Talking Back
The information age is altering weapon system development and improvement. Information communications, storage, and computing technologies will revolutionize system development, operations, maintenance, and logistic processes. Based on the so-called laws of Gilder, Metcalfe and Moore and current DoD weapons trends the futures of these technologies provide opportunities to progress the paradigm of weapons development and improvement.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unmanned Horizons
The one and only shot the US had against Osama bin Laden was all down to a new surveillance aircraft the CIA was still testing and evaluating at the time. Commanders decided putting the small unmanned drone, what was then called a UAV, through a little 'real world' experience might be interesting. The shot was not taken due to a mix of domestic political and diplomatic reasons. Indeed one problem was that the closest 'shooter' or USAF fighter would have had to violate allied airspace unannounced - a tough ask during an unstable nuclear stand-off between Pakistan and India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Small Power
The United States Air Force (USAF) will face several difficult choices as it procures unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the near future. Decreasing budgets and increasing UAV costs will significantly impact the Air Force's ability to procure large numbers of "high cost" UAVs. As defense dollars shrink, so will the robustness of the USAF's UAV fleet. In addition, these low density assets will operate in a more lethal battlefield environment brought about by the rapid advancement of dual use technologies and the worldwide proliferation of advanced Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS). Unlike Afghanistan and Iraq, future enemy IADS could render "high cost" conventional UAVs, such as the Predator and Global Hawk, unviable from an operational risk perspective. However, technological advances and new operational concepts, such as cooperative behavior and swarming, are expanding the capabilities of micro and small UAVs and providing the Air Force with a low cost solution to this potential problem. In the future, these small unmanned vehicles will perform many missions once reserved for large high cost UAVs. Procured in large numbers and at a fraction of the cost of today's UAVs, micro and small UAVs will be effective force multipliers for the USAF in the future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Future Role of the USAF Technical Officer
This paper examines the role of USAF technical officers (TOs) as envisioned by the post-World War II Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) report, Toward New Horizons, co-authored by General Henry 'Hap' Arnold and the renowned aerodynamicist Dr. Theodore von Karman. The current role of TOs according to existing career path guides and the future role as envisioned in the latest SAB report, New World Vistas are also examined. The examination of the TO role addresses advanced technical education and a clear path to senior leadership positions. The current path to senior leadership positions for TOs appears to be solely through acquisition management. These two areas are addressed explicitly in New World Vistas, which highlights the importance of these issues and the future role of TOs ensuring USAF technological superiority in the 21st century. A working definition of USAF TOs is formulated which includes the scientific research and development Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) (61SX) and the developmental engineering AFSC (62EX) as well as the acquisition manager AFSC (63AX). These specialties currently reside within the acquisition and financial management career area. The author concludes by proposing a number of innovative ideas. Concepts such as the formation of a technical officer corps (TOC) and its vigorous management by the personnel system to ensure there are no recruitment and retention shortfalls are recommended. This vital national security resource-the USAF technological superiority and the men and women of the TOC who are key to America's current and future technical supremacy-guards our nation from any future technological surprises which may threaten America and the free world.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Current Combat Search and Rescue Doctrine
The events of September 11, 2001 brought home to the United States (U.S.) the realities of the Post Cold War World. With the realization that our Republic's armed forces are fighting a new type of enemy came a demand that the United States military defeat this new threat using every tool in our arsenal.1 The use of United States Air Force Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and externally carried Hellfire anti-armor missiles against selected Taliban and al Qaeda targets was the first modern-day UAVs to do so in combat.2 This use of UAVs in a direct combat role, as opposed to their traditional Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) role, led me to the idea of using UAVs for other non-traditional roles in combat. As an Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter pilot, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) is an integral part of our Army Aviation mission. This is also true among the other services' rotary-wing and fixed-wing communities. A common problem among all the services, particularly the Air Force, is the limited amount of resources and manpower that are devoted to the CSAR mission. Under the current force structure, exactly 105 HH-60G Pave Hawks in the Air Combat Command inventory are too few to perform the potential number of missions required to support current operations.3 The rescues of Lieutenant Colonel Iceal Hambleton in Vietnam and Captain Scott O'Grady in Bosnia illustrate the difficulty associated with CSAR operations on the modern battlefield.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Can You See Me Now? Visualizing Battlefield Facial Recognition Technology in 2035
Facial recognition technology will create the capability to provide positive identification of persons in a battlefield environment in the year 2035. This paper examines the state-of-the-art in facial recognition technology in the areas of access control and law enforcement. The technologies are then projected forward to examine a notional facial recognition system in the year 2035 and examine its components. In discussions with biometric experts from both the United States and United Kingdom, the viability of such a system is examined. Challenges, both in the technology and political/bureaucratic realms, are examined and possible solutions are posited. The paper poses three scenarios in which a facial recognition system could be of use to Coalition forces operating in a counterinsurgency environment. These three scenarios--passive identification in a crowd, intelligence source verification, and sector control--show the range of applications for facial recognition on the battlefield. The paper concludes with a roadmap to assist in the focusing of research and allocation of resources as facial recognition technology evolves. With appropriate levels of effort, a technology that is currently capable only in very controlled conditions will evolve into a viable system for positive identification on the battlefield by the year 2035.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lt. Gen. Forrest S. Mccartney
The achievements of the earliest space professionals teach some key lessons about what a space professional looks like. The first space professional was retired Air Force Lieutenant General Forrest Striplin McCartney. His career is a perfect example of a professional space career. After graduation from college and an assignment at Cape Canaveral, Florida, laying the same communications cables he would later use, McCartney had assignments in space operations taking pictures of the Soviet Union from Corona satellites, in acquisitions buying the Titan III space launch booster and communications satellites, and along the climb to lieutenant general, developed his professional skills as a leader of military organizations. This paper is about a space professional reveals the value of studying the development of space professionals in the 20th century as a means of developing space professionals in the 21st century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Pursuing the Hypersonic Solution
This paper attempts to reconcile this resurgence in interest with the long history of hypersonic disappointments by identifying potential hypersonic contributions to national power as well as establishing prerequisites for the next major hypersonic investment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Satellite Control Network
Originally designed in the late 1950s, the Air Force Satellite Network (AFSCN) was activated to support the Discoverer Program. Now the AFSCN provides global support for over 80 communication, navigation, missile warning, and meteorological satellites and other satellite systems for the DoD and Air Force. It has the flexibility to support Low-, Medium-, and High-altitude satellites operating in various orbits. The AFSCN is comprised of two satellite control centers, eight Remote Tracking Stations, a test facility, and a communications network linking it all together.This research paper demonstrates that the AFSCN is a force multiplier, and the center of gravity for military space operations, which needs increased security measures and upgrading. The AFSCN provides command and control capabilities for satellites that enhance several principles of war which regional commanders use to their advantage to shape the battlefield. The AFSCN faces the threats of terrorism, frequency intrusions, aging infrastructure, and budgetary constraints. In order to ensure the future of the AFSCN these threats need to be addressed. The DoD and the Air Force need to address these AFSCN threats by increasing security measures, re-writing operations orders, diplomatic relations, upgrading the infrastructure, and creating AFSCN interoperability. Taking these measures will ensure future survivability and sustainment of the AFSCN.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stunning Swarms
This paper proposes and advocates the concept of Micro-Air Vehicle Incapacitating Swarms (MAVIS) as an effective non-lethal capability for irregular warfare as well as other spectrum-of-warfare applications. The intent of MAVIS is to provide an alternative to the conventional USAF arsenal that typically produces unacceptable collateral damage in the COIN/IW (counter-insurgency/irregular warfare) fight. Collateral damage has proven counterproductive to winning the hearts and minds of the populace afflicted with the cancer of insurgency/terrorism. Due to the difficulty in determining the exact targets in a dynamic urban environment or in any situation with imperfect intelligence, MAVIS will be used in an "area attack" fashion to administer metered doses of medication to subdue combatants as well as nearby civilians. Rendered unconscious from the fast-acting and long-lasting medication, the insurgents/terrorists will be removed from the populace while sedated, processed to gather intelligence, and permanently separated from the people. MAVIS will deny insurgents/terrorists their cherished martyrdom, allowing the threatened government to process them as it sees fit.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of Online-Delaunay Navigation for Time-Sensitive Targeting
Given the drawbacks of leaving time-sensitive targeting (TST) strictly to humans, there is value to the investigation of alternative approaches to TST operations that employ autonomous systems. This paper accomplishes five things. First, it proposes a short-hop abbreviated routing paradigm (SHARP) -- based on Delaunay triangulations (DT), ad-hoc communication, and autonomous control -- for recognizing and engaging TSTs that, in theory, will improve upon persistence, the volume of influence, autonomy, range, and situational awareness. Second, it analyzes the minimum timeframe need by a strike (weapons enabled) aircraft to navigate to the location of a TST under SHARP. Third, it shows the distribution of the transmission radius required to communicate between an arbitrary sender and receiver. Fourth, it analyzes the extent to which connectivity, among nodes with constant communication range, decreases as the number of nodes decreases. Fifth, it shows the how SHARP reduces the amount of energy required to communicate between two nodes. Mathematica 5.0.1.0 is used to generate data for all metrics. JMP 5.0.1.2 is used to analyze the statistical nature of Mathematica's output.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Coverage of Continuous Regions in Euclidean Space Using Homogeneous Resources With Application to the Allocation of Phased Array Radar Systems
Air surveillance of United States territory is an essential Department of Defense function. In the event of an incoming aerial attack on North America, the DoD, Department of Homeland Security, and Federal Aviation Administration surveillance capabilities are critical to discovering and tracking the threat so that it can be eliminated. Many of the currently used surveillance radar will reach the end of their design life within ten to twenty years. By replacing the current radar network with a single integrated network of Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR) units, surveillance capabilities can be enhanced and life cycle cost can be reduced. The problem of determining the location of required MPAR units to provide sufficient air surveillance of a given area is a large problem that could require a prohibitively long time to solve. By representing the area of surveillance as a polygon and the MPAR units as guards with a defined circle of detection, this problem as well as similar surveillance or coverage problems can be expressed with easily adjustable parameters. The problem of covering the interior and exterior of a polygon region with a minimal number of guards with homogeneous capabilities is not well researched. There are no methods for determining the minimal number of guards required to cover the interior and exterior of a polygon at a desired coverage level less than 100 percent.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Empowering First Responders
The terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, marked a watershed event for America. No longer can it be expected that the American military will fight our nations battles on foreign lands while America's populace is safe back in the homeland. Now, the new frontlines of this War on Terrorism are defined by where and when an attack happens; the new soldiers are America's first responders. Unfortunately, as 9-11 demonstrated, these new frontline warriors do not fully possess the tools, training, or most importantly, the interoperability that their military counterparts have perfected over the past several decades. Among these tools, communications capability represents the most important force multiplier on the battlefield. For the first responder, communications capability is absolutely essential. One emerging communications and data-sharing tool that can greatly empower first responders, and provide them with greater situational awareness and decision superiority, is Peer-to-Peer Technology (P2P). P2P technology allows two or more computers to establish direct contact without a central entity. Such technology provides a rapidly established, flexible, and dynamic architecture. Moreover, it provides a robust, reliable, and distributed information-sharing capability for homeland security applications. US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) represents the Department of Defense's operational command for Homeland Security. One of its key missions is to provide military assistance to civil authorities, including consequence management operations during terrorist attacks.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Future-Based Risk Assessment for the Survivability of Long Range Strike Systems
The United States Air Force today faces the challenge of allocating development resources to prepare for future force projection requirements. In particular, the Air Force's core competency of Global Attack implies a future capability that can quickly and successfully deliver combat effects anywhere in the world with impunity. Understanding that the future threat environment is dynamic and that continued advancements by adversaries will likely degrade the technical superiority of today's weapon systems, the need arises for a planning model to direct development funding to areas with the greatest probability of successfully defending the strike vehicle of 2035. Examining this problem posed two distinct challenges. The first was to determine the most likely course of Integrated Air Defense System technology through the time period of interest--allowing for plausible disruptive technologies that generate orders-of-magnitude improvement in capability or even change the nature of air defense systems. The second challenge was to characterize future adversaries--requiring a broad look at political and economic trends as presented in AF 2025, SPACECAST 2020 and other relevant future studies. Based on these studies, threat scenarios were generated from technical assessments of emerging technologies and evaluated using the Risk Filtering, Ranking and Management (RFRM) technique (Haimes, 2004) to explore the most severe threats to a future global strike air vehicle. The application of RFRM to the problem created a coherent threat hierarchy that enables the decision maker to examine anticipated hostile systems that may counter key U.S. strengths of stealth, speed, and high altitude operations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of GPS Satellite Allocation for the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System (USNDS)
The United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System (USNDS) relies on sensors onboard NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to detect atmospheric nuclear detonations. Though there are currently over 24 operational GPS satellites, USNDS ground based antennas are only capable of actively monitoring 24 satellites at a time. Personnel at the Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) desire a well-defined methodology for selecting which 24 satellites should be monitored to maximize global coverage capability. This research introduces a means to numerically quantify each satellite's individual contribution to the coverage provided by the constellation as a whole. A heuristic generates a set of possible combinations of satellites that yield high global coverage.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Shot to the Space Brain
The US military is becoming reliant on space systems. These systems provide us the essential information and communication means required to dominate the future battle-space. This reliance has extended beyond military programs, however, and now includes a reliance on commercial and civil systems. While this trend towards non-military systems is inevitable, does reliance on civil and commercial space systems create a unique center of gravity for the US military? This paper evaluates this issue by first identifying the need to use non-military systems and then developing a theory for analysis of realistic vulnerabilities of space systems. The focal point for this analysis is the command and control segment for a particular program. Four specific civil and commercial systems (Landsat, SPOT, Radarsat, and INTELSAT) are evaluated in light of this analysis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling Urban Warfare
The United States military is performing operations in urban environments with increasing frequency. Current Department of Defense doctrine is poorly suited to train and equip today's warriors with the tools and experience necessary to fight and win in modern sprawling cities. In order to close the gap, the U.S. Joint Forces Command's Joint Experimentation Directorate led an effort to run a massively distributed simulation of a synthetic urban environment utilizing human-in-the-loop operators called URBAN RESOLVE. The synthetic environment simulated the city of Jakarta with over 1,000,000 buildings and structures and over 120,000 civilian entities. A Red force retreated into the city while a Blue force attempted to determine the enemy's Order of Battle. The exercise generated over 3.7 terabytes of data in seven distinct trials.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing Optimization for 4H-Sic
Scratch free surfaces are required for substrates used in epitaxial growth. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a substrate material that is used in the epitaxial growth of SiC, GaN, and InGaN electronic devices. Preliminary chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) studies of 1 3/8" 4H-SiC wafers were performed in an attempt to identify the polishing parameter values that result in a maximum material removal rate and thus reduce substrate polishing time. Previous studies reported increased material removal rates associated with increasing polishing temperature, slurry pH, pressure, and polishing pad speed. In the current study, the effects of temperature, slurry pH, polishing pressure, and polishing pad speed were examined independently while keeping other polishing parameters constant. Material removal rates were determined using pre and post-polish wafer mass measurements. Photographs at specific wafer locations were obtained before and after each polishing period and compared to calculated removal rates.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Retaining Army Engineer Officers
Policy and doctrine require the U.S. Army to provide certain capabilities during the conduct of stability operations. The Department of Defense now considers stability operations as critical to success as offensive and defensive operations. Operations that require technical engineer capabilities, specifically infrastructure reconstruction operations, require a portion of the engineer officer corps to possess a technical engineering education. Trends in officer accessions and retention indicate a shortfall in technical engineering education among the engineer officer corps, casting doubt in the ability of the Engineer Regiment to meet anticipated future requirements. Senior engineer leaders identified these conditions and initiated a campaign to increase technical competence within the regiment. This monograph contributes to this effort by identifying factors that affect the retention of engineer officers who possess engineering degrees. The results of a survey of engineer officers at Fort Leavenworth reveal these officers possess lower job satisfaction than officers who possess non-engineering degrees and officers across the Army. These officers are more likely to believe their experiences in the Army did not match their pre-commissioning expectations contributing to perceived "psychological contract violations." The monograph suggests leaders conduct a series of studies over time to assess the effects of initiatives to increase technical competence within the Engineer Regiment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
High Power Microwaves
The conclusion of this study is that high power microwave technology is ready for the transition to active weapons in the U.S. military. It reviews various applications of high power microwave weapons in strategic and operational missions for the Air Force, considers the implications of the integration of microwave technology into operational weapons, and examines numerous constraints and challenges associated with the transition of new technologies and systems into the Air Force inventory. This study concludes that high power microwave weapons systems offer the prospect of significant offensive and defensive capabilities for all of the military services. The principal recommendations include the suggestion that the Department of Defense and the Air Force establish a High Power Microwave Systems Program Office for the purpose of developing these weapons and integrating them into the combatant commands. This systems program office should be a joint program office that involves the participa-tion of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps as well as other agencies. Only then will the U.S. military be able to maximize the development of microwave applications, minimize costs, and facilitate the transition of this unique technology to the military services and other government agencies. Not only should defense contractors be encouraged to develop the technical capabilities that would permit them to participate in microwave weapons programs, but this study also concludes that all U.S. military systems should be hardened to protect them against the effects of microwaves.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Need for a Dedicated Space Vehicle for Defensive Counterspace Operations
This paper investigates the defensive counterspace function as defined in Air Force Doctrine Document 1 and considers whether an on-orbit capability is needed for its fulfillment. The discussion begins with the examination of threats to space systems, how they are likely to be attacked and the means with which to counter those attacks. The examination focuses on the space element and determines that a space-based defensive capability will be needed to protect orbital assets in the future. The defensive potential of ground-based systems and self-defending spacecraft are determined to be inadequate, leading to the conclusion that a dedicated, mission specific vehicle design is the best option for fulfilling the defensive counterspace function. Finally, preliminary considerations of vehicle design and mission capability indicate that the first iteration of this vehicle should be ground-stationed, reusable, and prepared to launch into earth orbit in time of heightened tensions or war to carry out the defensive counterspace mission.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lethality, Legality, and Reality
This study evaluates the potential for non-lethal weapons to become viable tools for the air support of ground forces in military conflicts. During the Cold War, the US Air Force developed conventional air-support aircraft and munitions to fight Soviet mechanized infantry and armor in the central plains of Europe. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States increasingly confronts adversaries in situations where it is not in the national interest to use destructive force. In response to this new security environment, the Department of Defense has established the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program and deployed a myriad of non-lethal devices to conflicts around the world. All non-lethal weapons in the US armed forces, however, are ground weapons and are severely limited in range. Aircraft could provide the perspective and added range joint force commanders desire; thus, this thesis explores the potential for aircraft to provide non-lethal force options. Many factors contribute to the viability and acceptance of non-lethal weapons for offensive air support. One is technology.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluating Management Strategies for Automated Test Systems/Equipment
The management of United States Air Force ATS/E presents a variety of issues that affect the long-term capability and mission readiness of weapon systems. Traditional procurement processes suggest that individual aircraft platform System Program Offices (SPOs) developed, improved and replaced ATE on an "as-required" basis. Increased obsolescence, however, and a concern for maintaining longer-term viability provided the necessary inertia for a movement towards the procurement and development of consolidated, common test equipment that would support multiple weapon systems. In 1998, the Air Force Chief of Staff directed HQ AFMC to establish a Common Support Equipment office to facilitate the combination of similar legacy ATE into common equipment. Today, some ATE continues to be managed by individual SPOs, while other ATE is primarily managed by the Automated Test Systems Division at Warner-Robins Air Logistics Center. This research examines the differences of these two approaches. Specifically, this research focuses on the management of two pieces of ATE for a mature aircraft system - the F-15.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Protecting Commercial Space Systems
Key questions will address the impact on U.S. national security due to attacks on commercial space assets. What is the `real' impact of commercial space on the U.S. economy (not just spending)? How would loss of commercial space capabilities impact U.S. warfighting capability? What constitutes an attack on a commercial space system? How do we deter and detect an attack? How should the U.S. respond to such attacks, proportionally or massively? Finally, what policy and process changes are needed to protect our national security?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Civil Engineer Mobilization in a Joint Vision 2010 World
Rapid evolution in the international political, social, and military environment, coupled with budget pressures within the federal government, have created a fluid setting for the military services. As fundamental as aircraft to the Air Force's ability to protect U.S. interests at home and abroad are the support functions that provide deployed basing for aircraft and aircrew alike. What are the factors that influence the civil engineer's ability to launch, support and sustain deployed military operations within the context of this environment and the national military strategy established to meet these challenges? Do current civil engineer capabilities fulfill Joint Vision 2010 and Air Force "Global Engagement" strategies, now and in the future, for interaction in the New World order? What steps are Air Force civil engineers taking, or should they take, to improve their ability to support deployed military operations? This study concludes that Air Force civil engineering is substantially in step with the evolving character of the current strategies that enable the U.S. military to engage across the spectrum of new and anticipated future world environments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Forecasting Readines
According to many experts, the readiness of America's armed forces has deteriorated throughout the 1990s. In the Air Force, the combat readiness of its fighter aircraft has declined in varying degrees. One of the Air Force's indicators of combat readiness for its aircraft, the mission capable rate, is a rate primarily used to identify the percentage of aircraft that are able to perform their primary missions. From FY94 through FY98, the aggregate Air Force aircraft total not mission capable rate for maintenance (TNMCM) for all aircraft has steadily increased from 14 percent to 18.2 percent while total not mission capable rate for supply (TNMCS) increased from 5.5 percent in FY86 to 17.5 percent in FY00. The Air Force currently uses the Funding/Availability Multi-Method Allocator for Spares (FAMMAS) forecasting model to predict overall mission capable rates for each type of aircraft it has in its inventory. While the FAMMAS model does an excellent job of predicting mission capable rates based on funding data and other associated planning factors, it is does not explain the key drivers that influence mission capable rates, which limits its effectiveness as a management and decision- making tool.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Simulation Based Methodology to Examine the B-1B's AN/ALQ-161 Maintenance Process
This thesis looks at the maintenance procedures associated with the defensive electronic counter measure (ECM) system on the B-1B, designated the AN/ALQ-161. Computer simulation of the current line-replaceable-unit (LRU) maintenance network for Ellsworth AFB and Dyess AFB is modeled. In addition, two hypothetical repair networks are proposed and analyzed. This research considers the applicability of this type of computer simulation, using ARENA software to study the AN/ALQ-161 repair system. The contribution of this research is a discrete simulation methodology specific to the AN/ALQ-161 LRU repair line. Two response variables of interest were addressed, work-in-process and machine utilization. A total of 20 different repair scenarios were analyzed for the three different LRU networks simulated. A best-case scenario is selected from each model and the results are compared to one another.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Space Based Satellite Tracking and Characterization Utilizing Non-Imaging Passive Sensors
A technique is developed to determine the orbit of a sunlight illuminated satellite passing through the field-of-view of a sensor platform in a Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) and Geosynchronous orbit (GEO). The technique develops two different methods of initial orbit determination. The first relies on the Gauss initial orbit determination method to develop an estimate of the state from angular data. The second method relies on positional data of the target relative to the Earth's background to determine an estimate of the state. These estimates are then refined in a non-linear least squares routine. This estimate of the state is then used to identify the target from the Air Force Space Command satellite catalog.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ground Source Heat Pumps vs. Conventional HVAC
The world is undergoing a dramatic transformation with regard to how it produces and consumes energy due to increasing demand from developing nations and diminishing new resource discoveries. In addition, there has been increased concern over the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the environment. All of these issues have created a combined pressure to force the world to begin to redefine how energy is utilized. Geothermal or ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) may provide one potential solution to these problems.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sentinel Chameleon
Sentinel Chameleon: A Concept of Operations for Employment of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Persistent Information Operations in 2030 The year is 2031. Coalition Forces are conducting Foreign Internal Defense and stabilization operations at the request of a terrorist-plagued nation in North-East Africa. There have been credible threats of a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) attack using conventional delivery methods; most likely in the form of a dirty bomb. There is no indication that the host country has an organic WMD capability. A Sentinel Chameleon (SENCHEON) constellation has been operating over a designated area for 37 hours where the coast and the borders of a neighboring country, known to deal in WMD materials, can be closely monitored. The Master Planning Tasking Command and Control Mission Lead (MPTC2ML) is a Marine Corps Joint Forces Commander established by Africa Command (AFRICOM) and has set up headquarters in the troubled country. The MPTC2 center is located in the Coalition Air Operations Center. The Combined Forces Maritime Component Commander (CFMCC), comprised of US Navy combatants from Commander FIFTH Fleet (C5F), has been conducting Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) from the straight of Babel Mandeb to the Northern Kenyan coast. Although piracy interdiction has been successful, the Navy's Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) of suspect vessels has not yielded indications of Chemical Biological Radiological or Nuclear (CBRN) materials. The Combined Forces Land Component Commander (CFLCC) is providing support to boarder control authorities, but for the most part this responsibility has fallen to the host nation. WMD proliferation is growing and the threat to the FID operation is imminent. So, what kind of Unmanned Aerial System is SENCHEON? How is it different from any other? What can it do to help eliminate the threat?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Examination of Latency and Degradation Issues in Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Environments
There are two basic ways to control an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) as it searches for targets: allow the UCAV to act autonomously or employ man-in-the-loop control. There are also two target sets of interest: fixed or mobile targets. This research focuses on UCAV-based targeting of mobile targets using man-in-the-loop control. In particular, the interest is in how levels of satellite signal latency or signal degradation affect the ability to accurately track, target, and attack mobile targets. This research establishes a weapon effectiveness model assessing targeting inaccuracies as a function of signal latency and/or signal degradation. The research involved three phases. The first phase in the research was to identify the levels of signal latency associated with satellite communications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving F-15C Air Combat Training With Distributed Mission Training Advanced Simulation
Air Combat Command is investing in Distributed Mission Training (DMT) to provide realistic mission training to the Combat Air Forces (CAF) using advances in simulation technology. DMT will network advanced simulators (and some real-world systems) to provide combat aircrews with team training in a synthetic wartime environment. F-15C units will be first in the CAF to incorporate DMT; they are confronted with developing training programs utilizing this new tool without previous experience of how to exploit the benefits of simulation for air combat training. This paper seeks to assist syllabus developers by providing a summary of lessons learned from years of air combat simulation study, and applying those lessons to DMT. A comprehensive analysis of air combat simulation training studies provides insight on how to improve F-15C air combat training using DMT. Studies not only demonstrate simulators can provide effective training, but also identify unique benefits and limitations of simulator training, and offer several training program considerations to achieve the most effective results. DMT benefits not available in flight training include unique instruction options, the capability to repeatedly practice desired tasks or missions, and the opportunity to train in complex combat scenarios. Identified limitations include sources of negative training and the lack of physiological stresses or inputs that may be desired in training. For training programs, simulator studies suggest which tasks should be emphasized in DMT, how metrics can identify training needs, who is expected to gain the most benefit from DMT, and how to intermix DMT and flight scheduling to optimize training.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Elimination of Corrosion
United States Air Force aircraft currently average 30 years old. As this aircraft fleet continues to age, the cost of corrosion maintenance, both in terms of dollars spent and lost operational readiness, increases correspondingly. Corrosion maintenance cost the Air Force over $1.5 billion in 2004, and trends show that number quickly rising, as it cost only $800 million in 1998. These rising costs must be reversed before Air Force operations suffer serious detrimental effects. Nanotechnology offers one possible solution for creating new revolutionary anticorrosion coatings capable of adapting to environmental damage and conditions.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stretching the Umbilical Cord
This study addresses the question of whether or not the Air Force should continue to develop a Split Air Operations Center (AOC) capability whose components are geographically separated, electronically connected, and codependent for task accomplishment. The author analyzes the dilemma created by the Joint Forces Air Component Commander's (JFACC's) desire to collocate with both his AOC and the Joint Forces Commander (JFC) at a forward location, counterbalanced by the need to reduce deployed footprint for various reasons ? the most significant of which is to enhance his deployed force protection posture. The study examines the Split AOC as a potential solution to this dilemma. The paper begins by describing a contemporary, collocated AOC structure, as used by the Combat Air Forces' worldwide-deployable Numbered Air Forces. It then contrasts this contemporary AOC with the Split AOC paradigm.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Deep Battle Exploitation in Rapid Decisive Operations
This research offers new doctrine guiding use of airborne forces. The primary method was synthesizing past and current airborne doctrine and practice with recent advances in technology and capabilities to come up with a fresh look at solving airborne problems. The traditional problems encountered by airborne forces are fratricide, assembly delays, aircraft vulnerability to AAA, SAMs, and enemy aircraft, resupply, and vulnerabilities after insertion. These include foot speed maneuver limits, little protection against heavy forces, and potential of being isolated. These problems can be overcome by following a new doctrine of Deep Battle Exploitation building on existing technology improvements like GPS, satellite communications, NVGs, improved intelligence, and data links such as Blue Force Tracker and Link 16. This doctrine integrates overarching Rapid Decisive Operations concepts applied at the operational level and is stated as using multiple (15+) simultaneous airborne force insertions forward of the main battle lines with no requirement of link up operations. These company to battalion size forces will operate like SOF, but focus overtly on JFC objectives in either a supporting or supported role. Implementing this doctrine requires no new aircraft or hardware, but needs significant changes in Army and Air Force doctrine and training in tactics, techniques, and proceduresthat can be done today! Key words: Rapid Decisive Operations (RDO), non-linear, simultaneous, non-contiguous, swarm, Strategic Brigade Airdrop (SBA), Airland Battle, Joint Targeting, airborne, airdrop, air assault, simultaneity and depth.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Effects of Environment on Creep Behavior of Nextel 720/Alumina-Mullite Cermaic Composite at 1200-C
The creep behavior of an oxide-oxide ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated at 1200-C in laboratory air, in steam and in argon. The composite consisted of a porous aluminamullite matrix reinforced with lminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel/720) fibers. The composite had no fiber coating and reliedon its porous alumina/mullite matrix for flaw tolerance. Tensile stress-strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties were measured at 1200C in laboratory air. Tensile creep behavior of the CMCs was examined for creep stress level of 73,91,1114 and 136 MPa. Creep run-out, set to 100h, was achieved for stress levelslt; 91 MPa in air. The presence of steam or argon accelerated the creep rates the N720/AM composite. Optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were used to examine fracture surfaces and to evaluate failure mechanisms. Fracture surfaces of the N720/AM composite were predominately planar. Limited areas of short fiber pull-out were observed for specimens tested at low creep stress levels in air.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Military Space Control
Military space control describes the capability to secure a military asymmetric advantage in space. Space control protects space assets to guarantee access to space services, and at the same time, prevents an enemy from benefiting from resources in space. The tremendous growth in the integration of space systems into today's warfighting machinery is driving a remarkable transition in the military space domain. The growing need for information dominance is the impetus for an increasing military dependence on space services. This reliance on space systems is compelling military decision makers to make key strategic choices about the future of space control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Increasing the Weaponization of Spaces
This paper addresses the issue of weaponization of space, or, more specifically, what would DoD like to do in/from space with weapons and what impedes DoD's ability to do this? Given the current environment, it appears that DoD should take prompt action to: (1) identify the U.S. and DoD policies which must be changed or developed to support weaponization of space; and (2) propose strategies for use of capabilities that result from weaponization of space. A key aspect of this effort will include developing a taxonomy of what it takes to do space control and force application from space, then identifying the specific impediments to each progressively more ambitious weaponization activity. The paper will briefly review current/emerging technologies that could be used to do space control and force application, primarily taking the position that technologies could be available to exploit space within the next 5-20 years if the U.S. decides to pursue their development.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Categorizing High Energy Laser Effects for the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual
With the high risk and cost in fielding High Energy Laser (HEL) weapon systems, the development process must include computer simulation models of weapon system performance from the engineering level up to predicting the military worth of employing specific systems in a combat scenario. This research effort focuses on defining how to measure lethality for HEL weapons in an Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) scenario. In order to create an effective measure for direct comparison between the emerging laser weapon system and existing conventionally delivered weapons, lase time in seconds is presented as a measure comparable to rounds required to cause the desired effect at the target. An examination of input parameters which influence the output power of the laser at the target and thus the required lase time is presented with particular attention being paid to atmospheric conditions and vulnerable bucket size.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shaping the Engineer Force for the Asymmetric Threat
This monograph looks at the current state of the divisional engineer capability in both the heavy and light U.S. Army divisions. Its intent is to determine whether or not the divisional engineers are sufficiently capable of dealing with the challenges of the emerging asymmetric environment. The central theme behind this investigation is to investigate how world has changed since the end of the cold war and whether or not Army Engineers are reacting to the changes. The loss of the global bipolar environment has given way to a new era of increased instability and the emergence of dangerous asymmetric threats. The Army has begun the process of adapting to the new environment thru a long term Transformation process that will eventually yield the Objective Force. Unfortunately, it will be several years before that force is ready to be used and the current force must be ready to counter real world threats. The methodology for this paper began with an investigation of the new asymmetric environment. The Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) was chosen as the best model to compare engineer capabilities to. Divisional engineer capabilities were compared to several key principals that an asymmetric foe will likely use and a prioritized list of shortfalls was developed. The investigation looked at possible solutions to the shortfalls through reliance on echelon above division (EAD) augmentation and the new force developments embodied in the Force XXI concept and the Interim Force concept. The solutions suggested by EAD augmentation and force modernization both proved inadequate to overcome the shortfalls. The temporary solution to engineer shortfalls lies with a reorganization of engineer structure within the heavy and light "legacy" divisions. This reorganization calls for the inclusion of several engineer capabilities that are not currently resident in the division structure. The most significant of these are the addition of a modest general engineering capability andThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reclaiming Lost Ground
Airborne Electronic Attack is a critical component of offensive counter air as evidenced by air operations during Vietnam through Operation Allied Force. The decisions Air Force leaders make not to fund AEA in a fiscally constrained environment reveal how service culture views electronic warfare. Multiple theorists on military mission development provide insight into how a service develops a mission. A survey of military innovation literature reveals three complementary models for how a military service evolves in its core mission areas, however, fringe mission development requires a fourth theory on how an organization allocates limited resources. Dr. Barry R. Posen identifies civilian intervention against resistant military leadership as the key item in military innovation. Dr. Stephen Peter Rosen concludes that military innovation occurs as the military institution recognizes it must change to meet new international security situations, and internal groups within the service compete. Owen Reid Cot offers a third proposition on the source of innovation; the military changes dramatically when services compete. Asa A. Clark, IV surveys how militaries reform under budgetary constraints. This thesis integrates the four mission development theories using an adaptation of John W. Kingdon garbage can model.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Security Force Assistance Logistics
When are a nation's security forces deemed self-reliant? Security force assistance (SFA) is one process of building or rebuilding a nation's security forces. If the ultimate goal of SFA is producing a self-reliant force capable of responding to a nation's security requirements, then accurately assessing that force's ability to sustain itself should be of great interest to assisting and assisted nations alike. A self-reliant security force with an autonomous sustainment system gives the assisted nation a measure of independence and self-determination. In turn, the assisting nation benefits from the regional (perhaps even global) stability generated in addition to relief from having to provide trainers, materiel, and funding. This monograph proposes that fully integrating efforts to build logistics capability, capacity, and infrastructure into the overall SFA effort will produce enduring, self-reliant foreign security forces able to sustain themselves across the spectrum of the logistics functions. However, achieving self-reliance not only requires the integration of efforts. It also means providing honest assessment and appraisal of the foreign security force (FSF) by the assisting nation's advisors and senior leaders. Not fully integrating logistics development into our SFA programs or not providing candid assessments of SFA logistics efforts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and future venues risks the formation of unsustainable security force structures that will ultimately collapse after assistance ends.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Piezo-Electrochemical Transducer Effect Intercalated Graphite Micro-Electromechanical Actuators
The purpose of this research is to investigate the Piezo-Electrochemical Transducer (PECT) effect in intercalated graphite as a possible mechanism of actuation for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). This dissertation presents the results of research into the PECT effect in H2SO4-intercalated graphitized carbon fibers, including both electrical and mechanical characteristics of this effect. PECT fibers achieve up to 1.7% strain at 1.4 V of applied potential. In contrast, the piezoelectric material polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) generates only 0.01% strain and polysilicon thermal expansion between 0.02 and 0.06% strain depending on the thermal conductivity of the particular polysilicon that the actuators are fabricated in.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessing Capabilities of the High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System Through Combat Simulations
High Energy Laser (HEL) technology continues to improve and its place in the battlefield is ever evolving. By combining the high energy delivery of solid state laser technology with the efficient thermal management of liquid laser technology, HELLADS has two main advantages over any HEL predecessors. One, the configuration is small and light enough to be carried on more tactical aircraft such as fighters. Two, the thermal management greatly increases HEL fire power by increasing dwell time on target. To assess HELLADS operational capabilities the test community has been challenged with how to effectively examine the advantages and limitations through a cost effective manner. Modeling and simulation supports this assessment as it yields itself easily to relatively low cost and robust testing methodologies. The challenge comes with building credible models through validation and verification of test parameters and scenarios. An Air Force Standard Analysis Toolkit model, the Extended Air Defense Simulation Model (EADSIM), is used in this study to meet these challenges. This research effort focuses on the assessment of the HELLADS operational capabilities through EADSIM. Of particular interest is the investigation of the envisioned HELLADS operational envelope and the potential advantages it offers over other HEL systems. Scenarios are applied to represent the Homeland Defense arena in which HELLADS is proposed to operate. Specifically this study explores what factors impact HELLADS effectiveness and suitability in the Homeland Defense scenarios examined.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Next Generation Munitions Handler Prototype Acquisition Campaign
The Air Force will improve the quality of the aircraft munitions loading process by fielding a new generation of munition handling equipment that incorporates emerging telerobotics technology. An active program is underway to develop an Next Generation Munitions Handler (NGMH) Advanced Technology Demonstrator (ATD). This project uses air campaign planning principals to address the development of the technology roadmap and dual use business case study required to transition the ATD into a full-scale prototype. A discussion of the history and performance requirements for telerobotic munition handling is provided as a background for creation of an initial critical technologies list. The maturity level and validity of that list is investigated through an intelligence preparation operation that supports the election of nine specific technology targets. Courses of action to bring those technologies to commercial-off-the-shelf availability are explored. Scenarios for technology application in a range of alternative military and commercial applications lay the groundwork for development of a dual use business case. Civilian industry coalition partners were identified. Creation of a full scale NGMH prototype acquisition campaign is now possible.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Characterization of Functionally Graded Materials
The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of a functionally graded material through experimentation and analytical modeling. Functionally graded materials are a ceramic metal composite which transitions from metal on one face to ceramic on the opposite face. Creating reliable models required verifying the material properties. This was accomplished through the use of a static modulus of elasticity test as well as a dynamic ping test. The natural frequencies from the dynamic test were compared with finite element models to determine which material properties most accurately represented the functionally graded material. It was found that the material properties established experimentally by Hill and Lin produced the best models. A fracture surface was examined to determine the failure criteria for the prediction of failure in a cyclic loading scenario. It was determined that the material would fail in a brittle manner and the maximum principle stresses should be used to predict failure.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Optimal Adoption of Green Roofs
New growth within established communities puts undue pressure on existing infrastructure which in turn, drives tax rate increases for all residents to cover. However, there are sustainable methods that municipalities can turn to that diminishes the local impacts of new growth on the community. Based on the absorptive nature of green roofs, the delayed release of stored rainfall volume diminishes the instances of combined sewer outflows as well as reduces the need for increased infrastructure to convey and treat stormwater discharge. A municipality can introduce planned percentages of green roof coverage which will diminish infrastructure improvement costs over time and increase the population's sustainable footprint. By employing the curve number method for determining runoff volumes from specific rain events and attaching cost-per-unit increase values to the interacting variables, the runoff-cost model produces cost curves in relation to the percentages of green roof coverage. From this runoff-cost model, (based on a specific area), a calculated 40% green roof coverage can be fully reimbursed to the builders through tax abatements, eliminating the perceived cost premium of green over conventional roofs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Robotics
New technology may be able to help answer the cries to reduce casualties resulting from friendly fire and collateral damage, as well as assist the military in performing urban operations. Unmanned vehicles, whether air, land or sea, are one means to get our airmen, soldiers, marines, and sailors out of harm's way and are most likely a key driver to an upcoming revolution in military affairs (RMA) for all services. The major objective of the paper is to bring attention to Tactical Mobile Robots (TMR) and hopefully encourage follow-on studies and to cultivate an enthusiasm to employ them correctly to help get our troops out of harms way and win battles. This study focuses primarily on the use of TMRs in the special operations environment. The paper discusses the current and immediate TMR capabilities; key logistics concerns regarding maintenance, supply, and transportation; and two possible scenarios, one in an unconstrained battlefield and the other in an urban environment. The data collected was primarily via conducting interviews and witnessing experiments and they highlight a few barriers, which must be addressed if unmanned platforms are to keep pace with congressional orders.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
