Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) Standardization/Evaluation Program
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Systems Approach to Understanding the Strategic Advantage of the F/A-22 and Future Stealth Aircraft
The purpose of this thesis is to introduce three concepts into the ongoing debate concerning the procurement of fourth-generation stealth aircraft such as the F/A-22 and Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). Even though an understanding of them is essential for military and civilian policy makers to formulate informed decisions about future aircraft procurement, the following points are frequently absent in discussions of stealth technology. First, advances in stealth technology have shifted it away from a primary to a secondary, although indispensable, aircraft characteristic. Stealth is no longer a stand-alone feature, but an essential system within the entire combat aircraft system. Second, a system of systems that continuously matures, through either evolutionary improvements or the incorporation of other systems, can maintain a continuing margin of advantage over counter-technologies. This statement is particularly true for fourth-generation stealth aircraft. Last, the cost and effort required to counter a system of systems is significantly greater than that required to counter a single technology because an effective counter must defeat multiple components within the system to render it ineffective. Thus, the integration of stealth into an aircraft's system can impose an opportunity cost on adversaries that either exceeds their means or significantly hampers their nation's offensive capabilities. Fully understanding these three concepts and incorporating them into current acquisitions and defense policy debates will more clearly articulate the strategic importance of continuing to develop and employ advanced stealthy aircraft. A failure to acquire these weapon systems will significantly affect America's military capabilities and in turn, the negative strategic impact on the United States will result in a relative strategic advantage for America's adversaries.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Life Cycle Assessment of a Biomass Gasification Combined-Cycle System
A life cycle assessment on the production of electricity from biomass in a system based on the FERCO indirectly heated biomass gasifier was performed. The purpose of this study was to quantify the total environmental benefits and drawbacks of the entire system from biomass crops through power distribution. The energy and material flows of all processes necessary to operate the power plant were assessed, with subsystems being defined as the production of biomass as a dedicated feedstock crop, its transportation to the power plant, electricity generation, and all necessary upstream processes. For each year of operation, air, water, and solid waste emissions were tracked over the entire system. The net CO2 emissions were found to be nearly zero but highly; dependent on the amount of carbon that can be sequestered in the soil. A net energy analysis shows that the system efficiency is 33.7%. A discussion of the total emissions, resource consumption, and net energy balance of this biomass-based technology is presented. Contact (e-mail): margaret_mann@nrel.govThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Graphics-Oriented Battlefield Tracking Systems
The United States Military employs Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems to increase a commander's ability to defeat a "hostile, thinking, and adaptive enemy" by enhancing battle command through information superiority. Joint doctrine asserts that information superiority is achieved using C4ISR systems to collect, process, and disseminate information. Additionally, the speed and efficiency with which this is accomplished enhances the Army warfighting functions and Air Force core functions through more precise knowledge of friendly unit locations. However, the assortment and non-uniformity of information technology can create greater complexity in an already complex environment. This thesis examines whether or not different graphics-oriented battlefield tracking systems, as employed by the Army and the Air Force at the operational and tactical levels during full spectrum operations, have a negative impact on joint situational awareness. The author also presents several considerations for the design, development, and employment of future systems. Understanding the history, demands, and challenges to joint interoperability allows military professionals to use current C4ISR systems effectively while considering the best approach for developing future programs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Geospatial Intelligence
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Determination of the Optimum Modulation Technique for Mobile and Man-Packed Military Radio Sets
This study is undertaken to determine whether recent technological progress has resulted in the development of modulation techniques which are superior to frequency modulation for use with mobile or man packed military radio sets. A simplified model of the single channel commun1cation system is developed. In this model the modulation process is considered in two steps. First, some form of speech processing is assumed to be performed. Various types of speech processing considered are clipping, amplitude limiting, filtering, sampling, coding, and vocoding. The second stage of modulation is considered to be the modulation of a radio frequency signal with the output of the speech processor. This model leads logically to a determination of the various possible modulation techniques. Next, performance criteria are developed by considering the requirements of the military communications user and the limitations imposed by the military environment. These considerations result in the selection of spectrum utilization, signal to noise ratio, simplicity of operation, size and weight, reliability and power required as the criteria to be used for the comparison of the various modulation techniques.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of Invalid Emission Testing in the California Smog Check Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Installation CBRN Defense
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Low Wind Speed Turbine Project Conceptual Design Study
AES conducted a conceptual study of independent pitch control using inflow angle sensors. The control strategy combined input from turbine states (rotor speed, rotor azimuth, each blade pitch) with inflow angle measurements (each blade angle of attack at station 11 of 15) to derive blade pitch demand sugnals. The controller reduced loads suffficiently to allow a 10% rotor extension and reduce COE by 6.3%.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) Training Program
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Operations Security (OPSEC)
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Airborne Cryptologic Language Analyst Specialty
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Higher Eyes in the Sky
During the past few years, United States Air Force (USAF) leaders have begun to emphasize space operations. Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force states that we will eventually transition from an air and space force into a space and air force and various leaders have opined that that air and space are seamless. Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, USAF chief of staff, introduced the concept that in the future, we will be able to "find, fix, target, track, and engage (F2T2E)" any target, anywhere on the earth. In order to accomplish F2T2E, the functions performed by the E-3 airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and the E-8 joint surveillance, target attack radar system (JSTARS) will need to migrate to space-based platforms. This study explores how such a migration would occur.Before examining space operations, the historical military need for moving tar-get indicators (MTI) is examined, tracing the evolution from hot air balloons to our current AWACS and JSTARS aircraft. Because space systems operate differently from airborne systems, those differences are explored. The organizations involved in space operations are also examined, along with their potential to effect the development of a space-based MTI system. The radar systems of both the AWACS and the JSTARS are described, as well as a few of the most prominent of the proposed space-based systems.The planning for space-based MTI is in its early phases. A "Concept of Operations for Space-Based MTI" has been written, as has a "Space-Based MTI Roadmap." US Space Command has also written the Long Range Plan, which includes space-based MTI concepts in its plan for 2020. These plans are a good start but do not address several important issues, including satellite architecture, whether satellite MTI systems should completely replace airborne systems, who should be responsible for the system, and how battle managers will operate in the new system.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Know Your Enemy
This study attempts to identify the major organizational and equipment differences between a Soviet Motorized Rifle Regiment and the OPFOR Motorized Rifle Regiment. Analysis also includes basic tactical doctrine at the regimental level. Research indicates there are significant differences between the two organizations in regard to organizational structure and equipment appearance and capabilities. Analysis of tactical doctrine and employment does not reveal any significant differences.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Identifying Disruptive Technologies Facing the United States in the Next 20 Years
The term "disruptive technology" is used to in the 2004 US National Defense Strategy and 2006 US National Security Strategy as a concern of the US Government. A study of potential disruptive technologies that will affect the way war in the future is fought is essential to prepare the US Army and the United States in general so that it will not lose its next war. This thesis will analyze commercial disruptive technology, determine how the United States is pursing disruptive technology, determine what the stages of military disruptive technology are, and the differences in pursuing and evaluating military disruptive technology versus commercial disruptive technology, and what the United States is doing to prevent technological surprise in the next 20 years.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Bird璽€(TM)s Eye View
This thesis compares a traditional M2 machine gun with an M2 mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS). Enemy tactics in Iraq led the military to develop materiel solutions that will increase force protection, particularly when operating off base and on roadways. CROWS is an example of military innovation designed to increase force protection while maintaining lethality and minimizing collateral damage. CROWS is a remotely operated weapons platform primarily mounted on the Army's M1114 Up-Armored High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The problem is whether this state-of-the-art weapon system is an improvement over a traditionally manned weapon in combat. To address the problem the thesis analyzed the benefits of CROWS over an M2, any systemic issues associated with the system, what end-users thought, and what additional and unique resources CROWS requires. This thesis also analyzed the system's limitations in terms of doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF). The combination of document research and primary source information provide justification that, despite some increased capabilities, CROWS is not an improvement over a traditionally manned weapon in combat at the current time.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Persistent Space Situational Awareness
The United States Air Force's Center for Strategy and Technology was established atthe Air War College in 1996. Its purpose is to engage in long-term strategic thinkingabout technology and its implications for United States national security. The Center(CSAT) focuses on education, research, and publications that support the integrationof technology into national strategy and policy. This document is one of thesepublications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Advanced Strategic and Tactical Infrared Expendables
Infrared (IR) flare design was not a strategic player in US defense until the mid 1990s. Prior to 1995 the primary focus was on radio frequency (RF) flares for piloted aircraft. 1993 saw the establishment of a funded Program Management Directive (PMD) explicitly directing the need for advanced IR capabilities implemented in "field operations". The program for Advanced Strategic and Tactical Infrared Expendables (ASTE) was formalized on 5 April 1995 with certification of an Operational Requirements Doctrine (ORD). ASTE set out to work with contractors to develop this emerging technology with aggressive vigor - quite possibly too aggressive for its own good. The design was a simple one, or so they thought. Previous models and dispensing systems were already in place. No one planned for the intensity of the next four years, achieving a Full Rate Production (FRP) contract for only one out of four flares being developed. The extreme complexity of technical mishaps experienced during the Engineering, Manufacturing, and Design phase (MS II, now early MS B) was not a foreseen performance obstacle for engineers and program schedulers. As the 1997 FRP date slipped farther and farther to the right, ASTE's ideal defense technology was not favorably looked upon, creating a ripple effect of significant cost growth and schedule slips throughout the program. This case study takes a look at the problems contributing to the delayed delivery of IR flares and its impact to meeting warfighter needs under constraints brought about by government acquisition policies. Funded with a modest budget, ASTE is only a small representation of the greater Electronic Warfare (EW) programs our military elects to fund over multiple years. Yet, even a small program can offer significant impact to overall government lessons learned in acquisition and budgeting planning and processesThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Federal Communications Commission Spectrum Auctions and Joint Vision 2010
This thesis examined the impact of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frequency auctions on Joint Vision 2010. Since 1993, the FCC has conducted spectrum auctions which auctioned portion of the EM spectrum to industry. Included in the auctions have been portions of the EM spectrum allocated to the DOD. Defense systems are extremely dependent upon access to the EM spectrum. DOD communications, sensors, and command and control systems all use the EM spectrum. The study analyzed the impact of the auctions on DOD systems by looking at frequency bands that are being used by DOD systems and at frequency bands that future systems will use. The study examined some solutions to this problem including using new and evolving technology, government options and industry solutions. The study concluded that DOD can execute Joint Vision 2010. However, DOD must take immediate steps to assure access to the EM spectrum. These steps include investing in technology that will make DOD more spectrum efficient and working closely with industry to foster better relations between DOD and industry.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Effects of Compressed Natural Gas as a Vehicle Fuel, Vol. 1
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Special Operations Weather Training
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Responsive Space Situation Awareness in 2020
The United States Air Force's Center for Strategy and Technology was established atthe Air War College in 1996. Its purpose is to engage in long-term strategic thinkingabout technology and its implications for United States national security. The Center(CSAT) focuses on education, research, and publications that support the integrationof technology into national strategy and policy. This document is one of thesepublications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Infiltration of Patrols by Means of Ram-Air Parachutes
This thesis evaluates current parachute infiltration doctrine aimed at achieving secrecy during the insertion. It also presents a new concept which uses the new ram-air, high performance type parachute. The study initially undertakes an examination of historical precedents that have been established using the airborne concept of static line deployed parachutes and the HALO (high altitude, low opening) technique. These examples point out the advantages and disadvantages of current doctrine relative to achieving secrecy during the infiltration. The new concept is called STOTPINS (stand-off technique for parachute insertion). STOTPINS, using a ram-air, high performance parachute called the STRATO-CLOUD, allows for personnel to exit from high altitudes, immediately deploy their parachutes, assemble in formation, and glide over long distances to the predetermined drop zone. The increased capability of the STRATO-CLOUD and use of modern navigational aids provide the capability to secretly infiltrate a unit, while assuring pin-point accuracy, over distances greater than fifty kilometers. It was concluded that the STOTPINS concept can provide an additional dimension to current doctrine. The highly maneuverable, off-setting descent trajectory of the STRATO-CLOUD parachute is a demonstrable capability for achieving secrecy during infiltration. This concept is waiting for operational application for special missions such as raids, ambushes, sabotage, or intelligence acquisition.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Technical and Economic Evaluation of Macroalgae Cultivation for Fuel Production
The potential of macroalgae as sources of renewable liquid and gaseous fuels is evaluated. A series of options for production of macroalgae feedstock is considered. Because of their high carbohydrate content, the fuel products for which macroalgae are most suitable are methane and ethanol. Fuel product costs were compared with projected fuel costs in the year 1995.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Spacepower as a Coercive Force
The purpose of this paper is to propose a spacepower theory and explore the implications of such a theory on future space operations and force structure. Air concepts are considered for what insights they provide to the logic process and operational concepts. This paper emulates the logical process for the development of air concepts while avoiding many contentious issues regarding the relationship between air and space forces. Issues such as a separate space service, air and space integration, and the concept of aerospace forces are not addressed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Biological Agent Decontamination Technology Testing Technology Evaluation Report PH-Amended Bleach CASCAD Surface Decontamination Foam, Decon Green EasyDECON 200, Spor-Llenz RTU, Peridox RTU
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) and Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) Training Program
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reaction of Combat Service Support Troops Under Stress
Reaction of combat service support troops under stress is a study of military organizational behavior within an active combat environment. The study is directed toward the manager assigned to a small maintenance support unit, and strives to acquaint him (or her) with the various psycho physiological reactions apparent in combat service support personnel during periods of combat. These reactions, often erratic in nature are depicted herein as being environmentally interdependent in that the physical environment acts as a stimulus producing predictable behavioral tendencies. It is the author's hypothesis that, given the exigency of a combat situation, personnel within a small maintenance support unit will exhibit a definite pattern of organizational behavior.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tongue and Quill
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Command, Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence (C4I) Systems Interoperability
This study examines command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I) systems interoperability progress within the United States (U.S.) military services and amongst coalition partners since the year 2000. This study uses national military strategy, joint military strategy, service unique strategy and doctrine, Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and Defense Integrated Military Human Resource System (DIMHRS) case studies, Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) technological standards, C4I technical reports to establish trends, patterns, and gaps in coalition interoperability. C4I interoperability successes are abundant since 2000 but it is clear from current day operations and research that the U.S., its allies and coalition partners need further improvements in order to master the many moving parts required for true coalition C4I systems interoperability. Clearly, acquisition, development, testing, and fielding must be fully integrated into either a joint or coalition solution. In order to achieve C4I interoperability, this study recommends changes in law, namely to the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 to further define the strategic intent of system interoperability among services of the DoD and foreign nations. Changes to national military strategy, joint military strategy, and service-unique military strategy are required to overhaul and emphasize the unequivocal need for fully interoperable C4I systems across the DoD and amongst coalition members. Acquisition, although not fully explored within this study, requires a greater emphasis in order to speed delivery of these interoperable systems to the field. Development and testing mechanisms exist throughout industry and within the military services to ensure interoperability but again, speed requires greater emphasis to ensure the technological advancements meet the soldier, sailor, airman, and marine before they become obsolete.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fire Protection
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
United States Air Force Precision Engagement Against Mobile Targets
Major Kosan discusses the deficiency in the US Air Force's ability to precisely attack mobile targets at standoff ranges with minimal collateral damage as revealed by recent airpower operations. He addresses the technological as well as the international, national, and military strategic environmental issues that may affect technology. Major Kosan focuses on USAF munition precision engagement capabilities; thus, he does not perform an in-depth analysis of aerial platform precision engagement capabilities. He focuses on only USAF's research, development, and acquisition strategy in regards to precision conventional strike capabilities against mobile targets. Major Kosan predicts that future airpower operations will be executed in politically sensitive strategic environments and will require the ability to precisely destroy mobile targets that may have been strategically placed by an adversary in areas with high risk of collateral damage.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
High Energy Laser on the Joint Strike Fighter a Reality in 2025?
High energy lasers (HEL) promise speed-of-light engagement, precision effects, and low collateral damage. These characteristics along with a nearly unlimited magazine make HELs attractive for installation on a tactical platform. This paper will consider whether a HEL equipped F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) could be fielded in 2025. To answer this question, three topics will be explored. First, will HELs be sufficiently technically mature to permit installation on a fighter platform? Second, will the key supporting systems, to include power generation and storage, thermal management, and beam conditioning and control, be sufficiently technically mature for installation on a fighter platform? Next, will maturity of the key supporting systems occur in time to support a program to integrate a HEL on the JSF? Finally, are the development schedules and funding for the HEL, key supporting systems, and the JSF synchronized to support a 2025 fielding? The research methodology includes a review of current efforts in each of the technology areas mentioned previously. Additionally, interviews with key personnel involved with the JSF program are used to understand the challenges associated with integrating the aforementioned technologies on the JSF. The research concludes that the technical maturity of HELs and their supporting systems will be sufficiently advanced to permit fielding a HEL equipped JSF in 2025. The key issue that may prevent this from occurring is a lack of dedicated funding, both for development of the enabling technologies and also for the HEL integration effort on the JSF. The author closes the paper by exploring the rationale for installing a HEL on the JSF and considering whether the USAF's proposed long range strike vehicle would be a better candidate than the JSF for HEL integration.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Defense Command and Control Operations
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Providing Engineer Reconnaissance to the Maneuver Commander
The use of reconnaissance on the battlefield has been a valuable tool for centuries. The ability of the engineers to support these reconnaissance efforts has, however, been a source of many discussions. The discussions are not whether it is important to provide detailed engineer reconnaissance on the battlefield, but how to provide this specific reconnaissance. While some maneuver forces, specifically the scout military occupational skill (MOS 19D) soldiers are trained to provide all types of reconnaissance information to include specific engineer information, far too many times the engineer reconnaissance is secondary in priority and quality, to the detriment of the entire force. The engineer branch must come up with a way to augment the brigade and task force reconnaissance units to provide detailed engineer reconnaissance to the brigade combat team commander with this much needed information. Present engineer doctrine speaks of the importance of providing assets to gathering detailed engineer reconnaissance. However, this same doctrine does not speak of providing assets to this mission. For far too long, engineer commanders have had to answer this question on their own with little help from the engineer branch or engineer doctrine. This thesis will examine this longstanding dilemma and evaluate the flaws within our doctrine and force structure with the goal of recommending a practical solution to the problem of getting high-quality, timely engineer reconnaissance to the maneuver commander.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
United States Navy Aviation Mechanics' Training System For Miscellaneous Maintenance Force
This volume, "United States Navy Aviation Mechanics' Training System For Miscellaneous Maintenance Force," provides detailed course information for Quartermasters', Machinist's Mates', and Gunner's Mates' training during the early to mid 20th century. Compiled and utilized at institutions such as the Navy Gas Engine School in New York and the Great Lakes Naval Training Center in Illinois, this manual offers a glimpse into the rigorous technical education provided to naval personnel. With detailed curricula for Machinist's Mates' (ignition) and (instrument) courses, as well as Gunner's Mates' courses, this resource illuminates the specific skill sets demanded by the United States Navy. A valuable historical document for understanding the evolution of aviation maintenance training within the US Navy, and a testament to the dedication and expertise of those who served.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Organization and Function of the Civil Air Patrol
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Advanced Photochemical Oxidation Processes Handbook
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Benign Weather Modification
Weather modification is a technology once embraced by the United States (US) military as a tool to help both wartime and peacetime missions. However, interest in the ability to modify weather has waned over recent years and is now nearly nonexistent.This study examines one aspect of weather modification, benign weather modification (BWM), for possible use in assisting military operations. After briefly reviewing the history and science of weather modification, this thesis bounds the aspects of weather modification being addressed. It then describes barriers to BWM, showing how they affect current weather modification policy in the military. Examples are shown of current civilian BWM techniques, their possible use by the military, and some military-unique needs for weather modification.After examining current weather modification and projected future BWM technology, the author concludes that military BWM use deserves another look. Increased reliance on precision guided munitions makes BWM a possible new tool in ensuring accurate targeting with minimal collateral damage. In addition, BWM offers the war planner a means to dictate battle space elements at a critical point in a conflict. At a minimum, the US military should conduct a more in-depth review of weather modification to see if technological advances offer opportunities for more "bang for the buck."This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Information Flow Analysis of the Marine Air Command and Control System
This analysis is based on a model of the Marine Air Command and Control System identified in the Center for Naval Analysis study 'C3 Information Flow Model'. The study was the composited result of a working conference of subject matter experts required to identify the operators, information, and communication paths used by the Marine Air Command and Control System. The model was reduced to a numeric data base from which an analysis of the model's performance as an information exchange system could be evaluated. The timeliness, accuracy, and efficiency of the information flow was then examined based on the numeric reduction of the model. Among the many conclusions which could be drawn from the analysis are: the model could exchange limited volumes of information in a timely, accurate, and efficient manner; as the volume of information requirements goes up in high intensity air operations, the system as identified in the model will most likely fail to provide timely, or accurate, or efficient information flow; the absence of a formalized architecture for the Marine Air Command and Control system has allowed the system to evolve in a piece-meal fashion resulting in the suspicion supported by the analysis that the system is flawed to perform as required in high intensity operations. The analysis concludes that the requirement and architecture for the Marine Air Command and Control System needs formalization. Development of a Required Operational Capability and a Concept of Employment should proceed while study of the system continues to formalize the architecture required for the Marine Air Command and Control System.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Advanced Strategy Guideline
This report discusses considerations for designing an air distribution system for an energy efficient house that requires less air volume to condition the space. Considering the HVAC system early in the design process will allow adequate space for equipment and ductwork and can result in cost savings. Principles discussed that will maximize occupant comfort include delivery of the proper amount of conditioned air for appropriate temperature mixing and uniformity without drafts, minimization of system noise, the impacts of pressure loss, efficient return air duct design, and supply air outlet placement, as well as duct layout, materials, and sizing.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Command or Control Dilemma
The Maxwell Papers, the Air War College's occasional papers series, focus oncurrent and future issues of interest to the Air Force and US Department of Defense.The first Maxwell Papers was published in May of 1996 with the Air UniversityCommander's signature on the foreword. Maxwell Papers are open to all interestedauthors, particularly Air War College faculty and students, but also to other officersand analysts. Maxwell Papers have been distributed to over 400 addresses includingall senior Air Force and US Department of Defense decision makers, ProfessionalMilitary Education (PME) schools, contractors, and other US agencies, and morethan 40 foreign air forces and institutions. This document is a Air War CollegeMaxwell Paper.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Combat Effectiveness of the Combined Arms Battalion Scout Platoon
This study is designed to discover if the Combined Arms Battalion (CAB) scout platoon is capable of accomplishing its doctrinal mission on the battlefield. The research did in fact show that the CAB scout platoon is effective at accomplishing its doctrinal missions. The methodology used to conduct the analysis is based on the Army capabilities based requirements generation process. The organizational capabilities were analyzed against the critical tasks associated with each of its doctrinal missions to determine success or failure. This study recommends several changes to the CAB scout platoon to increase its capabilities. The recommended changes represent improvements to doctrine, organization, personnel, and material in order to make it more effective on the battlefield. The recommendations are intended to increase the capabilities of the CAB scout platoon in order to make it a more flexible organization. While this study validates the current organization, it remains to be seen if commanders will employ the unit as directed by doctrine. To ensure capabilities and requirements are aligned; the continued analysis of the effects of modularity on the reconnaissance community is essential.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
KC-135 Aircrew Training
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tongue and Quill
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The USAF was initially a part of the U.S. Army, but was formed as a separate branch of the military in 1947 under the National Security Act. Although it is the most recent branch of the U.S. Military to be formed, the USAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force e-Publishing Library's mission is to provide documents for Air Force customers worldwide, and supply life-cycle management of Air Force Electronic Publishing to enable product and service delivery to the end user, regardless of media in pace and in war. The United States Air Force e-Publishing Library collection contains manuals and reports describing the procedures and protocol necessary in various situations and circumstances. Some titles in the collection include: A Manual of Civil Engineer Bare Base Development, Guide to Mobile Aircraft Arresting System Installation, and Nuclear Weapons Accident and Incident Response. This publication is part of this Air Force e-Publications collection.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Simulation of Tactical Smoke on the Modern Battlefield
Recent intelligence reports indicate that Warsaw Pact forces are placing increased emphasis on the use of tactical smoke. In response, US forces have begun to evaluate their own capabilities to employ smoke. One method of conducting this evaluation is to include smoke employment in combat models. This thesis presents a computer model, SIMSMOKE, which has this capability. The first part of the model consists of simulating the smoke employment tactics within a given tactical scenario. Input variables pertaining to command guidance, type of operation, weather conditions, and weapons and ammunition available provide the setting. At the appropriate time during the battle, smoke is automatically placed on or near the opposing force's locations so that the smoke clouds drift into the line-of-sight between attacker and defender. The second part of the model consists of computing if intervisibility exists between opposing forces at each second of the battle. As a representation of a smoke cloud, a sphere is used to simulate white phosphorous (WP) and a cone is used to simulate hexachoroethane (He). The program calculates if the line-of-sight intersects any part of either one of these types of three dimensional figures. If an intersection occurs, the line-of-sight is blocked; therefore, intervisibility does not exist. A series of test runs were conducted to verify the model. Bursting radii of the smoke rounds, atmospheric stability conditions, type of smoke munitions, wind speeds, and wind directions were the parameters varied for the tests. In all cases the model produced results consistent with the expected outcome. The methodology used in this study provides a basis for future simulations of tactical smoke employment in computerized combat models.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Bicarbonate of Soda Blasting Technology for Aircraft Wheel Depainting
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Connecting the Edge
The United States Air Force's Center for Strategy and Technology was established atthe Air War College in 1996. Its purpose is to engage in long-term strategic thinkingabout technology and its implications for United States national security. The Center(CSAT) focuses on education, research, and publications that support the integrationof technology into national strategy and policy. This document is one of thesepublications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
