Learn Persian
Learn Persian has a step-by-step organized and structured framework of modern Persian words; grammar, short syntactical phrases and idiomatic expressions. It would undoubtedly open doors to a Persian heritage as much as it slowly trains the eager learner in spoken Persian as well.
The Structure of Arabic
The Structure of Arabic: A Workbook in the Ten Measures is a comprehensive guide and workbook in the ten measures of Arabic words, the backbone of the Arabic lexical system, and provides a systematic explanation of the root and pattern system that forms the basis of most Arabic words.Successful Arabic learners have long recognized mastery of these measures and patterns as key to understanding the Arabic language. With knowledge of this system, learners will be able to predict the meaning of unfamiliar words, recognize the function of words, and understand correct pronunciation of Arabic words, making vocabulary acquisition and retention easier. This unique textbook introduces measures and patterns sequentially across ten chapters, helping learners to navigate the topics in a logical manner. Without complicated jargon or technical language, this easy-to-understand textbook demystifies key topics in Arabic grammar. Comparative sentences which encapsulate the differences between measures give context, and exercises within the chapters serve to consolidate the learners' grasp of the material presented.Designed to supplement both class-based Arabic courses and independent study, The Structure of Arabic will help learners of Arabic at all levels of competency to improve their vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, and comprehension.
Twelve Essential Upanishads Volume I
The Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad focuses on the fire sacrifice (agni-hotra), which shapes the worldview of ancient Vedic culture. The fire sacrifice becomes a metaphor for the universe. The heavens, sky, earth, man and woman are seen as altars of burning fire. All life is a sacrificial fire. Feed that fire! Cover photo: A Hindu priest in Kerala, India performs a fire sacrifice (agni-hotra) and throws offerings into the consecrated fire.The Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, also known as the "Great Forest Upanishad," holds a prominent place among the principal Upanishads, which form the foundation of Hindu spiritual thought. Though part of the oldest Hindu traditions, the concepts are not bound by geography and historical time, or even Hinduism itself. They are human and universal teachings which offer valuable insights and serve as a comprehensive source of knowledge for seekers of truth.One of the great accomplishments of modern comparative religion is the distinction that can be made between belief and faith. This was first brought to our attention by the theologian Wilford Cantwell Smith, who made this distinction back in the 1960s, in his book The Meaning and End of Religion. There he drew the distinction that within what we call religion are actually two components, an accumulated religious tradition and religious faith itself. The architecture, music, scriptures, doctrines, forms of dress, prayers, and even foods, etc., all form what he called the accumulated religious tradition. And then lying at the foundation of this accumulated tradition is the actual religious faith itself. The two interact: Faith produces the religious tradition in the first place and then in turn is nurtured and supported by that accumulated tradition. If we accept this distinction, that belief and faith are not the same, then we realize that what one believes, the doctrines, the creeds, the theology, etc., are part of an accumulated tradition and therefore subject to change. "This translation has been made by a Westerner who is also a practitioner. Given my Western perspective and knowing the distinction between faith and belief, I have tried to work with these sacred texts to find relevant meaning for who I am as a Westerner schooled in the West, but who is deeply involved in India and Hindu traditions. Being freed from the constraints of needing a vedānta, whether in the tradition of Shankara, Ramanuja or Madhva, allows me to look at these Upanishads in a new way."The text of an ancient document is a snapshot of how things were at the time the particular document was composed. These Upanishads were first composed thousands of years ago, and therefore, we are looking back in time, seeing the state of religious thinking and practice in India at that time. Yet the Upanishads are valuable and sacred works that also speak to our time and beyond India. They are human yearnings for ultimate meaning and therefore a part of human religious thinking. The Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad explores the metaphysical concepts and philosophical inquiries regarding the nature of the ultimate reality. It delves into profound contemplations on the origin and nature of the universe, the Supreme Force (brahma), and the relationship between the individual self (ātmā) and the cosmic consciousness. Through intricate and poetic dialogues, it explores the nature of existence, creation, and the interconnectedness of all things.
Learning Thai with h璽i ให้
Learning Thai with h璽i ให้The Audio files can be downloaded free from the following website: www.thaibooks.neth璽i ให้, along with words like d璽ai ได,้ lɛɛ́u แล้ว and kɔ̂ɔ ก็, is one of the most important words in the Thai language.When speaking Thai, it is important to understand the correct usage of the verb h璽i ให้ in everyday speech. One simple way to use the verb h璽i ให้ is "to give something to someone". It is used in a similar manner as the English verb "to give".In addition, h璽i ให้ is used as a causative verb which has several different meanings depending on the situation, and the way it is spoken. It can be translated into English as to let, to allow, to make and even to order or to force someone to do something.In some situations h璽i ให้ is better translated into English as the preposition "for", "for you", "for me" etc. It is also oftenused in idiomatic phrases where it carries no meaning itself but denotes only the sense of a command.Thais use the verb h璽i ให้ in an intuitive way in a variety of situations in order to express feelings, wishes, commands and nuances of meaning while communicating with each other every day. If you learn this word well, you will be rewarded.
Learning Thai with d璽ai ได้ Book I - Secrets 1-14
Whether you are a beginner or an advanced learner, you certainly want to learn to speak Thai fluently. This book will take you a long way towards your goal. d璽ai ได้ is one of the most common words in Thai. It is a multifunctional helping verb and is used by Thais in several different ways. It has many distinct meanings depending on where it is placed in a sentence and which other words are used with it. With this book you won't just learn how to use d璽ai ได้ but will also acquire a deeper knowledge of the Thai language in general. Included are: - complete and informative written examples - audio spoken by native speakers - highlights and explanations of d璽ai's ได้ usage - sections of simple and easy to understand advice - useful hints and tips on d璽ai ได้ and the spoken Thai language Furthermore, you will get to see the language "through the eyes of d璽ai ได้". Study this book and you will be rewarded; your Thai friends will be amazed at your deep understanding of the subtleties of their language. In the Book II (Secrets 15-22) you will learn how to use Thai tenses.
Workbook for Learning Elementary Arabic 101
The Workbook for Learning Elementary Arabic 101 is intended to provide early learners of Arabic with easy steps to master pronunciation, reading, writing, listening, and comprehension. Beginners often note that they need ample practice with the letters to help them build a strong Arabic foundation. This workbook provides tools to address this need. It facilitates learning with examples, and it offers a collection of audio-lingual exercises for use individually, in groups, and inside and outside the classroom setting.
Modern Persian, Elementary Level
Modern Persian, Elementary Level is a textbook of the Persian language spoken in Iran. It is intended for university-level learners and features material for two consecutive semesters of elementary Persian. The textbook aims to facilitate the implementation of the most recent trends in language instruction by emphasizing the basic tenets of flipped learning and practicing the communicative language teaching methodology with the student-centric approach to language instruction. With its real-world topics; high-frequency structures and vocabulary; thematic presentation of material; a plethora of engaging speaking activities in each chapter; dedicated listening, reading and writing sections; and integration of cultural material, this textbook is an integrated, straightforward and culture-conscious way to acquiring functional proficiency in spoken and written Persian. Complete with a companion website, over 300 audio and video presentations, answer key, a searchable audio dictionary and a special appendix for instructors that features classroom activity materials for the entire year, this textbook makes for an innovative and modern language-learning resource that is available in print and in an E-book format. Extra features and accompanying online resources make this textbook an effective option for those who wish to learn the language on their own. The theoretical framework and underlying linguistic philosophy of the book, its methodology and practical approach to language instruction, format, and learning objectives are based on the latest trends in foreign language instruction defined by the Modern Language Association and the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. The material of the textbook also reflects the 5 Cs of National Standards in Foreign Language Education. Modern Persian, Elementary Level features all the attributes necessary for the implementation of modern practices in foreign language instruction such as context-based teaching for real-world objectives, integrated approach toward all language skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing), thematic presentation of material, differentiation between proficiency and competence, and student-centred classrooms. The curriculum, lessons plans, exercises and activities that inspired the material of the chapters have been tested at Cornell University for several years with groups of students from beginners with no background in Persian to Persian-heritage students, undergraduate and graduate students, and even faculty members from other fields. Feedback from students has been considered and incorporated in the development of the textbook. Modern Persian, Elementary Level is inspired by the author's extensive years of experience in designing and teaching less-commonly-taught language programs and is informed by the experiences, research, and data across various modern languages. The textbook is intended to train literate Persian speakers and teaches familiarity with both colloquial pronunciation and written spelling as practised naturally by Persian native speakers.
Yallā Part Two: Volume 2
Based on the latest teaching techniques, Yallā is a comprehensive introduction to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), helping students to acquire fluency and accuracy in the language. It is split into two volumes that support students as they advance through their understanding: the first for beginners, and the second for intermediate learners. The textbook focuses on the four major language skills - reading, listening, writing, and speaking - and emphasizes the development of effective learning strategies. Each chapter includes a wide selection of materials that introduce new vocabulary and grammar structures whilst reinforcing previous material. Communication-oriented activities such as role-playing and interviews enable accurate and productive language use, while writing is presented systematically and reflects real-life communication. Each volume also includes a grammar reference section, which makes assimilation easier by drawing on common points between the student's knowledge of English and of Arabic.
Yallā Part One: Volume 1
Based on the latest teaching techniques, Yallā is a comprehensive introduction to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), helping students to acquire fluency and accuracy in the language. It is split into two volumes that support students as they advance through their understanding: the first for beginners, and the second for intermediate learners. The textbook focuses on the four major language skills - reading, listening, writing, and speaking - and emphasizes the development of effective learning strategies. Each chapter includes a wide selection of materials that introduce new vocabulary and grammar structures whilst reinforcing previous material. Communication-oriented activities such as role-playing and interviews enable accurate and productive language use, while writing is presented systematically and reflects real-life communication. Each volume also includes a grammar reference section, which makes assimilation easier by drawing on common points between the student's knowledge of English and of Arabic.
Yallā Part One: Volume 1
Based on the latest teaching techniques, Yallā is a comprehensive introduction to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), helping students to acquire fluency and accuracy in the language. It is split into two volumes that support students as they advance through their understanding: the first for beginners, and the second for intermediate learners. The textbook focuses on the four major language skills - reading, listening, writing, and speaking - and emphasizes the development of effective learning strategies. Each chapter includes a wide selection of materials that introduce new vocabulary and grammar structures whilst reinforcing previous material. Communication-oriented activities such as role-playing and interviews enable accurate and productive language use, while writing is presented systematically and reflects real-life communication. Each volume also includes a grammar reference section, which makes assimilation easier by drawing on common points between the student's knowledge of English and of Arabic.
Continuing Vietnamese
"Quite simply the most serious early intermediate textbook currently available for thoughtful American students at the university level." --Professor Stephen O'Harrow, Director, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa This is a second-year, intermediate Vietnamese language course designed for high school, college or self-study. Continuing Vietnamese is your next step toward master; it follows the best-selling, linguistically-based Elementary Vietnamese, and helps you progress to an intermediate level of communicating in Vietnamese. Invaluable for anyone planning to travel, study or work in Vietnam, this complete language course has been extensively tested at Harvard University. The accompanying native-speaker audio helps to develop listening comprehension and ensure correct pronunciation. The book contains ten lessons, each composed of two parts. Part 1, the dialogue part, introduces the learner to conversational Vietnamese as it's currently spoken in Hanoi so that the learner will be able to participate in engaging conversation on a variety of topics. Part 2, the narrative part, includes written materials that are characteristic of formal Vietnamese. It aims to develop the learner's reading and writing skills as well as speaking skills. The lessons focuse on various aspects of life in present-day Vietnam, including topics such as culture, history, geography, economy, theater, music, tourism, literature, poetry, cinema and sports. Each lesson helps you to learn Vietnamese by building your Vietnamese proficiency using several complementary elements to thoroughly develop your skills in reading, writing, listening and speaking. Key features of Continuing Vietnamese include: Online audio recordings offering native speakers' renditions of all the dialogues and narratives, vocabulary, grammar and usage explanations, everyday Vietnamese expressions, pronunciation drills and exercises, and even some popular Vietnamese proverbs. Exercises and practice activities which hone your skills throughout the learning process. Cultural notes that help bring Vietnam to life. A contemporary focus on today's Vietnamese speech patterns. A format that sharpens all four language skills: listening, speaking, writing and reading.All media content is alternatively accessible on the Tuttle Publishing website.
A Dictionary of Arabic Idioms and Expressions
Are you at your wits' end (ضاقت بك الأرض) trying to master the Arabic language (تجيد اللغة)? With thousands of entries, this dictionary will help you to rattle off (تحدر حدراً) idioms and expressions in no time (في لمح البصر). The ability to use and understand idioms and expressions often marks the difference between a language-learning beginner and a natural-sounding language user. This dictionary translates over 8,000 Arabic idioms and expressions into English, covering a wide range of situations and registers. It helps intermediate and advanced learners of Arabic working in fields including translation, academia and business to hone their skills, and is equally useful to native Arabic speakers involved in translating and interpreting from Arabic to English.
Arabic Writing in the Digital Age
The written and spoken forms of Arabic have been traditionally viewed as separate forms of the language that rarely overlap in writing, but this book will examine the recently emerged concept of 'mixed' writing that combines both written and spoken forms.
Yallā Part Two: Volume 2
Based on the latest teaching techniques, Yallā is a comprehensive introduction to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), helping students to acquire fluency and accuracy in the language. It is split into two volumes that support students as they advance through their understanding: the first for beginners, and the second for intermediate learners. The textbook focuses on the four major language skills - reading, listening, writing, and speaking - and emphasizes the development of effective learning strategies. Each chapter includes a wide selection of materials that introduce new vocabulary and grammar structures whilst reinforcing previous material. Communication-oriented activities such as role-playing and interviews enable accurate and productive language use, while writing is presented systematically and reflects real-life communication. Each volume also includes a grammar reference section, which makes assimilation easier by drawing on common points between the student's knowledge of English and of Arabic.
Learning Hindi
Learn to speak Hindi quickly! This book teaches you the basics of the Hindi language, including practical daily conversations and vocabulary. It enables you to begin communicating effectively from the very first day. All Hindi words and sentences are given in the native script and romanized words, with English translations. Useful notes and explanations on pronunciation, the Hindi script, greetings and requests, basic sentence patterns and vocabulary, idiomatic expressions and etiquette dos and don'ts are all included. A useful bi-directional dictionary of commonly-used Hindi words and phrases is provided at the back. Key features of this book include: Carefully constructed lessons designed for beginning adult learnersBasic sentence patterns and vocabulary used in daily conversationsSuitable for self-study learners as well as beginner level classesHindi script and romanized versions of all Hindi texts with English translationsCultural notes for understanding Indian customs and normsFree native-speaker audio recordings of the dialogues, vocabulary and exercises are available online teaching the reader to pronounce the Hindi words and phrases in the book correctly. Free printable flash cards are also available for further practice.
The Most Magic Word
This book brings together a valuable collection of 14 previously published essays (and one not published) filled with insight and erudition by William L. Moran. He for many years was the Andrew Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Harvard University. He had studied with W. F. Albright, Benno Landsberger, and Thorkild Jacobson and taught Assyriology at Harvard. They include "The Creation of Man in Atrahasis I 192-249"; "New Evident from Mari on the History of Prophecy"; The ANE Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy"; "The Babylonian Job" and "The epic of Gilgamesh: A Document of Ancient Humanism."
Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic: Advanced to Superior Level is designed to prepare students with Intermediate High proficiency in standard Arabic to move successfully towards Advanced to Superior level. Following the communicative-proficiency-learner approach, the book uses guided learning strategies, which encourage students to collaborate, share information, and negotiate meaning through critical study and analysis of the topics. This teaching methodology promotes the learning of four key skills in the use of modern standard Arabic: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Drawing on the authors' long experience in teaching Arabic, and training Arabic teachers at all levels, the book includes twenty lessons, accompanied by a range of supplementary online materials including short stories, essays, plays, poems, interviews, and audio and video clips. The combination of authentic texts with multimedia material showing real people and places, enlivens Arabic instruction and engenders an appreciation of Arabic language, culture and society.
Elementary Arabic
Embark on a journey into the richness and complexity of the Arabic language with this comprehensive guide. Professor Reynold A. Nicholson expertly guides readers through the fundamentals of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, providing a solid foundation for further study or practical use.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An English-Arabic Vocabulary for the Use of Students of the Colloquial
A comprehensive dictionary of vocabulary for use in conversational Arabic among students. This work serves as an excellent reference for learners of the Arabic language.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Brevis Linguae Arabicae Grammatica, Litteratura, Chrestomathia Cum Glossario
Learn the essentials of Arabic grammar with this concise guide by Julius Heinrich Petermann. This book includes a grammar overview, literary selections for study, and a glossary for easy reference, making it an ideal resource for students and scholars alike. Whether you are learning Arabic for personal or professional reasons, this book is an invaluable tool in your language studies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Grammar of the Arabic Language
Forbes provides a clear, concise guide to the Arabic language that is ideal for students preparing for the East India Civil Service or for anyone who wants to improve their understanding of this important language. The book covers all aspects of Arabic grammar and syntax, and includes numerous exercises and examples to help reinforce learning.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
First Lessons in English and Tamul
Originally published in the late 19th century, this unique language textbook offers a window into the world of Tamil speakers in colonial India. Part 1 includes basic English grammar and vocabulary, presented in a way that is tailored to the needs of a Tamil-speaking audience.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Grammar of the L繳sh獺i Language
This comprehensive guide to the L繳sh獺i language is an essential resource for anyone seeking to learn this fascinating language. Shaha's book features illustrative examples and translations of popular L繳sh獺i songs, as well as translations of classic fables.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dialogues In Telugu And English
A guide to the Telugu language, with dialogues presented in both Telugu and English and grammatical analysis by Charles Philip Brown.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
English-arabic Vocabulary And Dialogues For The Use Of The Army And Navy
Originally published in 1915 for the use of British soldiers and sailors stationed in the Middle East, this book is a practical and comprehensive guide to the Arabic language. Featuring detailed vocabulary lists and dialogues for common situations, as well as helpful cultural notes and pronunciation guides, this book is a valuable resource for anyone learning Arabic, whether for military or civilian purposes.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Compendio Da Grammatica Arabica Abbreviado
This concise guide to Arabic grammar is an essential resource for anyone looking to master the language. With clear explanations and easy-to-follow examples, Compendio da Grammatica Arabica provides a solid foundation in the structure and syntax of Arabic. Whether you're a beginner or a more advanced learner, this book is sure to help you achieve your language goals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Avesta Grammar In Comparison With Sanskrit
This book is a comprehensive guide to the grammar of the Avestan language, the language of the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. The book compares Avesta with Sanskrit, another ancient Indo-European language and provides an introduction to the history, literature, and religion of the Avesta. The book is an essential resource for scholars and students interested in the comparative study of Indo-European languages and the history and culture of ancient Iran.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Primary Sources, Historical Collections
This is a comprehensive guide to the grammar of ancient Persian. It includes primary sources and historical collections to help readers understand the language in its cultural and historical context.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Grammar of Arabic
A Grammar of Arabic models a new framework for studying varieties of Arabic comparatively, highlighting the patterns of variation and consistency, and showing how different styles, from primarily spoken and casual to primarily written and formal, are linguistically interrelated.This non-traditional reference grammar is structured around patterns of usage rather than prescriptive rules, aligning function with form and taking advantage of general principles of language. Using data from Classical Arabic, Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and dialects spoken in Morocco, Egypt, Sudan, the Levant, Iraq, and the Arabian Gulf, this grammar examines the actual usage of these language varieties, broadening understanding of Arabic dialects from a linguistics perspective while also giving readers the ability to engage language diversity.Designed for instructors, researchers, and advanced students of Arabic, A Grammar of Arabic explores Arabic from an internally comparative perspective that will also be valuable to theoretical linguists.
Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Kanashi
Kanashi, a Sino-Tibetan (ST) language belonging to the West Himalayish (WH) subbranch of this language family, is spoken in one single village (Malana in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh state, India), which is surrounded by villages where - entirely unrelated - Indo-Aryan (IA) languages are spoken. Until we started working on Kanashi, very little linguistic material was available. Researchers have long speculated about the prehistory of Kanashi: how did it happen that it ended up spoken in one single village, completely cut off from its closest linguistic relatives? Even though suggestions have been made of a close genealogical relation between Kanashi and Kinnauri (another WH language), at present separated by over 200 km of rugged mountainous terrain, their shared linguistic features have not been discussed in the literature. Based on primary fieldwork, this volume presents some synchronic and diachronic aspects of Kanashi. The synchronic description of Kanashi includes a general introduction on Malana and the Kanashi language community (chapter 1), linguistic descriptions of its sound system (chapter 2), of phonological variation in Kanashi (chapter 4), of its grammar (chapter 3) and of its intriguing numeral systems (chapter 5), as well as basic vocabulary lists (Kanashi-English, English-Kanashi) (chapter 9). As for the diachronic and genealogical aspects (chapters 6-8), we compare and contrast Kanashi with other ST languages of this region (in particular languages of Kinnaur, notably Kinnauri), thereby uncovering some intriguing linguistic features common to Kanashi and Kinnauri which provide insights into their common history. For instance: a subset of borrowed IA nouns and adjectives in both languages end in -(a)ŋ or -(a)s, elements which do not otherwise appear in Kanashi or Kinnauri, nor in the IA donor languages (chapter 6); and both languages have a valency changing mechanism where the valency increasing marker -jaː alternates with the intransitive marker -e(d) in borrowed IA verbs (again: elements without an obvious provenance in the donor or recipient language) (chapter 7). These features are neither found in IA languages nor in the WH languages geographically closest to Kanashi (Pattani, Bunan, Tinani), but only in Kinnauri, which is spoken further away. Intriguingly, traces of some of these features are also found in some ST languages belonging to different ST subgroups (both WH and non-WH), spoken in Uttarakhand in India and in western Nepal (e.g. Rongpo, Chaudangsi, Raji and Raute). This raises fundamental questions regarding genealogical classification, language contact and prehistory of the WH group of languages and of this part of the Indian Himalayas, which are also discussed in the volume (chapter 8).
Learn Hindi for Beginners - Basic Hindi Simplified for You
Dive into the vibrant world of Hindi with our beginner-friendly guide! ����✨ Are you eager to learn Hindi but not sure where to kick things off? Look no further! Our book, "Learn Hindi for Beginners," is your ultimate roadmap to mastering the language with ease and confidence.Packed with engaging lessons, this book guides you seamlessly through Hindi grammar essentials, pronunciation nuances, rich vocabulary, and essential sentence structures. Whether you're a student ����, a wanderlust traveler ✈️, or simply intrigued by India's language and culture ��������, this is your golden ticket to diving deep!Don't just dream it, do it! Embark on a thrilling odyssey into the heart of Hindi language and culture today with "Learn Hindi for Beginners."���� Here's a sneak peek into the chapters we'll explore: Chapter 1: Introduction to Hindi LanguageChapter 2: Alphabet and PronunciationChapter 3: Greetings and Basic ConversationChapter 4: Numbers and CountingChapter 5: Grammar BasicsChapter 6: Adjectives and AdverbsChapter 7: Verbs and TensesChapter 8: Nouns and ArticlesChapter 9: Questions and NegationChapter 10: Idioms and ExpressionsChapter 11: Writing SystemChapter 12: Honorfics in HindiChapter 13: Slang and ColloquialismsChapter 14: Hindi VocabularyAnimals vocabularyFamily vocabularyTime vocabularyColors vocabularyShapes vocabularyWeather vocabularyTransportation vocabularyFood vocabularyFruits vocabularyVegetables vocabularyEmotions vocabulary
Colloquial Persian
Colloquial Persian: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed to provide a step-by-step course to Persian as it is written and spoken today. Combining a clear, practical, and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Persian in a broad range of situations.Each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points across different key topics for communicating in Persian. This fourth edition offers thoroughly updated and expanded cultural notes, refined language points offering greater clarity and understanding of the most difficult points, a clearer introduction to the Persian script, and new audio material. Balanced, comprehensive, and rewarding, Colloquial Persian is an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Persian. No prior knowledge of the language is required.Key features include: - A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills.- Jargon-free, succinct, and clearly structured explanations of grammar.- An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises.- Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations.- Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in Iran.- An overview of the sounds of Persian.Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. The audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Basic Emirati Arabic
Basic Emirati Arabic: A Grammar and Workbook is an elementary-level grammar book of the variety of Gulf Arabic spoken in the United Arab Emirates.In this book, a series of compact units provide brief and concise descriptions of the fundamental grammatical structures, accompanied by examples drawn from Emirati native language speakers and several exercises assessing the learner's understanding and mastery of the grammatical structure discussed. A key to these exercises is also provided so that learners can self-assess their progress and obtain immediate feedback.This book is intended for beginner learners who would like to engage with this variety of Arabic and learn its basic grammatical structure through practice. It is additionally a valuable tool for language teachers of Emirati and Gulf Arabic as well as learners of Modern Standard Arabic who would like access to a basic reference of the dialect.
The Case System of Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages
This book presents a typological overview of the case system of Eastern Indo-Aryan (EIA) languages. It utilizes a cognitive framework to analyse and compare the case markers of seven EIA languages: Angika, Asamiya, Bhojpuri, Bangla, Magahi, Maithili and Odia. The book introduces semantic maps, which have hitherto not been used for Indian languages, to plot the scope of different case markers and facilitate cross-linguistic comparison of these languages. It also offers a detailed questionnaire specially designed for fieldwork and data collection which will be extremely useful to researchers involved in the study of case.A unique look into the linguistic traditions of South Asia, the book will be indispensable to academicians, researchers, and students of language studies, linguistics, literature, cognitive science, psychology, language technologies and South Asian studies. It will also be useful for linguists, typologists, grammarians and those interested in the study of Indian languages.
Compendio Da Grammatica Arabica Abbreviado
This concise guide to Arabic grammar is an essential resource for anyone looking to master the language. With clear explanations and easy-to-follow examples, Compendio da Grammatica Arabica provides a solid foundation in the structure and syntax of Arabic. Whether you're a beginner or a more advanced learner, this book is sure to help you achieve your language goals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dialogues In Telugu And English
A guide to the Telugu language, with dialogues presented in both Telugu and English and grammatical analysis by Charles Philip Brown.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Brevis Linguae Arabicae Grammatica, Litteratura, Chrestomathia Cum Glossario
Learn the essentials of Arabic grammar with this concise guide by Julius Heinrich Petermann. This book includes a grammar overview, literary selections for study, and a glossary for easy reference, making it an ideal resource for students and scholars alike. Whether you are learning Arabic for personal or professional reasons, this book is an invaluable tool in your language studies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Primary Sources, Historical Collections
Designed to teach the rudiments of the Persian language in a practical way. It is systematically arranged for the use of those who have no previous knowledge of the language, but it is sufficiently comprehensive to serve also as a work of reference for scholars. It is especially a self-instructor for those who cannot take lessons with a teacher.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Primary Sources, Historical Collections
Written by Sorabshaw Byramji Doctor, this comprehensive guide to Persian grammar is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning this rich and complex language. With a foreword by T.S. Wentworth, this book includes detailed explanations of grammar rules, as well as exercises to help readers practice their skills. Whether you're a seasoned linguist or simply interested in Persian culture, this book is an invaluable reference.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Oriya Grammar For English Students
Learn the grammar of the Oriya language with ease with this comprehensive guide. Written specifically for English students, it provides a clear and concise overview of the language, making it perfect for students of all levels.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Primary Sources, Historical Collections
This is a comprehensive guide to the grammar of ancient Persian. It includes primary sources and historical collections to help readers understand the language in its cultural and historical context.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
![Kurzgefasste Arabische Sprachlehre Zur Schnellen Erlernung Der Vulg瓣r-arabischen Sprache, Wie Dieselbe In Ganz Egypten Und Am Rothen Meere Gesprochen Wird, Nebst W繹rterbuch [&c.]](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/2263/9781021582263.webp "Kurzgefasste Arabische Sprachlehre Zur Schnellen Erlernung Der Vulg瓣r-arabischen Sprache, Wie Dieselbe In Ganz Egypten Und Am Rothen Meere Gesprochen Wird, Nebst W繹rterbuch [&c.]")
Kurzgefasste Arabische Sprachlehre Zur Schnellen Erlernung Der Vulg瓣r-arabischen Sprache, Wie Dieselbe In Ganz Egypten Und Am Rothen Meere Gesprochen Wird, Nebst W繹rterbuch [&c.]
Designed to help readers quickly learn the Arabic language as it is spoken in Egypt and along the Red Sea, Julius Leopold W. Winckler's language guide is an essential resource for anyone interested in mastering this complex language. With a comprehensive dictionary and easy-to-follow grammar guide, this book is ideal for students, scholars, and travelers alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Panj獺b穩 Grammar
A comprehensive guide to the Punjabi language, this book is an invaluable resource for anyone learning or studying Punjabi. Written by E. P. Newton, a noted scholar of Indian languages, this book covers everything from basic grammar and vocabulary to more advanced topics such as idiomatic expressions and dialects. Whether you're a student or a casual learner, this book is sure to deepen your understanding and appreciation of the Punjabi language and culture.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the Bih獺r穩 Language, Spoken in the Province of Bih獺r, in the Eastern Portion of the North-western Provinces, and in the Northern Portion of the Centra
This volume collects seven grammars of the dialects and subdialects of the Bih獺ri language, which is spoken in the provinces of Bih獺r and others. The grammars are written by various authors, and each is accompanied by a detailed introduction and linguistic analysis. The volume is an excellent resource for anyone interested in the languages and cultures of South Asia.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Egyptian Self-taught (Arabic) With English Phonetic Pronunciation
In this groundbreaking language guide, Karl Albert Thimm provides a complete course in Egyptian Arabic for English speakers. Using a unique system of phonetic transcription, Thimm introduces the basics of Egyptian Arabic grammar and vocabulary, as well as common phrases and idioms for everyday conversation. With its clear and concise explanations, helpful illustrations, and engaging exercises, this book is an essential resource for anyone seeking to learn Arabic.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Sanskrit Reader
This classic text provides an introduction to the Sanskrit language, with a focus on grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. With exercises, quizzes, and detailed explanations of grammatical concepts, this book is a must-have for anyone interested in learning Sanskrit or the culture of ancient India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
English-arabic Vocabulary And Dialogues For The Use Of The Army And Navy
