Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives
This Special Issue deals with improvements in the energy efficiency of electric devices, machines, and drives, which are achieved through improvements in the design, modelling, control, and operation of the system. Properly sized and placed coils of a welding transformer can reduce the required iron core size and improve the efficiency of the welding system operation. New structures of the single-phase field excited flux switching machine improve its performance in terms of torque, while having higher back-EMF and unbalanced electromagnetic forces. A properly designed rotor notch reduces the torque ripple and cogging torque of interior permanent magnet motors for the drive platform of electric vehicles, resulting in lower vibrations and noise. In the field of modelling, the torque estimation of a Halbach array surface permanent magnet motor with a non-overlapping winding layout was improved by introducing an analytical two-dimensional subdomain model. A general method for determining the magnetically nonlinear two-axis dynamic models of rotary and linear synchronous reluctance machines and synchronous permanent magnet machines is introduced that considers the effects of slotting, mutual interaction between the slots and permanent magnets, saturation, cross saturation, and end effects. Advanced modern control solutions, such as neural network-based model reference adaptive control, fuzzy control, senseless control, torque/speed tracking control derived from the 3D non-holonomic integrator, including drift terms, maximum torque per ampere, and maximum efficiency characteristics, are applied to improve drive performance and overall system operation.
Application of Renewable Energy in Production and Supply Chain Management
The use of the energy and its resources have changed dramatically in last few decades. The increasing use of technology and electrification increases the demand for energy, with impacts natural energy resources. At present, industries are trying to reduce the direct use of traditional energy by utilizing renewable energy as an alternative energy resource. Recent studies have attempted to optimize consumed energies for entire systems by using alternative energies. These alternatives are different kinds of renewable energies which provide numerous new possibilities to survive without using non-renewable energies. The production industry is moving toward smart production using the technology of the fourth industrial revolution. In this book, energy consumption for production and supply chain management are explained through presentation of some the latest major research advances. These studies collectively contribute new ideas and strategies in enriching the literature.
Wave and Tidal Energy
Concerns relating to energy supply and climate change have driven renewable energy targets around the world. Marine renewable energy could make a significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the consequences of climate change, while providing a high-technology industry. The conversion of wave and tidal energy into electricity has many advantages. Individual tidal and wave energy devices have been installed and proven, with commercial arrays planned throughout the world. The wave and tidal energy industry has developed rapidly in the past few years; therefore, it seems timely to review current research and map future challenges. Methods to improve understanding of the resource and interactions (between energy extraction, the resource and the environment) are considered, such as resource characterisation (including electricity output), design considerations (e.g., extreme and fatigue loadings) and environmental impacts, at all timescales (ranging from turbulence to decadal) and all spatial scales (from device and array scales to shelf sea scales).
MEMS Sensors and Resonators
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have had a profound impact on a wide range of applications. The degree of miniaturization made possible by MEMS technology has significantly improved the functionalities of many systems, and the performance of MEMS has steadily improved as its uses augment. Notably, MEMS sensors have been prevalent in motion sensing applications for decades, and the sensing mechanisms leveraged by MEMS have been continuously extended to applications spanning the detection of gases, magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation, and more. In parallel, MEMS resonators have become an emerging field of MEMS and affected subfields such as electronic timing and filtering, and energy harvesting. They have, in addition, enabled a wide range of resonant sensors. For many years now, MEMS have been the basis of various industrial successes, often building on novel academic research. Accordingly, this Special Issue explores many research innovations in MEMS sensors and resonators, from biomedical applications to energy harvesting, gas sensing, resonant sensing, and timing.
Locally Available Energy Sources and Sustainability
Renewable energy is electricity generated by fuel sources that restore themselves over a short period of time and do not diminish. Although some renewable energy technologies impact the environment, renewables are considered environmentally preferable to conventional sources and, when replacing fossil fuels, have significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This book focuses on the environmental and economic benefits of using renewable energy, which include: (i) generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution, (ii) diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels, and (iii) creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more. Local governments can dramatically reduce their carbon footprint by purchasing or directly generating electricity from clean and renewable sources. The most common renewable power technologies include: solar (photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal), wind, biogas (e.g., landfill gas, wastewater treatment digester gas), geothermal, biomass, low-impact hydroelectricity, and emerging technologies such as wave and tidal power. Local governments can lead by example by generating energy on site, purchasing green power, or purchasing renewable energy. Using a combination of renewable energy options can help to meet local government goals, especially in some regions where availability and quality of renewable resources vary. Options for using renewable energy include: generating renewable energy on site, using a system or device at the location where the power is used (e.g., PV panels on a state building, geothermal heat pumps, biomass-fueled combined heat and power), and purchasing renewable energy from an electric utility through a green pricing or green marketing program, where buyers pay a small premium in exchange for electricity generated locally from green power resources.
Distribution Power Systems and Power Quality
High penetration of fluctuating renewable power units, such as wind turbines and photo voltaic systems, and new heavy loads, such as electrical vehicles and heat pumps, which so far might not be controlled according to the actual distribution grid condition, but rather according to actual consumption of the devices, influences the distribution grid in several ways, and it may lead to voltage disturbances, frequency deviations and harmonic content beyond limits. Over voltages might be generated at power production which is too high, whereas under voltage might occur at heavy load situations; both phenomena might be seen at the same distribution radial, where harmonic injections can also come from the devices, if equipped with power converters. This has led to the main target object for this book being power quality in distribution grids. This book offers 10 papers regarding power quality issues at distribution grids. It looks into hosting capacity issues, stability analysis, reliability assessment, mitigation of voltage rise using reactor installation, power quality assessments, harmonic analysis and damping, frequency control in weak and isolated power systems, and the focus is therefore broad within the overall topic of power quality.
Mathematical Modeling using Differential Equations, and Network Theory
This Special Issue collects the latest results on differential/difference equations, the mathematics of networks, and their applications to engineering and physical phenomena. It features nine high-quality papers that were published with original research results. The Special Issue brings together mathematicians with physicists, engineers, as well as other scientists.
Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites
Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.
Optics for AI and AI for Optics
Artificial intelligence is deeply involved in our daily lives via reinforcing the digital transformation of modern economies and infrastructure. It relies on powerful computing clusters, which face bottlenecks of power consumption for both data transmission and intensive computing. Meanwhile, optics (especially optical communications, which underpin today's telecommunications) is penetrating short-reach connections down to the chip level, thus meeting with AI technology and creating numerous opportunities. This book is about the marriage of optics and AI and how each part can benefit from the other. Optics facilitates on-chip neural networks based on fast optical computing and energy-efficient interconnects and communications. On the other hand, AI enables efficient tools to address the challenges of today's optical communication networks, which behave in an increasingly complex manner. The book collects contributions from pioneering researchers from both academy and industry to discuss the challenges and solutions in each of the respective fields.
Selected Papers from IEEE ICASI 2019
The 5th IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation 2019 (IEEE ICASI 2019, https: //2019.icasi-conf.net/), which was held in Fukuoka, Japan, on 11-15 April, 2019, provided a unified communication platform for a wide range of topics. This Special Issue entitled "Selected Papers from IEEE ICASI 2019" collected nine excellent papers presented on the applied sciences topic during the conference. Mechanical engineering and design innovations are academic and practical engineering fields that involve systematic technological materialization through scientific principles and engineering designs. Technological innovation by mechanical engineering includes information technology (IT)-based intelligent mechanical systems, mechanics and design innovations, and applied materials in nanoscience and nanotechnology. These new technologies that implant intelligence in machine systems represent an interdisciplinary area that combines conventional mechanical technology and new IT. The main goal of this Special Issue is to provide new scientific knowledge relevant to IT-based intelligent mechanical systems, mechanics and design innovations, and applied materials in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Standalone Renewable Energy SystemsModeling and Controlling
Standalone (off-grid) renewable energy systems supply electricity in places where there is no access to a standard electrical grid. These systems may include photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, hydro turbines or any other renewable electrical generator. Usually, this kind of system includes electricity storage (commonly lead-acid batteries, but also other types of storage can be used). In some cases, a backup generator (usually powered by fossil fuel, diesel or gasoline) is part of the hybrid system. The modelling of the components, the control of the system and the simulation of the performance of the whole system are necessary to evaluate the system technically and economically. The optimization of the sizing and/or the control is also an important task in this kind of system.
A Handbook of Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation
The role of science is to discover the laws of nature, while the role of engineering and technology is to invent methods to apply these laws to serve human needs. The development of science began at a rapid pace in the 19th century, and it continues unabated to this day. Measurement plays an important role in the context of the progressive metamorphosis of science and technology. The subject of measurement is crucial to advancements in the field of electronics. It is interesting to note that time, as a parameter first attempted to be measured by primitive races, is the most accurate that can be studied by contemporary technology.
SiC based Miniaturized Devices
MEMS devices are found in many of today's electronic devices and systems, from air-bag sensors in cars to smart phones, embedded systems, etc. Increasingly, the reduction in dimensions has led to nanometer-scale devices, called NEMS. The plethora of applications on the commercial market speaks for itself, and especially for the highly precise manufacturing of silicon-based MEMS and NEMS. While this is a tremendous achievement, silicon as a material has some drawbacks, mainly in the area of mechanical fatigue and thermal properties. Silicon carbide (SiC), a well-known wide-bandgap semiconductor whose adoption in commercial products is experiening exponential growth, especially in the power electronics arena. While SiC MEMS have been around for decades, in this Special Issue we seek to capture both an overview of the devices that have been demonstrated to date, as well as bring new technologies and progress in the MEMS processing area to the forefront. Thus, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on: (1) novel designs, fabrication, control, and modeling of SiC MEMS and NEMS based on all kinds of actuation mechanisms; and (2) new developments in applying SiC MEMS and NEMS in consumer electronics, optical communications, industry, medicine, agriculture, space, and defense.
Advanced Biomaterials for Orthopaedic ApplicationThe Challenge of New Composites and Alloy
This book covers a wide range of topics in the orthopaedic fields and can be used as a textbook for the final undergraduate engineering course or as a topic on tribology at the postgraduate level. This book can serve as a useful reference for academics, tribology, and materials researchers; mechanical, materials, and physics engineers; biomedical scientists and professionals in tribology; and related industries. The scientific interest in this book will be evident for many important centres of research, including laboratories and universities throughout the world.
Recent Advances in the Design of Structures with Passive Energy Dissipation Systems
Passive vibration control plays a crucial role in structural engineering. Common solutions include seismic isolation and damping systems with various kinds of devices, such as viscous, viscoelastic, hysteretic, and friction dampers. These strategies have been widely utilized in engineering practice, and their efficacy has been demonstrated in mitigating damage and preventing the collapse of buildings, bridges, and industrial facilities. However, there is a need for more sophisticated analytical and numerical tools to design structures equipped with optimally configured devices. On the other hand, the family of devices and dissipative elements used for structural protection keeps evolving, because of growing performance demands and new progress achieved in materials science and mechanical engineering. This Special Issue collects 13 contributions related to the development and application of passive vibration control strategies for structures, covering both traditional and innovative devices. In particular, the contributions concern experimental and theoretical investigations of high-efficiency dampers and isolation bearings; optimization of conventional and innovative energy dissipation devices; performance-based and probability-based design of damped structures; application of nonlinear dynamics, random vibration theory, and modern control theory to the design of structures with passive energy dissipation systems; and critical discussion of implemented isolation/damping technologies in significant or emblematic engineering projects.
Energy Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems
Today, there is a great deal of attention focused on sustainable growth worldwide. The increase in efficiency in the use of energy may even, in this historical moment, bring greater benefit than the use of renewable energies. Electricity appears to be the most sustainable of energies and the most promising hope for a planet capable of growing without compromising its own health and that of its inhabitants. Power electronics and electrical drives are the key technologies that will allow energy savings through the reduction of energy losses in many applications. This Special Issue has collected several scientific contributions related to energy efficiency in electrical equipment. Some articles are dedicated to the use and optimization of permanent magnet motors, which allow obtaining the highest level of efficiency. Most of the contributions describe the energy improvements that can be achieved with power electronics and the use of suitable control techniques. Last but not least, some articles describe interesting solutions for hybrid vehicles, which were created mainly to save energy in the smartest way possible.
Ship Lifecycle
In an effort to contribute to global efforts by addressing the marine pollution from various emission types, this Special Issue of Ship Lifecyle for Journal of Marine Science and Engineering was inspired to provide a comprehensive insight for naval architects, marine engineers, designers, shipyards, and ship-owners who strive to find optimal ways to survive in competitive markets by improving cycle time and the capacity to reduce design, production, and operation costs while pursuing zero emission. In this context, this Special Issue is devoted to providing insights into the latest research and technical developments on ship systems and operation with a life cycle point of view. The goal of this Special Issue is to bring together researchers from the whole marine and maritime community into a common forum to share cutting-edge research on cleaner shipping. It is strongly believed that such a joint effort will contribute to enhancing the sustainability of the marine and maritime activities. This Special Issue features six novel publications dedicated to this endeavor. First of all, as a proactive response to transitioning to cleaner marine fuel sources, numerous aspects of the excellence of fuel-cell based hybrid ships were demonstrated through four publications. In addition, two publications demonstrated the effectiveness of life cycle assessment (LCA) applicable to marine vessels.
New Horizon of Plasmonics and Metamaterials
Plasmonics and metamaterials are growing fields that consistently produce new technologies for controlling electromagnetic waves. Many important advances in both fundamental knowledge and practical applications have been achieved in conjunction with a wide range of materials, structures and wavelengths, from the ultraviolet to the microwave regions of the spectrum. In addition to this remarkable progress across many different fields, much of this research shares many of the same underlying principles, and therefore, significant synergy is expected. This Special Issue introduces the recent advances in plasmonics and metamaterials and discusses various applications, while addressing a wide range of topics, in order to explore the new horizons emerging for such research.
D矇veloppement d'un syst癡me hybride de g矇n矇ration d'矇nergie en site isol矇 pour la t矇l矇communication. R矇alisation d'un r矇gulateur de charge solaire
Th癡se de Master de l'ann矇e 2018 dans le domaine Ing矇nierie - Technique 矇nerg矇tique, note: 18,00, cours: MASTER D'ING?NIERIE EN ?NERGIES RENOUVELABLES, langue: Fran癟ais, r矇sum矇 L'objectif de ce travail est de d矇velopper un syst癡me hybride de g矇n矇ration d'矇nergie en milieu rural ou isol矇 afin de satisfaire la demande de charge pour l'alimentation des syst癡mes de t矇l矇communications tels que les pyl繫nes de r矇seau de t矇l矇communication aux Comores plus particuli癡rement ? la Grande Comores . Le document de synth癡se du travail de ce m矇moire est structur矇 en Cinque grands chapitres: Le premier chapitre sera consacr矇 ? un 矇tat de l'Art sur les 矇nergies renouvelables, surtout un cas g矇n矇ral du syst癡me 矇nerg矇tique et de la consommation de l'矇nergie dans le monde, en Afrique et aux Comores, en vue d'aboutir aux r矇sultats attendus. Le deuxi癡me chapitre portera, 矇ventuellement sur les mod癡les math矇matiques. Un troisi癡me chapitre parlera du Dimensionnement d'un syst癡me 矇nerg矇tique pour l'alimentation 矇lectrique des pyl繫nes pour les t矇l矇communications. Le quatri癡me chapitre abordera les r矇sultats et les discussions de notre travail. Le cinqui癡me chapitre parlera de la r矇alisation de notre dispositif, qui est un r矇gulateur de charge. Enfin, nous allons conclure ce modeste travail par un rappel concernant les principaux r矇sultats obtenus durant les simulations et nous allons donner les 矇ventuelles perspectives envisag矇es
Porous Materials for Environmental Applications
The development of porous materials has attracted the attention of the research community for years. Porosity characteristics have specific impacts on the material properties and materials that are applied in many areas, such as pollutant removal, CO2 capture, energy storage, catalytic oxidation and reduction processes, the conversion of biomass to biofuels, and drug delivery. Examples of porous materials are activated carbons, clays, and zeolites. The aim of this book is to collect the recent advances and progress regarding porous materials and their applications in the environmental area.
Frequency Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF
This book shall help shortwave listener to identify stations on shortwave. It contains more than 18000 frequencies from 82 Hz to 30000 kHz.
Catalysis for Global Development. Contributions around the Iberoamerican Federation of Cat
Adequate quality of life and well-being of modern societies is only achievable with sustainable manufacturing processes that efficiently use raw materials, eliminate waste, and avoid the use of hazardous materials. All this is hardly conceivable without catalysis. In a world concerned with the exploitation of natural resources, catalysis can offer direct synthesis routes that maximize resource efficiency. The Iberoamerican society is far too significant and far too involved in global development, owing to its natural richness of resources, not to have an essential role in current developments and future directions. Catalysis, in the Iberoamerican academic and industrial communities, is recognized as a relevant scientific discipline that supports several strategic industrial sectors through the manufacturing of products and materials, and the operationalization of processes to produce energy and other utilities. As a reflection of this, once every two years the Iberoamerican Congress on Catalysis takes place to share and discuss the state-of-the-art of this discipline with the Federation of Iberoamerican Catalysis Societies. This book collected sixteen outstanding contributions, stemming from this exceptional event-one which will undoubtedly mark a turning point and could be a source of inspiration to all those involved in catalysis, particularly the young generation of competent researchers taking their first steps in this incredibly complex and beautiful discipline.
Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering
Recent advancements in mechanical engineering are an essential topic for discussion. The topics relating to mechanical engineering include the following: measurements of signals of shafts, springs, belts, bearings, gears, rotors, machine elements, vibration analysis, acoustic analysis, fault diagnosis, construction, analysis of machine operation, analysis of smart-material systems, integrated systems, stresses, analysis of deformations, analysis of mechanical properties, signal processing of mechanical systems, and rotor dynamics. Mechanical engineering deals with solid and fluid mechanics, rotation, movements, materials, and thermodynamics. This book, with 15 published articles, presents the topic "Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering". The presented topic is interesting. It is categorized into eight different sections: Deformation; Stresses; Mechanical properties; Tribology; Thermodynamic; Measurement; Fault diagnosis; Machine. The development of techniques and methods related to mechanical engineering is growing every month. The described articles have made a contribution to mechanical engineering. The proposed research can find applications in factories, oil refineries, and mines. It is essential to develop new improved methods, techniques, and devices related to mechanical engineering.
Una introducci籀n avanzada a la inteligencia artificial
La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) es la tecnolog穩a clave en muchas de las nuevas aplicaciones actuales, que van desde sistemas bancarios que detectan intentos de fraude con tarjetas de cr矇dito, a sistemas telef籀nicos que entienden el habla, a sistemas de software que notan cuando tiene problemas y ofrecen el asesoramiento adecuado. Estas tecnolog穩as no existir穩an hoy sin el apoyo federal sostenido de la investigaci籀n fundamental de IA en las 繳ltimas tres d矇cadas. Este libro presenta la teor穩a de la decisi籀n secuencial desde una nueva perspectiva de la teor穩a algor穩tmica de la informaci籀n. Mientras que el primero es adecuado para agentes activos en entornos conocidos, el segundo es adecuado para la predicci籀n pasiva en entornos desconocidos. Una intenci籀n de este libro es entusiasmar a una audiencia m獺s amplia de IA sobre conceptos abstractos de teor穩a de informaci籀n algor穩tmica y, por el contrario, informar a los te籀ricos sobre aplicaciones interesantes a AI.
Statistical Machine Learning for Human Behaviour Analysis
This Special Issue focused on novel vision-based approaches, mainly related to computer vision and machine learning, for the automatic analysis of human behaviour. We solicited submissions on the following topics: information theory-based pattern classification, biometric recognition, multimodal human analysis, low resolution human activity analysis, face analysis, abnormal behaviour analysis, unsupervised human analysis scenarios, 3D/4D human pose and shape estimation, human analysis in virtual/augmented reality, affective computing, social signal processing, personality computing, activity recognition, human tracking in the wild, and application of information-theoretic concepts for human behaviour analysis. In the end, 15 papers were accepted for this special issue. These papers, that are reviewed in this editorial, analyse human behaviour from the aforementioned perspectives, defining in most of the cases the state of the art in their corresponding field.
Advanced Technology Related to Radar Signal, Imaging, and Radar Cross- Section Measurement
Radar-related technology is mainly processed within the time and frequency domains but, at the same time, is a multi-dimensional integrated system including a spatial domain for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. As a result of the enormous technological advancements of the pioneers actively discussed in this book, research and development in multi-dimensional undeveloped areas is expected to continue. This book contains state-of-the-art work that should guide your research.
Fatigue and Fracture of Non-metallic Materials and Structures
The mechanics of fracture and fatigue have produced a huge body of research work in relation to applications to metal materials and structures. However, a variety of non-metallic materials (e.g., concrete and cementitious composites, rocks, glass, ceramics, bituminous mixtures, composites, polymers, rubber and soft matter, bones and biological materials, and advanced and multifunctional materials) have received relatively less attention, despite their attractiveness for a large spectrum of applications related to the components and structures of diverse engineering branches, applied sciences and architecture, and to the load-carrying systems of biological organisms. This book covers the broad topic of structural integrity of non-metallic materials, considering the modelling, assessment, and reliability of structural elements of any scale. Original contributions from engineers, mechanical materials scientists, computer scientists, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians are presented, applying both experimental and theoretical approaches.
Brain Computer Interfaces f羹r den medizinischen Bereich. Arbeitsweise, Chancen und Risiken
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2020 im Fachbereich Medizin - Biomedizinische Technik, Note: 2, Humboldt-Universit瓣t zu Berlin, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das menschliche Gehirn 羹bertrifft die Komplexit瓣t jeden Computers bei weitem, dennoch ist es in den letzten 20 Jahren gelungen, immer bessere Schnittstellen zwischen dem menschlichen Gehirn und Computern herzustellen. Diese Brain Computer Interfaces oder BCIs erm繹glichen es dem "Tr瓣ger", 羹ber seine Gehirnstr繹me, also das blo?e "Denken" oder "Vorstellen", von ihm getrennte oder mit ihm verbundene Ger瓣te zu steuern und zu kontrollieren. Des weiteren k繹nnen die Schnittstellen dazu dienen, nicht funktionierende Sinne des Anwenders wiederherzustellen bzw. teilweise wieder zu reparieren. Dies er繹ffnet insbesondere im medizinischen Bereich eine F羹lle von Anwendungsm繹glichkeiten, vor allem bei k繹rperlich beeintr瓣chtigten Personen mit unterschiedlichsten Unterst羹tzungsfunktionen f羹r Menschen mit Bewegungseinschr瓣nkungen oder solche, die "locked-in" sind. Von der Kontrolle mechanischer Gliedma?en 羹ber die digitaler Erzeugung von Stimmen bis hin zur Steuerung von digitalen Computersystem sind unz瓣hlige Applikationen denkbar und viele werden auch schon unter realen Bedingungen erprobt. Diese Arbeit soll einen ?berblick 羹ber die technische Arbeitsweise solcher BCIs geben, sowie verschiedene Typen analysieren und deren Vor- sowie Nachteile aufzeigen. Des weiteren sollen aktuelle Anwendungen aufgezeigt und analysiert werden und ein Ausblick auf zuk羹nftige Anwendungsm繹glichkeiten gegeben werden.
Evaluation of particle settling in flow chamber
Master's Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Engineering - General, grade: 77.00, University of Greenwich, language: English, abstract: The investigation of fluids containing particles or filaments includes a category of complex fluids and is vital in both theory and application. The forecast of particle behaviours plays a significant role in the existing technology as well as future technology. The present work focuses on the prediction of the particle behaviour through the investigation of the particle disentrainment from a pipe on a horizontal air stream. This allows for examining the influence of the particle physical properties on its behaviour when falling on horizontal air stream. This investigation was conducted on a device located at the University of Greenwich's Medway Campus. Two materials were selected to carry out this study: Salt and Glass Beads Nano particles. The shape of the Slat particles is cubic where the shape of the Glass Beads is almost spherical. The outcome from the experimental work were presented in terms of distance travelled by the particles according to their diameters as After that, the particles sizes were measured using Laser diffraction device and used to determine the drag coefficient and the settling velocity. For a verification and more deep insight, the experimental setup was modelled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique and the results were compared with the experimental results in terms of distance travelled. A good agreement was observed between the CFD and experimental results. The experimental and numerical results showed that the size of the particle has a huge impact on the drag coefficient and the settling velocity. Larger diameters lead to less drag and hence higher settling velocity. Also, the lighter particles tent to travel horizontally further than the heavier ones.
Cotton spinningits development, principles, and practice
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Routing Protocol And Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network finds its applications in various streams where human intervention becomes impossible. Recently the application is extended with IoT. Still there are more research challenges in WSN. One such major challenge is energy conservation of the network. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction with reduced consumption from conventional energy sources. Energy-aware routing is one such attempt to extend the life of a WSN at network layer. This book gives a brief idea of various energy aware routing protocol techniques for WSN. It also deals with different approach for calculating the cost of link between any two sensor nodes, using fuzzy logic and conventional neural network. It is sure that the knowledge gathered through these techniques will add to the development of advanced algorithms and applications.
Microwave Imaging and Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problems
Microwave imaging techniques allow for the development of systems that are able to inspect, identify, and characterize in a noninvasive fashion under different scenarios, ranging from biomedical to subsurface diagnostics as well as from surveillance and security applications to nondestructive evaluation. Such great opportunities, though, are actually severely limited by difficulties arising from the solution of the underlying inverse scattering problem. As a result, ongoing research efforts in this area are devoted to developing inversion strategies and experimental apparatus so that they are as reliable and accurate as possible with respect to reconstruction capabilities and resolution performance, respectively. The intent of this Special Issue is to present the experiences of leading scientists in the electromagnetic inverse scattering community, as well as to serve as an assessment tool for people who are new to the area of microwave imaging and electromagnetic inverse scattering problems.
Balance de Materia para DummiesEstequiometria Aplicada
Documento del tema Ingenier穩a - Ingenier穩a qu穩mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Materia: BALANCE DE MATERIA Y ENERG?A, Idioma: Espa簽ol, Resumen: Un enfoque diferente para la ense簽anza del Balance de Materia. Se recordar獺n los conceptos de Estequiometr穩a estudiados en Qu穩mica General y los enlazaremos con el Balance de Materia y la Ingenier穩a Qu穩mica. Durante su formaci籀n, un Ingeniero Qu穩mico debe aprender a dise簽ar y a operar con seguridad, Procesos mediante los cuales se transforman materias primas en productos m獺s 繳tiles, obteniendo ganancias y procurando que no se afecte el medio ambiente. El dise簽o de un Proceso Qu穩mico requiere la selecci籀n de una secuencia de transformaciones f穩sicas y qu穩micas apropiadas, llamadas Operaciones Unitarias y Procesos Unitarios, respectivamente, y de la escogencia de los equipos necesarios para realizarlas. De acuerdo con la conocida Ley de la Conservaci籀n de la Materia, en las Operaciones Unitarias se conserva, tanto la masa, como el n繳mero de moles y el n繳mero de 獺tomos. En los Procesos Unitarios, se conserva la masa y el n繳mero de 獺tomos, pero -generalmente - no se conserva el n繳mero de moles.
Practice and Innovations in Sustainable Transport
The book continues with an experimental analysis conducted to obtain accurate and complete information about electric vehicles in different traffic situations and road conditions. For the experimental analysis in this study, three different electric vehicles from the Edinburgh College leasing program were equipped and tracked to obtain over 50 GPS and energy consumption data for short distance journeys in the Edinburgh area and long-range tests between Edinburgh and Bristol. In the following section, an adaptive and robust square root cubature Kalman filter based on variational Bayesian approximation and Huber's M-estimation is proposed to accurately estimate state of charge (SOC), which is vital for safe operation and efficient management of lithium-ion batteries. A coupled-inductor DC-DC converter with a high voltage gain is proposed in the following section to match the voltage of a fuel cell stack to a DC link bus. Finally, the book presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors to mitigate the impact of electric buses and electric taxis on the future smart grid.
Spons’ Dictionary of Engineering
Reprint of the original, first published in 1869.
Organs-on-chips
Recent advances in microsystems technology and cell culture techniques have led to the development of organ-on-chip microdevices that produce tissue-level functionality, not possible with conventional culture models, by recapitulating natural tissue architecture and microenvironmental cues within microfluidic devices. Since the physiological microenvironments in living systems are mostly microfluidic in nature, the use of microfluidic devices facilitates engineering cellular microenvironments; the microfluidic devices allow for control of local chemical gradients and dynamic mechanical forces, which play important roles in cellular viability and function. The organ-on-chip microdevices have great potential to promote drug discovery and development, to model human physiology and disease, and to replace animal models for efficacy and toxicity testing. Recently, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been leveraged to develop organs-on-chips, which enable various types of organ models and disease models not possible with primary cells and cell lines. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on: (1) microdevices to mimic or control cellular microenvironment; (2) microdevices to evaluate interactions between different organ models; (3) microdevices to maintain iPS cells or iPSC-derived cells; and (4) sensors and techniques to evaluate drug efficacy or toxicity.
Advances in Hydrometallurgy
The development of new technologies and the increasing demand for mineral resources from emerging countries are responsible for significant tensions in the pricing of non-ferrous metals. Some metals have become strategic and critical because they are used in many technological applications such as flat panel TVs (indium), solar panel cells (indium), lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (lithium, cobalt), magnets (rare earth elements, such as neodymium and dysprosium), scintillators (rare earths), and aviation and medical applications (titanium); their availabilities remain limited. The secured supply of these metals is crucial to continue producing and exporting these technologies, and because the specific properties of these metals make them essential and difficult to substitute for a given industrial application. Hydrometallurgy have the advantages of being able to process low-grade ores, to allow better control of co-products, and have a lower environmental impact providing that the hydrometallurgical route is optimized and cheap. The need to develop sustainable, efficient, and cheap processes to extract metals from complex and poor polymetallic matrices is real. The aim of this book was to highlight recent advances related to hydrometallurgy to face new challenges in metal production.
Science, Characterization and Technology of Joining and Welding
As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue entitled "Science, Characterization, and Technology of Joining and Welding" of Metals, I am pleased to have this book published by MDPI. Joining, including welding, soldering, brazing, and assembly, is an essential requirement in manufacturing processes and is classified as a secondary manufacturing process. This Special Issue of Metals includes technical and review papers on, but not limited to, different aspects of joining and welding, including welding technologies (i.e., fusion-based welding and solid-state welding), characterization, metallurgy and materials science, quality control, and design and numerical simulation. This Special Issue also includes the joining of different materials, including metal and non-metals (polymers and composites), including 17 peer-reviewed papers from several researchers all around the globe (China, Germany, Brazil, South Koria, Slovakia, USA, Taiwan, Canada, and India). As of this date (April 2020), the papers in this Special Issue have been cited 47 times by other researchers, which I think is an eminent number and shows the high quality of the published papers in this Issue. This Special Issue includes a large diversity of various subjects in the field of joining: laser welding, friction stir welding, diffusion bonding, multipass welding, rotary friction-welding, friction bit joining, adhesive bonding, weldbonding, simulation and experimentation, metal/FRP joints, welding simulation, plasma-TIG coupled arc welding, liquation cracking, soldering, resin bonding, microstructural characteristics, brazing, and friction stir butt and scarf welding. I would like to sincerely thank all the researchers who contributed to this Special Issue for their high-quality research. I also would like to acknowledge Mr. Toliver Guo, Senior Assistant Editor at MDPI, who continuously and tirelessly contributed toward this Special Issue by assisting me with inviting the authors and the follow ups. I think this Special Issue will enhance our knowledge and understanding in the field of joining and assembly. I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Mehrnoosh, for her continued support and encouragement.
Analysis for Power Quality Monitoring
We are immersed in the so-called digital energy network, continuously introducing new technological advances for a better way of life. Numerous emerging words are in the spotlight, namely: Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Smart Cities, Smart Grid, Industry 4.0, etc. To achieve this formidable goal, systems should work more efficiently, and this fact inevitably leads to power quality (PQ) assurance. Apart from its economic losses, a bad PQ implies serious risks for machines, and consequently for people. Many researchers are endeavoring to develop new analysis techniques, instruments, measurement methods, and new indices and norms that match and fulfil the requirements regarding the current operation of the electrical network. This book offers a compilation of the some recent advances in this field. The chapters range from computing issues to technological implementations, going through event detection strategies and new indices and measurement methods that contribute significantly to the advancement of PQ analysis. Experiments have been developed within the frames of research units and projects, and deal with real data from industry and public buildings. Human beings have an unavoidable commitment with sustainability, which implies adapting PQ monitoring techniques to our dynamic world, defining a digital and smart concept of quality for electricity.
Light Weight AlloysProcessing, Properties and Their Applications
There is growing interest in light metallic alloys for a wide number of applications owing to their processing efficiency, processability, long service life, and environmental sustainability. Aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys are addressed in this Special Issue, however, the predominant role played by aluminum. The collection of papers published here covers a wide range of topics that generally characterize the performance of the alloys after manufacturing by conventional and innovative processing routes.
Fracture, Fatigue and Structural Integrity of Metallic Materials
Fracture, fatigue, and other subcritical processes, such as creep crack growth or stress corrosion cracking, present numerous open issues from both scientific and industrial points of view. These phenomena are of special interest in industrial and civil metallic structures, such as pipes, vessels, machinery, aircrafts, ship hulls, and bridges, given that their failure may imply catastrophic consequences for human life, the natural environment, and/or the economy. Moreover, an adequate management of their operational life, defining suitable inspection periods, repairs, or replacements, requires their safety or unsafety conditions to be defined. The analysis of these technological challenges requires accurate comprehensive assessment tools based on solid theoretical foundations as well as structural integrity assessment standards or procedures incorporating such tools into industrial practice. This volume is focused on new advances in fracture, fatigue, and structural integrity of metallic structural components containing defects (e.g., cracks, notches, metal loss, etc.), and also on those developments that are being or could be incorporated into structural integrity assessment procedures, such as BS7910, R6, or API 579-1/ASME FFS-1.
District Heating and Cooling Networks
Conventional thermal power generating plants reject a large amount of energy every year. If this rejected heat were to be used through district heating networks, given prior energy valorisation, there would be a noticeable decrease in the amount of fossil fuels imported for heating. As a consequence, benefits would be experienced in the form of an increase in energy efficiency, an improvement in energy security, and a minimisation of emitted greenhouse gases. Given that heat demand is not expected to decrease significantly in the medium term, district heating networks show the greatest potential for the development of cogeneration. Due to their cost competitiveness, flexibility in terms of the ability to use renewable energy resources (such as geothermal or solar thermal) and fossil fuels (more specifically the residual heat from combustion), and the fact that, in some cases, losses to a country/region's energy balance can be easily integrated into district heating networks (which would not be the case in a "fully electric" future), district heating (and cooling) networks and cogeneration could become a key element for a future with greater energy security, while being more sustainable, if appropriate measures were implemented. This book therefore seeks to propose an energy strategy for a number of cities/regions/countries by proposing appropriate measures supported by detailed case studies.
Spons’ Dictionary of Engineering
Reprint of the original, first published in 1869.
Deep Learning Applications with Practical Measured Results in Electronics Industries
This book collects 14 articles from the Special Issue entitled "Deep Learning Applications with Practical Measured Results in Electronics Industries" of Electronics. Topics covered in this Issue include four main parts: (1) environmental information analyses and predictions, (2) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and object tracking applications, (3) measurement and denoising techniques, and (4) recommendation systems and education systems. These authors used and improved deep learning techniques (e.g., ResNet (deep residual network), Faster-RCNN (faster regions with convolutional neural network), LSTM (long short term memory), ConvLSTM (convolutional LSTM), GAN (generative adversarial network), etc.) to analyze and denoise measured data in a variety of applications and services (e.g., wind speed prediction, air quality prediction, underground mine applications, neural audio caption, etc.). Several practical experiments were conducted, and the results indicate that the performance of the presented deep learning methods is improved compared with the performance of conventional machine learning methods.
Assessment of Energy-Environment-Economy Interrelations
Energy consumption and economic growth have been of great interest to researchers and policy-makers. Knowing the actual causal relationship between energy and the economy with respect to environmental degradation has important implications for modeling environmental and growth policies. The eleven chapters included herein aim to help researchers, academicians, and especially decision-makers to understand relevant issues and adopt appropriate methods to tackle and solve relevant environmental problems. Various methods from different disciplines are proposed and applied to various environmental and energy issues.
Graph-Theoretic Problems and Their New Applications
Graph theory is an important area of applied mathematics with a broad spectrum of applications in many fields. This book results from aSpecialIssue in the journal Mathematics entitled "Graph-Theoretic Problems and Their New Applications". It contains 20 articles covering a broad spectrum of graph-theoretic works that were selected from 151 submitted papers after a thorough refereeing process. Among others, it includes a deep survey on mixed graphs and their use for solutions ti scheduling problems. Other subjects include topological indices, domination numbers of graphs, domination games, contraction mappings, and neutrosophic graphs. Several applications of graph theory are discussed, e.g., the use of graph theory in the context of molecular processes.
Intelligent Electronic Devices
In a modern technological society, electronic engineering and design innovations are both academic and practical engineering fields that involve systematic technological materialization through scientific principles and engineering designs. Engineers and designers must work together with a variety of other professionals in their quest to find systems solutions to complex problems. Rapid advances in science and technology have broadened the horizons of engineering while simultaneously creating a multitude of challenging problems in every aspect of modern life. Current research is interdisciplinary in nature, reflecting a combination of concepts and methods that often span several areas of mechanics, mathematics, electrical engineering, control engineering, and other scientific disciplines. In addition, the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention 2019 (IEEE ICKII 2019) was held in Seoul, South Korea, on 12-15 July, 2019. This book, "Intelligent Electronic Devices", includes 13 excellent papers form 260 papers presented in this conference about intelligent electronic devices. The main goals of this book were to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible and to provide new scientific knowledge relevant to the topics of electronics.
Plasma Technology for Biomedical Applications
There is growing interest in the use of physical plasmas (ionized gases) for biomedical applications, especially in the framework of so-called "plasma medicine", which exploits the action of low-power, atmospheric pressure plasmas for therapeutic purposes. Such plasmas are "cold plasmas", in the sense that only electrons have a high temperature, whereas ions and the neutral gas particles are at or near room temperature. As a consequence, the "plasma flame" can be directly applied to living matter without appreciable thermal load. Reactive chemical species, charged particles, visible and UV radiation, and electric fields are interaction channels of the plasma with pathogens, cells, and tissues, which can trigger a variety of different responses. Possible applications include disinfection, wound healing, cancer treatment, non-thermal blood coagulation, just to mention some. The understanding of the mechanisms of plasma action on living matter requires a strongly interdisciplinary approach, with competencies ranging from plasma physics and technology to chemistry, to biology and finally to medicine. This book is a collection of work that explores recent advances in this field.
