Creating Materials with a Desired Refraction Coefficient
Creating Materials with a Desired Refraction Coefficient' provides a recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient, and the many-body wave scattering problem for many small impedance bodies is solved. The physical assumptions make the multiple scattering effects essential. On the basis of this theory, a recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient is given. Technological problems are formulated which, when solved, make the theory practically applicable. The Importance of a problem of producing a small particle with a desired boundary impedance is emphasized, and inverse scattering with non-over-determined scattering data is considered.
Guide through the Nanocarbon Jungle
"Buckyball, onion, nanobud, peapod - what are these buzzwords about?" was a question posed to me many times over the last decade or two. This concise glossary is designed to provide the first answer to these and similar questions, and be a guide through th
The Tai Chi in Star Formation
Tai Chi, a Chinese martial art developed based on the laws of nature, emphasises how 'to conquer the unyielding with the yielding.' The recent observation of star formation shows that stars result from the interaction between gravity, turbulence and magnetic fields. This interaction again follows the natural rules that inspired Tai Chi. For example, if self-gravity is the force that dominates, the molecular cloud will collapse isotropically, which compresses magnetic field lines. The density of the yielding field lines increases until magnetic pressure reaches the critical value to support the cloud against the gravitational force in directions perpendicular to the field lines (Lorentz force). Then gravity gives way to Lorentz force, accumulating gas only along the field lines till the gas density achieves the critical value to again compress the field lines. The Tai Chi goes on in a self similar way.
Order from Force
The present theme concerns the forces of nature, and what investigations of these forces can tell us about the world we see about us. The story of these forces is long and complex, and contains many episodes that are not atypical of the bulk of scientific research, which could have achieved greater acclaim 'if only...'. The intention of this book is to introduce ideas of how the visible world, and those parts of it that we cannot observe, either because they are too small or too large for our scale of perception, can be understood by consideration of only a few fundamental forces. The subject in these pages will be the authority of the commonly termed, laws of physics, which arise from the forces of nature, and the corresponding constants of nature (for example, the speed of light, c, the charge of the electron, e, or the mass of the electron, me).
Confocal Microscopy
The confocal microscope is appropriate for imaging cells or the measurement of industrial artefacts. However, junior researchers and instrument users sometimes misuse imaging concepts and metrological characteristics, such as position resolution in industrial metrology and scale resolution in bio-imaging. And, metrological characteristics or influence factors in 3D measurement such as height assessment error caused by 3D coupling effect are so far not yet identified. In this book, the authors outline their practices by the working experiences on standardization and system design. This book assumes little previous knowledge of optics, but rich experience in engineering of industrial measurements, in particular with profile metrology or areal surface topography will be very helpful to understand the theoretical concerns and value of the technological advances. It should be useful for graduate students or researchers as extended reading material, as well as microscope users alongside their handbook.
Synchrotron Radiation
Synchrotron radiation is the name given to the radiation which occurs when charged particles are accelerated in a curved path or orbit. Classically, any charged particle which moves in a curved path or is accelerated in a straight-line path will emit electromagnetic radiation. Various names are given to this radiation in different contexts. Thus circular particle accelerators are called synchrotrons, this is where charged particles are accelerated to very high speeds and the radiation is referred to as synchrotron radiation. Suitable for a summer short course or one term lecture series this text introduces the subject, starting with some historical background then covering basic concepts such as flux, intensity, brilliance, emittance and Liouville's theorem. The book then covers the properties of synchrotron radiation, insertion devices, beamlines and monochromators before finishing with an introduction to free electron lasers and an overview of the most common techniques and applications of this technology.
Biophotonics
Biophotonic diagnostics/biomedical spectroscopy can revolutionise the medical environment by providing a responsive and objective diagnostic environment. This book aims to explain the fundamentals of the physical techniques used combined with the particular requirements of analysing medical/clinical samples as a resource for any interested party. In addition, it will show the potential of this field for the future of medical science and act as a driver for translation across many different biological problems/questions.
Searching for Habitable Worlds
What does it take to consider a planet potentially habitable? If a planet is suitable for life, could life be present? Is life on other planets inevitable? Searching for Habitable Worlds answers these questions and provides both the general public and astronomy enthusiasts with a richly illustrated discussion of the most current knowledge regarding the search for extrasolar planets. Nearly everyone wants to know if we are alone in the universe. This book might not have the answers, but shows where we should look. This book is a fun and accessible book for everyone from middle schoolers to amateur astronomers of all ages. The use of non-technical language and abundant illustrations make this a quick read to inform everyone about the latest movement in the search for other planets that we might be able to inhabit. After a brief discussion on why humans are hard-wired to be curious, and to explore the unknown, the book describes what extrasolar planets are, how to detect them, and how to pin down potential targets. In addition, a data-driven list of the best candidates for habitability is profiled and the next generation of exoplanet-hunting scientific instruments and probes are identified.
Atoms and Photons and Quanta, Oh My!
This is the second book in the "Ask the Physicist" series. The first book, From Newton to Einstein: Ask the physicist about mechanics and relativity, provides an excellent foundation for this book that covers topics in 'modern' physics. The main emphasis of this volume is providing an accessible introduction to quantum physics, atomic physics, and nuclear physics to anyone with at least high-school physics knowledge.
Relativity, Symmetry and the Structure of the Quantum Theory
Quantum theory is one of the most successful of all physical theories. Our everyday world is dominated by devices that function because of knowledge of the quantum world. Yet many, physicists and non-physicists alike, find the theory which explains the beh
Human Enhancements for Space Missions
Section I. Human Enhancements: Biological, Medical, and IT Perspectives.- Margaret Boone Rappaport and Christopher Corbally: Normalizing the Paradigm on Human Enhancements.- Martin Braddock: Challenges and Opportunities for Colonisation and Civilisation Build and the Potential for Human Enhancements.- Steven Abood: Crossing the Transhuman Rubicon: When do enhancements change our definition of human?.- Section II. Human Enhancements: Philosophical and Moral Perspectives.- Konrad Szocik and Chris Impey: Human enhancement and Mars settlement - biological necessity or science-fiction?.- Ziba Norman and Michael Reiss: Volitional Evolution: Does A Mission to Mars Alter the Balance in Favour of Enhancement?.- Koji Tachibana: Human enhancement in space and the value of survival.- Anthony Milligan: The Ethical Problems of Life Extension in Space.- Gonzalo Mun矇var: Science and Ethics in the Human-Enhanced Exploration of Mars.- Cameron Smith: Prediction and Prescription in Mars Settlement Studies.- H矇ctor Vel獺zquez: Mission to Mars: Enhancing our concept of human home?.- Klara Anna Capova: Homo extremophilaeus. Terrestrial and extra-terrestrial stories of extreme survival and their relevance for manned mission to Mars.- Laura Benitez Valero: Spatial Colonization and xenointersections.- Raquel Cascales: Cyborgs and Cyborgism: The Present Human Enhancement as a Projection of the Future.- Rosa Fernandez, Urtasun: Myths of the Future in Mars.- Jacques Arnould: Promise of heaven. Space, human enhancement, and religion.- Luis Torr籀 Ferrero: Some theological considerations about human enhancement in the missions to the outer planets.
Halo Nuclei
While neutron halos were discovered 30 years ago, this is the first book written on the subject of this exotic form of nuclei that typically contain many more neutrons than stable isotopes of those elements. It provides an introductory description of the halo and outlines the discovery and evidence for its existence. It also discusses different theoretical models of the halo's structure as well as models and techniques in reaction theory that have allowed us to study the halo. This is written at a level accessible to graduate students starting a PhD in nuclear physics. Halo nuclei are an exotic form of atomic nuclei that contain typically many more neutrons than stable isotopes of those elements. To give you a famous example, an atom of the element lithium has three electrons orbiting a nucleus with three protons and, usually, either 3 or 4 neutrons. The difference in the number of neutrons gives us two different isotopes of lithium, Li6 and Li7. But if you keep adding neutrons to the nucleus you will eventually reach Li11, with still 3 protons (that means it's lithium) but with 8 neutrons. This nucleus is so neutron-rich that the last two are very weakly bound to the rest of the nucleus (a Li9 core). What happens is a quantum mechanical effect: the two outer neutrons float around beyond the rest of the nuclear core at a distance that is beyond the range of the force that is holding them to the core. This is utterly counterintuitive. It means the nucleus looks like a core plus extended diffuse cloud of neutron probability: the halo. The author of the book, Jim Al-Khalili, is a theoretician who published some of the key papers on the structure of the halo in the mid and late 90s and was the first to determine its true size. This monograph is based on review articles he has written on the mathematical models used to determine the halo structure and the reactions used to model that structure.
Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices
This book provides 13 labs spanning the common topics in the first semester of university-level physics. Each lab is designed to use only the student's smartphone, laptop and items easily found in big-box stores or a hobby shop. Each lab contains theory, set-up instructions and basic analysis techniques. All of these labs can be performed outside of the traditional university lab setting and initial costs averaging less than $8 per student, per lab.
Searching for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma Rays
Searching for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma Rays summarizes the evidence for dark matter and what we can learn about its particle nature using cosmic gamma rays. It has almost been 100 years since Fritz Zwicky first detected hints that most of the matter in the Universe that doesn't directly emit or reflect light. Since then, the observational evidence for dark matter has continued to grow. Dark matter may be a new kind of particle that is governed by physics beyond our Standard Model of particle physics. In many models, dark matter annihilation or decay produces gamma rays. There are a variety of instruments observing the gamma-ray sky from tens of MeV to hundreds of TeV. Some make deep, focused observations of small regions, while others provide coverage of the entire sky. Each experiment offers complementary sensitivity to dark matter searches in a variety of target sizes, locations, and dark matter mass scales. We review results from recent gamma-ray experiments including anomalies some have attributed to dark matter. We also discuss how our gamma-ray observations complement other dark matter searches and the prospects for future experiments.
Lectures on Selected Topics in Mathematical Physics
This volume is a basic introduction to certain aspects of elliptic functions and elliptic integrals. Primarily, the elliptic functions stand out as closed solutions to a class of physical and geometrical problems giving rise to nonlinear differential equations. While these nonlinear equations may not be the types of greatest interest currently, the fact that they are solvable exactly in terms of functions about which much is known makes up for this. The elliptic functions of Jacobi, or equivalently the Weierstrass elliptic functions, inhabit the literature on current problems in condensed matter and statistical physics, on solitons and conformal representations, and all sorts of famous problems in classical mechanics. The lectures on elliptic functions have evolved as part of the first semester of a course on theoretical and mathematical methods given to first and second year graduate students in physics and chemistry at the University of North Dakota. They are for graduate students or for researchers who want an elementary introduction to the subject that nevertheless leaves them with enough of the details to address real problems. The style is supposed to be informal. The intention is to introduce the subject as a moderate extension of ordinary trigonometry in which the reference circle is replaced by an ellipse. This entre depends upon fewer tools and has seemed less intimidating that other typical introductions to the subject that depend on some knowledge of complex variables. The first three lectures assume only calculus, including the chain rule and elementary knowledge of differential equations. In the later lectures, the complex analytic properties are introduced naturally so that a more complete study becomes possible.
Advances in Thermodynamics of the van der Waals Fluid
This book is a comprehensive exposition of the thermodynamic properties of the van der Waals fluid, which includes a review of past work together with a presentation of the author's own recent extensive studies. The book provides readers with a graphical o
Classical Theory of Free-Electron Lasers
This textbook focuses on the fully classical theory of FELs with application to FEL oscillators and develops the fundamentals of FEL theory in sufficient depth to provide both a solid understanding of FEL physics and a solid background for research in the
Defining and Measuring Nature
Weights and measures form an essential part of our ingrained view of the world. It is just about impossible to function effectively without some internalized system of measurement. In this volume, I outline a history of the science of measurement, and the
Networks on Networks
Order from chaos is simultaneously a mantra of physics and a reality in biology. Physicist Norman Packard suggested that life developed and thrives at the edge of chaos. Questions remain, however, as to how much practical knowledge of biology can be traced to existing physical principles, and how much physics has to change in order to address the complexity of biology. Phil Anderson, a physics Nobel laureate, contributed to popularizing a new notion of the end of "reductionism." In this view, it is necessary to abandon the quest of reducing complex behavior to known physical results, and to identify emergent behaviors and principles. In the present book, however, we have sought physical rules that can underlie the behavior of biota as well as the geochemistry of soil development. We looked for fundamental principles, such as the dominance of water flow paths with the least cumulative resistance, that could maintain their relevance across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, together with the appropriate description of solute transport associated with such flow paths. Thus, ultimately, we address both nutrient and water transport limitations of processes from chemical weathering to vascular plant growth. The physical principles guiding our effort are established in different, but related concepts and fields of research, so that in fact our book applies reductionist techniques guided by analogy. The fact that fundamental traits extend across biotic and abiotic processes, i.e., the same fluid flow rate is relevant to both, but that distinctions in topology of the connected paths lead to dramatic differences in growth rates, helps unite the study of these nominally different disciplines of geochemistry and geobiology within the same framework. It has been our goal in writing this book to share the excitement of learning, and one of the most exciting portions to us has been the ability to bring some order to the question of the extent to which soils can facilitate plant growth, and what limitations on plant sizes, metabolism, occurrence, and correlations can be formulated thereby. While we bring order to the soil constraints on growth, we also generate some uncertainties in the scaling relationships of plant growth and metabolism. Although we have made an first attempt to incorporate edaphic constraints into allometric scaling, this is but an initial foray into the forest.
Analysis of Alkali Metal Diatomic Spectra
Soon after she became involved in the didactics of physics, the author of this book realized that the transfer of new discoveries in physics into schools and to undergraduate programs is almost non-existent. Such an introduction is difficult as students' k
Spiral Structure in Galaxies
How does it happen that billions of stars can cooperate to produce the beautiful spirals that characterize so many galaxies, including ours? This book reviews the history behind the discovery of spiral galaxies and the problems faced when trying to explain the existence of spiral structure within them. In the book, subjects such as galaxy morphology and structure are addressed as well as several models for spiral structure. The evidence in favor or against these models is discussed. The book ends by discussing how spiral structure can be used as a proxy for other properties of spiral galaxies, such as their dark matter content and their central supermassive black hole masses, and why this is important.
Liquid Crystals through Experiments
Soon after she became involved in the didactics of physics, the author of this book realized that the transfer of new discoveries in physics into schools and to undergraduate programs is almost non-existent. Such an introduction is difficult as students' k
Skin Photoaging
This book focuses on skin photoaging, the premature aging of skin due to environmental effects such as exposure to UV (UVA, UVB) radiation from the sun. Slowing the aging process and rejuvenation have been one of the major goals of medicine and are in high
From Newton to Einstein
From Newton to Einstein is a book devoted to classical mechanics. "Classical" here includes the theory of special relativity as well because, as argued in the book, it is essentially Newtonian mechanics extended to very high speeds. This information is expanded from the author's popular Q&A website, a site aimed primarily at general readers who are curious about how physics explains the workings of the world. Hence, the answers emphasize concepts over formalism, and the mathematics is kept to a minimum. Students new to physics will find discussion and quantitative calculations for areas often neglected in introductory courses (e.g. air drag and non-inertial frames). The author gives us a more intuitive approach to special relativity than normally taught in introductory courses. One chapter discusses general relativity in a completely non-mathematical way emphasizing the equivalence principle and the generalized principle of relativity; the examples in this chapter can offer a new slant on applications of classical mechanics. Another chapter is devoted to the physics of computer games, sci-fi, superheros, and super weapons for those interested in the intersection of popular culture and science. Professional scientists will find topics that they may find amusing and, in some cases, everyday applications that they had not thought of. Brief tutorials are given for essential concepts (e.g. Newton's laws) and appendices give technical details for the interested reader.
The Manhattan Project
The development of nuclear weapons by the Manhattan Project during World War II was one of the most dramatic scientific/technological episodes in human history. This book, prepared by a recognized expert on the Manhattan Project, offers a concise survey of the essential physics concepts underlying fission weapons. The text describes the energetics and timescales of fast-neutron chain reactions, why only certain isotopes of uranium and plutonium are suitable for use in fission weapons, how critical mass and bomb yield can be estimated, how the efficiency of nuclear weapons can be enhanced, how the fissile forms of uranium and plutonium were obtained, some of the design details of the 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' bombs, and some of the thermal, shock, and radiation effects of nuclear weapons. Calculation exercises are provided, and a Bibliography lists authoritative print and online sources of information for readers who wish to pursue more detailed study of this fascinating topic.
Single Molecule Biophysics and Poisson Process Approach to Statistical Mechanics
This is an overview of single molecule physics, the study of both equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties at the single molecule level. It begins with an introduction to this fascinating science and includes a chapter on how to build the most popular instrument for single molecule biophysics, the total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope. It concludes with the Poisson process approach to statistical mechanics, explaining how to relate the process to diverse areas and see how data analysis and error bars are integral parts of science.
Essential Fluid Dynamics for Scientists
The book is an introduction to the subject of fluid mechanics, essential for students and researchers in many branches of science. It illustrates its fundamental principles with a variety of examples drawn mainly from astrophysics and geophysics as well as from everyday experience. Prior familiarity with basic thermodynamics and vector calculus is assumed.
Modelling Physics with Microsoft Excel
This book demonstrates some of the ways in which Microsoft Excel(R) may be used to solve numerical problems in the field of physics. But why use Excel in the first place? Certainly, Excel is never going to out-perform the wonderful symbolic algebra tools tha
Light Power
This is the second volume of a 3-volume history of solar power generating systems covering the approximately 50 years of research and development surrounding the energy crisis of 1973. Volume 1 covered solar-thermal systems. The present volume covers photovoltaic systems in the 20th century. Volume 3 will cover photovoltaic developments from the start of the 21st century. The history is based upon keynote lectures given by international specialists at the Sede Boqer Symposia on Solar Electric Power Production, a series that commenced in 1986. The lectures document many technical details that have become hard to find, including some pertaining to technologies that were successfully demonstrated but subsequently discontinued owing to their not having been deemed to be cost-effective at the time. However, in the event that different economic considerations may ensue, these volumes can provide a valuable starting point, including references, for the re-investigation of some of those once abandoned ideas.
When Einstein Went To Roswell
Traveling to the stars is possible. Albert Einstein realized this when he was shown the UFO evidence that had been discovered in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. The evidence caused a profound unsettling of that great man's beliefs. How could creatures from other worlds ever have reached our planet? Nothing in Einstein's understanding of physics could explain it. In this book, Peter Strassberg shows how space travel can happen. The Big Bang theory, he argues, is wrong. A simpler, more concise concept-of a curved, fourth-di-mensional universe-takes its place. Gravity and inertia, two sides of the same coin, are fully explained. It is all done in an understandable, easy-to-follow fashion with clear illustrations. Finally, the author provides a concise history of events from Roswell to the present that blows the lid off the intelligence community's ongoing control of vital, advanced scientific knowledge. Extraordinary documents, obtained through FOIA, are reprinted in full in the book's appendices. They uncover the vast, hidden extraterrestrial data that is now just beginnning to trickle out to the public.
Aristotle’s Physics
Aristotle's Physics deals with the principles of motion; it discusses nature, causation, chance, necessity, motion and its kinds, infinity, time, place, void, and whatever is necessary for motion. It does not treat its subject mathematically, and, in this respect, it differs from modern physics; but it is universal enough to be applicable to such sciences as biology and psychology, for the principles of the Physics are presupposed by these other sciences.Aristotle was well aware of applications of mathematics to other sciences, but he used different names for those sciences, e.g., mechanics, optics, astronomy, acoustics, and these taken together hardly differ from modern physics with respect to general subject and treatment. Thus, in his Mechanics, he states that the subject belongs to physics, but the treatment is mathematical. Hippocrates G. Apostle held that the Physics was written as a science should be, and, for this reason, he translates it accurately and scientifically, with familiar and consistent terminology, a glossary of definitions, and extensive commentaries, thus making the translation readable and understandable
Recent Advances in Engineering Mathematics and Physics
This book gathers the proceedings of the 4th conference on Recent Advances in Engineering Math. & Physics (RAEMP 2019), which took place in Cairo, Egypt in December 2019. This international and interdisciplinary conference highlights essential research and developments in the field of Engineering Mathematics and Physics and related technologies and applications. The proceedings is organized to follow the main tracks of the conference: Advanced computational techniques in engineering and sciences; computational intelligence; photonics; physical measurements and big data analytics; physics and nano-technologies; and optimization and mathematical analysis.
Advanced Applications of Computational Mathematics
This book "Advanced Applications of Computational Mathematics" covers multidisciplinary studies containing advanced research in the field of computational and applied mathematics. The book includes research methodology, techniques, applications, and algorithms. The book will be very useful to advanced students, researchers and practitioners who are involved in the areas of computational and applied mathematics and engineering.
Searching for Squarks
Introduction.- Theoretical Background.- The ATLAS Experiment.- Data Acquisition and Reconstruction.- Search for SUSY in Final States with Jets from Charm Quarks.- Soft b-tagging in Compressed SUSY Scenarios.- Conclusion.- Appendix.
Microphysics of Magnetic Reconnection in Near-Earth Space
This book presents recent advances in the physics of magnetic reconnection, investigated via both in situ spacecraft observations and fully kinetic numerical simulations. Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process in plasma physics during which the topological reconfiguration of the magnetic field leads to energy conversion and particle energization. The book focuses on the physics of the electron diffusion region (EDR), a crucial region where the electrons are decoupled from the magnetic field and efficiently accelerated by the electric field. By using recent, high-resolution measurements provided by NASA's Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission (MMS), the book investigates the structure of the EDR at the Earth's magnetopause. The presented analysis provides evidence for an inhomogeneous and patchy EDR structure. The structure of the EDR appears to be more complex than the in laminar picture suggested by previous observations and simulations. Then, electrons dynamics inthe EDR is studied using a novel, fully kinetic Eulerian Vlasov-Darwin model that has been implemented in the Vlasov-DArwin numerical code (ViDA), explained in detail in the book. Lastly, the book covers the testing of this new code, and investigates the contributions of the different terms in the generalized Ohm's law within the EDR, highlighting the role of the electron inertia term.
Introduction to High Energy Physics: Particle Physics for the Beginner
Elementary particle physics is a mature subject, with a wide variety of topics. Size considerations require any text to make choices in the subject matter, and such choices are to a large extent a matter of taste. Each topic in this text has been selected for its accessibility to as wide an audience of interested readers as possible, without any compromise in mathematical sophistication. There are of necessity a lot of formulas, but every one is derived, and an effort has been made to explain the various steps and clever tricks, and how to avoid pitfalls. The text is supplemented by exercises at the end of each chapter. The reader is urged to do the exercises that are designed to increase one's skills in the material. The goal of the book is to bring to undergraduates an ability to enjoy this interesting subject.
Multimessenger Astronomy
Written by a professional astronomer who has worked on a wide spectrum of topics throughout his career, this book gives a popular science level description of what has become known as multimessenger astronomy. It links the new with the traditional, showing how astronomy has advanced at increasing pace in the modern era. In the second decade of the twenty-first century astronomy has seen the beginnings of a revolution. After centuries when all our information about the Universe has come via electromagnetic waves, now several entirely new ways of exploring it have emerged. The most spectacular has been the detection of gravitational waves in 2015, but astronomy also uses neutrinos and cosmic ray particles to probe processes in the centres of stars and galaxies. The book is strongly oriented towards measurement and technique. Widely illustrated with colourful pictures of instruments, their creators and astronomical objects, it is backed with descriptions of theunderlying theories and concepts, linking predictions, observations and experiments. The thread is largely historical, although obviously it cannot be encyclopaedic. Its point of departure is the beginning of the twentieth century and it aims at being as complete as possible for the date of completion at the end of 2020. The book addresses a wide public whose interest in science is served by magazines like Scientific American: lively, intelligent readers but without university studies in physics.
Akoestiek in architectuur
This book is intended for students of architecture who want to learn basic principles of sound insulation in buildings
Particle Therapy Technology for Safe Treatment
This book provides a practical introduction to particle therapy. It provides a thorough introduction to the tools, their applications, and then details the components that are needed to implement it. It explains the foundations of beam production and beam delivery which serve to meet the necessary clinical requirements.
Controlling Collective Electronic States in Cuprates and Nickelates
In this thesis chemical and epitaxial degrees of freedom are used to manipulate charge and spin ordering phenomena in two families of transition metal oxides, while taking advantage of state-of-the-art resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) methods to characterize their microscopic origin in a comprehensive manner. First, the relationship of charge density wave order to both magnetism and the "pseudogap" phenomenon is systematically examined as a function of charge-carrier doping and isovalent chemical substitution in single crystals of a copper oxide high-temperature superconductor. Then, in copper oxide thin films, an unusual three-dimensionally long-range-ordered charge density wave state is discovered, which persists to much higher temperatures than charge-ordered states in other high-temperature superconductors. By combining crystallographic and spectroscopic measurements, the origin of this phenomenon is traced to the epitaxial relationship with the underlying substrate. This discovery opens new perspectives for the investigation of charge order and its influence on the electronic properties of the cuprates. In a separate set of RXS experiments on superlattices with alternating nickel and dysprosium oxides, several temperature- and magnetic-field-induced magnetic phase transitions are discovered. These observations are explained in a model based on transfer of magnetic order and magneto-crystalline anisotropy between the Ni and Dy subsystems, thus establishing a novel model system for the interplay between transition-metal and rare-earth magnetism.
Planetary Giant Impacts
Based on 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations performed with unprecedented high resolution, this book examines the giant impacts that dominate many planets' late accretion and evolution. The numerical methods developed are now publicly available, greatly facilitating future studies of planetary impacts in our solar system and exoplanetary systems. The book focuses on four main topics: (1) The development of new methods to construct initial conditions as well as a hydrodynamical simulation code to evolve them, using 1000 times more simulation particles than the previous standard. (2) The numerical convergence of giant impact simulations -- standard-resolution simulations fail to converge on even bulk properties like the post-impact rotation period. (3) The collision thought to have knocked over the planet Uranus causing it to spin on its side. (4) The erosion of atmospheres by giant impacts onto terrestrial planets, and the first full 3D simulations of collisions in this regime.
The Superradiation Phenomenon with Preset Boundary Conditions and Its Correlation
This book attempts to expand the phenomenon of superradiation by preset boundary conditions. We know that when the probability is determined in advance, then the uncertainty principle appears to be untenable under changing conditions. In this way, there will be new channels for discussion of various old macro or micro phenomena. We also know that energy levels appear in the quantum energy equation. If additional potentials are added, the positive and negative energy levels may overlap, and superradiation may occur at that time. In principle, we create similar effects by preset boundary conditions.For example, I propose that since Hawking radiation may be a type of super radiation, the action of super radiation with a preset boundary satisfies some higher dimensional action structure, for example, the super radiance of a boson on a preset boundary for a Kerr black hole satisfies the algebraic structure of a boson on a Kerr-Schild black hole. I think the super radiance of a bounded fermion to a Kerr-structured black hole satisfies the mapping structure of the wormhole
Time Travel
Fact or fiction? Real or impossible? Movement through time explored, examined and explained! Albert Einstein's theory of relativity postulates, and scientists have proven, that the faster you travel, the slower time moves. Clocks on airplanes, satellites and rockets are slower than clocks on Earth, and time travel is indeed real. Can time machines, time-tunnel wormholes or tales of fictional time-traveling heroes be so far-fetched? Covering the history of time travel in both reality and fiction, Time Travel: The Science and Science Fiction investigates the long history, myths, science and stories of movement from the present to the past and into the future. Timely in its telling, Time Travel chronicles more than 30 instances, accounts, stories and famous examples of time slips, such as ... The theory of relativity showing the link between time and space H.G. Wells' epic novel of 1895: The Time Machine British physicist Stephen Hawking's famous paradoxes surrounding time travel Charlton Heston's character Taylor in the Planet of the Apes discovering that he is home, 2,000 years in the future Wormholes, the shortcuts through both space and time And many more! The idea of time travel fascinates because it offers the possibility, however remote, of revisiting and recapturing moments from our youth. And if travelers of the future have secretly visited us-well, that proves that our future is secure. Stories of time travel abound in books and film, and it's been a source of endless fascination-and speculation-surrounding UFO sightings and conspiracy theories. This richly researched reference ripples with fascinating information. With more than 120 photos and graphics, this tome is nicely illustrated. Time Travel also includes a helpful bibliography and an extensive index, adding to its usefulness. Time will fly by as you ponder the possibilities. Don't hesitate. There's no time like the present. Get your copy today. The future is waiting!
The Structures of Mathematical Physics
This textbook serves as an introduction to groups, rings, fields, vector and tensor spaces, algebras, topological spaces, differentiable manifolds and Lie groups --- mathematical structures which are foundational to modern theoretical physics. It is aimed primarily at undergraduate students in physics and mathematics with no previous background in these topics. Applications to physics --- such as the metric tensor of special relativity, the symplectic structures associated with Hamilton's equations and the Generalized Stokes's Theorem --- appear at appropriate places in the text. Worked examples, end-of-chapter problems (many with hints and some with answers) and guides to further reading make this an excellent book for self-study. Upon completing this book the reader will be well prepared to delve more deeply into advanced texts and specialized monographs in theoretical physics or mathematics.
Research and Innovation in Physics Education: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Introduction.- 1- Experiments as building blocks of knowledge. Gorazd Planinsič.- 2- Active learning methods and strategies to improve student conceptual understanding: some considerations from Physics Education Research. Claudio Fazio.- 3- Primary, Secondary and University pre-service teacher Education in physics. Marisa Michelini.- 4- Primary, Secondary and University Pre-service Physics Teacher Education - What scientific education is relevant for becoming a physics teacher in a technological world? . Knut Neumann.- 5- Concerns about relevant Physics Education in a Technological world: An overview of GIREP participants' questions. M. Gabriela Lorenzo.- 6- Didactical reconstructions in knowledge organization and consolidation in physics teacher education. Terhi M瓣ntyl瓣.- 7- Examining students reasoning in physics through the lens of the Dual Process Theories of Reasoning: The context of forces and Newton's laws. Mila Kryjevskaia and Nathaniel Grosz.- 8- Critiquing explanations in physics: Obstacles and pedagogical decisions among beginning teachers. Laurence Viennot and Nicolas Decamp.- 9- Design tools as a way to explicitly connect research insights with design decision for teaching learning sequences. Jenaro Guisasola, Kristina Zuza, Jaume Ametller and Mikel Sagastibeltza.- 10- Results of a Design-Based-Research study to improve students' understanding of simple electric circuits. Jan-Philipp Burde & Thomas Wilhelm.- 11- Teaching particle-wave duality with double slit single photon interference in Dutch secondary schools. Ed van den Berg, Aernout van Rossum, Jeroen Grijsen, Henk Pol, Jan van der Veen.- 12- Eye-movement study of mechanics problem solving using multimodal options. Jouni Viiri, Jasmin Kilpel瓣inen, Martina Kekule, Eizo Ohno and Jarkko Hautala.- 13- Derivatives, integrals and vectors in introductory mechanics: the development of a multi-representation test for university students. Marta Carli, Stefania Lippiello, Ornella Pantano, Mario Perona and Giuseppe Tormen.- 14- Research-based innovation in introductory physics course for biotechnology students. Daniele Buongiorno and Marisa Michelini.- 15- Physics students' understanding of quantum mechanics: a Rasch analysis. Italo Testa, Umberto Scotti di Uccio, Arturo Colantonio, Silvia Galano and Irene Marzoli.- 16- Using theory to inform practice in the advanced physics classroom. Ram籀n E. Lopez, Mikel A. Greene and Ximena Cid.- 17- Development of preservice teachers' sense of agency. Michael M Hull and Haruko Uematsu.- 18- Is participation in Public Engagement an integral part of shaping physics students' identity? . Claudia Frachiolla, Brean Prefontaine and Kathleen Hinko.- 19- Enhancing the teaching and learning of physics at lower second level in Ireland. Deirdre O'Neill and Eilish McLoughlin.
Statistical Mechanics of Hamiltonian Systems with Bounded Kinetic Terms
Introduction.- Background and Motivation.- Systems with Bounded Phase Spaces: Equilibrium Properties.- Langevin Equation (also) at Negative Temperature.- Negative Temperature Out of Equilibrium.- Computational and Technical Aspects.- Conclusions.
Optical Networks
Following the emergence of lasers and optical fibers, optical networking made its beginning in the 1970s with high-speed LANs/MANs. In the 1980s, when the bandwidth of intercity microwave links turned out to be inadequate for digital telephony, the technology for single-wavelength optical communications using SONET/SDH arrived as a saviour to replace the microwave links. However, single-wavelength links couldn't utilize the huge bandwidth (40 THz) of optical fibers, while the bandwidth demands kept soaring. This necessitated the use of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for concurrent transmission over multiple wavelengths, increasing the available bandwidth significantly. Today, optical networking has become an indispensable part of telecommunication networks at all hierarchical levels. The book Optical Networks provides a graduate level presentation of optical networks, capturing the past, present and ensuing developments with a unique blend of breadth and depth. The book is organized in four parts and three appendices. Part I presents an overview and the enabling technologies in two chapters, Part II presents the single-wavelength optical networks in three chapters, while Part III deals with the various forms of WDM optical networks in four chapters. Finally, Part IV presents some selected topics in six chapters, dealing with a number of contemporary and emerging topics. Optical Networks provides a comprehensive all-in-one text for beginning graduate as well as final-year undergraduate students, and also allows R&D engineers to quickly refresh the basics and then move on to emerging topics.
Computational Biomechanics for Medicine
Computational Biomechanics for Medicine: Solid and fluid mechanics for the benefit of patients contributions and papers from the MICCAI Computational Biomechanics for Medicine Workshop help in conjunction with Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention conference (MICCAI 2020) in Lima, Peru. The content is dedicated to research in the field of methods and applications of computational biomechanics to medical image analysis, image-guided surgery, surgical simulation, surgical intervention planning, disease prognosis and diagnostics, analysis of injury mechanisms, implant and prostheses design, as well as artificial organ design and medical robotics. This book appeals to researchers, students and professionals in the field.
