development of specific relationships between material and function.
Heating with Wolves, Cooling with Cacti
This book describes the detailed process behind the development of a comprehensive thermo-bio-architectural framework (the ThBA). This framework systematically connects the thermal performance requirements of a building to relevant solutions found in the natural world.
Advanced Metallic Biomaterials
The book presents the characterization and classification of metallic biomaterials; with focus on titanium-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, stainless steels and biodegradable alloys. Emphasis is placed on the synthesis, assessment of properties and medical applications such as multifunctional implants. The book references 423 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.Keywords: Biomaterials, Classification, Titanium Alloys, Cobalt Alloys, Stainless Steels, Biodegradable Alloys, Medical Applications, Optimization of Metallic Biomaterials, Multifunctional Implants, Tissue Reactions, Toxicity of Metals, Inflammatory Reactions, Immunological Reactions, Sensibility, Allergy, Carcinogenic Effects, Ceramic Coatings, Ionic Implantation in Plasma, Biocompatibility.
Floating Offshore Energy Devices
This new conference series aims at presenting state-of-the-art research in the development of offshore energy machines and devices. Topics covered include: Present and future offshore wind and wave devices; innovations in modelling, design, control, operation and testing of offshore energy machines, and the impact of these devices on the marine environment.Keywords: Oscillating Water Column, Monitoring of Wind Turbines, Coriolis Effect, Internal Ocean Waves, Rapid Distortion Theory, Modelling of Ocean Wave Energy Converters, Pendulum-Type Vibration, Wind Turbine Fault Prediction, Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting, Floating Tidal Energy Conversion, Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Shallow Water Large Scale Modelling.
The Molecular Designing of Materials and Devices
Nature designs everything from atoms; hence, we should be able to create any feasible kind of material and device with foresight, if we understood the Periodic System in all its implications. Yet--like weather forecasters--we find ourselves still members of the gambling profession. This was the tenor of the third summer session on modern materials research sponsored by the Laboratory for Insulation Research at MIT in 1963. Its program--organized by Arthur R. von Hippel, Institute Professor and one of the pioneers of modern materials research--ranged from the electronic structure of atoms and molecules to the design patterns and operating mechanisms of living systems. The participants came from a gamut of professions and the course seemed threatened by a confusion of tongues; instead, the two weeks of learning and debating proved so full of interest and enjoyment that the majority of the lecturers voted for a joint publication of their contributions. Thus this volume on The Molecular Designing of Materials and Devices joins its three predecessors (Dielectrics and Waves, Dielectric Materials and Applications, and Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering), already established as classics in their fields.This volume advances its theme in three stages: from the architecture of materials to the properties produced by structures and compositions and to the devices employing such properties with increasing sophistication. Since this vast panorama is conjured by twenty-five experts with highly individual outlooks, an extensive sruvey traces the problems and thoughts that connect chapter to chapter. The text is supported by a great number of illustrations, and a comprehensive index gives additional unity and long-range usefulness to the presentation.ContributorsAli S. Argon, David J. Epstein, John B. Goodenough, Shinya Inou矇竅 Thomas A. Kaplan, Hendrik A. Kasens, Helen D. Megaw, Erwin W. M? Heinz Raether, Gert W. Rathenau, Albert Rose, Murray D. Rosenberg, Walter A. Rosenblith, Heinz Schlicke, Francis O. Schmitt, James H. Schulman, John C. Slater, Alexander Smakula, Edward V. Somers, S. Donald Stookey, Morris Tanenbaum, Albert von Engel, Arthur von Hippel, Carl Wagner, Herbert Zeiger, and Clarence Zener
Nucleic Acids Conjugates for Biotechnological Applications
Life in biological systems is maintained by the cooperative actions of various biomolecules. With the development of chemical and biological technologies related to nucleic acids, the details of the mechanisms of such cooperative actions between nucleic acids and other biomolecules have been elucidated and further applied in various applications. In the papers published in this Special Issue, advanced research works involved in nucleic acid conjugates are reported in wide application fields, such as artificial gene regulation, biomolecular sensing, and therapeutics from leading scientists in nucleic acids chemistry and engineering.
Urban Air Pollution Modeling
This book brings together the methods, models and formulae used for estimating air pollution concentrations in urban areas. From the Foreword The visible effects of pollution in most cities in the developed countries have been reduced dramatically in the past thirty years. This has been achieved to a large extent by the replacement of most of the low-level sources, which burnt raw coal, by more modern appliances using gas, electricity or low-sulphur oil. The killer smog of 1952 could not be repeated unless there were to be a massive return to old-fashioned heating methods, due, for example, to excessive environmental constraints being applied to the more modern energy sources. It is important, therefore, to judge the impact of a new source in terms of its effect on the pattern of existing sources. One should also consider the environmental consequences of rejecting the new installation and examine the alternatives--that its product may either be denied to the community at large, produced elsewhere or produced using existing facilities. These facilities are probably less efficient and may therefore produce more pollution per unit of product than the new plant would. An objective, quantitative, urban-air-pollution model is clearly an essential component in such a decision-making process. Dr. Benarie has produced a distillation of existing modelling techniques which will, I hope, become the launching pad for many future models. As each city is unique, it will need its own tailor-made model, drawing on the best and the most appropriate techniques developed previously. Agreement with observations is the only real test of validity, because the physics and chemistry are so complicated that theoretical arguments are reduced to the role of assisting in the best formulation of the problem. Numerical precision must always rely on measurement. This is the approach that Dr. Benarie has adopted.--David J. Moore, Central Electricity Research Laboratires, Leatherhead, Surrey, UK
Outsourcing Duty
Are contemporary soldiers exploited by the state and society that they defend? More specifically, have America's professional service members disproportionately carried the moral weight of America's war-fighting decisions since the inception of an all-volunteer force? In this volume, Michael J. Robillard and Bradley J. Strawser, who have both served in the military, examine the question of whether and how American soldiers have been exploited in this way. Robillard and Strawser offer an original normative theory of 'moral exploitation'--the notion that persons or groups can be wrongfully exploited by being made to shoulder an excessive amount of moral weight. They make the case that this exploitation accurately describes the relationship between the United States and the members of its military, and offer a thorough and in-depth analysis of some of the exploitative and misleading elements of present-day military recruitment, the moral burdens soldiers often bear, and the stifling effect that a 'Thank You for Your Service' and 'I support the troops' culture has had on serious public engagement about America's ongoing wars. Robillard and Strawser offer a piercing critique of the pernicious divide between military members and the civilians who direct them. They conclude by arguing for several normative and prudential prescriptions to help close this ever-widening fissure between the U.S. and its military, and within the U.S. itself. In so doing, their work gives a much needed and urgent voice to America's soldiers, the other 1%.
Chemical Energy Storage
Energy - in the headlines, discussed controversially, vital. The use of regenerative energy in many primary forms leads to the necessity to store grid dimensions for maintaining continuous supply and enabling the replacement of fossil fuel systems. Chemical energy storage is one of the possibilities besides mechano-thermal and biological systems. This work starts with the more general aspects of chemical energy storage in the context of the geosphere and evolves to dealing with aspects of electrochemistry, catalysis, synthesis of catalysts, functional analysis of catalytic processes and with the interface between electrochemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. Top-notch experts provide a sound, practical, hands-on insight into the present status of energy conversion aimed primarily at the young emerging research front.
Material Characterization Using Electron Holography
Material Characterization using Electron Holography Exploration of a unique technique that offers exciting possibilities to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials Material Characterization using Electron Holography addresses how the electromagnetic field can be directly visualized and precisely interpreted based on Maxwell's equations formulated by special relativity, leading to the understanding of electromagnetic properties of advanced materials and devices. In doing so, it delivers a unique route to imaging materials in higher resolution. The focus of the book is on in situ observation of electromagnetic fields of diverse functional materials. Furthermore, an extension of electron holographic techniques, such as direct observation of accumulation and collective motions of electrons around the charged insulators, is also explained. This approach enables the reader to develop a deeper understanding of functionalities of advanced materials. Written by two highly qualified authors with extensive first-hand experience in the field, Material Characterization using Electron Holography covers topics such as: Importance of electromagnetic fields and their visualization, Maxwell's equations formulated by special relativity, and de Broglie waves and wave functions Outlines of general relativity and Einstein's equations, principles of electron holography, and related techniques Simulation of holograms and visualized electromagnetic fields, electric field analysis, and in situ observation of electric fields Interaction between electrons and charged specimen surfaces and interpretation of visualization of collective motions of electrons For materials scientists, analytical chemists, structural chemists, analytical research institutes, applied physicists, physicists, semiconductor physicists, and libraries looking to be on the cutting edge of methods to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials, Material Characterization using Electron Holography offers comprehensive coverage of the subject from authoritative and forward-thinking topical experts.
2018 Press Conference Records of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the People's Republic of China
This book introduces readers to the press release work carried out by Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China in 2018. It is divided into 3 parts, and each part is arranged in chronological order. The first part contains the records of Li Ganjie, Minister of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, who attended the press conference of the two conferences and the "Ministerial Channel". The second part contains the record of Special Representative of China's Climate Change Affairs, Xie Zhenhua, who attended the "China's Policies and Actions on Climate Change 2018 Annual Report" press conference, and Zhao Yingmin, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, who attended the "Three-year Action Plan to Win the Blue Sky Defense War" policy briefing. The third part contains the records of 12 regular press conferences of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment throughout the year.
