Transport and Turbulence in Quasi-Uniform and Versatile Bose-Einstein Condensates
Advancing the experimental study of superfluids relies on increasingly sophisticated techniques. We develop and demonstrate the loading of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) into nearly arbitrary trapping potentials, with a resolution improved by a factor of seven when compared to reported systems. These advanced control techniques have since been adopted by several cold atoms labs around the world.How this BEC system was used to study 2D superfluid dynamics is described. In particular, negative temperature vortex states in a two-dimensional quantum fluid were observed. These states were first predicted by Lars Onsager 70 years ago and have significance to 2D turbulence in quantum and classical fluids, long-range interacting systems, and defect dynamics in high-energy physics. These experiments have established dilute-gas BECs as the prototypical system for the experimental study of point vortices and their nonequilibrium dynamics. We also developed a new approach to superfluid circuitry based on classical acoustic circuits, demonstrating its conceptual and quantitative superiority over previous lumped-element models. This has established foundational principles of superfluid circuitry that will impact the design of future transport experiments and new generation quantum devices, such as atomtronics circuits and superfluid sensors.
Optics Near Surfaces and at the Nanometer Scale
This book explores the physical phenomena underlying the optical responses of nanoscale systems and uses this knowledge to explain their behavior, which is very different to what is encountered on the macroscopic scale. In the first three chapters, the authors discuss important aspects of wave optics on surfaces and at small scales, such as the optical interference near surfaces, the physical origin of the index of refraction, and how imaging optical fields can be used to enhance resolution in optical diffraction microscopy. The last two chapters treat a concept on the consequence of the finite size of the focal spot in optical spectroscopy and how the index of refraction can be related to scattering of an ensemble of discrete scatterers. The concepts described here are important to understanding the optical properties of nanoparticles or nanostructured surfaces and are not covered in most fundamental optics courses. This book is designed for researchers and graduate students looking for an introduction to optics at small scales.
Fluctuations and Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Strongly-Correlated Ultracold Atoms
This book discusses non-equilibrium quantum many-body dynamics, recently explored in an analog quantum simulator of strongly correlated ultracold atoms. The first part presents a field-theoretical analysis of the experimental observability of the Higgs amplitude mode that emerges as a relativistic collective excitation near a quantum phase transition of superfluid Bose gases in an optical lattice potential. The author presents the dynamical susceptibilities to external driving of the microscopic parameters, taking into account a leading-order perturbative correction from quantum and thermal fluctuations and shows clear signatures of the Higgs mode in these observables. This is the first result that strongly supports the stability of the Higgs mode in three-dimensional optical lattices even in the presence of a spatially inhomogeneous confinement potential and paves the way for desktop observations of the Higgs mode. In the second part, the author applies the semi-classical truncated-Wigner approximation (TWA) to far-from-equilibrium quantum dynamics. Specifically, he considers the recent experiments on quantum-quench dynamics in a Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator. A direct comparison shows remarkable agreement between the numerical results from TWA and the experimental data. This result clearly indicates the potential of such a semi-classical approach in reliably simulating many-body systems using classical computers. The book also includes several chapters providing comprehensive reviews of the recent studies on cold-atomic quantum simulation and various theoretical methods, including the Schwinger-boson approach in strongly correlated systems and the phase-space semi-classical method for far-from-equilibrium quantum dynamics. These chapters are highly recommended to students and young researchers who are interested in semi-classical approaches in non-equilibrium quantum dynamics.
Essentials of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity
Quantum mechanics and relativity are two important topics of modern physics. This book serves as an introduction to the essential topics in the fields. It is suitable for a one-semester course for undergraduate students.The book is concise and the discussions are easy to follow. Interested students can also used this as a study guide for self-learning.
Modelling Non-Markovian Quantum Systems Using Tensor Networks
This thesis presents a revolutionary technique for modelling the dynamics of a quantum system that is strongly coupled to its immediate environment. This is a challenging but timely problem. In particular it is relevant for modelling decoherence in devices such as quantum information processors, and how quantum information moves between spatially separated parts of a quantum system.The key feature of this work is a novel way to represent the dynamics of general open quantum systems as tensor networks, a result which has connections with the Feynman operator calculus and process tensor approaches to quantum mechanics. The tensor network methodology developed here has proven to be extremely powerful: For many situations it may be the most efficient way of calculating open quantum dynamics. This work is abounds with new ideas and invention, and is likely to have a very significant impact on future generations of physicists.
Handheld Radio Field Guide
It's happened to everyone who's been in ham radio for a while: you're at an event, class or exercise and a handheld radio's not programmed right.Maybe you're having trouble with your HT, or more likely a new ham has come up to you and said, "I can't figure out what's wrong." This guide's plain language and clear pictures show you how to set up a radio using the radio keypad alone - without programming cables or additional software.For over 85 radios, you'll get instructions to: Set frequencySet repeater offset and directionSet squelch tonesSet power levelsWrite to a memorySelect a memoryLock and unlock the radioAdjust volume and squelchReset the radio to defaultsResolve common problemsIf you deal with different kinds of handheld ham radios, you need this book!
Visions of Discovery
World-leading researchers, including Nobel Laureates and rising young stars, examine some of the most important and fundamental questions at the forefronts of modern science, philosophy, and theology, taking into account recent discoveries from a range of fields. This fascinating book is ideal for anyone seeking answers to deep questions about the universe and human life. The remarkable career of Charles H. Townes, inventor of the maser and laser for which he shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics, has spanned seven decades. His interests have ranged from the origin of the Universe to the structure of molecules, always focusing on the nature of human life. Honoring his work, this book explores the most basic questions of science, philosophy, and the nature of existence: How did the Universe begin? Why do the fundamental constants of nature have the values they do? What is human consciousness, and do we have free will?
Using Mathematica for Quantum Mechanics
This book revisits many of the problems encountered in introductory quantum mechanics, focusing on computer implementations for finding and visualizing analytical and numerical solutions. It subsequently uses these implementations as building blocks to solve more complex problems, such as coherent laser-driven dynamics in the Rubidium hyperfine structure or the Rashba interaction of an electron moving in 2D. The simulations are highlighted using the programming language Mathematica. No prior knowledge of Mathematica is needed; alternatives, such as Matlab, Python, or Maple, can also be used.
Liquid Crystal Light Modulators
This brief monograph provides reports on liquid crystal materials used for specific devices designed for industrial applications. The authors of each chapter present insights on the design and technical aspects of the manufacturing of advanced liquid crystal light modulators reflecting their experience in advanced liquid crystal materials science. Chapters in the book first introduce readers to the chemistry and basic materials science of liquid crystal light modulators with information important for practical situations such as custom manufacturing and material quality assessment (including the determination of Frank elastic constants). Subsequent chapters cover a selection of interesting projects where liquid crystal light modulators are applied, such as: a highly transparent, laser damage resistant liquid crystal phase modulators for space-borne laser rangefinders; a dynamic optical filter designed for visualization of air pollution; a high contrast, fast operating, outdoor light shutter for the eye protection of welders. Readers will gain an awareness of the peculiarities of the liquid crystalline matter, along with the complexity of the design and fabrication of active optical elements, as the information provided in this volume presents detailed practical results of the liquid crystal technology projects.
Measurement and Control of Charged Particle Beams
This advanced textbook and reference is the first comprehensive and systematic review of all methods used for the measurement, correction, and control of the beam dynamics of modern particle accelerators. Based on material presented in several lectures at the US Particle Accelerator School, the text is intended for graduate students starting research or work in the field of beam physics. Relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage rings provide the focus. After a review of linear optics, the text addresses basic and advanced techniques for beam control, plus a variety of methods for the manipulation of particle-beam properties. In each case, specific procedures are illustrated by examples from operational accelerators, e.g., CERN, DESY, SLAC, KEK, LBNL, and FNAL. The book also treats special topics such as injection and extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport, and polarization. Problems and solutions enhance the book's usefulness in graduate courses. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Particle Accelerator Physics
This book by Helmut Wiedemann is a well-established, classic text, providing an in-depth and comprehensive introduction to the field of high-energy particle acceleration and beam dynamics.The present 4th edition has been significantly revised, updated and expanded. The newly conceived Part I is an elementary introduction to the subject matter for undergraduate students. Part II gathers the basic tools in preparation of a more advanced treatment, summarizing the essentials of electrostatics and electrodynamics as well as of particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields. Part III is an extensive primer in beam dynamics, followed, in Part IV, by an introduction and description of the main beam parameters and including a new chapter on beam emittance and lattice design. Part V is devoted to the treatment of perturbations in beam dynamics. Part VI then discusses the details of charged particle acceleration. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Measurement and Control of Charged Particle Beams
This advanced textbook and reference is the first comprehensive and systematic review of all methods used for the measurement, correction, and control of the beam dynamics of modern particle accelerators. Based on material presented in several lectures at the US Particle Accelerator School, the text is intended for graduate students starting research or work in the field of beam physics. Relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage rings provide the focus. After a review of linear optics, the text addresses basic and advanced techniques for beam control, plus a variety of methods for the manipulation of particle-beam properties. In each case, specific procedures are illustrated by examples from operational accelerators, e.g., CERN, DESY, SLAC, KEK, LBNL, and FNAL. The book also treats special topics such as injection and extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport, and polarization. Problems and solutions enhance the book's usefulness in graduate courses. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Medical Imaging Systems
This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Medical Imaging Systems
This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Particle Accelerator Physics
This book by Helmut Wiedemann is a well-established, classic text, providing an in-depth and comprehensive introduction to the field of high-energy particle acceleration and beam dynamics.The present 4th edition has been significantly revised, updated and expanded. The newly conceived Part I is an elementary introduction to the subject matter for undergraduate students. Part II gathers the basic tools in preparation of a more advanced treatment, summarizing the essentials of electrostatics and electrodynamics as well as of particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields. Part III is an extensive primer in beam dynamics, followed, in Part IV, by an introduction and description of the main beam parameters and including a new chapter on beam emittance and lattice design. Part V is devoted to the treatment of perturbations in beam dynamics. Part VI then discusses the details of charged particle acceleration. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets
This open access book is written by world-recognized experts in the fields of applied superconductivity and superconducting accelerator magnet technologies. It provides a contemporary review and assessment of the experience in research and development of high-field accelerator dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor over the past five decades. The reader attains clear insight into the development and the main properties of Nb3Sn composite superconducting wires and Rutherford cables, and details of accelerator dipole designs, technologies and performance. Special attention is given to innovative features of the developed Nb3Sn magnets. The book concludes with a discussion of accelerator magnet needs for future circular colliders.; Broadens our understanding of design and performance limits of high-field Nb3Sn accelerator magnets for a future very high energy hadron collider Offers beginners a concise overview of the relevant design concepts for a new generation of superconducting accelerator magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor Illustrates the complete process of accelerator magnet design and fabrication Provides a contemporary review and assessment of the past experience with Nb3Sn high-field dipole accelerator magnets Identifies the main open R&D issues for Nb3Sn high-field dipole magnets This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets
This open access book is written by world-recognized experts in the fields of applied superconductivity and superconducting accelerator magnet technologies. It provides a contemporary review and assessment of the experience in research and development of high-field accelerator dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor over the past five decades. The reader attains clear insight into the development and the main properties of Nb3Sn composite superconducting wires and Rutherford cables, and details of accelerator dipole designs, technologies and performance. Special attention is given to innovative features of the developed Nb3Sn magnets. The book concludes with a discussion of accelerator magnet needs for future circular colliders.; Broadens our understanding of design and performance limits of high-field Nb3Sn accelerator magnets for a future very high energy hadron collider Offers beginners a concise overview of the relevant design concepts for a new generation of superconducting accelerator magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor Illustrates the complete process of accelerator magnet design and fabrication Provides a contemporary review and assessment of the past experience with Nb3Sn high-field dipole accelerator magnets Identifies the main open R&D issues for Nb3Sn high-field dipole magnets This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Modern Quantum Mechanics
Modern Quantum Mechanics is a classic graduate level textbook, covering the main concepts from quantum mechanics in a clear, organized and engaging manner. The original author, J. J. Sakurai, was a renowned particle theorist. This third edition, revised by Jim Napolitano, introduces topics that extend its value into the twenty-first century, such as modern mathematical techniques for advanced quantum mechanical calculations, while at the same time retaining fundamental topics such as neutron interferometer experiments, Feynman path integrals, correlation measurements, and Bell's inequalities. A solutions manual is available.
Fundamentals of RCS Prediction Methodology Using Parallelized Numerical Electromagnetics Code (Nec) and Finite Element Pre-Processor
This book presents a novel methodology for the computation of RCS of metallic structures using a parallelized version of NEC in conjunction with a finite element preprocessor which has been strategically incorporated for simplifying geometry modelling catering to NEC guidelines. It includes a thorough overview of the theoretical background of NEC including all relevant aspects of formulation and modelling. The revised methodology including all the required steps and details is discussed elaborately along with case studies and validations. This book will serve as a valuable resource for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the field of RCS predictions and measurements.
Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials
Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials summarizes the research in this exciting field and discusses many crystals that were investigated in the microwave region, including low-dimensional and ferroelectric semiconductors, protonic conductors, quasi-one-dimensional H-bonded and other order-disorder ferroelectrics.
Radiation Transfer
Radiation Transfer explores non-traditional phenomena for transfer theory, which are nevertheless of considerable interest in wave measurements, and bring the advances of transfer theory as close as possible to the practical needs of those working in all areas of wave physics.
Neural-Network Simulation of Strongly Correlated Quantum Systems
Introduction.- Quantum Mechanics and Spin Systems.- Artificial Neural Networks.- Discrete Truncated Wigner Approximation.- BM-Based Wave Function Parametrization.- Deep Neural Networks and Phase Reweighting.- Towards Neuromorphic Sampling of Quantum States.- Conclusion.
Caustic Light in Nonlinear Photonic Media
Caustics are natural phenomena, forming light patterns in rainbows or through drinking glasses, and creating light networks at the bottom of swimming pools. Only in recent years have scientists started to artificially create simple caustics with laser light. However, these realizations have already contributed to progress in advanced imaging, lithography, and micro-manipulation. In this book, Alessandro Zannotti pioneers caustics in many ways, establishing the field of artificial caustic optics. He employs caustic design to customize high-intensity laser light. This is of great relevance for laser-based machining, sensing, microscopy, and secure communication. The author also solves a long standing problem concerning the origin of rogue waves which appear naturally in the sea and can have disastrous consequences. By means of a far-reaching optical analogy, he identifies scattering of caustics in random media as the origin of rogue waves, and shows how nonlinear light-matter interaction increases their probability.
Electrochemical Energy Storage
Starting from physical and electrochemical foundations, this textbook explains working principles of energy storage devices. After a history of galvanic cells, different types of primary, secondary and flow cells as well as fuel cells and supercapacitors are covered. An emphasis lies on the general setup and mechanisms behind those devices to enable easy understanding for students from all technical and natural science disciplines.
Light Scattering from Micrometric Mineral Dust and Aggregate Particles
Light scattering from particles in the nanometric and micrometric size range is relevant in several research fields, such as aerosol science and nanotechnology. In many applications, the description of the optical properties of non-spherical, inhomogeneous particles is still inadequate or requires demanding numerical calculations. Lorenz-Mie scattering and effective medium approximations represent currently the main theoretical tools to model such particles, but their effectiveness has been recently called into question.This work examines how the morphology of a particle affects its scattering parameters from an experimental standpoint, supporting findings with extensive simulations. The dust content of Antarctic, Greenlandic, and Alpine ice cores is analysed with a particle-by-particle approach. Moreover, a study on colloidal aggregates shows that correlations among the fields radiated by primary particles are responsible for the poor agreement of effective medium approximations with experimental results. On the theoretical side, an interpretation in terms of the structure factor is given, which satisfactorily describes the data. The insights of this thesis are relevant for quantifying the contribution of mineral dust to the radiative energy balance of the Earth.
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin,1687)
A modern reproduction of perhaps the most important scientific text of all time-- Newton's original 1687 edition of "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica." (Latin)
Quantum Optical Processes
This book is a self-contained guide to the world of quantum optical processes which addresses different aspects relevant in quantum optics and quantum information. The basic descriptions, measurement techniques, possible sources, nonclassical features, practical implications and applications of the quantization of light and its interaction with matter, are explored. The observed quantum properties such as coherent superposition, entanglement, nonlocality, decoherence and no-cloning, are discussed. The quantum optical processes such as continuous variable entanglement swapping, teleportation and telecloning from which follow the practical aspects such as quantum gate operations, cryptography and error correction are considered. In turn, the advantages and inherent challenges including the foresight in implementing continuous variable quantum communication and computation protocols are highlighted. The author gives a concise background with corresponding applications, the necessary mathematical derivation, simplified examples, illustrations and demonstrations, and the relative interpretations and outlooks. This book is intended to serve a multi-disciplinary readership, namely the atomic physics and quantum optics communities who seek to extend their research to applications, especially, to the field of quantum information processing as well as the theoretical quantum information community who builds up research on physically realizable systems such as optical setups and various atomic schemes. The content of this book also attracts other communities such as photonics who seeks to link research with continuous variable quantum information processing.
Polarization of Light
This book starts with the description of polarization in classical optics, including also a chapter on crystal optics, which is necessary to understand the use of nonlinear crystals. In addition, spatially non-uniform polarization states are introduced and described. Further, the role of polarization in nonlinear optics is discussed. The final chapters are devoted to the description and applications of polarization in quantum optics and quantum technologies.
Fundamentals of Quantum Information (Extended Edition)
This expanded version to the 2010 edition features quantum annealing algorithm and its application for optimization problems. Recent progress on quantum computing, especially, advanced topics such as Shor's algorithm, quantum search, quantum cryptography and architecture of quantum bit are also included.Book is self-contained and unified in its description of the cross-disciplinary nature of this field. It is not strictly mathematical, but aims to provide intuitive and transparent ideas of the subjects. The book starts from basic quantum mechanics and EPR pair and its measurements. Fundamental concepts of classical computer are given in order to extend it to quantum computer. Classical information theory is also explained in detail such as Shannon and Von Neumann entropy. Then quantum algorithm is introduced starting from Dutch-Josza and ending up with Shor's factorization algorithms. Quantum cryptography is also introduced such as BB84 Protocol, B92 protocol and E91 protocol. Eventually quantum search algorithm is explained.In summary, the book starts from basic quantum mechanics and eventually comes up to state-of-the art quantum algorithm of quantum computations and computers. Students can obtain practical problem-solving ability by attempting the exercises at the end of each chapter. Detailed solutions to all problems are provided.
Vortex Atom, The: A New Paradigm
With clear illustrations throughout and without recourse to quantum mechanics, the reader is invited to revisit unsolved problems lying at the foundations of theoretical physics. Maxwell and his contemporaries abandoned their search for a geometrical representation of the electric and magnetic fields. The wave-particle dilemma and Bose-Einstein statistical counting have resulted in unsatisfactory non-realistic interpretations. Furthermore, a simple structure of the hydrogen atom that includes hyperfine levels is still wanting.Working with the latest experimental data in photonics a proposed solution to the wave-particle dilemma is suggested based on an array of circular-polarized rays. The Bose-Einstein counting procedure is recast in terms of distinguishable elements. Finally, a vortex model of a 'particle' is developed based on a trapped photon. This consists of a single ray revolving around a toroidal surface, and allows a geometrical definition of mass, electric potential, and magnetic momentum. With the adjustment of two parameters, values to 4 dp for the hyperfine frequencies (MHz) of hydrogen can be obtained for which a computer program is available.
Fundamentals of Terahertz Devices and Applications
An authoritative and comprehensive guide to the devices and applications of Terahertz technology Terahertz (THz) technology relates to applications that span in frequency from a few hundred GHz to more than 1000 GHz. Fundamentals of Terahertz Devices and Applications offers a comprehensive review of the devices and applications of Terahertz technology. With contributions from a range of experts on the topic, this book contains in a single volume an inclusive review of THz devices for signal generation, detection and treatment. Fundamentals of Terahertz Devices and Applications offers an exploration and addresses key categories and aspects of Terahertz Technology such as: sources, detectors, transmission, electronic considerations and applications, optical (photonic) considerations and applications. Worked examples�based on the contributors� extensive experience� highlight the chapter material presented. The text is designed for use by novices and professionals who want a better understanding of device operation and use, and is suitable for instructional purposes This important book: Offers the most relevant up-to-date research information and insight into the future developments in the technology Addresses a wide-range of categories and aspects of Terahertz technology Includes material to support courses on Terahertz Technology and more Contains illustrative worked examples Written for researchers, students, and professional engineers, Fundamentals of Terahertz Devices and Applications offers an in-depth exploration of the topic that is designed for both novices and professionals and can be adopted for instructional purposes.
At The End Of The Rainbow
Why are we here...Who we are...Where we are going...And what happens when we get there...? A fascinating insight into our Universe, electromagnetic energy and the existential forces around us. Learn how to 'tune in' enrich your life and walk an enlightening spiritual path...
Albert’s Dream
In Albert Einstein's study room at Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, a manuscript hidden behind the blackboard is found by chance. A few phrases reveal that the physicist was developing secretly a new quantum theory to solve a fundamental problem of physics, still open. The manuscript, however, is incomplete and the search for the missing parts puts in competition world-leading research institutions. A small group of creative students joins the race, but with an innovative approach. The story is invented. Still, it reports real events and ideas of the Physics of the last century, as a framework, together with new ideas for the future, to be developed.
Something Deeply Hidden
INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLERAs you read these words, copies of you are being created. Sean Carroll, theoretical physicist and one of this world's most celebrated writers on science, rewrites the history of twentieth-century physics. Already hailed as a masterpiece, Something Deeply Hidden shows for the first time that facing up to the essential puzzle of quantum mechanics utterly transforms how we think about space and time. His reconciling of quantum mechanics with Einstein's theory of relativity changes, well, everything. Most physicists haven't even recognized the uncomfortable truth: Physics has been in crisis since 1927. Quantum mechanics has always had obvious gaps--which have come to be simply ignored. Science popularizers keep telling us how weird it is, how impossible it is to understand. Academics discourage students from working on the "dead end" of quantum foundations. Putting his professional reputation on the line with this audacious yet entirely reasonable book, Carroll says that the crisis can now come to an end. We just have to accept that there is more than one of us in the universe. There are many, many Sean Carrolls. Many of every one of us. Copies of you are generated thousands of times per second. The Many-Worlds theory of quantum behavior says that every time there is a quantum event, a world splits off with everything in it the same, except in that other world the quantum event didn't happen. Step-by-step in Carroll's uniquely lucid way, he tackles the major objections to this otherworldly revelation until his case is inescapably established. Rarely does a book so fully reorganize how we think about our place in the universe. We are on the threshold of a new understanding--of where we are in the cosmos, and what we are made of.
Quantum Reality
Quantum mechanics is an extraordinarily successful scientific theory. It is also completely mad. Although the theory quite obviously works, it leaves us chasing ghosts and phantoms; particles that are waves and waves that are particles; cats that are at once both alive and dead; and lots of seemingly spooky goings-on. But if we're prepared to be a little more specific about what we mean when we talk about 'reality' and a little more circumspect in the way we think a scientific theory might represent such a reality, then all the mystery goes away. This shows that the choice we face is actually a philosophical one. Here, Jim Baggott provides a quick but comprehensive introduction to quantum mechanics for the general reader, and explains what makes this theory so very different from the rest. He also explores the processes involved in developing scientific theories and explains how these lead to different philosophical positions, essential if we are to understand the nature of the great debate between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. Moving forwards, Baggott then provides a comprehensive guide to attempts to determine what the theory actually means, from the Copenhagen interpretation to many worlds and the multiverse. Richard Feynman once declared that 'nobody understands quantum mechanics'. This book will tell you why.
An Introduction to Metamaterials and Nanophotonics
Metamaterials have established themselves as one of the most important topics in physics and engineering, and have found practical application across a wide variety of fields including photonics, condensed matter physics, materials science, and biological and medical physics. This modern and self-contained text delivers a pedagogical treatment of the topic, rooted within the fundamental principles of nanophotonics. A detailed and unified description of metamaterials and metasurfaces is developed, beginning with photonic crystals and their underlying electromagnetic properties before introducing plasmonic effects and key metamaterial configurations. Recent developments in research are also presented along with cutting-edge applications in the field. This advanced textbook will be invaluable to students and researchers working in the fields of optics and nanophotonics.
Classical Electromagnetism
The branch of theoretical physics which studies the interaction between currents and electric charges is known as classical electromagnetism. It primarily uses an extension of the classical Newtonian model. It is used to provide a description of electromagnetic phenomena at relatively large length scales and field strengths. Some of the fundamental concepts within this area of study are Li矇nard-Wiechert potentials and Jefimenko's equations. The classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a scalar potential and vector potential in the Lorenz gauge is described through the Li矇nard-Wiechert potential. A few of the other elements of study within this field are electromagnetic waves, Lorentz force and the electric field. The topics included in this book on classical electromagnetism are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.
Hippolyte Fizeau
Apr癡s les biographies scientifiques d'Arago et de Le Verrier, James Lequeux nous pr矇sente celle d'un autre grand savant du XIXe si癡cle: Hippolyte Fizeau. On sait que Fizeau est le premier ? avoir mesur矇 la vitesse de la lumi癡re, et qu'il a d矇couvert ind矇pendamment de Doppler le d矇calage en longueur d'onde li矇 ? la vitesse relative de la source et de l'observateur. Cependant on ignore g矇n矇ralement qu'il fut un pionnier de la photographie, qu'il a fait avec Foucault de magnifiques exp矇riences d'interf矇rence, notamment dans l'infrarouge, et que plusieurs de ses autres exp矇riences ont mis ses successeurs sur la piste de la Relativit矇. Fizeau imagina aussi d癡s 1851 que l'on pourrait mesurer par interf矇rom矇trie le diam癡tre apparent des 矇toiles, ouvrant ainsi la voie ? des d矇veloppements qui connaissent aujourd'hui une v矇ritable explosion.Il se trouve que la plupart des notes d'exp矇rience de Fizeau ont 矇t矇 conserv矇es, ainsi que beaucoup de ses instruments, si bien qu'il est possible de reconstituer sa d矇marche intellectuelle d'une fa癟on exceptionnellement pr矇cise et d矇taill矇e. L'ouvrage, illustr矇 de nombreux sch矇mas autographes de Fizeau et qui reproduit d'importants textes in矇dits, est 矇crit d'une fa癟on vivante et ais矇ment accessible.Cet ouvrage relate de fa癟on tr癡s vivante et ais矇ment accessible la vie et l'oeuvre d'un savant qui peut encore servir de mod癡le aux chercheurs de notre temps.
Points, Lines, and Surfaces at Criticality
This thesis offers a fascinating journey through various non-perturbative aspects of Conformal Theories, in particular focusing on the Conformal Bootstrap Programme and its extensions to theories with various degrees of symmetry. Because of the preeminent role of Conformal Theories in Nature, as well as the great generality of the results here obtained, this analysis directly applies to many different areas of research. The content of this thesis is certainly relevant for the physics community as a whole and this relevance is well motivated and discussed along the various chapters of this work.The work is self-contained and starts with an original introduction to conformal theories, defects in such theories and how they lead to constraints on data and an extension of the bootstrap programme. This situation is often realized by critical systems with impurities, topological insulators, or - in the high-energy context - by Wilson and 't Hooft operators. The thesis continues with original research results of the author, including supersymmetric extensions. These results may be relevant non only in the high energy physics context - where supersymmetry is required for the theory to be consistent - but also for condensed matter systems that enjoy supersymmetry emergence at long distances.
Quantum Versus Classical Mechanics and Integrability ProblemsTowards a Unification of Approaches and Tools
This accessible monograph introduces physicists to the general relation between classical and quantum mechanics based on the mathematical idea of deformation quantization and describes an original approach to the theory of quantum integrable systems developed by the author.The first goal of the book is to develop of a common, coordinate free formulation of classical and quantum Hamiltonian mechanics, framed in common mathematical language.In particular, a coordinate free model of quantum Hamiltonian systems in Riemannian spaces is formulated, based on the mathematical idea of deformation quantization, as a complete physical theory with an appropriate mathematical accuracy.The second goal is to develop of a theory which allows for a deeper understanding of classical and quantum integrability. For this reason the modern separability theory on both classical and quantum level is presented. In particular, the book presents a modern geometric separability theory, based on bi-Poissonian and bi-presymplectic representations of finite dimensional Liouville integrable systems and their admissible separable quantizations.The book contains also a generalized theory of classical St瓣ckel transforms and the discussion of the concept of quantum trajectories.In order to make the text consistent and self-contained, the book starts with a compact overview of mathematical tools necessary for understanding the remaining part of the book. However, because the book is dedicated mainly to physicists, despite its mathematical nature, it refrains from highlighting definitions, theorems or lemmas.Nevertheless, all statements presented are either proved or the reader is referred to the literature where the proof is available.
Photoassociation of Ultracold Csyb Molecules and Determination of Interspecies Scattering Lengths
This thesis lays the groundwork for producing a new class of ultracold molecule by associating an alkali-metal atom and a closed-shell alkaline-earth-like atom, specifically Cs and Yb. Such molecules exhibit both a magnetic dipole moment and an electric dipole moment in their ground state. This extra degree of freedom opens up new avenues of research including the study of exotic states of matter, the shielding of molecular collisions and the simulation of lattice spin models.In detail, the thesis reports the first and only ultracold mixture of Cs and Yb in the world, giving details of the methods used to cool such contrasting atomic species together. Using sensitive two-colour photoassociation measurements to measure the binding energies of the near-threshold CsYb molecular levels in the electronic ground state has allowed the previously unknown scattering lengths to be accurately determined for all the Cs-Yb isotopic combinations. As part of this work, theone-photon photoassociation of ultracold Cs*Yb is also studied, yielding useful information on the excited-state potential. Knowledge of the scattering lengths enables a strategy to be devised to cool both species to quantum degeneracy and, crucially, determines the positions of interspecies Feshbach resonances required for efficient association of ground-state CsYb molecules. With these results, the prospect of bringing a new molecule into the ultracold regime has become considerably closer.
Fundamental Mathematical Structures of Quantum TheorySpectral Theory, Foundational Issues, Symmetries, Algebraic Formulation
This textbook presents in a concise and self-contained way the advanced fundamental mathematical structures in quantum theory. It is based on lectures prepared for a 6 months course for MSc students. The reader is introduced to the beautiful interconnection between logic, lattice theory, general probability theory, and general spectral theory including the basic theory of von Neumann algebras and of the algebraic formulation, naturally arising in the study of the mathematical machinery of quantum theories. Some general results concerning hidden-variable interpretations of QM such as Gleason's and the Kochen-Specker theorems and the related notions of realism and non-contextuality are carefully discussed. This is done also in relation with the famous Bell (BCHSH) inequality concerning local causality.Written in a didactic style, this book includes many examples and solved exercises.The work is organized as follows. Chapter 1 reviews some elementary factsand properties of quantum systems. Chapter 2 and 3 present the main results of spectral analysis in complex Hilbert spaces. Chapter 4 introduces the point of view of the orthomodular lattices' theory. Quantum theory form this perspective turns out to the probability measure theory on the non-Boolean lattice of elementary observables and Gleason's theorem characterizes all these measures. Chapter 5 deals with some philosophical and interpretative aspects of quantum theory like hidden-variable formulations of QM. The Kochen-Specker theorem and its implications are analyzed also in relation BCHSH inequality, entanglement, realism, locality, and non-contextuality. Chapter 6 focuses on the algebra of observables also in the presence of superselection rules introducing the notion of von Neumann algebra. Chapter 7 offers the idea of (groups of) quantum symmetry, in particular, illustrated in terms of Wigner and Kadison theorems. Chapter 8 deals with the elementary ideas and results of the socalled algebraic formulation of quantum theories in terms of both *-algebras and C*-algebras.This book should appeal to a dual readership: on one hand mathematicians that wish to acquire the tools that unlock the physical aspects of quantum theories; on the other physicists eager to solidify their understanding of the mathematical scaffolding of quantum theories.
Azimuthal Walsh Filters
1. Introduction 2. Walsh Functions, Walsh Filters And Self-Similarity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 One Dimensional Walsh Functions 2.3 Two Dimensional Walsh Functions 2.3.1 Rectangular Walsh Functions 2.3.2 Polar Walsh Functions 2.4 Radial Walsh Functions 2.5 Azimuthal Walsh Functions 2.6 Self-Similarity In Azimuthal Walsh Functions 2.7 Walsh Filters 2.7.1 Radial Walsh Filters 2.7.2 Azimuthal Walsh Filters 2.8 Self-Similarity In Azimuthal Walsh Functions References 3. Transverse Intensity Distribution On The Far-field Plane Of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Analytical Formulation of Far-field Amplitude Distribution along an azimuth for a Single Sector on the Exit Pupil 3.3 Azimuthal Walsh Filters on the Exit Pupil 3.4 Asymmetrical amplitude point spread function on the Far-field Plane due to azimuthal Walsh filter at the Exit Pupil Plane 3.4.1 Case 1: Zero Order Azimuthal Walsh Filter 3.4.2 Case 2: First Order Azimuthal Walsh Filter 3.4.3 Case 3: Second Order Azimuthal Walsh Filter 3.4.4 Case 4: Third Order Azimuthal Walsh Filter 3.5 Intensity Distribution on the Far-Field Plane References 4. Self-Similarity in Transverse Intensity Distributions on the Far-Field Plane of Self-Similar Azimuthal Walsh Filter 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Transverse Intensity Distributions for Zero Order Azimuthal Walsh Filter on the Far-Field Plane 4.3 Self-Similarity in Far-Field intensity distributions for Group I Self-Similar members of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 4.4 Self-Similarity in Far-Field intensity distributions for Group IIA Self-Similar members of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 4.5 Self-Similarity in Far-Field intensity distributions for Group IIB Self-Similar members of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 4.6 Self-Similarity in Far-Field intensity distributions for Group IIIA Self-Similar members of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 4.7 Rotational Self-Similarity observed in 2D Transverse intensity distributions at Far-Field Plane for adjacent orders of Azimuthal Walsh Filters References 5. Intensity Distribution In The Far-field Region of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Analytical Formulation of Intensity distribution on axially shifted image planes 5.2.1 Synthesis of Azimuthal Walsh Filters using Azimuthal Walsh Block functions 5.2.2 Evaluation of integral using the concept of concentric equal area zones of Azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3 Illustrative Results with Discussion 5.3.1 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Zero Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.2 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for First Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.3 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Second Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.4 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Third Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.5 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Fourth Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.6 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Fifth Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.7 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Sixth Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.3.8 Intensity distribution in the Far-Field region for Seventh Order azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.4 Intensity Distributions on Transverse Planes Very Near to the Focus With Azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.4.1 Intensity Distribution in the Immediate Vicinity of the Far-Field Plane for First Order Azimuthal Walsh Filters 5.4.2 Intensity Distribution in the Immediate Vicinity of the Far-Field Plane for Second
Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics
Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Third Edition presents sound coverage of the fundamentals of lightwave technology, along with material on pulse compression techniques and rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers and lasers. The book's chapters include information on fiber-optic communication systems and the ultrafast signal processing techniques that make use of nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers. This book is an ideal reference for R&D engineers working on developing next generation optical components, scientists involved with research on fiber amplifiers and lasers, graduate students, and researchers working in the fields of optical communications and quantum information.
Electro-Optic Photonic CircuitsFrom Linear and Nonlinear Waves in Nanodisordered Photorefractive Ferroelectrics
Nonlinear optical beams in nanodisordered photorefractive ferroelectrics.- Microscopy.- Miniaturized photogenerated electro-optic axicon lens Gaussian-to-Bessel beam conversion.- Diffraction-free light droplets for axially-resolved volume imaging.- Self-suppression of Bessel beam side lobes for high-contrast light sheet microscopy.- Microscopic reversibility, nonlinearity, and the conditional nature of single particle entanglement.- Super-crystals in composite ferroelectrics.- Intrinsic negative-mass from nonlinearity.- Rogue waves: transition to turbulence and control through spatial incoherence.- Appendix.
Solved Problems in Quantum Mechanics
This book presents a large collection of problems in Quantum Mechanics that are solvable within a limited time and using simple mathematics. The problems test both the student's understanding of each topic and their ability to apply this understanding concretely. Solutions to the problems are provided in detail, eliminating only the simplest steps. No problem has been included that requires knowledge of mathematical methods not covered in standard courses, such as Fuchsian differential equations. The book is in particular designed to assist all students who are preparing for written examinations in Quantum Mechanics, but will also be very useful for teachers who have to pose problems to their students in lessons and examinations.
In Search of the Multiverse
Is our universe just one of many? The most fascinating mysteries in modern physics seem to point us in that direction. As impossible as it seems-that other universes came before ours, float alongside ours, or even mirror ours-the evidence is surprisingly convincing. In his most mind-blowing, sweeping work since Schr繹dinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality, acclaimed science writer and astrophysicist John Gribbin takes readers In Search of the Multiverse, launching an extraordinary journey to the frontiers of reality. Touching on the newest research on quantum physics, thermodynamics, string theory, and even the nature of God, this brilliant tour of the current state of cosmology also goes beyond the realm of settled science to the astonishing questions theoretical physicists have only now begun to ask. Gribbin has long been known for his ability to explain even the most bewildering and complex ideas in the simplest of terms, and that skill is fully on display here. In this new book, he reveals why even the greatest thinkers can't explain the realities of quantum physics without bumping up against the unimaginable. He explores certain anomalies in our Universe that only make sense when you incorporate ideas that were once found only in science fiction. But which fantastical notion of alternate universes is the right one? Gribbin guides you expertly through the competing Multiverse theories, who thought them up, and what problems they were hoping to solve with such outlandish ideas. You'll visit a realm of infinite space containing an infinite number of regions separated by infinite distances and ruled by different sets of physical laws. You'll drift along an infinite time line, on which different universes are strung out, one after the other, like beads on a wire. And you'll leaf through an infinitely thick book stuffed with an infinite number of pages: each page a different universe, existing in a different dimension-tantalizingly close together, but eternally unable to communicate with each other. If our universe is three-dimensional and infinite, how could it be inside something else? Is it possible to travel to one of these alternate universes? Are particles traveling there every moment? How can scientists prove the existence of the Multiverse if they can't travel to it? Read In Search of the Multiverse and enter a world that is more mind-bending, thought-provoking, and imagination-sparking than the fantasy worlds you'd discover in a bookstore full of science fiction novels.
