The non-covalent of complexes of humic substances
The monograph presents the theoretical principles and experimental data in the field of supramolecular chemistry of humic substances. New view on the structural organization of humic substances is proposed. The mechanisms of formation of the non-covalent complexes in specific reactions of humic substances associated with their functioning in natural and technological processes are considered. Methods for quantitative assessment of molecular recognition in the processes of formation of non-covalent complexes of humic substances with various substrates are described.
Modified lipases. Approaches and prospects in sugar chemistry
The development of green products and processes that are competitive with chemical products and processes is currently based on the concepts of green chemistry and sustainable development. To this end, lipases from different strains are modified by the immobilization process, i.e. adsorption onto a solid support and encapsulation by non-ionic surfactants. They are characterized using scanning electron microscopy techniques, combined with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction.They are then tested in the production of sugar-based biosurfactants.
Chemistry didactics and ICTE
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are undergoing rapid development, and are being introduced in all areas. These technologies are becoming essential tools, forcing all countries to establish policies for their widespread use in the education system to meet the challenges they face. Information and Communication Technologies would be a good way of complementing experience, not replacing it. Teachers argue that the constraints and difficulties linked to the integration of ICT are essentially due to a lack of infrastructure and support (training).
Organic Chemistry and Industrial Development
The document explores industrial organic chemistry in depth, from its historical evolution to its modern applications. It covers raw materials such as oil, natural gas, coal and biomass, detailing transformation processes such as distillation, cracking and polymerization to produce essential materials (plastics, solvents, etc.). The focus is on applications in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and consumer goods sectors. A major section deals with environmental challenges and innovations in green chemistry, with a focus on biodegradable polymers and the circular economy. The book concludes with the importance of emerging technologies (AI, nanotechnologies) for a sustainable future.
Clay Modification & Their Characterizations
Clay and Modified Clay have been characterized using various techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDAX, and FTIR. CTAB has been used as a surfactant to modify the clay's surface properties and enhance its adsorption capabilities. XRD analysis revealed that the modified clay had a more ordered structure than the raw clay due to the incorporation of CTAB molecules onto its surface. SEM and EDAX analyses demonstrated that the modified clay had a more uniform morphology with a higher surface area, which is attributed to the CTAB modification. FTIR analysis showed the presence of new functional groups on the modified clay surface, indicating the successful incorporation of CTAB. Modification of clay with CTAB has led to significant improvements in its adsorption capabilities, making it a promising material for various environmental and industrial applications. The use of these analytical techniques has provided valuable insights into the physical and chemical changes that occur during the clay modification process. Further studies on the modified clay's performance under different conditions are warranted to fully assess its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent material.
Understand Voltammetry (4th Ed)
The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognised but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, and most especially if they wish to pursue quantitative measurements. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted, while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centred on various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, etc.). The reader is assumed to have knowledge of physical chemistry equivalent to Master's level but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to stand alone, references to important research papers are given to provide an introductory entry into the literature.In this fourth edition, important parts of the text have been re-written for optimal clarity, recognising that many readers will not have English as a first language. Updates to the text have been made and new material added, expanding the text whilst retaining the overall concise, to-the-point approach which has proved popular with the readers of the previous editions.
Cocrystals of Sulfa Drugs
Sulfa drugs are highly effective antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections. However, they lose their spot in the market against other commercially available drugs owing to their either low solubility and/or permeability. They are either class II or class IV drugs in BCS classification, and therefore, have to be consumed in larger doses for effective medication. Consuming drugs in larger dose may lead to complexities/adverse effects (which are summarized in the introduction), and is also not an ideal business strategy. Though sulfa drugs are replaced in the pharmaceutical market by other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), they are still useful because of their low cost and efficient action against common bacterial diseases. Therefore, addressing their solubility and permeability issues are still valid. One of the strategies that is generally used to improve the solubility of APIs is by using crystal engineering principles, wherein, solid forms of APIs are formulated as cocrystals with different bio-acceptable coformers.
Numerical Periodic Table
A wide range of chemical clusters have been analyzed and categorized by three interrelated methods. These are: Using skeletal numbers, Using capping indices and Using 2N series. In this way, cluster configurations K*= DzCy were derived. A cluster configuration is extremely important as we can derive the following information from it, namely: the cluster number K, the K(n) parameter, the CLUSTER VALENCE ELECTRONS, using the 4 equations of cluster valence electrons, and the isomeric shapes of the cluster. This book gives selected samples of capping series of CLUSTER GROUPS (D-z and Dz). The cluster valence electron tables show that cluster valence electron series have no beginning and no end. It is just an infinite universe of chemical clusters and elements.
Microplastics
This book focuses on the detection, extraction, remediation techniques, and future perspectives of microplastics. It includes characteristics, fluctuations, distribution, and water remediation of microplastics using various functionalized nanomaterials. This book also covers the impact of microplastics discharged from domestic and various industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, clothing, polymer industries, etc., for the quantification of poisonous substances in water. Different techniques in water remediation and environment as well as in the determination of hazard, toxicity, and monitoring standards towards microplastics are also covered.Features: Discusses the presence of microplastics in matrices prone to human consumption. Includes general information on microplastics, their origin, types, shapes, size, and nomenclature. Reviews microplastics and numerous types of detection and extraction methods. Illustrates fundamental methods and techniques used for the remediation of microplastics. Explores the overall impacts of microplastics and their future perspectives. This book is aimed at researchers, graduate students, and faculty members who can apply their knowledge in the emerging field of research on microplastic remediation. Despite our best efforts, mistakes and misconceptions may have occurred, for which we apologize. We welcome constructive criticism and suggestions to improve the presentation.
Understand Voltammetry (4th Ed)
The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognised but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, and most especially if they wish to pursue quantitative measurements. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted, while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centred on various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, etc.). The reader is assumed to have knowledge of physical chemistry equivalent to Master's level but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to stand alone, references to important research papers are given to provide an introductory entry into the literature.In this fourth edition, important parts of the text have been re-written for optimal clarity, recognising that many readers will not have English as a first language. Updates to the text have been made and new material added, expanding the text whilst retaining the overall concise, to-the-point approach which has proved popular with the readers of the previous editions.
Elemental Carbon
The science of carbon materials has experienced a renaissance in recent decades, with Nobel prizes having been awarded for the discovery of C60 in 1996, and graphene in 2010. Other areas of carbon science have also flourished, with notable advances having been made in the synthesis of diamond by chemical vapour deposition and in the preparation and applications of carbon dots. Elemental Carbon provides an overview of the most rapidly developing areas of contemporary carbon science, including both well-established materials such as graphite and carbon black and new forms such as graphene. As well as giving a brief history of each topic, the five chapters provide reviews of the latest research, covering synthesis, chemical and physical properties, and applications. Aimed at advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and other researchers in academia and industry, this book provides an invaluable introduction to these increasingly important materials.
Forensic Chemistry
Forensic chemistry is a specialized field that uses chemistry to analyze evidence from crime scenes to establish facts in legal cases. Key areas include toxicology, drug analysis, explosives and arson, and trace evidence analysis. Forensic chemists study and detect poisons, drugs, and other toxins in biological specimens, analyze unknown drugs, determine the cause of explosions and fires, and identify trace amounts of substances to link suspects to the crime scene. Techniques used include chromatography, spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrophoresis. Forensic chemists play a crucial role in the criminal justice system by providing objective data that can confirm the presence of illicit substances, identify harmful toxins, and establish links between suspects and crime scenes.
General Information on Carbon Nanotubes
Polymer composites have frequently played a successful role in replacing metallic and ceramic materials. In many applications, polymeric materials have offered an alternative to glass (PMMA, PC) and aluminum in aeronautics, which have been replaced by polymer-matrix composites. Because of their lightness and ease of processing, polymers have long been used as electrical insulators, and the first work on extrinsically conductive polymers or polymers filled with electrically conductive particles was carried out in the 1950s (Hitory of polymeric composites). In composites with insulating matrices loaded with conductive particles, the transport of electric current is frequently confined to metallic or graphite particles. The conductive phase is often granular (carbon black, silver platelets, etc.) or fibrous (carbon fibers, aluminum fibers, etc.). Structural composites are structures using high-performance composite materials, often replacing metal structures.
Redox-Based Catalytic Chemistry of Transition Metal Complexes
Transition metal complexes as catalysts play an indispensable role in transformation of chemical substances to value-added products using less energy-consuming processes and with high selectivity and efficiency. In collaboration with the Japan Society of Coordination Chemistry (JSCC), the work is a translation of the original Japanese book focusing on metal complex catalysts that are effective in redox reactions and covers important reactions involving metal complex catalysts. It describes not only what reactions proceed, but also the intermediates they pass through and how the reactions proceed, including computational chemistry approaches. It allows you to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanisms of metal complex catalysts. The scope of this book includes oxidative reactions performed by high-valent metal-oxo species, reductive reactions, bond activation and bond formation, and photocatalytic reactions. Topics in this book will be interest to those studying catalytic chemistry and related fields including coordination chemistry, organometallic chemistry, organic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and industrial chemistry.
Use of nanomaterials in industrial wastewater treatment
Wastewater containing toxic substances is a major threat to the health of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In order to treat wastewater, nanomaterials are currently being studied intensively due to their unprecedented properties. The unique features of nanoparticles are prompting an increasing number of studies into their use in wastewater treatment. Although several studies have been undertaken in recent years, most of them did not focus on some of the nanomaterials that are now often utilized for wastewater treatment. It is essential to investigate the most recent advances in all the types of nanomaterials that are now frequently employed for wastewater treatment. Utilizing appropriate and cost-effective nanomaterials in the wastewater treatment process is essential for ensuring long-term viability and sustainability. Industrial wastewater is introduced in large volumes into the water sources, in turn producing intense health hazards on living beings and the environment. The contaminants from industries include toxic chemicals, heavy metals, metal dust, dyes, radioactive substances etc.
Phytochemical Analysis of Sugarcane Flower (Saccharum Edule)
Saccharum Edule commonly known as sugarcane flower is a type of vegetable. Every vegetable, including Saccharum Edule, has a benefit of its own. However, because no phytochemical research has been done on this sample that would support the beneficial findings, this vegetable is frequently underestimated by both researchers and public. Saccharum Edule health benefits are attributed in part to its unique phytochemical composition. This study was designed to find the phytochemical content inside of Saccharum Edule to analyze the bioactive compound and active compound content. Using methanol, Saccharum Edule was macerated to extract the active compounds inside the sample. Using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and active compounds using seven types of antioxidant tests, which are quantitative and qualitative. There were eight types of bioactive compounds present in the sample, namely glycerol, alcohol, phenol, acetic acid, fatty acid, ester acid, and saturated fatty alcohol. For active compounds, Saccharum Edule has the highest total phenolic compound (572.46 mg/ml) tested and the second highest are total flavonoid content (21.17 quercetin/g) gained from the sample.
Antimony and its anodic oxide film
The air-formed and anodic films on antimony surfaces are vulnerable to dissolution in the acid medium, with the anodic film dissolving at a higher rate than the air-formed film. This may be due to the fact that the anodic film that formed on the antimony surface has more defective characteristics than the air-generated film. The results of polarization revealed that the rate of antimony corrosion increased as the temperature increased. SEM micrographs revealed that anodic polarization of the metal in 4.97 M H2SO4 repaired scratches and defects on the mechanically polished antimony surface. Furthermore, the AFM picture of the anodic-produced antimony film revealed that it was homogeneous and free of pores.
Mitigation Strategies and Tolerance of Plants to Abiotic Stresses
Semiarid and arid areas worldwide are subject to qualitative and quantitative scarcity of water resources. Both scarcity (water deficit) and the occurrence of water sources with high salt concentrations stand out as limiting factors for agricultural production. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish strategies that mitigate abiotic stresses aimed at facilitating the sustainability of crops and meeting growing needs for food production. This Special Issue titled "Mitigation Strategies and Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses" presents original research results on the effects of abiotic stresses, tolerance mechanisms, crop tolerance associated with mitigation strategies, and biomolecular mechanisms.
Dynamics of Open Quantum Systems
All real-world quantum systems interact with their surrounding environment to some extent. No matter how weak the coupling that prevents the system from being isolated, the evolution of an open quantum system is eventually plagued by non-unitary features, such as decoherence and dissipation. Decoherence is a quantum effect where the system loses its ability to exhibit coherent behavior. Nowadays, decoherence stands as a serious obstacle in quantum information processing. As the manipulation of quantum coherence in experiments has progressed, the need to better understand, control, and utilize dissipative non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum systems has grown in importance. This has ranged from fundamental questions associated with the quantum-to-classical transition and quantum thermodynamics innovation in quantum optics and cavity/circuit quantum electrodynamics. Current studies of many-body dynamics, ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, superconducting systems, nanoelectro-mechanical systems, and quantum fields under the influence of external conditions offer new challenges to address questions regarding quantum systems far from equilibrium. On the theoretical side, quantum trajectory-based methods could be the key to both quantum nanodevice design and exploration of new regimes of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement, as well as applications to various quantum technologies.
The Future of Healthcare
Biomedical technology is currently one of the most critical and revolutionary areas. The integration of artificial intelligence in health systems has allowed the development of innovative technologies to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the quality of life of patients. In this context, artificial intelligence has allowed the creation of embedded systems that can monitor and control the health status of patients, which has allowed more personalized and efficient care. In addition, these technologies have allowed the development of new automatic diagnostic techniques that have revolutionized the diagnosis of diseases.This Special Issue aims to show the innovators in the use of artificial intelligence as a main topic for solving problems in biomedical technology through the development of technologies with embedded systems for health and quality of life.
Effect of Imin Derivatives on DNA Conductivity and 3clpro Receptor
This study details the synthesis and structural analysis of new piperazine ester (PB羹Es) and piperazinhydrazon (PB羹Hy) derivatives, with an emphasis on their interactions with the 8IGY protein receptor. Comprehensive computational approaches, including Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, were employed to examine the binding affinity, stability, and structural properties of these compounds. Results from docking and dynamics simulations showed that while the co-ligand exhibited the strongest binding affinity to the 8IGY receptor, both PB羹Hy and PB羹Es maintained stable positions via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the study explored the effects of PB羹Es and PB羹Hy on the electrical conductivity of B-DNA, particularly in relation to its sequence 'CGGATCGATTCGAGG, ' offering valuable insights into potential applications in biosensors and molecular electronics. This analysis contributes to understanding how ligand modifications impact DNA conductivity, paving the way for innovative uses in nanotechnology and bioelectronics.
Photovoltaic Functional Crystals and Ceramics
As an important category of inorganic crystalline materials, photovoltaic functional crystals and ceramics come in many forms and play increasingly important roles in modern electronics, information communication, and industry applications, as well as in the promotion of fundamental research on materials and devices. This has further promoted cross-fertilization in the fields of optoelectronic functional devices, biomedical engineering, and materials science, prompting scholars to accelerate the in-depth study of their original physical response mechanisms to the applied field and commercialization of such functional devices. This Special Issue on "Photovoltaic Functional Crystals and Ceramics" highlights new opportunities and challenges for advancing the development of inorganic crystalline materials, focusing on crystal and film growth, characterization, structure refinement, modeling, device fabrication, measurements, and system testing, as well as corresponding fundamental research. This Special Issue is also a positive forum for scientists, scholars, and industrial engineers to communicate challenges and breakthroughs in photovoltaic research and its applications.
Hydrogel for Sustained Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
Polymer hydrogels are attractive materials utilized for the controlled release of drugs and therapeutic agents due to their ability to embed biologically active agents in 3D water-swollen networks. The latest advancements in natural biomaterials, polymer chemistry, and bioengineering domains have facilitated numerous developments in the field of hydrogels for the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents. In light of this, the current Special Issue is focused on the state of the art in the field of hydrogels, focusing on several exciting subjects, including cross-linking methods, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, multicomponent hydrogels, aerogels, and the release of therapeutic agents from 3D-printed hydrogels. Therefore, the challenges that have been overcome due to advanced development in biodegradable, biocompatible, temperature- and pH-stimuli-responsive hydrogels and interactions between hydrogels and therapeutic agents will also be highlighted. This Special Issue will also focus on the physical, chemical, pharmacotechnical, and biological characterization of polymer hydrogels using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, rheology, and thermal analysis methods and their applications in regenerative medicine and pharmacy. The structure-property relationships of hydrogels are necessary to establish a correlation between the design and shape of a polymer hydrogel and the different drug delivery applications.
NMR Multiplet Interpretation
NMR Multiplet Interpretation: An Infographic Walk-Through focuses on complex first-order 1H multiplet interpretation that the synthetic organic chemist should expect to tackle. The 2nd edition also expands upon the interpretation of (1H and 19F) multiplets and ties the shape of multiplets to the structural features of hypothetical chemical compounds. The book provides thoroughly-visualized illustrations, embracing an elegant and intuitive methodology from the scientific literature. Moreover, it identifies core mnemonic rules and diagrams that help the reader quickly internalize key concepts. It includes progressively-challenging problems--from simple, intermediate, advanced, to expert--and corresponding colorful answer keys that are presented wholly-visually. While this is not a textbook nor a scientific publication, it does strive to be a unique learning tool that fills an apparent need for highly-visual pedagogical materials for chemists who want to develop practical confidence with first-order multiplet interpretation and prediction. It can be either a great companion to more traditional coursework in NMR spectroscopy for students or a continuing educational tool for researchers.
Constituents of some medicinal species from the Brazilian flora
Brazil is a country with great potential for research involving plant species, as it has the greatest biodiversity on the planet. Among the various existing biomes, the Amazon Rainforest is the most prominent, since it alone comprises a quarter of the world's animal and plant species. However, the majority of Brazilian plant species have not yet been studied, representing a potential economy that needs to be exploited. In this sense, there is a need for studies involving plant species aimed at identifying chemical constituents in order to justify their pharmacological activities. Therefore, this book deals with the study of polar chemical constituents present in some species found in the Brazilian Amazon flora.
Photochemistry of Organic Molecules and of Matrix-Isolated Reactive Intermediates
This Special Issue of Molecules is dedicated to Prof. Rui Fausto in recognition of his influential contributions to the photochemistry of organic molecules and matrix-isolated reactive intermediates. Prof. Rui Fausto is one of the pioneers in applying vibrational excitation to induce chemical reactivity in organic molecules under matrix isolation, and his research in infrared and ultraviolet-induced photochemistry has significantly advanced our understanding of organic compound reactivity. His more recent work on quantum mechanical tunneling has contributed significantly to the reflourishing of this field. Prof. Fausto is also a dedicated mentor, supporting and inspiring young scientists, and besides science, his interests include music and human rights advocacy; his intellectual and humanitarian outlooks enrich his legacy.This Special Issue comprises 12 articles that span a broad range of interests within the fields central to the scientific activity of Prof. Rui Fausto. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all colleagues and reviewers to this reprint celebrating Prof. Fausto's lasting impact.
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials III
This reprint is dedicated to the captivating and intricate field of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. So, this third installment builds upon the success of the previous Special Issues and presents new original contributions and approaches to this topic. The papers included in this reprint align with the definition of hybrid materials recommended by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). This implies that a hybrid material comprises a close mixture of inorganic, organic, or both components, typically interpenetrating scales of less than one micrometer. In any case, it is well worth mentioning that functional hybrid materials are not just physical mixtures but also nanocomposites at the molecular scale, with at least one organic or inorganic component having a characteristic length on the nanometer scale. Consequently, the properties of hybrid materials are not just the sum of the individual contributions of their components but also arise from the strong synergy created by a hybrid interface. This synergy is a crucial aspect of hybrid materials, highlighting the unique properties that can be achieved through careful design. The works compiled in this book offer an excellent example of the current and future trends in organic-inorganic hybrid materials. These fourteen articles provide information and inspiration for future approaches in this fascinating scientific field.
Energy, Matter, and Change
This textbook serves as an introduction to the field of chemistry, aimed at secondary school students, and it assumes no prior knowledge on the readers' part. As an introductory text, the book emphasizes fundamental skills that are necessary for chemistry, and science generally. This includes an emphasis on good writing and a focus on problem solving, with problems incorporated throughout the text. To help prepare students to pursue chemistry further, all information presented is in accord with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's style and technical guidelines and supported through citations to the primary literature.The Open Access version of this book, available at http: //www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
General Analytical Chemistry
This book provides key information about the instrumental analytical methods which are the most used in quantitative analysis. A theoretical knowledge of each method is discussed. The methods are illustrated with several examples covering a wide range such as pharmacy, biochemical, environmental and agrochemicals analysis. It is structured into three parts: the first one focuses on separation methods, the second covers the spectroscopic ones and the third part develops the thermal and the radiochemical methods.
Problem Solving in Chemical Reactor Design
Extensive workbook with more than 200 up-to-date solved problems on advanced chemical reactors for deeper understanding of chemical reactor design Problem Solving in Chemical Reactor Design provides in-depth coverage of more than 200 solved complex reactor design problems extracted from core chemical engineering subject areas. The problems in this book cover the design of non-ideal, catalytic, multiphase, heterogeneous, and biochemical reactors rather than focusing on basic Chemical Reactor Engineering concepts. Each complex problem is solved using simple procedures and mathematical tools, enabling readers to better understand the correct procedure for solving problems and solve them faster, more conveniently, and more accurately. This book is inspired by more than two decades of the author's teaching experience in chemical reactor engineering. Accompanying electronic materials include spreadsheets and easily understandable Matlab(R) programs, which can both be downloaded from the Wiley website. Some of the topics covered in Problem Solving in Chemical Reactor Design include: Optimization, operation, and complexities of reactor design in the face of non-idealities such as mixing issues and residence time distributions Utilization of the tanks-in-series model, dispersion model, and intricate combinations of ideal reactors to elucidate the impact on conversion rates Signal processing within the domain of chemical reactor engineering, specifically focusing on convolution and deconvolution methodologies Reaction kinetics, diffusion dynamics, and catalyst efficiency in catalytic reactor design, and design of gas-catalytic and gas-liquid-solid catalyst systems in multiphase reactors Problem Solving in Chemical Reactor Design is an excellent learning resource for students and professionals in the fields of chemical engineering, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and fine chemistry.
Biochemical Characterization of Cotton Hybrids and their Parents
Master's Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, course: biochem-599 - Agriculture, language: English, abstract: The present experiment on "Biochemical characterization of cotton hybrids and their parents" was conducted at Main Cotton Research Station, Athwa farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat (Gujarat) during kharif season 2021-2022. In the experiment, twenty-eight genotypes were chosen for screening. After 45 days of sowing, leaf samples were taken. Biochemical analysis such as reducing sugar, total soluble sugar, protein, proline, tannin, gossypol, total phenol and flavanol were done from leaf samples at 45 days. Iodine value and seed oil content analyzed from seed and all parameters were performed in the laboratory. Biochemical parameters such as total soluble sugar, tannin, gossypol, flavanol, iodine value and seed oil content were found higher in hybrid varieties as compared to parents genotypes. Reducing sugar and total soluble sugar contents ranged between 7.28 to 18.21 mg/g and 75.46 to 121.90 mg/g, respectively. The total protein content varied between 1.05 and 2.24 mg/g, while in proline, it was varied from 0.15 to 1.88 mg/g. Tannin content found between 70.74 to 90.00 mg/g. The amount of gossypol in the samples ranged from 0.71 to 0.97 percent. The total phenol concentration ranged from 3.13 to 5.33 mg/g. While in flavanol, it was varied from10.31 to 15.98 mg/g. The iodine value ranged from 101.00 to 114.00. The percentage of seed oil found between 16.12 to 17.60 percent. Biochemical parameters like reducing sugar (mg/g), protein (mg/g), proline (mg/g) and phenol (mg/g) content higher in parent genotypes as compared to hybrids. It is concluded that biochemical contents found higher in hybrids as compared to parents, which play vital role in improving biochemical characters and improvement of cotton breeding programme.
Occult Chemistry
NEW PRINT WITH PROFESSIONAL TYPE-SET IN CONTRAST TO SCANNED PRINTS OFFERED BY OTHERS Occult Chemistry: Clairvoyant Observations On The Chemical Elements, Revised Edition Edited By A. P. Sinnett This book is a result of an effort made by us towards making a contribution to the preservation and repair of original classic literature. In an attempt to preserve, improve and recreate the original content, we have worked towards: 1. Type-setting & Reformatting: The complete work has been re-designed via professional layout, formatting and type-setting tools to re-create the same edition with rich typography, graphics, high quality images, and table elements, giving our readers the feel of holding a fresh and newly reprinted and/or revised edition, as opposed to other scanned & printed (Optical Character Recognition - OCR) reproductions. 2. Correction of imperfections: As the work was re-created from the scratch, therefore, it was vetted to rectify certain conventional norms with regard to typographical mistakes, hyphenations, punctuations, blurred images, missing content/pages, and/or other related subject matters, upon our consideration. Every attempt was made to rectify the imperfections related to omitted constructs in the original edition via other references. However, a few of such imperfections which could not be rectified due to intentional\unintentional omission of content in the original edition, were inherited and preserved from the original work to maintain the authenticity and construct, relevant to the work.
Methods for incorporating CaCO₃ into HDPE composites
This work explores composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), materials that have become indispensable in sectors such as packaging, construction and automotive. The study focuses particularly on the influence of different CaCO₃ incorporation methods on the final properties of these composites, especially their mechanical and thermal performance. The CaCO₃ concentrate method stands out here by enabling better control of the dispersion of mineral fillers within the polymer matrix, thus optimizing the material's characteristics for specific applications.Comparative analysis between direct incorporation and the CaCO₃ concentrate approach reveals essential information for HDPE/CaCO₃ materials, in terms of performance and thermal stability. The results not only contribute to further scientific knowledge in the field of polymer composites, but also offer interesting perspectives for the optimization of these materials, opening up new avenues for the polymer industry.
Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites
Advanced composites, e.g., continuous, or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites, nanocomposites, etc., are attracting increasing attention in industrial applications due to excellent performance, i.e., high mechanical properties in terms of stiffness- and strength-to-weight ratios, when compared to their counterparts. As such, the development of advanced composites can fulfil many special but important engineering missions, such as safety improvement, weight reduction, energy-absorption enhancement, and so forth.. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing or 3D printing has undergone massive development, opening new horizons for manufacturing small-scale and complex composite structural parts that cannot be appropriately made using conventional techniques. In recent years, big advances have been witnessed in the additive manufacture of advanced composites with novel design, fabrication, and analysis methods, indicating a huge potential and a promising future for 3D-printed advanced composites. With these significant aims, this Special Issue is dedicated to the field of novel and engineering solutions in the additive manufacturing of advanced composite materials and structures. Briefly, the Special Issue has a particular, but not limited, focus on 3D-printed composites with respect to advanced design, manufacturing, and characterization for high-performance composite products by 3D printing
Story of Methane
Small molecules cause big problems in our modern world. Methane is the second most abundant greenhouse gas and the principal component of natural gas. It is currently squeezing the Earth, challenging our long-term survival. But, can it be reimagined and repurposed to play a constructive role in a future sustainable economy? This book explores the contradictory nature of methane, since it is a potent greenhouse gas, but has the potential to play an important role in the energy transition towards a sustainable global economy. Are we crushing it? In that we can and must transform methane into a clean fuel, feedstock or hydrogen carrier for the green economy. Or is methane crushing it? Our one world will soon be crushed by methane and other molecules if we are either unable or unwilling to transform methane fast enough to save ourselves and the planet. Written by distinguished scientists, this book appeals to a broad spectrum of academic and industrial communities, as well as the public and policy makers with an interest in how this small molecule, consisting of just five atoms, has had such a profound impact.
Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials
High-temperature structural materials are characterized by their high melting point, high-strength and high-temperature creep resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent corrosion resistance. Such materials are widely used in metallurgy, chemical applications, aerospace, nuclear reactors, and other situations where extreme environments are encountered. During high-temperature service, high-temperature structural materials are exposed to extremely harsh high-temperature environments, bear mechanical and thermal loads, and are exposed to high-temperature oxidation, erosion, corrosion, etc. Therefore, high stress can be easily concentrated at a defect site, especially near the phase interface. Thermal expansion stress will drive the nucleation and propagation of cracks. At the same time, friction, oxidation, and corrosion will also aggravate crack propagation and material failure, which will pose a catastrophic threat to high-temperature components. Therefore, the characterization, understanding, strengthening, and corrosion protection of high-temperature structural materials are very important. This Special Issue focuses on second phase enhancement, surface coating technology, high-temperature corrosion, wear, erosion, and protection with respect to high-temperature structural materials.
Impact of Divalent Impurities on Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate Crystal
Pure, Magnesium sulphate, Zinc sulphate, Nickel sulphate, Copper sulphate and Manganese sulphate of different concentrations (0.5% and 2.5%) doped Lithium sulphate monohydrate(LSMH) single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. The monoclinic structure of the grown crystals is confirmed by powder X - ray diffraction analysis. The presences of functional groups are identified through FTIR. Tauc plot of the grown crystals were obtained from UV - Vis spectral analysis. The optical parameters such as band gap energy, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical conductivity of the grown crystals have been calculated as a function of photon energy. The mechanical parameters such as Meyer index, fracture toughness, Brittle index, yield strength and stiffness constant have been calculated. The NLO activity of the grown crystals are studied using Kurtz and Perry technique and it shows that the grown crystals have second harmonic generation efficiency. Laser damage threshold (LDT) values of the grown crystals are determined. Dielectric, conductivity and electrical modulus properties of grown crystal have been analysed.
A study on biologically potential heterocycles
Azoles and benzazoles represent an indispensable class of heteroaromatic compounds in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry. In fact, azoles derivatives are potential chemical entities as they are part of many biologically active pharmaceuticals vital for increasing the quality of life. It was well known that the combination of two or more different types of heterocycles in one molecule could yield a novel entity with enhanced biopotency to combat various diseases and pathophysiological conditions. Amide and sulfonamide containing heteroaromatics have attracted substantial attention due to their broad spectrum of biological and therapeutic applications. The exploration of new molecules that can accommodate potency to multiple biological targets remains an intriguing scientific endeavor. Motivated by the biopotency of these structurally diversed heteroaromatics, simple substrates with different functionalities were explored for the synthesis of variety of heterocycles-azolylbenzazoles and pyrrolylazoles linked by sulfonamido acetamide moiety adopting simple, facile and elegant synthetic methodologies.
Synthesis and characterization of new chiral aminohydrazides
The aim of the research work carried out in this book is to synthesize new chiral N-phenylsulfonyl-α-aminohydrazides from naturally occurring amino acids. The present work can be divided into three parts: - The first part is devoted to the synthesis of a series of chiral N-phenylsulfonyl-α-amino acids from naturally occurring α-amino acids.- The second part describes the synthesis of chiral N-phenylsulfonyl-α-aminoesters by esterification of the N-phenylsulfonyl amino acids obtained previously.- The third part deals with the synthesis of chiral N-phenylsulfonyl-α-aminohydrazides by condensation of the α-aminoesters obtained with hydrazine.
Recent Advances in Activated Carbon
The world's activated carbon market volume has increased rapidly in recent years due to environmental regulations. It is being used in a variety of fields including water treatment, air purification, and food processing. This volume in the Green Chemical Innovations and Sustainability Series studies the physical, biological, and chemical modification of activated carbon to enhance the adsorption performance. Recent experimental results indicating improved adsorption capacity are presented as well as novel applications using activated carbon. The authors focus on identifying potential precursors from agricultural waste, municipal waste, and industrial waste and investigate toxic pollutants.Features Demonstrates how researchers can produce synthetic adsorbents (activated carbon) via agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste. Describes the actions of adsorption capacity or percentage removal with respect to factors affecting the adsorption process. Investigates activated carbon's removal efficiency of dyes, organic compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, antibiotics, and other toxic pollutants Discusses the search for low-cost adsorbents that can be produced by using agricultural wastes, industrial wastes, and natural materials.
Phosphate-containing wastes for fine ceramics production
The book aims to study the recycling of fish bone ash as a starting material for manufacturing stoneware tiles and bone China bodies. Additionally, the effects of adding fish bone on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the final products were investigated. The study showed that it is feasible to partially replace potash feldspar with fish bone ash in recipes for stoneware tiles. Adding more than 10 mass-% fish bone ash accelerated the formation of the anorthite phase and hindered the mullite formation in sintered tiles. From an industrial point of view according to the ISO 13006 international standard, the tested stoneware tiles belong to group BIa. The addition of fishbone ash has a positive effect on the bodies' whiteness and translucency.
Wind and Wave Energy Resource Assessment and Combined Utilization
The utilization of marine renewable energy, such as wind and wave energy resources, has become a global trend. Wind energy, wave energy, and especially wind-wave combinations are becoming more promising for the development and utilization of marine renewable energy in the future. This reprint contains empirical studies and systematic reviews regarding the utilization of marine renewable energies. It includes a multi-floater wave energy converter (WEC), size optimization of WEC, optimized control of an ocean WEC System, machine learning and deep learning for modelling an offshore hybrid wind-wave energy system, and other topics.
Advances in Metal Matrix Composite Coatings and Layers
This reprint aims to present modern methods of producing composite materials and composite surface layers and the possibility of controlling properties via the appropriate selection of production parameters. Together, we consider these materials at the macro, micro and nano scale, and assess modern solutions in the field of mechanical engineering and surface engineering. In this reprint, we familiarize ourselves with both the high-energy methods used to modify ferrous materials and the surface properties of non-ferrous materials. It also aims to familiarize the reader with the vast possibilities associated with the production of composite materials. This reprint provides a multidisciplinary forum that focuses on the production, properties and applications of composite materials and composite surface layers. The editors of this Special Issue would like to thank the authors for their invaluable contributions.
New Research Trends for Textiles, a Bright Future
In order to demonstrate the considerable global impact of textile research and technology, the Publisher, the Editorial Board, and myself have decided to solicit contributions and feature papers from key world-class researchers. These works were collected in a single Special Issue entitled 'New research trends for textiles, a bright future', from September 2022 to May 2023. In total, 18 papers were submitted and 13 were published. These 13 papers can be roughly subdivided into four categories: functional textiles, process and modeling, control, consumers and behavior.
2-Aryl Chromene derivatives
The Contribututors deliver a practicle and exploration of the chromene derivatives and its characterization. The book covers spectroscopic characterization with accurate information. This book consists of 3 chapters: Chapter I deals with the introduction of heterocyclic compounds and their activity. Chapter II deals with isoxazole derivatives and its characterization. Chapter III deals with triazole derivatives and its characterization.
Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics -- the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. The emphasis is on concepts and insights obtained via analytical theories rather than computational and numerical aspects. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, the dynamics of uni- and bi-molecular elementary reactions are described. The book features a comprehensive presentation of transition-state theory which plays an important role in practice, and a detailed discussion of basic theories of reaction dynamics in condensed phases. Examples and end-of-chapter problems are included in order to illustrate the theory and its connection to chemical problems. The second edition includes updated descriptions of adiabatic and non-adiabatic electron-nuclear dynamics, an expanded discussion of classical two-body models of chemical reactions, including the Langevin model, additional material on quantum tunnelling and its implementation in Transition-State Theory, and a more thorough description of the Born and Onsager models for solvation.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Enhancement of Electrode and Biomaterial Coatings
This reprint explores the innovative field of surface coatings for functional materials, essential in energy storage systems, electronic devices, and medical implants. These materials often face challenges such as poor electrical conductivity and limited biocompatibility. Surface coating modifications have emerged as effective strategies to enhance their properties and meet modern technological demands. The contributors of this reprint share insights on various coating technologies, including metal oxides, ceramics, and conductive polymers, demonstrating their ability to improve the performance of critical components. For example, advanced coatings can enhance cycle stability in lithium-ion batteries and improve biocompatibility in medical implants. This reprint focuses on the design, fabrication, and optimization of surface coatings, examining their roles in increasing mechanical robustness and conductivity. Additionally, it addresses emerging trends and future directions in coating technology, providing valuable guidance for developing next-generation coatings across many different applications.
Fluorescent Chemosensing and Bioimaging
Fluorescent Chemosensing and Bioimaging provides detailed information on fluorescent chemosensor design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and potential applications. Fluorescent chemosensors are widely employed for the detection of environmentally and/or biologically important species because of their advantages of low cost, simplicity, high sensitivity, real-time monitoring, versatility, and high temporal and spatial resolution. Starting from the fundamentals of fluorescence spectroscopy and theoretical aspects of designing fluorescent chemosensors, this book has several chapters contributed by internationally renowned researchers on various fluorophores/mechanisms employed in fluorescent chemosensors design, including their potential applications in sensing and bioimaging.The book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including: Basics of fluorescence spectroscopy Design of fluorescent chemosensors Sensing mechanisms Chemodosimeters for metal ions and anions Fluorescent chemosensor arrays Fluorescent molecular logic gates Probes detecting bacteria and biomolecules Fluorescent indicator displacement assays Sensing with covalent-organic frameworks Probes detecting small molecules in the gas phase Two-photon fluorescent chemosensors Bioimaging applications This book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators involved in fluorescence-based analytical work. It is an ideal companion for students (undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate), researchers, and faculty in academia interested in fluorescent chemosensing and bioimaging. Fluorescence industry professionals interested in bioimaging and/or fabricating fluorescent-based devices can also refer to this book.
