Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit (Series A, Vol. 5)
The fifth installment of a projected "Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit," which will provide all available bibliographical info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or math. & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. contains entries on authors whose names being with the Sanskrit semivowels (y, r, l, & v). This material is preceded by additional abbrev. of journals, additional biblio., & additional manuscript catalogs, as well as entries supplemental to those in vols. I-IV of Series A. No new material after Spring of 1992.
Theoretical Issues on Systems Science
In "Theoretical Issues on Systems Science", we present theoretical issues including theoretical incompleteness, multiplicity, systems as networks and chaos, game theory, and meta-structures. Other less explored research topics include equivalence and tolerance in systems, pending systems, recurrence and self-reflexivity, remote synchronization, and the significance of using complex numbers in system models.The first group of papers addresses theoretical aspects, including 1) the role of noise in complex systems; 2) the potential of general systems theory to serve as a theory of everything; 3) the drawbacks of applying classical axiomatic deductive mathematical approaches to topics such as control evolution by rewriting DNA "instructions"; 4) the near non-existence of purely "theory-free" approaches and the balance between theoretical and empirical contributions; 5) the neglect in reductionism in that systems acquire properties and the assumption that multiple, variable interactions of complexity can be analytically "zipped"; and 6) tree-based methods for statistical learning, for which the author presents a systems theory-based framework to speed up discrete event system stochastic simulations.The second group of papers examines theoretical aspects within specific fields, including 1) human dynamics; 2) human cognition; 3) complex physiological processes; 4) medicine; 5) chemical organization theory; and 6) psychotherapy.
Construction of Isobaric Charts for High Levels in the Earth's Atmosphere and Their Dynamic Significance
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions, 601 B.C. to A.D. 1, at Five-Day and Ten Day Intervals
The need for these tables became pressing when hundreds of astronomical cuneiform tables in the British Museum became available for study, partly through the copies made in the 1880s and 1890s. All these texts originally came from some archive in Babylon which was discovered by Arabs in the middle of the 19th century. Most of the texts were written from about 330 B.C. to the first century A.D. Many of the texts are fragments of the original clay tables which have broken. In many cases, a fragment contains only parts of a few legible lines. Much of the information is of an astronomical character. It is evident that for investigations of these tablets the possibility of rapid scanning of accurately dated planetary positions is of primary importance.
Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit (Series A, Vol. 4)
This fourth volume of the "Census" provides all available bibliographical info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This volume contains articles on authors whose names being with labials (p, ph, b, bh, & m). These are preceded by material supplemental to vol. I, II, & III. This material consists of abbrev. of new periodicals & serials that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have been noticed since volume III went to press, & a list of additional catalogs that have been utilized.
Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables
The source material for the study of medieval oriental astronomy consists of Byzantine Greek, Sanscrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish astronomical and astrological manuscripts. If one desires to build up a detailed picture of Islamic astronomy, one can choose material from these available manuscripts. Of these manuscripts it is possible to isolate a group of works, the "zijes". A "zij" consists of the numerical tables and accompanying explanation sufficient to measure time and to compute planetary and stellar positions, appearance, and eclipses. This paper is a survey of the number, distribution, contents, and relations between "zijes" written in Arabic or Persian during the period from the 8th through the 15th centuries. Illustrations. Oversize.
Sanskrit Astronomical Tables in the United States
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Mechanical Universe
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Velocity of Light
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Illustrations.
Egyptian Planetary Texts
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. 27 plates.
Scent of Time. a Study of the Use of Fire and Incense for Time Measurement in Oriental Countries
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Over 40 illustrations.
ARC Spectrum of Iron
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Spectrum of Beta Lyrae
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Over 150 illustrations.
Spin Moir矇 Engineering and Emergent Electromagnetism in Topological Spin Crystals
Non-Coding RNA
Non-coding RNA, Volume 214 in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science series, highlights advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on topics such as An introduction to non-coding RNAs, Non-coding RNAs in Eutherians and Livestocks, Artificial intelligence and machine learning heuristics for discovery of ncRNAs in humans, Non-coding RNAs in Plants, Epigenetic and experimental approaches influencing ncRNAs, Noncoding RNAs in bacteria, Dissecting ncRNA pathways and omics integration, Structural prediction of potent ncRNAs, Artificial intelligence and machine learning heuristics for discovery of ncRNAs in humans, Tools and Databases for non-coding RNAs, and Physiogenomics and genetic landscape of ncRNAs.
Recurrence Plots and Their Quantifications: Methodological Breakthroughs and Interdisciplinary Discoveries
This book collects selected contributions from the 10th Recurrence Plot Symposium, held at the University of Tsukuba, Japan (August 28-30, 2023). It reflects on the achievements of the previous nine symposia while exploring future prospects of recurrence plots and their quantifications in combination with other key research strategies. The book provides a comprehensive bibliographic overview of the methodology, offering a solid foundation for both new and experienced researchers. It discusses the mathematical foundations of recurrence plots and recurrence microstates and links them to future directions, such as machine learning, highlighting the potential for innovative applications. The text also presents an alternative approach to representing recurrences, offering fresh perspectives on this well-established technique. Additionally, it explores the two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional chromosomal structures as dot maps, opening the door to unique chromosomal descriptions in terms of recurrence quantifiers. Numerous other contributed chapters highlight the active development of this method and its clever applications to real-world systems. The book is intended for researchers working in various fields such as physics, statistics, and mathematics, with its interdisciplinary applications also benefiting experts from psychology, physiology, geosciences, finance, and engineering.
The Mechanism of the Heavens
"The Mechanism of the Heavens" offers a detailed exploration of astronomy and celestial mechanics as understood in the mid-19th century. Written by Denison Olmsted, this book provides insights into the mathematical and physical principles governing the movements of celestial bodies. It is a valuable resource for those interested in the history of science, particularly the evolution of astronomical thought. Olmsted's work reflects the scientific understanding of his time, making it a fascinating read for historians of science and anyone curious about the development of our understanding of the cosmos.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Elements of Astronomy; Written for the Mathematical Course of Joseph Ray, M.D.
"Elements of Astronomy" is a comprehensive astronomy textbook originally designed as part of the mathematical course of Joseph Ray, M.D. Written by Selim H. Peabody, this volume presents a clear and structured approach to understanding the fundamental principles of astronomy. Intended for students and educators alike, the book covers essential topics in celestial mechanics, planetary motion, and astronomical observation, providing a solid foundation in the subject. This edition offers a valuable resource for those interested in the historical development of astronomy education and the methodologies employed in the 19th century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Practical and Spherical Astronomy, for the Use Chiefly of Students in the Universities
"Practical and Spherical Astronomy" by Robert Main is a comprehensive guide intended primarily for university students. Originally published in 1863, this book offers a detailed exploration of practical astronomy, including methods for making astronomical observations and reducing them. Special emphasis is given to spherical astronomy, a branch of astronomy that deals with locating astronomical objects on the celestial sphere, without regard to their distance. This book provides a solid foundation in astronomy and continues to be a valuable resource for students and enthusiasts alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Elements of Astronomy;
"Elements of Astronomy" by Selim H. Peabody offers a comprehensive overview of astronomical principles suitable for students and general readers. Originally published in 1897, this book provides a detailed exploration of celestial bodies, the solar system, and the laws governing their movements. Peabody's work covers essential topics such as the use of telescopes, the nature of stars, and the measurement of astronomical distances. With clear explanations and diagrams, "Elements of Astronomy" serves as an invaluable resource for understanding the fundamentals of astronomy. This edition retains the original text and illustrations, offering both historical insights and a solid foundation in astronomical science.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Compton Scatter Camera for Spectral Imaging of 0.5 to 3.0 MeV Gamma Rays
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Laboratory Course in Experimental Physics
"A Laboratory Course in Experimental Physics" offers a detailed guide to conducting physics experiments, reflecting the state of scientific education in the late 19th century. Authored by W. J. Loudon and J. C. McLennan, this book provides a structured approach to learning through hands-on experimentation. Designed for use in a laboratory setting, the course outlines various experiments covering fundamental principles of physics. Students are guided through the process of setting up equipment, taking measurements, and analyzing results. This hands-on approach aims to deepen understanding and reinforce theoretical knowledge. Originally published in 1895, this work offers a valuable glimpse into the history of physics education and the methods used to train aspiring scientists during that era. It remains relevant for those interested in historical scientific practices and the evolution of physics instruction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Flowers of the Sky
"Flowers of the Sky" by Richard A. Proctor, originally published in 1879, offers a fascinating glimpse into the popular understanding of astronomy during the late 19th century. Proctor, a renowned astronomer and science communicator, explores the wonders of the celestial sphere, detailing constellations, nebulae, and other astronomical phenomena in a clear and engaging style. This work showcases the knowledge and appreciation of the night sky as it was understood at the time, providing both a historical record of scientific thought and an accessible introduction to the beauty of the universe. A valuable read for anyone interested in the history of science and the enduring appeal of astronomy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cuneiform Uranology Texts
Presents a newly recovered group of cuneiform texts from first millennium Babylonia and Assyria that provide prose descriptions of the drawing (eseru) of Mesopotamian constellations. Describes these constellations in terms of their parts: body parts for constellations in human or animal form, parts of a wagon for "The Wagon" and "The Wagon of Heaven" (the Big and Little Dipper), and so forth. The descriptions also typically speak of the clothing that constellations in human form wear, their beards if they are male, and paraphernalia that they hold or carry. In the case of "The Crab" and "The Wagon," there is also reference to the Babylonian geometric shape apsamakku, a four-sided figure. Illustrations.
Popular Lectures and Addresses
Popular Lectures and Addresses, Volume 3 presents a collection of essays and speeches by the eminent physicist William Thomson, Baron Kelvin. Spanning a range of topics within physics and engineering, these lectures offer insights into the scientific thought of the late 19th century. Kelvin's accessible style makes complex subjects understandable, revealing the practical applications of scientific principles.This volume showcases Kelvin's contributions to thermodynamics, electricity, and molecular physics. His ability to connect theoretical concepts to real-world problems demonstrates his commitment to advancing scientific knowledge. "Popular Lectures and Addresses" remains a valuable resource for those interested in the history of science and the foundations of modern physics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Planetary, Lunar, and Solar Positions, New and Full Moons, A.D. 1650-1805
These tables cover the period from the mid-17th to the 19th cent. when astronomical ephemerides were evolving most rapidly. These tables resemble those previously pub. by the APS: Tuckerman's "Planetary, Lunar, and Solar Positions, 601 B.C. to A.D. 1" and "A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649" and Goldstine's "New and Full Moon, 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651." The tables contain features consistent with the almanacs and ephemerides pub. in this period: planetary positions are computed for 12 hours U.T. (noon); and the Julian day number is given for new and full moons. An analytical essay examines the theoretical and computational developments in almanac-making in the period that bridges between Kepler and Laplace.
New and Full Moons, 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651
Originally pub. in 1973; reprinted in 1994. Presents tables giving the dates of all new and full moons during an historical era when these data were of considerable interest and importance. The longitudes of the moon at each of these times is also given, as is a consecutive enumeration of the conjunctions and a similar one of the oppositions. All dates are reckoned in the Julian calendar. These dates and times are calculated for an observer in Babylon, or equivalently Baghdad, since this location is fairly centrally located for the historians of the period. The time used is civil time and is based on a 24-hour clock with its origin at midnight. Since this vol. may be considered as a suppl. to Tuckerman's tables, all fundamental astronomical elements have been taken from them.
Solving the Planetary CO2 Problem
In this book, we highlight key dogmatic beliefs in mainstream physics that contradict well-established experimental results. Grounded in these facts, we reveal that a unification will come to electromagnetism, gravitation, and inertia after realizing that they are all phenomena of the same material fluid (not of the molecular matter but of the finer field-matter). This leads to a corrected, nonlinear, non-Maxwellian form of electromagnetism, unified with a non-Einsteinian approach to gravitation and inertia. The classical theories of Maxwell, of Newton, and even of Einstein's special relativity emerge as special cases or approximations after the true Navier-Stokes non-linear equations of the fieldmatter fluid. We also present the prediction that solar energy is continuously stored in the gravitational field and can be harnessed using methods similar to Nikola Tesla's inventions-technologies that remain largely misunderstood in academic physics. This approach opens a path to solving the CO₂ problem through access to constant, low-cost solar energy. It also suggests the potential for new electromagnetic propulsion systems, reminiscent of the alleged flying discs.
Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit (Series A, Vol. 3)
This installment of the "Census" provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. is devoted to those authors whose names begin with a cerebral (c, ch, j, & jh), a reflexive (t, th, d, & dh), or a dental (t, th, d dh, & n). Preceding the material relating to these authors is a section supplemental to vols. I & II. This section contains abbrev. of new periodicals & series that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have appeared or have been belatedly noticed since vol. II went to press, & a list of catalogs it has been possible to utilize. The rest of the vol. contains supplementary info. concerning 100 authors already noted in the two previous vols. & all the data currently available concerning almost 800 new authors. Reprinted 1992.
Multi-Dimensional Wave Front Sensing Algorithms for Embedded Tracking and Adaptive Optics Applications
Current tracking and adaptive optics techniques cannot compensate for fastmoving extended objects, which is important for ground-based telescopes providing space situational awareness. To fill this need, a vector-projection maximum-likelihood wave-front sensing algorithm development and testing follows for this application. A derivation and simplification of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound for wave-front sensing using a laser guide star bounds the performance of these systems and guides implementation of a vastly optimized maximum-likelihood search algorithm. A complete analysis of the bias, mean square error, and variance of the algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance of the new sensor. A proof of concept implementation shows feasibility of deployment in modern adaptive optics systems. The vector-projection maximum-likelihood sensor satisfies the need for tracking and wave-front sensing of extended objects using current adaptive optics hardware designs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Distribution Iteration
The discrete ordinates method is widely used to solve the Boltzmann transport equation for neutral particle transport for many engineering applications. Source iteration is used to solve the discrete ordinates system of equations, but can be slow to converge in highly scattering problems. Synthetic acceleration techniques have been developed to address this shortcoming; however, recent research has shown synthetic acceleration to lose effectiveness or diverge for certain problems. LTC Wager introduced an alternative to source iteration and demonstrated it in slab geometry. Here the method is further developed, enhancing efficiency in various ways, and demonstrated in XY-geometry as well as slab geometry. It is shown to be efficient even for those problems for which diffusion-synthetic and transport-synthetic accelerations fail or are ineffective. The method has significant advantages for massively-parallel implementations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Numerical Solutions to the Two Dimensional Boltzmann Equation
A strict kinetic, two-dimensional model of the electron kinetics within a glow discharge positive column is developed. The problem is solved in cylindrical geometry using the standard two-term Legendre expansion of the electron velocity distribution function. The model establishes a steady state solution, such that the net ionization rate is exactly balanced by the wall loss. In addition to a thorough analytic development, we present the numerical techniques used to solve the resulting elliptic partial differential equation, including an efficient method to treat sparse banded matrices. The model is validated against published results, local and nonlocal kinetic approximations, and a previous Monte Carlo treatment. Having created a working model, we conduct an investigation into current flow within the solution area of a neon column, made possible by this 2-D treatment. Furthermore, we investigate the range of applicability of the earlier local and nonlocal kinetic approximations and finally present a short discussion on the effect different forms of wall loss have on the overall distribution function.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Neutron Detection Utilizing Gadolinium Doped Hafnium Oxide Films
Gadolinium (Gd) doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) was deposited onto a silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Synchrotron radiation was used to perform Gd L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on 3%, 10%, and 15% doped HfO2 samples. The interatomic distances determined from Fourier transformation and fitting the data show Gd occupying the hafnium site in the HfO2 lattice, there was no clustering of Gd atoms, and the Gd ion retains monoclinic local symmetery for all levels of doping. Current as a function of voltage experiments identified the films as having poor diode characteristics with high leakage current in the forward bias region. However, a proper bias (0.5 V) for the purpose of neutron detection was identified and applied across the diodes. Using a high, non-varying neutron flux in a nuclear reactor, Gd doped HfO2 was able to be used in a detection system and displayed the ability to detect neutrons.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Collision Modeling for Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Methods
In the Smoothed Accept/Reject (SAR) algorithm, the accept/reject criteria is altered from Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC): rather than a binary function of rejection or acceptance, collisions can be partially accepted with a linear weighting between zero and one. The partial acceptance is based on a band around the original accept/reject criteria defined as a percentage of the collision criteria, which is called . A relationship previously noted between Mach and is explored. Velocity distributions of the particles are examined for all algorithms and compared to experimental data to determine the effect of the SAR algorithm at a microscopic level. All of the comparisons to experiment show a Mach dependency that has previously been noted, and the dependency was defined for the normal shock simulations. DSMC does adequately simulate the nonequilibrium within the cells at a high Mach number through the shock, but SAR does. The SAR algorithm models the flowfield in the shock better than DSMC through a change in the collision rate and particle sampling methods, which allows for a more accurate simulation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quantitative Object Reconstruction Using Abel Transform Tomography and Mixed Variable Optimization
Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are interested in quantitatively reconstructing an object using Abel transform x-ray tomography. Specifically, they obtain a radiograph by x-raying an object and attempt to quantitatively determine the number and types of materials and the thicknesses of each material layer. Their current methodologies either fail to provide a quantitative description of the object or are generally too slow to be useful in practice. As an alternative, the problem is modeled here as a mixed variable programming (MVP) problem, in which some variables are nonnumeric and for which no derivative information is available. The generalized pattern search (GPS) algorithm for linearly constrained MVP problems is applied to the x-ray tomography problem, by means of the NOMADm MATLABr software package. Numerical results are provided for several test configurations of cylindrically symmetrical objects and show that, while there are difficulties to be overcome by researchers at LANL, this method is promising for solving x-ray tomography object reconstruction problems in practice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of YAG
The properties of thin, cerium activated, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce), scintillating fiber-shaped crystals were investigated for particle tracking and calorimetric applications such as Compton imaging of Special Nuclear Material from remote platforms at standoff ranges. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are relatively new, efficient, single photon sensitive, solid-state photodiode arrays which are well suited for the readout of scintillating fibers. Using SiPMs, the scintillation decay time profiles of six 400 m YAG: Ce fiber crystals were measured under alpha and gamma irradiation. Interestingly, the observed decay times in the thin fibers were substantially slower than values for bulk single crystal YAG: Ce reported in open scientific literature; possible explanations are explored. Both laser induced photoluminescence and alpha scintillation measurements were conducted to estimate the effective attenuation length of the YAG: Ce fibers. Using the measured attenuation lengths, position-of-interaction measurements were conducted to determine the achievable position resolution in YAG: Ce fibers using dual fiber end SiPM readouts. The measured results are compared to theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, improvements to the detector concept, including a formula to determine the best SiPM model based on device parameters and the Birks' figure of merit of the scintillating material, are presented.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nuclear Weapon Yield Determination Through Nano Indentation of Thermally Degraded Automobile Paint
This work investigated the suitability of automotive clearcoat as a nuclear weapon yield sensor, using the change in elastic modulus as the primary metric. The AFIT Xenon Thermal Simulator (AXTS) was used to simulate a nuclear thermal pulse. The elastic modulus of the clearcoat was measured using a nano indenter. During this research the power density of the AXTS beam was increased from 44.7 to 63.7 W/cm2. The morphological steps through which automobile paint proceeds as it thermally degrades were identified and correlated with temperatures. A computer model was created and used to ensure that the paint's time-temperature response to the AXTS pulse was comparable to that of a replicate nuclear thermal pulse. Clearcoat's physical properties exhibit a low sensitivity to incident thermal energy. Variability among these properties remains essentially unchanged by exposure to the thermal pulse. A weak correlation between change in elastic modulus and exposure time was identified. A similarly weak correlation between exposure time and each of load on sample, harmonic stiffness, and hardness was also identified. It was concluded that these correlation were too weak to be used for post-detonation forensics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Effects Of Temperature And Of Circular Magnetization On Longitudinally Magnetized Iron Wire
"The Effects Of Temperature And Of Circular Magnetization On Longitudinally Magnetized Iron Wire" explores the intricate relationship between temperature, circular magnetization, and the magnetic properties of iron wire. This study delves into experimental investigations conducted by Frank Henry Pitcher, offering valuable insights into the behavior of magnetized materials under varying conditions.Readers interested in physics, materials science, and the fundamentals of magnetism will find this work to be a useful resource. The book details the experimental setup, methodologies, and observations made during the research. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Short and Independent Characteristic Methods for Discrete Ordinates Radiation Transport With 2D and 3D Regular Cartesian Meshes
Accurate, reliable, and robust discrete neutral particle radiation transport codes are needed in order to perform realistic 3D engineering calculations. Current neutron transport codes use low order spatial quadratures that are inaccurate unless a highly refined spatial mesh is used. In this work various higher order characteristic spatial quadratures are derived, implemented, and tested. Regular meshes of rectangular (2D) and of rectangular parallelepiped (boxoid) cells are supported. Short characteristic (linear characteristic [LC] and exponential characteristic [EC]) methods are compared with the corresponding independent characteristic (ILC and IEC) methods. The latter readily provide for plane-parallel implementation. All transport results were benchmarked against Monte Carlo calculations. The diamond difference (DD) method was also tested and compared to the characteristic spatial quadratures. IEC and EC were found to be robust, reliable, and accurate for thin, intermediate, and optically thick cells. LC was robust, reliable, and accurate for cells of thin to intermediate (approximately 2 mean free paths) optical thickness. ILC was not pursued in 3D due to its anticipated excessive computational cost. DD was unreliable (as expected) over the range of test problems. We conclude that IEC and EC are apt methods for a wide range of problems, and provide the ability to perform realistic engineering calculations on coarse cells given nonnegative group-to-group, ordinate-to-ordinate cross section data.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Hand-book, Describing Objects In The "telescopic Pictures Of The Moon"
"A Hand-book, Describing Objects In The \"telescopic Pictures Of The Moon\"" offers a detailed guide to lunar observation. This handbook serves as an atlas for stargazers, carefully describing the various features visible through telescopes on the moon's surface. Intended for both amateur and seasoned astronomers, it enhances the viewing experience by providing context and information about the formations, craters, and other notable objects. This book combines scientific accuracy with an accessible format, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in exploring the celestial wonders of our nearest neighbor in space.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Distribution Iteration
The discrete ordinates method is widely used to solve the Boltzmann transport equation for neutral particle transport for many engineering applications. Source iteration is used to solve the discrete ordinates system of equations, but can be slow to converge in highly scattering problems. Synthetic acceleration techniques have been developed to address this shortcoming; however, recent research has shown synthetic acceleration to lose effectiveness or diverge for certain problems. LTC Wager introduced an alternative to source iteration and demonstrated it in slab geometry. Here the method is further developed, enhancing efficiency in various ways, and demonstrated in XY-geometry as well as slab geometry. It is shown to be efficient even for those problems for which diffusion-synthetic and transport-synthetic accelerations fail or are ineffective. The method has significant advantages for massively-parallel implementations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Diffusion of Rubidium Vapor Through Hollow-Core Fibers for Gas-Phase Fiber Lasers
This work examines the diffusion of rubidium through a small diameter tube alone and in the presence of noble gases. A fluid dynamics analysis is investigated to aid in choosing a method for transferring atomic rubidium vapor that is reliable and efficient. Solutions to the time dependant ordinary differential equation describing the experimental flow properties of the system reveal more precise outcomes than previously practiced routines. Resolved viscosities and Poiseuille flow theory velocity profile distributions are characterized for noble gas carriers of the rubidium vapor. Applying Reynolds Numbers to the flow experiments provides pressure differential boundaries that are employed in the successful rubidium vapor transfer process. Atomic spectroscopy is demonstrated through the use of a rubidium D1 resonate diode laser to record an absorption spectrum and extract alkali vapor densities that successfully propagated through a 12 cm long capillary tube with a 500 ?m inner diameter.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Planetary Defense
Concern exists among an increasing number of scientists throughout the world regarding the possibility of a catastrophic event caused by an impact of a large Earth-crossing object (ECO) on the Earth-Moon System (EMS), be it an asteroid or comet. Such events, although rare for large objects (greater than 1 km diameter), are not unprecedented. Indeed, the great upheaval and resulting ice age that marked the extinction of the dinosaurs is thought to have been caused by the impact of a 10 km diameter asteroid. Such an event is thought to occur approximately every millennia. In 1908 a stony asteroid of approximately 50 meters diameter exploded in the air above the Tunguska River in Siberia, producing an equivalent yield of 15-30 megatons (mt) of TNT, leveling over 2000 square miles of dense forest. Such an event is thought to occur approximately every century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Daytime Detection of Space Objects
Space Situational Awareness (SSA) requires repeated object updates for orbit accuracy. Detection of unknown objects is critical. A daytime model was developed that evaluated sun flares and assessed thermal emissions from space objects. Iridium satellites generate predictable sun glints. These were used as a model baseline for daytime detections. Flares and space object thermal emissions were examined for daytime detection. A variety of geometric, material and atmospheric characteristics affected this daytime detection capability. In a photon noise limited mode, simulated Iridium flares were detected. The peak Signalto- Noise Ratios (SNR) were 6.05e18, 9.63e5, and 1.65e7 for the nighttime, daytime and infrared flares respectively. The thermal emission of space objects at 353K, 900K and 1300K with 2 to 20 m2 emitting areas were evaluated. The peak emission was for the 20 m2 900K object with an SNR of 1.08e10.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Computational Modeling of a Time-independent, Heterogeneous Reactor Core Using Simplified Discrete Ordinates Neutron Transport Techniques
A three-dimensional neutron transport based, heterogeneous reactor code (3D-TRAN) was developed to model simple uniform isotropic sources and isotropic fission sources. The code was developed using level symmetric angular quadrature sets and three spatial quadratures: the Diamond Difference (DD), Step, and Linear Characteristic (LC) methods. Each method was analyzed and compared for accuracy, rate of convergence, and stability. The LC method was found to be the most accurate method with a broader range of stability through heterogeneous absorbing regions than the DD method. The Step method always remains positive and stable, but converges very slowly to a specified answer in the limit as the mesh is refined.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Collision Modeling for Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Methods
In the Smoothed Accept/Reject (SAR) algorithm, the accept/reject criteria is altered from Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC): rather than a binary function of rejection or acceptance, collisions can be partially accepted with a linear weighting between zero and one. The partial acceptance is based on a band around the original accept/reject criteria defined as a percentage of the collision criteria, which is called . A relationship previously noted between Mach and is explored. Velocity distributions of the particles are examined for all algorithms and compared to experimental data to determine the effect of the SAR algorithm at a microscopic level. All of the comparisons to experiment show a Mach dependency that has previously been noted, and the dependency was defined for the normal shock simulations. DSMC does adequately simulate the nonequilibrium within the cells at a high Mach number through the shock, but SAR does. The SAR algorithm models the flowfield in the shock better than DSMC through a change in the collision rate and particle sampling methods, which allows for a more accurate simulation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Neutron Detection Utilizing Gadolinium Doped Hafnium Oxide Films
Gadolinium (Gd) doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) was deposited onto a silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Synchrotron radiation was used to perform Gd L3-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on 3%, 10%, and 15% doped HfO2 samples. The interatomic distances determined from Fourier transformation and fitting the data show Gd occupying the hafnium site in the HfO2 lattice, there was no clustering of Gd atoms, and the Gd ion retains monoclinic local symmetery for all levels of doping. Current as a function of voltage experiments identified the films as having poor diode characteristics with high leakage current in the forward bias region. However, a proper bias (0.5 V) for the purpose of neutron detection was identified and applied across the diodes. Using a high, non-varying neutron flux in a nuclear reactor, Gd doped HfO2 was able to be used in a detection system and displayed the ability to detect neutrons.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
