Physics; Advanced Course
"Physics; Advanced Course" by George Frederick Barker offers a comprehensive exploration of physics as understood in the late 19th century. This textbook is designed for advanced students, delving into topics with a depth that reflects the scientific rigor of the era. Barker's work provides a valuable window into the historical development of physics education and the state of scientific knowledge at the time.Though techniques and scientific understanding have evolved, this volume retains significance for those interested in the history of science and the foundations of modern physics. It serves as a testament to the enduring quest for knowledge and the incremental advancements that have shaped our understanding of the physical world. This edition makes Barker's classic work accessible to a new generation of readers, preserving its historical and educational value.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Distribution Iteration
The discrete ordinates method is widely used to solve the Boltzmann transport equation for neutral particle transport for many engineering applications. Source iteration is used to solve the discrete ordinates system of equations, but can be slow to converge in highly scattering problems. Synthetic acceleration techniques have been developed to address this shortcoming; however, recent research has shown synthetic acceleration to lose effectiveness or diverge for certain problems. LTC Wager introduced an alternative to source iteration and demonstrated it in slab geometry. Here the method is further developed, enhancing efficiency in various ways, and demonstrated in XY-geometry as well as slab geometry. It is shown to be efficient even for those problems for which diffusion-synthetic and transport-synthetic accelerations fail or are ineffective. The method has significant advantages for massively-parallel implementations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Distribution Iteration
The discrete ordinates method is widely used to solve the Boltzmann transport equation for neutral particle transport for many engineering applications. Source iteration is used to solve the discrete ordinates system of equations, but can be slow to converge in highly scattering problems. Synthetic acceleration techniques have been developed to address this shortcoming; however, recent research has shown synthetic acceleration to lose effectiveness or diverge for certain problems. LTC Wager introduced an alternative to source iteration and demonstrated it in slab geometry. Here the method is further developed, enhancing efficiency in various ways, and demonstrated in XY-geometry as well as slab geometry. It is shown to be efficient even for those problems for which diffusion-synthetic and transport-synthetic accelerations fail or are ineffective. The method has significant advantages for massively-parallel implementations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Multi-Dimensional Wave Front Sensing Algorithms for Embedded Tracking and Adaptive Optics Applications
Current tracking and adaptive optics techniques cannot compensate for fastmoving extended objects, which is important for ground-based telescopes providing space situational awareness. To fill this need, a vector-projection maximum-likelihood wave-front sensing algorithm development and testing follows for this application. A derivation and simplification of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for wave-front sensing using a laser guide star bounds the performance of these systems and guides implementation of a vastly optimized maximum-likelihood search algorithm. A complete analysis of the bias, mean square error, and variance of the algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance of the new sensor. A proof of concept implementation shows feasibility of deployment in modern adaptive optics systems. The vector-projection maximum-likelihood sensor satisfies the need for tracking and wave-front sensing of extended objects using current adaptive optics hardware designs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Short and Independent Characteristic Methods for Discrete Ordinates Radiation Transport With 2D and 3D Regular Cartesian Meshes
Accurate, reliable, and robust discrete neutral particle radiation transport codes are needed in order to perform realistic 3D engineering calculations. Current neutron transport codes use low order spatial quadratures that are inaccurate unless a highly refined spatial mesh is used. In this work various higher order characteristic spatial quadratures are derived, implemented, and tested. Regular meshes of rectangular (2D) and of rectangular parallelepiped (boxoid) cells are supported. Short characteristic (linear characteristic [LC] and exponential characteristic [EC]) methods are compared with the corresponding independent characteristic (ILC and IEC) methods. The latter readily provide for plane-parallel implementation. All transport results were benchmarked against Monte Carlo calculations. The diamond difference (DD) method was also tested and compared to the characteristic spatial quadratures. IEC and EC were found to be robust, reliable, and accurate for thin, intermediate, and optically thick cells. LC was robust, reliable, and accurate for cells of thin to intermediate (approximately 2 mean free paths) optical thickness. ILC was not pursued in 3D due to its anticipated excessive computational cost. DD was unreliable (as expected) over the range of test problems. We conclude that IEC and EC are apt methods for a wide range of problems, and provide the ability to perform realistic engineering calculations on coarse cells given nonnegative group-to-group, ordinate-to-ordinate cross section data.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Numerical Solutions to the Two Dimensional Boltzmann Equation
A strict kinetic, two-dimensional model of the electron kinetics within a glow discharge positive column is developed. The problem is solved in cylindrical geometry using the standard two-term Legendre expansion of the electron velocity distribution function. The model establishes a steady state solution, such that the net ionization rate is exactly balanced by the wall loss. In addition to a thorough analytic development, we present the numerical techniques used to solve the resulting elliptic partial differential equation, including an efficient method to treat sparse banded matrices. The model is validated against published results, local and nonlocal kinetic approximations, and a previous Monte Carlo treatment. Having created a working model, we conduct an investigation into current flow within the solution area of a neon column, made possible by this 2-D treatment. Furthermore, we investigate the range of applicability of the earlier local and nonlocal kinetic approximations and finally present a short discussion on the effect different forms of wall loss have on the overall distribution function.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Daytime Detection of Space Objects
Space Situational Awareness (SSA) requires repeated object updates for orbit accuracy. Detection of unknown objects is critical. A daytime model was developed that evaluated sun flares and assessed thermal emissions from space objects. Iridium satellites generate predictable sun glints. These were used as a model baseline for daytime detections. Flares and space object thermal emissions were examined for daytime detection. A variety of geometric, material and atmospheric characteristics affected this daytime detection capability. In a photon noise limited mode, simulated Iridium flares were detected. The peak Signalto- Noise Ratios (SNR) were 6.05e18, 9.63e5, and 1.65e7 for the nighttime, daytime and infrared flares respectively. The thermal emission of space objects at 353K, 900K and 1300K with 2 to 20 m2 emitting areas were evaluated. The peak emission was for the 20 m2 900K object with an SNR of 1.08e10.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Computational Modeling of a Time-independent, Heterogeneous Reactor Core Using Simplified Discrete Ordinates Neutron Transport Techniques
A three-dimensional neutron transport based, heterogeneous reactor code (3D-TRAN) was developed to model simple uniform isotropic sources and isotropic fission sources. The code was developed using level symmetric angular quadrature sets and three spatial quadratures: the Diamond Difference (DD), Step, and Linear Characteristic (LC) methods. Each method was analyzed and compared for accuracy, rate of convergence, and stability. The LC method was found to be the most accurate method with a broader range of stability through heterogeneous absorbing regions than the DD method. The Step method always remains positive and stable, but converges very slowly to a specified answer in the limit as the mesh is refined.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nuclear Forensics
Over the past decade, law enforcement, governmental and public agencies have been stymied by the threat of the trafficking of nuclear materials. During this time span, reports from the International Atomic Energy Agency of illicit trafficking have increased eightfold from 20 to 160. For this reason, nuclear forensics is a burgeoning science focused on the identification of seized special nuclear materials. Identification of these materials is based upon the wealth of information that can be obtained by applying multiple analytical and measurement technologies. All of the information gained from each sample can then be used to further characterize other samples culminating in the inclusion of all of the collected data into a central database. Information must be reported in a timely manner as actionable results need to be presented as quickly as possible if there is to be any attribution for trafficking of nuclear material. Identification parameters such as uranium content, isotopic composition, and levels of impurities can be measured simultaneously in an effort to completely characterize a sample. All of these measurements combined can offer information as to the source of the material and its intended use. Many of the current analytical techniques used in nuclear forensics require extensive sample preparation and offer minimal amounts of information about the sample. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is presented as a rapid analytical technique that provides many of these identification parameters with minimal sample preparation. TOF-SIMS spectra were collected on eight different standard reference materials covering a range of stoichiometries and levels of enrichment. Samples included UO2, UO3 and U3O8 stoichiometries ranging from slightly depleted (0.5% 235U) to highly enriched (90.0% 235U) uranium. Spectra were simulated in an effort to deconvolve composite peaks resulting from the protonation of cluster ions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Neutron Detection Utilizing Gadolinium Doped Hafnium Oxide Films
Gadolinium (Gd) doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) was deposited onto a silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Synchrotron radiation was used to perform Gd L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on 3%, 10%, and 15% doped HfO2 samples. The interatomic distances determined from Fourier transformation and fitting the data show Gd occupying the hafnium site in the HfO2 lattice, there was no clustering of Gd atoms, and the Gd ion retains monoclinic local symmetery for all levels of doping. Current as a function of voltage experiments identified the films as having poor diode characteristics with high leakage current in the forward bias region. However, a proper bias (0.5 V) for the purpose of neutron detection was identified and applied across the diodes. Using a high, non-varying neutron flux in a nuclear reactor, Gd doped HfO2 was able to be used in a detection system and displayed the ability to detect neutrons.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A New Separation Of Thorium From Cerium, Lathananum And Didymium And Its Application To The Analysis Of Monazite
"A New Separation Of Thorium From Cerium, Lanthanum And Didymium And Its Application To The Analysis Of Monazite" presents a detailed investigation into a novel method for separating thorium from other rare earth elements. Authored by Floyd Jay Metzger, this scientific work delves into the intricacies of chemical separation techniques, specifically focusing on isolating thorium from cerium, lanthanum, and didymium. The study highlights the application of this new separation method to the analysis of monazite, a phosphate mineral containing rare earth elements. This research is valuable for scientists and engineers involved in nuclear chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and chemical engineering. The book offers insights into advanced analytical methodologies and contributes to the understanding of rare earth element processing and analysis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of YAG
The properties of thin, cerium activated, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce), scintillating fiber-shaped crystals were investigated for particle tracking and calorimetric applications such as Compton imaging of Special Nuclear Material from remote platforms at standoff ranges. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are relatively new, efficient, single photon sensitive, solid-state photodiode arrays which are well suited for the readout of scintillating fibers. Using SiPMs, the scintillation decay time profiles of six 400 m YAG: Ce fiber crystals were measured under alpha and gamma irradiation. Interestingly, the observed decay times in the thin fibers were substantially slower than values for bulk single crystal YAG: Ce reported in open scientific literature; possible explanations are explored. Both laser induced photoluminescence and alpha scintillation measurements were conducted to estimate the effective attenuation length of the YAG: Ce fibers. Using the measured attenuation lengths, position-of-interaction measurements were conducted to determine the achievable position resolution in YAG: Ce fibers using dual fiber end SiPM readouts. The measured results are compared to theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, improvements to the detector concept, including a formula to determine the best SiPM model based on device parameters and the Birks' figure of merit of the scintillating material, are presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of YAG
The properties of thin, cerium activated, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce), scintillating fiber-shaped crystals were investigated for particle tracking and calorimetric applications such as Compton imaging of Special Nuclear Material from remote platforms at standoff ranges. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are relatively new, efficient, single photon sensitive, solid-state photodiode arrays which are well suited for the readout of scintillating fibers. Using SiPMs, the scintillation decay time profiles of six 400 m YAG: Ce fiber crystals were measured under alpha and gamma irradiation. Interestingly, the observed decay times in the thin fibers were substantially slower than values for bulk single crystal YAG: Ce reported in open scientific literature; possible explanations are explored. Both laser induced photoluminescence and alpha scintillation measurements were conducted to estimate the effective attenuation length of the YAG: Ce fibers. Using the measured attenuation lengths, position-of-interaction measurements were conducted to determine the achievable position resolution in YAG: Ce fibers using dual fiber end SiPM readouts. The measured results are compared to theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, improvements to the detector concept, including a formula to determine the best SiPM model based on device parameters and the Birks' figure of merit of the scintillating material, are presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Astronomical Ephemeris
"The Astronomical Ephemeris, Volume 1862" is an essential resource for astronomers, navigators, and researchers interested in celestial mechanics. Compiled under the direction of Nevil Maskelyne and published by the Commissioners of Longitude, the Admiralty, and the Nautical Almanac Office of Great Britain, this volume provides detailed astronomical data vital for precise calculations and observations. This ephemeris includes tables of the positions of celestial bodies, facilitating accurate timekeeping, navigation, and scientific inquiry. It represents a continuation of a long-standing tradition of providing reliable astronomical information, serving as a crucial tool for both practical applications and theoretical advancements in the field. The volume offers a glimpse into the meticulous work of 19th-century astronomers and their dedication to charting the heavens.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quantitative Object Reconstruction Using Abel Transform Tomography and Mixed Variable Optimization
Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are interested in quantitatively reconstructing an object using Abel transform x-ray tomography. Specifically, they obtain a radiograph by x-raying an object and attempt to quantitatively determine the number and types of materials and the thicknesses of each material layer. Their current methodologies either fail to provide a quantitative description of the object or are generally too slow to be useful in practice. As an alternative, the problem is modeled here as a mixed variable programming (MVP) problem, in which some variables are nonnumeric and for which no derivative information is available. The generalized pattern search (GPS) algorithm for linearly constrained MVP problems is applied to the x-ray tomography problem, by means of the NOMADm MATLABr software package. Numerical results are provided for several test configurations of cylindrically symmetrical objects and show that, while there are difficulties to be overcome by researchers at LANL, this method is promising for solving x-ray tomography object reconstruction problems in practice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Planetary Defense
Concern exists among an increasing number of scientists throughout the world regarding the possibility of a catastrophic event caused by an impact of a large Earth-crossing object (ECO) on the Earth-Moon System (EMS), be it an asteroid or comet. Such events, although rare for large objects (greater than 1 km diameter), are not unprecedented. Indeed, the great upheaval and resulting ice age that marked the extinction of the dinosaurs is thought to have been caused by the impact of a 10 km diameter asteroid. Such an event is thought to occur approximately every millennia. In 1908 a stony asteroid of approximately 50 meters diameter exploded in the air above the Tunguska River in Siberia, producing an equivalent yield of 15-30 megatons (mt) of TNT, leveling over 2000 square miles of dense forest. Such an event is thought to occur approximately every century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Efficient and Accurate Computation of Non-Negative Anisotropic Group Scattering Cross Sections for Discrete Ordinates and Monte Carlo Radiaton Transport
A new method for approximating anisotropic, multi-group scatter cross sections for use in discretized and Monte Carlo multi-group neutron transport is presented. The new method eliminates unphysical artifacts such as negative group scatter cross sections and falsely positive cross sections. Additionally, when combined with the discrete elements angular quadrature method, the new cross sections eliminate the lack of angular support in the discrete ordinates quadrature method. The new method generates piecewise-average group-to-group scatter cross sections. The accuracy and efficiency for calculating the discrete elements cross sections has improved by many orders of magnitude compared to DelGrande and Mathews (7) previous implementation. The new cross sections have extended the discrete elements method to all neutron-producing representations in the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (13). The new cross section method has been validated and tested with the cross section generation code, NJOY (13). Results of transport calculations using discrete elements, discrete ordinates, and Monte Carlo methods for two, one-dimensional slab geometry problems are compared.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Collision Modeling for Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Methods
In the Smoothed Accept/Reject (SAR) algorithm, the accept/reject criteria is altered from Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC): rather than a binary function of rejection or acceptance, collisions can be partially accepted with a linear weighting between zero and one. The partial acceptance is based on a band around the original accept/reject criteria defined as a percentage of the collision criteria, which is called . A relationship previously noted between Mach and is explored. Velocity distributions of the particles are examined for all algorithms and compared to experimental data to determine the effect of the SAR algorithm at a microscopic level. All of the comparisons to experiment show a Mach dependency that has previously been noted, and the dependency was defined for the normal shock simulations. DSMC does adequately simulate the nonequilibrium within the cells at a high Mach number through the shock, but SAR does. The SAR algorithm models the flowfield in the shock better than DSMC through a change in the collision rate and particle sampling methods, which allows for a more accurate simulation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Multi-Dimensional Wave Front Sensing Algorithms for Embedded Tracking and Adaptive Optics Applications
Current tracking and adaptive optics techniques cannot compensate for fastmoving extended objects, which is important for ground-based telescopes providing space situational awareness. To fill this need, a vector-projection maximum-likelihood wave-front sensing algorithm development and testing follows for this application. A derivation and simplification of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for wave-front sensing using a laser guide star bounds the performance of these systems and guides implementation of a vastly optimized maximum-likelihood search algorithm. A complete analysis of the bias, mean square error, and variance of the algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance of the new sensor. A proof of concept implementation shows feasibility of deployment in modern adaptive optics systems. The vector-projection maximum-likelihood sensor satisfies the need for tracking and wave-front sensing of extended objects using current adaptive optics hardware designs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Science of Energy
The Science of Energy: Principles, Concepts, and Applications fills a crucial gap by exploring the science behind today's energy revolution and the environmental impacts of various energy sources.
Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
This book aims at presenting a synthetic but self-contained theory of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), firmly grounded on physics and mathematics. However, at the same time, it also describes various phenomenological aspects, making it appealing also to a broad audience of Earth scientists not having a technical background. The interest on GIA is motivated by the entangled processes involved, reflecting interactions between the solid Earth, the oceans, and the cryosphere. In the context of climate change, GIA has a special role. For example, ground or space-based geodetic methods aimed at observing the mass balance variations of the contemporary ice sheets require a GIA correction before they can be suitably interpreted. For these reasons, GIA modeling has seen a considerable development recently, with a growing attention by a broad audience of scientists in the fields of geophysics, geology, geodesy, and Earth system science.
Nuclear Weapon Yield Determination Through Nano Indentation of Thermally Degraded Automobile Paint
This work investigated the suitability of automotive clearcoat as a nuclear weapon yield sensor, using the change in elastic modulus as the primary metric. The AFIT Xenon Thermal Simulator (AXTS) was used to simulate a nuclear thermal pulse. The elastic modulus of the clearcoat was measured using a nano indenter. During this research the power density of the AXTS beam was increased from 44.7 to 63.7 W/cm2. The morphological steps through which automobile paint proceeds as it thermally degrades were identified and correlated with temperatures. A computer model was created and used to ensure that the paint's time-temperature response to the AXTS pulse was comparable to that of a replicate nuclear thermal pulse. Clearcoat's physical properties exhibit a low sensitivity to incident thermal energy. Variability among these properties remains essentially unchanged by exposure to the thermal pulse. A weak correlation between change in elastic modulus and exposure time was identified. A similarly weak correlation between exposure time and each of load on sample, harmonic stiffness, and hardness was also identified. It was concluded that these correlation were too weak to be used for post-detonation forensics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Exercise Physiology
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of exercise physiology, beginning with fundamental principles and progressing to advanced scientific concepts. It covers key topics such as energy systems, cardiovascular and respiratory function, muscle physiology, and hormonal responses to physical activity. The text bridges theory and application, offering insights into training adaptation, performance enhancement, and health promotion. Designed for students, researchers, and health professionals, the book emphasizes evidence-based knowledge and practical relevance, making it a valuable resource for understanding how the human body responds and adapts to exercise across different populations and conditions.
Neutron Detection Utilizing Gadolinium Doped Hafnium Oxide Films
Gadolinium (Gd) doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) was deposited onto a silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Synchrotron radiation was used to perform Gd L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on 3%, 10%, and 15% doped HfO2 samples. The interatomic distances determined from Fourier transformation and fitting the data show Gd occupying the hafnium site in the HfO2 lattice, there was no clustering of Gd atoms, and the Gd ion retains monoclinic local symmetery for all levels of doping. Current as a function of voltage experiments identified the films as having poor diode characteristics with high leakage current in the forward bias region. However, a proper bias (0.5 V) for the purpose of neutron detection was identified and applied across the diodes. Using a high, non-varying neutron flux in a nuclear reactor, Gd doped HfO2 was able to be used in a detection system and displayed the ability to detect neutrons.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Hand-book, Describing Objects In The "telescopic Pictures Of The Moon"
"A Hand-book, Describing Objects In The \"telescopic Pictures Of The Moon\"" offers a detailed guide to lunar observation. This handbook serves as an atlas for stargazers, carefully describing the various features visible through telescopes on the moon's surface. Intended for both amateur and seasoned astronomers, it enhances the viewing experience by providing context and information about the formations, craters, and other notable objects. This book combines scientific accuracy with an accessible format, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in exploring the celestial wonders of our nearest neighbor in space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Effects Of Temperature And Of Circular Magnetization On Longitudinally Magnetized Iron Wire
"The Effects Of Temperature And Of Circular Magnetization On Longitudinally Magnetized Iron Wire" explores the intricate relationship between temperature, circular magnetization, and the magnetic properties of iron wire. This study delves into experimental investigations conducted by Frank Henry Pitcher, offering valuable insights into the behavior of magnetized materials under varying conditions.Readers interested in physics, materials science, and the fundamentals of magnetism will find this work to be a useful resource. The book details the experimental setup, methodologies, and observations made during the research. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Diffusion of Rubidium Vapor Through Hollow-Core Fibers for Gas-Phase Fiber Lasers
This work examines the diffusion of rubidium through a small diameter tube alone and in the presence of noble gases. A fluid dynamics analysis is investigated to aid in choosing a method for transferring atomic rubidium vapor that is reliable and efficient. Solutions to the time dependant ordinary differential equation describing the experimental flow properties of the system reveal more precise outcomes than previously practiced routines. Resolved viscosities and Poiseuille flow theory velocity profile distributions are characterized for noble gas carriers of the rubidium vapor. Applying Reynolds Numbers to the flow experiments provides pressure differential boundaries that are employed in the successful rubidium vapor transfer process. Atomic spectroscopy is demonstrated through the use of a rubidium D1 resonate diode laser to record an absorption spectrum and extract alkali vapor densities that successfully propagated through a 12 cm long capillary tube with a 500 ?m inner diameter.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Blood On the Sun - The Ultimate Catastrophic Threat
Based on Science, Physics & Astrophysics, the catastrophic threat detailed in this book is very real.Will it be tomorrow? Next week? Or next year? If we knew the answer there would be no need for this book.This is no conspiracy theory. When the day arrives... WELCOME TO ARMAGEDDON!
Results Of Meridian Observations Of Stars Made At The Royal Observatory, Cape Of Good Hope
This volume presents the detailed results of meridian observations of stars conducted at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. Compiled under the direction of Sir David Gill, Sydney Samuel Hough, and sponsored by the British Admiralty, this exhaustive catalog meticulously documents the positions of stars as determined through precise astronomical measurements. A valuable resource for astronomers and researchers, "Results Of Meridian Observations Of Stars Made At The Royal Observatory, Cape Of Good Hope" offers a wealth of data essential for understanding celestial mechanics and refining astronomical models. The historical significance of this work lies in its contribution to the advancement of positional astronomy and its role in establishing accurate reference points for future celestial surveys. This book remains a critical reference for anyone studying the history of astronomy and the development of observational techniques.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Treatise On The Dynamics Of A System Of Rigid Bodies ...
"A Treatise On The Dynamics Of A System Of Rigid Bodies" by Edward John Routh presents a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental principles governing the motion of rigid bodies. This volume, focusing on the elementary part of the subject, offers a rigorous and detailed treatment suitable for students and researchers in mathematics, physics, and engineering.Routh's systematic approach builds from basic concepts to more advanced topics, providing a solid foundation in theoretical mechanics. The treatise is distinguished by its clarity of exposition and its emphasis on mathematical precision, making it an invaluable resource for anyone seeking a deep understanding of the dynamics of rigid bodies.This classic work remains relevant today for its enduring contribution to the field and its detailed insights into the mathematical underpinnings of mechanical systems.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Report On The Observatories Of His Highness The Rajah Of Travancore At Trevandrum, And On The Augustier Peak Of The Western Ghats
"Report On The Observatories Of His Highness The Rajah Of Travancore At Trevandrum, And On The Augustier Peak Of The Western Ghats" details the astronomical observations and scientific work conducted at the observatories established by the Rajah of Travancore. Authored by John Allan Broun, the report provides insights into the operation and findings of these significant scientific outposts in 19th-century India. This historical document offers a valuable glimpse into the intersection of science and patronage, showcasing the Rajah's commitment to astronomical research and the contributions made at the Trevandrum and Augustier Peak observatories. Readers interested in the history of science, particularly astronomy in India, will find this report to be a compelling and informative resource.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lectiones Elementares Astronomiae Geometricae Et Physicae
"Lectiones Elementares Astronomiae Geometricae Et Physicae" presents a comprehensive introduction to astronomy, integrating geometric and physical principles. Authored by Nicolas Louis de La Caille and Karl Scherffer, this work meticulously explores the fundamentals of celestial mechanics, offering readers a solid foundation in understanding the cosmos. The book's enduring value lies in its clear explanations and systematic approach, making it a valuable resource for students and enthusiasts seeking a rigorous understanding of astronomical phenomena. It emphasizes the mathematical underpinnings of astronomy, blending geometric models with physical laws to elucidate the motions of celestial bodies. This classic text remains relevant for its historical significance and its contribution to the pedagogy of astronomy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Experimental Investigation Of The Total Emission Of X-rays From Certain Metals
Explore the groundbreaking research of Clement S. Brainin in "An Experimental Investigation Of The Total Emission Of X-rays From Certain Metals." This meticulously detailed study delves into the total emission of X-rays from various metals, presenting a comprehensive experimental approach to understanding atomic interactions and radiation phenomena. Brainin's work offers valuable insights for physicists, materials scientists, and researchers interested in the properties of metals and the underlying principles of X-ray generation. This investigation provides a vital resource for those studying the historical development of physics and the practical applications of X-ray technology. Discover the methods, findings, and analysis that contribute to a deeper understanding of atomic physics and its technological implications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Report Of The Government Astronomer, N.r. Pogson ... In Connexion With The Total Eclipse Of The Sun On August 18th 1868
This is a report by N.R. Pogson, the Government Astronomer, detailing observations and findings in connection with the total solar eclipse of August 18th, 1868. Compiled from the Madras Observatory, this document provides a detailed account of the astronomical event. It offers insights into the scientific methodologies and observational techniques employed during the 19th century. This report is valuable for historians of science, astronomers, and anyone interested in the historical study of solar eclipses and astronomical observation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Lnt Report
The LNT Report: How the linear no-threshold model of radiation safety made the world afraid of nuclear power. This book is a fascinating detective story, uncovering the bad faith, muddled thinking, and ideological prejudice that led to a false and injurious conclusion: nuclear radiation is risky in any dosage, no matter how low. The truth, finally made clear by many years of careful scientific criticism, is that low doses of radiation are harmless, and even beneficial to health, because of the human body's natural ability to repair cells damaged by radiation. It follows that fears of the risks of nuclear power have been wildly exaggerated and then irresponsibly hyped. Nuclear energy is not only clean and inexhaustible, its risks are far smaller than the hazards of any alternative--including not just fossil fuels but also 'renewables', solar and wind, which turn out to be far more dangerous than people have been led to believe. While radiation can indeed be dangerous at high levels, the issue has been blown out of proportion by an unsupported--and now known to be provably wrong--model of nuclear risk assessment called Linear No-Threshold or LNT. LNT was first presented to the world by Hermann Muller in 1946, when nuclear technology was in its infancy. LNT holds that "There is no safe dose of radiation, and all doses are cumulative." Both assertions are now known to be false.Beginning with Muller's careless assumptions, The LNT Report traces the twists and turns of LNT's reception and dissemination by politicians, media, and the public. The propagation of LNT was boosted by some people's horror at the prospect of nuclear war, leading them to say anything to discredit nuclear energy, and also by fossil fuel interests, which had their own anti-nuclear bias.The LNT Report has been exhaustively vetted and approved by numerous scientific experts, whose names and credentials are listed in the book. This is solid science at its best, explained to the non-scientist reader by a brilliant professional writer. It's a companion book to Earth Is a Nuclear Planet (2024) by the same author.
Results Of Observations Made At The United States Naval Observatory With The Transit Instrument And Mural Circle In The Years 1853 To 1860, Inclusive
This volume presents the detailed results of astronomical observations conducted at the United States Naval Observatory between 1853 and 1860. It includes data meticulously collected using transit instruments and mural circles, offering a comprehensive record of celestial measurements during this period. Compiled under the direction of Mordecai Yarnall, James Major, and Thomas J. Robinson, the publication stands as a significant resource for historians of science and astronomy.The observations contained within this volume provide invaluable insights into the state of astronomical knowledge and instrumentation in the mid-19th century. "Results Of Observations Made At The United States Naval Observatory..." serves as a primary source for understanding the evolution of astronomical techniques and the development of American scientific institutions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Report On The Observatories Of His Highness The Rajah Of Travancore At Trevandrum, And On The Augustier Peak Of The Western Ghats
"Report On The Observatories Of His Highness The Rajah Of Travancore At Trevandrum, And On The Augustier Peak Of The Western Ghats" details the astronomical observations and scientific work conducted at the observatories established by the Rajah of Travancore. Authored by John Allan Broun, the report provides insights into the operation and findings of these significant scientific outposts in 19th-century India. This historical document offers a valuable glimpse into the intersection of science and patronage, showcasing the Rajah's commitment to astronomical research and the contributions made at the Trevandrum and Augustier Peak observatories. Readers interested in the history of science, particularly astronomy in India, will find this report to be a compelling and informative resource.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Annalen Der Physik, Volumes 1-69
This comprehensive collection comprises Volumes 1 through 69 of "Annalen Der Physik," a foundational journal in the history of physics. Originally published in German, this series presents a wealth of scientific research and discoveries from a pivotal period in the development of classical and early modern physics. This extensive compilation offers invaluable insights into the evolution of physical thought and experimental methodologies. Researchers, historians of science, and students will find in these volumes a rich repository of original articles and reports, documenting the groundbreaking work of numerous physicists. The collection showcases the meticulous investigations and theoretical advancements that shaped our understanding of the physical world, making it an essential resource for anyone interested in the history and ongoing development of physics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
![Remarks On The Zodiacal Virgo, In Connexion [sic.] With A Representation Of The Constellation Upon The Porch Of S.margaret's Church, York](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/4321/9781024764321m.webp?Q=c1b36 "Remarks On The Zodiacal Virgo, In Connexion [sic.] With A Representation Of The Constellation Upon The Porch Of S.margaret's Church, York")
Remarks On The Zodiacal Virgo, In Connexion [sic.] With A Representation Of The Constellation Upon The Porch Of S.margaret's Church, York
"Remarks On The Zodiacal Virgo" explores the representation of the Virgo constellation on the porch of St. Margaret's Church in York. This intriguing work delves into the astronomical significance of the zodiacal sign and its connection to religious iconography. It offers insights into the historical context of the church and the potential symbolic meanings embedded within its architectural details. The anonymous author provides detailed observations and interpretations that will appeal to readers interested in astronomy, religious history, and the cultural symbolism of constellations in ecclesiastical settings. A valuable resource for those studying the intersection of science, religion, and art in historical contexts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Report Of The Government Astronomer, N.r. Pogson ... In Connexion With The Total Eclipse Of The Sun On August 18th 1868
This is a report by N.R. Pogson, the Government Astronomer, detailing observations and findings in connection with the total solar eclipse of August 18th, 1868. Compiled from the Madras Observatory, this document provides a detailed account of the astronomical event. It offers insights into the scientific methodologies and observational techniques employed during the 19th century. This report is valuable for historians of science, astronomers, and anyone interested in the historical study of solar eclipses and astronomical observation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lunar Calendars of the Pre-Columbian Maya
Pre-Columbian Maya interest in the waxing and waning of the Moon is well documented. This rare example of interdisciplinary scholarship brings together a deeply penetrating knowledge of positional astronomy and Maya hieroglyphic writing, two highly disparate areas of study, and synthesizes them into a thorough interpretation of the relationship between astronomical concepts in the Maya codices and monumental inscriptions. Prompted by the recent discovery of the Xulum 10K-2 lunar table, this volume is a logical follow-up to work published in 2011 by the Brickers, "Astronomy in the Maya Codices." It is a comprehensive study of the Maya lunar calendar. Illus.
An Overview Of The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP), Including Proposed Advanced Reactor Technologies For Recycling Nuclear Waste
The BiblioGov Project is an effort to expand awareness of the public documents and records of the U.S. Government via print publications. In broadening the public understanding of government and its work, an enlightened democracy can grow and prosper. Ranging from historic Congressional Bills to the most recent Budget of the United States Government, the BiblioGov Project spans a wealth of government information. These works are now made available through an environmentally friendly, print-on-demand basis, using only what is necessary to meet the required demands of an interested public. We invite you to learn of the records of the U.S. Government, heightening the knowledge and debate that can lead from such publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The American Nautical Almanac
"The American Nautical Almanac" is a comprehensive resource for celestial navigation, essential for sailors, navigators, and anyone interested in maritime history and astronomy. Compiled from data provided by the United States Naval Observatory and the British Nautical Almanac Office, this almanac offers detailed information on the positions of celestial bodies, aiding in accurate navigation at sea.This historical document provides a snapshot of navigational practices, including tables, charts, and instructions necessary for determining position using the stars, sun, moon, and planets. A valuable reference for both practical navigation and historical research, it sheds light on the techniques used by mariners to explore and chart the world's oceans.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
American Practical Lunarian, & Seaman's Guide
American Practical Lunarian, & Seaman's Guide, written by Thomas Arnold and published in 1822, is a historical guide to celestial navigation. This practical manual offers mariners insights into using lunar observations for determining longitude at sea. Intended for both experienced navigators and novices, this book provides detailed instructions and tables necessary for accurate navigation in the early 19th century. With its clear explanations and practical approach, "American Practical Lunarian, & Seaman's Guide" remains a valuable resource for those interested in the history of maritime navigation and early American seafaring practices.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shall the Future Repair the Past? Universal Scientific Resurrection of the Dead
Shall the Future Repair the Past? Universal Scientific Resurrection of the Dead is a visionary exploration of humanity's ultimate task: the scientific resurrection of the dead. Inspired by Nikolai Fyodorov's "Philosophy of the Common Task," this book examines the ethical, philosophical, and scientific foundations of repairing the past through the restoration of lost lives. Merging speculative technologies such as quantum engineering, nanotechnology, and AI with moral imperatives, it envisions a future where death is no longer an irreversible end. Addressing profound questions about identity, time, and responsibility, the book presents a transformative path toward universal redemption and the realization of the Beloved Community. Chapters 1-10 and Appendixes A-N were written by You.com Smart Assistant, A.I. (as prompted and formatted by Charles Tandy, Ph.D.). The rest was written by Charles Tandy, Ph.D.Authors: You.com Smart Assistant, A.I. and Charles Tandy, Ph.D.Editor: Charles Tandy, Ph.D. (See his DrTandy and SSRN websites)
Annals Of The Astronomical Observatory Of Harvard College, Volume 19, Issue 1
"Annals Of The Astronomical Observatory Of Harvard College, Volume 19, Issue 1" presents detailed astronomical observations and research conducted at the Harvard College Observatory. This historical record offers invaluable insights into the astronomical practices and scientific endeavors of the late 19th century. The meticulous documentation provides a glimpse into the methods and findings of early astronomical research. This volume stands as a testament to the dedication and precision of the astronomers at Harvard College Observatory, making it an essential resource for historians of science, astronomy enthusiasts, and researchers interested in the evolution of astronomical knowledge.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Notes and Exercises in Natural Philosophy
"Notes and Exercises in Natural Philosophy," by John Herbert Sangster, is a comprehensive textbook designed for normal schools, grammar schools, and higher classes in common schools. Originally published in 1860, this volume covers a wide range of topics within natural philosophy, including statics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, dynamics, and hydrodynamics. This book offers a structured approach to understanding fundamental principles, making it an invaluable resource for students and educators alike. Its enduring relevance lies in its clear exposition of classical physics concepts and its practical exercises, providing a solid foundation for further study in the sciences.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
