Selected Studies in Ancient Language Lexicography, Linguistics and Translation
Osage Language and Lifeways
The Osage language is a vital part of Osage identity. The language suffered rapid decline during the twentieth century, but the Osage people are taking significant steps to revitalize its use. To that end, this volume--the first ever introductory Osage grammar textbook--is a much-needed resource for students, teachers, scholars, and anyone wishing to learn how to speak and write Osage. Written collectively by bilingual Osage speakers and linguists, Osage Language and Lifeways offers both clear grammatical instruction and valuable cultural information. As the authors explain in their introduction, the Osage language, a Dhegiha language within the Siouan language family, is highly complex. Drawing on their Native language expertise and classroom experience, the authors clarify elements of Osage grammar that are entirely different from English grammar or other European languages. Each chapter begins with a short dialogue or story written by Osage speakers. These passages present commonly used expressions and provide glimpses into Osage life experiences. The lessons are ordered in such a way that students can quickly learn how to pronounce Osage words, understand and make full sentences, and read and write the Osage alphabet. Where possible, the authors limit the amount of difficult linguistic terminology and include numerous examples to illustrate their points. At the same time, this book is sufficiently descriptive for linguists seeking to study the language on a more technical level. An important contribution to the study of indigenous languages, Osage Language and Lifeways opens a new pathway for Osages to learn and practice the language of their ancestors and ensure its continuity for future generations.
Colloquial Amharic
Colloquial Amharic: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed by an experienced teacher to provide a step-by-step course in Amharic as it is written and spoken today. This third edition offers new and updated vocabulary and key revisions to the text to reflect changes in language and culture.Combining a clear, practical, and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Amharic in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points that are reinforced with a wide range of exercises for regular practice. A full answer key, grammatical tables, and a glossary can be found at the back, as well as useful vocabulary lists throughout.Key features include: - A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills- Jargon-free, succinct, and clearly structured explanations of grammar- An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises- Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations- Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in Ethiopia- An overview of the sounds of AmharicBalanced, comprehensive, and rewarding, Colloquial Amharic is an indispensable resource for both independent learners and students taking courses in Amharic.Additional resources and audio material to accompany the course are available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills. Additional information on writing the Amharic script can also be found here.
New Perspectives in Global Latin
The Global Latin II Conference has highlighted the role of the Latin language as cultural medium between West and East. Adopting a diachronic perspective which spans from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age, the conference and its proceedings have paid special attention to texts related to Africa and Asia. The richness of literary genres as well as the dialogue between the Humanities and hard sciences characterize this volume. Students of Classics will find reflections on the role of Latin in the humanistic and missionary traditions, whereas historians of ideas and historians of religions will be able to pinpoint key moments in the use of Latin language and culture in Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Ethiopian contexts. This volume can also be of interest to people working on Digital Humanities and computational linguistics in Latin language, and it represents a novelty on the world scene, along the lines of the previous Global Latin I Conference, which was yet again held in Siena in 2019.
Lonely Planet Middle East Phrasebook & Dictionary
Lonely Planet's Middle East Phrasebook and Dictionary is your handy passport to culturally enriching travels with the most relevant and useful phrases and vocabulary for all your travel needs. Ask directions to the Pyramids, chat history at Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock; all with your trusted travel companion. Get More From Your Trip with Easy-to-Find Phrases for Every Travel Situation!Feel at ease with essential tips on culture, manners, idioms and multiple meaningsOrder with confidence, explain food allergies, and try new foods with the menu decoderSave time and hassles with vital phrases at your fingertipsNever get stuck for words with the 3500-word two-way, quick-reference dictionaryBe prepared for both common and emergency travel situations with practical phrases and terminologyMeet friends with conversation starter phrasesGet your message across with easy-to-use pronunciation guidesInside Lonely Planet's Middle East Phrasebook and Dictionary: Full-colour throughoutUser-friendly layout organised by travel scenario categoriesSurvival phrases inside front cover for at-a-glance, on-the-fly cuesConvenient features5 Phrases to Learn Before You Go10 Ways to Start a Sentence10 Phrases to Sound like a LocalListen For - phrases you may hearLook For - phrases you may see on signsShortcuts - easy-to-remember alternatives to the full phrasesQandA - suggested answers to questions askedCoversBasics - time, dates, numbers, amounts, pronunciation, reading tips, grammar rulesPractical - travel with kids, disabled travellers, sightseeing, business, banking, post office, internet, phones, repairs, bargaining, accommodation, directions, border crossing, transportSocial - meeting people, interests, feelings, opinions, going out, romance, culture, activities, weatherSafe Travel - emergencies, police, doctor, chemist, dentist, symptoms, conditionsFood - ordering, at the market, at the bar, dishes, ingredientsThe Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Middle East Phrasebook and Dictionary, a pocket-sized comprehensive language guide, provides on-the-go language assistance; great for language students and travellers looking to interact with locals and immerse themselves in local culture.About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet, a Red Ventures Company, is the world's number one travel guidebook brand. Providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973, Lonely Planet reaches hundreds of millions of travellers each year online and in print and helps them unlock amazing experiences. Visit us at lonelyplanet.com and join our community of followers on Facebook (facebook.com/lonelyplanet), Twitter (@lonelyplanet), Instagram (instagram.com/lonelyplanet), and TikTok (@lonelyplanet).'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' Fairfax Media (Australia)
American Sign Language for Beginners
Have you ever wished you could communicate effortlessly in American Sign Language (ASL)? What if you could master the basics in just 30 days?American Sign Language for Beginners: Learn Signing Essentials in 30 Days by Roxie Laurens is the ultimate guide for anyone eager to dive into the world of ASL. Whether you're a complete beginner or looking to refine your skills, this step-by-step approach makes learning accessible, fun, and effective. From everyday conversations to expressing emotions, this book will empower you to connect on a deeper level with the deaf and hard-of-hearing community.This comprehensive guide is structured to ensure steady progress and build your confidence day by day. In just a few weeks, you'll not only learn essential signs and phrases but also grasp the foundational grammar and techniques to hold meaningful conversations.Key features and benefits include: Clear Daily Lessons: Follow a structured, 30-day plan that focuses on practical topics like greetings, family, health, and more, helping you build a strong foundation with ease.Step-by-Step Grammar Guidance: Master ASL sentence structure, tenses, and rhetorical questions, ensuring you're not just signing but communicating effectively.Cultural Insights: Learn about the rich culture behind ASL to enhance your understanding and connect authentically with the community.Interactive Practice: Engage in activities that reinforce your learning, including examples for real-life scenarios, from work to hanging out with friends.Perfect for Beginners: No prior knowledge is required. The book starts with the alphabet and basic numbers, ensuring a smooth learning curve.Don't wait too long to grab your copy! American Sign Language for Beginners is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning ASL, but with limited stock, this is your chance to start mastering a skill that will enrich your life and the lives of those you meet.Get your copy today and start your 30-day journey to becoming proficient in ASL. Your opportunity to learn and connect is just one click away!
American Sign Language Workbook
Are you ready to build your American Sign Language skills with hands-on practice? What if you could expand your signing vocabulary while exploring real-life scenarios?American Sign Language Workbook: Exercises to Build Your Signing Vocabulary by Roxie Laurens is the perfect companion for anyone looking to practice and refine their ASL skills. Designed for learners at all levels, this workbook combines engaging exercises with practical topics, helping you master vocabulary and phrases essential for everyday communication.This workbook takes a comprehensive approach, covering everything from introductions and emotions to travel and holidays. With clear instructions and an easy-to-follow layout, it empowers you to enhance your signing skills step by step.Key features and benefits include: Structured Lessons by Topic: Dive into practical categories like family, health, work, and travel, making it easy to apply ASL in real-life situations.Interactive Exercises: Practice what you learn with fun and engaging activities designed to reinforce vocabulary and grammar skills.Real-World Scenarios: Learn ASL for common situations such as parties, vacations, and safety emergencies, ensuring you're prepared for any interaction.Comprehensive Answer Key: Check your progress and gain confidence with detailed answers for every exercise.Beginner-Friendly Format: Whether you're new to ASL or looking to expand your knowledge, this workbook is tailored for learners of all levels.Don't miss your chance to enhance your ASL journey! This workbook is a must-have for anyone serious about improving their signing skills, but copies are limited.Act now to start building the confidence and vocabulary you need to communicate effectively in ASL.Order your copy today and take the next step in your ASL journey. Your new signing skills are just a workbook away!
My Grandson's Seneca Language Book
This is a personal project intended for my two-year old grandson, Hudson. It is not a product of any official Seneca Nation Language Program nor is it part of an organized component of any curriculum for the Seneca Language. It is simply words that my grandson experiences in his daily life in our family. This is a book that has an audio CD and DVD for the 127 words in the book. See RAJ Publications Facebook page for details on the audio CD and the DVD. It is intended to expose Hudson to On繹ndowa'ga: ' Gaw禱 n繹' at an early age. There are 127 Seneca words. Each word is repeated 3 times in Seneca and English consecutively before proceeding to the next word on the CD and DVD. The index lists the page for each Seneca word and its English meaning. Those interested in learning the Seneca language, contact the Seneca Nation Language Department for assistance. The different language programs that exist provide numerous resources for direct services, tutoring, free online resources, and language classes. https: //sni.org/education/seneca-language-departments/ Oneh
Easy Learning French Dictionary
An easy-reference French to English and English to French dictionary with up-to-date translations for current vocabulary, for example, plant-based, AI, gluten and ADHD. Key GCSE curriculum words are highlighted, students are given help with French pronunciation and there is a practical, fun supplement covering key topic areas. This is the ideal dictionary for students of French, and especially for those aiming for exam success.Designed for learners of French, whether you are studying for exams at school, in an evening class, for business or to go on holiday to France. Covering everyday French and English, with key curriculum words and expressions highlighted to help with exam preparation. Detailed information given for key French verbs and verb forms, plus French verbs cross-referred to comprehensive verb tables, helping you find all the French verb forms you need. Clear and concise language notes provide information on common errors and confusing words, while interesting notes explain cultural differences.The full-color supplement offers students essential vocabulary and phrases based on topics that they will find useful, for example, communication, jobs and careers, global issues, and so on. Helpful information on French sounds and pronunciation is provided, with free audio and video available to access online at www.collins.co.uk/easylearningresources.
Lonely Planet Swahili Phrasebook & Dictionary
Lonely Planet's Swahili Phrasebook and Dictionary is your handy passport to culturally enriching travels with the most relevant and useful Indian phrases and vocabulary for all your travel needs. Learn the names of wildlife, chat with the locals and adventure on safari; all with your trusted travel companion. Get More From Your Trip with Easy-to-Find Phrases for Every Travel Situation!Feel at ease with essential tips on culture, manners, idioms and multiple meaningsOrder with confidence, explain food allergies, and try new foods with the menu decoderSave time and hassles with vital phrases at your fingertipsNever get stuck for words with the 3500-word two-way, quick-reference dictionaryBe prepared for both common and emergency travel situations with practical phrases and terminologyMeet friends with conversation starter phrasesGet your message across with easy-to-use pronunciation guidesInside Lonely Planet's Swahili Phrasebook and Dictionary: Full-colour throughoutUser-friendly layout organised by travel scenario categoriesSurvival phrases inside front cover for at-a-glance, on-the-fly cuesConvenient features5 Phrases to Learn Before You Go10 Ways to Start a Sentence10 Phrases to Sound like a LocalListen For - phrases you may hearLook For - phrases you may see on signsShortcuts - easy-to-remember alternatives to the full phrasesQandA - suggested answers to questions askedCoversBasics - time, dates, numbers, amounts, pronunciation, reading tips, grammar rulesPractical - travel with kids, disabled travellers, sightseeing, business, banking, post office, internet, phones, repairs, bargaining, accommodation, directions, border crossing, transportSocial - meeting people, interests, feelings, opinions, going out, romance, culture, activities, weatherSafe Travel - emergencies, police, doctor, chemist, dentist, symptoms, conditionsFood - ordering, at the market, at the bar, dishes, ingredientsThe Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Swahili Phrasebook and Dictionary, a pocket-sized comprehensive language guide, provides on-the-go language assistance; great for language students and travellers looking to interact with locals and immerse themselves in local culture.About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet, a Red Ventures Company, is the world's number one travel guidebook brand. Providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973, Lonely Planet reaches hundreds of millions of travellers each year online and in print and helps them unlock amazing experiences. Visit us at lonelyplanet.com and join our community of followers on Facebook (facebook.com/lonelyplanet), Twitter (@lonelyplanet), Instagram (instagram.com/lonelyplanet), and TikTok (@lonelyplanet).'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' Fairfax Media (Australia)
Syriac Lexis and Lexica
This volume publishes the papers presented at the round table on Syriac lexicology and lexicography held at the 13th Symposium Syriacum (Paris, 2022). An international group of scholars approaches this field from several new angles and shows how much remains to be done, from the creation of new lexical databases to the update of previously existing ones and the study of new lexica that have been recently discovered. Section one: Syriac Lexicology and Lexicography. Daniel King discusses aspects of the philosophical lexis found in Jacob of Edessa's Handbook of Logic. Anna Cherkashina, Yulia Kirilenko, Artyom Badeev and George Kiraz present a new historical dictionary of Syriac, currently in preparation. Section two: Syriac and foreign lexis. Claudia Ciancaglini updates her 2008 study on the contacts between Iranian languages and Syriac. Mara Nicosia discusses the creation of a trilingual dictionary (Syriac, Greek and Arabic) of the technical vocabulary of rhetoric. Margherita Farina studies for the first time the multilingual glosses compiled by the fourteenth-century author Daniel the Annotator. Section three: Syriac and Neo-Aramaic. Hezy Mutzafi offers an in-depth study of two lexical items from the Syriac Book of Medicine, explained with the aid of cognates in NENA dialects. Nicolas Atas investigates for the first time a Syriac-Ṭuroyo glossary written by the Chorepiscopus Aḥo of Sedari (1908-1980). The multifocal approach adopted by the contributions to this volume testifies to the richness of this field, which offers several avenues for further inquiry. The volume is designed for scholars in Syriac, as well as for those interested in the contacts between Syriac and its neighbouring languages from the past and the present, such as Greek, Arabic, Iranian languages and Neo-Aramaic varieties.
Cherokee Words
Published by Cherokee Publications a Native American owned and operated business which has been preserving Cherokee Culture since 1956. This is an extremely popular simplified CHEROKEE / ENGLISH Dictionary with hundreds of words, names and phrases are given in English, in Cherokee, and in English phonetics. Also included is a song & a prayer in Cherokee. A great introduction to the Cherokee Language.
The Ultimate Vocabulary
Are there people in your life who want to learn the Yoruba language? This is the perfect dictionary! Included are pages filled with bright and colorful pictures and bilingual labels to help teach Yoruba words to English speaking children.Parents, teachers, and gift givers will find: More 1000+ of familiar objects with illustrations and phrasesPictures labeled with the English word followed by its Yoruba equivalentPhonetic spellings the wordsWords grouped by themesThis dictionary is a fun way for young English-speaking children to build a basic vocabulary in Yoruba. It's never too soon to start teaching boys and girls a second language!Perfect for children of all ages, these references employ stunning illustrations and photographs to bring to life the meanings of hundreds of essential terms. Filled with beautiful spreads, each pictorially defines many objects, people, concepts, and actions common to the everyday world ofIt makes gentle introductions, it is a great way to introduce the language. The book features, A fun and easy way for young language students to expand their vocabulary and broaden their knowledge.Elevate and master your languageIdeal for learners of all ages at school or at home, as well as teachers who can use it as a tool in the classrooms
A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians
The achievements of Pānini and the Indian grammarians, beginning nearly 2500 years ago, have never been fully appreciated by Western scholars--partly because of the great technical difficulties presented by such an inquiry, and partly because relevant tutorial articles have been confined to obscure and inaccessible publications.This book makes available to linguists and Sanskritists a collection of the most important articles on the Sanskrit grammarians, and provides a connected historical outline of their activities. It covers studies and fragments ranging from early 7th-century accounts of the grammarians--recorded by Buddhist pilgrims from China and Tibet, by Muslim travelers from the Near East, and by Christian missionaries--to some of the best articles that have appeared during the last century and a half.Chapters in the book cover the foundation of Sanskrit studies in the West laid by British scholars working in India and including the detailed and accurate information provided by Henry Thomas Colebrooke; the linguistic evaluations of Pānini by von Schlegel and von Humboldt; the work of Bhandarkar and of Kielhorn; William Dwight Whitney's low evaluation of the "native" grammarians; and the philological work of modern Western, Indian, and Japanese scholars.The editor observes that materials in the Reader reveal problems tackled by the Sanskrit grammarians which closely parallel developments in contemporary linguistics. He has provided historical and linguistic commentary and bibliographic data in the introductions and notes that accompany each selection. Articles are in their original English, German, and French. Texts or passages in Chinese, Tibetan, Arabic, Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek have, for the most part, been translated into English, and all Sanskrit passages have been translated into the Latin alphabet.
TOUNSI in BLACK and WHITE
TOUNSI in BLACK and WHITE is a visual dictionary designed for learners of Tunisian Derja. This unique language resource simplifies the learning process by presenting over 860 essential words and phrases through simple black and white illustrations and clear Latin script, making it accessible for English-speaking learners.Tunisian Derja is an oral language blending Arabic, Berber, Turkish, Italian, and French thus reflecting Tunisia's rich cultural heritage. While it shares commonalities with standard Arabic, its distinct pronunciation and vocabulary have set it apart. The authors of TOUNSI in BLACK and WHITE have worked long and hard to capture this language with images and latin script so that others may learn it easier.Key features include: - Over 860 essential words and phrases, carefully curated for daily communication.- Latin script to simplify learning for those unfamiliar with Arabic writing.- A phonetic chart to guide pronunciation, consistent with Tunisian street signs.- Duotone images that visually connect language to meaning.While TOUNSI in BLACK and WHITE serves as a valuable reference, it is not a curriculum. Oral languages like Tounsi require lessons and coaching from a qualified language teacher or school.Unlock the heart of Tunisia through its language-dedicate yourself to learning, and discover the richness of its culture with TOUNSI in BLACK and WHITE.
Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics with Sign List
Unlock the secrets of Ancient Egyptian writing with this accessible introduction to hieroglyphics. This vintage book by renowned Egyptologist Sir E. A. Wallis Budge offers a straightforward and engaging introduction to the study of Egyptian hieroglyphics. Alongside a clear explanation of the subject, it provides an account of the decipherment of hieroglyphics and an outline of their system of writing. Readers will also gain insights into the general principles behind the use of pictorial symbols to convey ideas, making this volume an essential guide for beginners and enthusiasts alike. Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (1857-1934) was a distinguished English Orientalist, Egyptologist, and philologist. Best known for his work with the British Museum, Budge authored numerous influential texts on the ancient Near East, sharing his deep knowledge and passion with audiences worldwide. This timeless work is ideal for those interested in the history, development, and decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Nak籀n-Wico'i'e N矇 Usp矇nic'iciyac / Practising Nakoda
A user-friendly guide that teaches the core Nakoda vocabulary and how to use it in conversation Practising Nakoda contains basic Nakoda vocabulary, organized into 30 themes (such as animals, clothing, directions, and time) and divided into sections meant to enhance daily and ceremonial communication (including dances, ceremonies, and ceremonial clothing). The guide provides the basic words for every theme from which the reader can forge a general view of word formation patterns. In a thematic dictionary, words are not organized alphabetically but are grouped according to the root element or their meaning. Since Nakoda is a polysynthetic language where words are often built up with many elements that attach to the root, this is a necessary format that enhances the learner's "morphological awareness." The guide will help learners identify the root of each word, along with the "morphemes," critical to the successful learning of the Nakoda language, and the comprehension of complex vocabulary.
Nak籀n-Wico'i'e N矇 Usp矇nic'iciyac / Practising Nakoda
A user-friendly guide that teaches the core Nakoda vocabulary and how to use it in conversation Practising Nakoda contains basic Nakoda vocabulary, organized into 30 themes (such as animals, clothing, directions, and time) and divided into sections meant to enhance daily and ceremonial communication (including dances, ceremonies, and ceremonial clothing). The guide provides the basic words for every theme from which the reader can forge a general view of word formation patterns. In a thematic dictionary, words are not organized alphabetically but are grouped according to the root element or their meaning. Since Nakoda is a polysynthetic language where words are often built up with many elements that attach to the root, this is a necessary format that enhances the learner's "morphological awareness." The guide will help learners identify the root of each word, along with the "morphemes," critical to the successful learning of the Nakoda language, and the comprehension of complex vocabulary.
1000+ Must Know Words in Hausa
Are there children in your life who want to learn Hausa? This is the perfect dictionary! Included are pages filled with bright and colorful pictures and bilingual labels to help teach Hausa words to English speaking children.Parents, teachers, and gift givers will find: 1000+ illustrations of familiar objectsPictures labeled with the English word followed by its Hausa equivalentPhonetic spellings the wordsWords grouped by themesThis dictionary is a fun way for young English-speaking children to build a basic vocabulary in Hausa. It's never too soon to start teaching boys and girls a second language!Perfect for children of all ages, these references employ stunning illustrations and photographs to bring to life the meanings of hundreds of essential terms. Filled with beautiful spreads, each pictorially defines many objects, people, concepts, and actions common to the everyday world ofIt makes gentle introductions, it is a great way to introduce the language. The book features, A fun and easy way for young language students to expand their vocabulary and broaden their knowledge.More than 1,000 images of familiar objects are labeled in Hausa and English, and structured by subject including: Animals, Action words, Colors, Position words, Directions, Numbers, Colo(u)rs... and many more!Ideal for learners of all ages at school or at home, as well as teachers who can use it as a tool in the classrooms Learn Common words in Hausa. Numbers, Colo(u)rs, Professions, Differences, Body Parts, Emotions, Alphabets, Farm Animals, Fruits & Vegetables, Greetings, Questions, Buildings, Weather, Time, Positions, Postures, Transportations and many more
Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 23
A refereed journal published annually by the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies.A refereed journal published annually by the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. A refereed journal published annually by the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. A refereed journal published annually by the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies.
Learn Afrikaans While Having Fun! - For Children
* LEARN AFRIKAANS EASILY WITH WORD SEARCH PUZZLES - Discover How to Improve Foreign Language Skills with a Fun Vocabulary Builder!Word Searches Are an Effective Technique Used in Schools to Enhance Vocabulary - It's an Ideal Game to Stimulate Learning! This book series has been tailored to each person's specific level. Whether you are a beginner, advanced, or helping your child learn a new language, you'll find the right book for your needs. Why? It's a great compliment for anyone practicing a foreign language. Studies about learning show that it's easier to memorize new words when they are connected by the same thematic. It's also simpler to learn words that have a concrete meaning (like Tree) rather than an abstract one (like Citizenship). Find 2000 of the Most Used Words in AFRIKAANS - Enrich your vocabulary with thematic lists such as: Food, Colors, Transport, Emotions... Make learning easy with this encouraging activity. With +40 hours of entertainment, you will discover: AN EXCITING STUDY COMPANION WITH: - ACTIVE LEARNING: Space provided beside each term to encourage the reader to self-translate - A HANDY DICTIONARY: An essential vocab reference readily available in the last section - AGE & LEVEL SPECIFIC WORDS: Enjoy a curated selection of +2000 adapted words - THEMED VOCABULARY LISTS: Study practical life topics effectively with commonly used words - PUZZLES IN FULL PAGE FORMAT: Designed for the best readability possible - ORGANIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE: A bonus section for notes is offered for an all-in-one study tool - ENTERTAINING: Difficult enough to be challenging, easy enough to be addictive ENJOY DEVELOPING YOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS: - PracticeWord Searches Turn the Challenge of Learning a Language Into a Pleasure! - ProgressLearn With Themed Vocabulary Lists Tailored to Your Skills. - Retain what you learnAn Active Learning Technique to Increase Your Vocabulary. - Achieve Your GoalsDon't Just Practice Passively. Find New Words in the Puzzle - Search for the Translations in the Provided Dictionary - Add Them to Your Vocab! AVAILABLE IN OVER 80 LANGUAGES FOR: - Kids - Adults - Beginners - Intermediate to Advanced Have Loads of Fun with this Awesome Vocab Activity - MAKE FRIENDS WITH AFRIKAANS NOW!
Learn Afrikaans While Having Fun! - For Adults
* LEARN AFRIKAANS EASILY WITH WORD SEARCH PUZZLES - Discover How to Improve Foreign Language Skills with a Fun Vocabulary Builder!Word Searches Are an Effective Technique Used in Schools to Enhance Vocabulary - It's an Ideal Game to Stimulate Learning! This book series has been tailored to each person's specific level. Whether you are a beginner, advanced, or helping your child learn a new language, you'll find the right book for your needs. Why? It's a great compliment for anyone practicing a foreign language. Studies about learning show that it's easier to memorize new words when they are connected by the same thematic. It's also simpler to learn words that have a concrete meaning (like Tree) rather than an abstract one (like Citizenship). Find 2000 of the Most Used Words in AFRIKAANS - Enrich your vocabulary with thematic lists such as: Food, Colors, Transport, Emotions... Make learning easy with this encouraging activity. With +40 hours of entertainment, you will discover: AN EXCITING STUDY COMPANION WITH: - ACTIVE LEARNING: Space provided beside each term to encourage the reader to self-translate - A HANDY DICTIONARY: An essential vocab reference readily available in the last section - AGE & LEVEL SPECIFIC WORDS: Enjoy a curated selection of +2000 adapted words - THEMED VOCABULARY LISTS: Study practical life topics effectively with commonly used words - PUZZLES IN FULL PAGE FORMAT: Designed for the best readability possible - ORGANIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE: A bonus section for notes is offered for an all-in-one study tool - ENTERTAINING: Difficult enough to be challenging, easy enough to be addictive ENJOY DEVELOPING YOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS: - PracticeWord Searches Turn the Challenge of Learning a Language Into a Pleasure! - ProgressLearn With Themed Vocabulary Lists Tailored to Your Skills. - Retain what you learnAn Active Learning Technique to Increase Your Vocabulary. - Achieve Your GoalsDon't Just Practice Passively. Find New Words in the Puzzle - Search for the Translations in the Provided Dictionary - Add Them to Your Vocab! AVAILABLE IN OVER 80 LANGUAGES FOR: - Kids - Adults - Beginners - Intermediate to Advanced Have Loads of Fun with this Awesome Vocab Activity - MAKE FRIENDS WITH AFRIKAANS NOW!
Discourse Markers in Second Language French
This book provides an in-depth look at pragmatic development by second language learners of French through their production of French discourse markers. It showcases a holistic production-focused approach designed to provide a broad picture of learner discourse marker use in French.
The Language Secret
"What do you call someone who speaks three languages?""Trilingual""What do you call someone who speaks two languages?""Bilingual""What do you call someone who speaks one language?""English" The author first heard this joke in Africa, where he frequently met people who spoke eight, nine or ten languages. Most of these people would not consider themselves remarkable in any way. Some of them could not even read. But, unwittingly, all of them had stumbled upon The Language Secret. And it is our pleasure to reveal it to you in this book. Seemingly abstract concepts such as language families, phonetics and etymology are explained in an accessible way to the non-specialist reader - and the immediate application of these ideas to the practical difficulties of learning another language are shown. None of the information we present is new or unknown in academia. It is, however, almost entirely absent from language teaching in classrooms, and lamentably under-used in self-help language books. Some very simple, but powerful ideas and linguistic discoveries have remained a secret to non-specialists. But The Language Secret should be available to everyone who wants to know it. This modest tome will not make you a specialist in any one language. There are plenty of self-help books and exhaustive grammars available if you want to master any particular tongue. But what we will do is show the principles that apply to learning all languages, any language, The Language Secret.
Congo
Congo. One name. One mighty river. Two countries. A combined surface area greater than that of the whole of Western Europe. 250 languages. Infinite complexity.In the 2011 edition of the Human Development Index, the Republic of Congo was listed in 137th place. Its neighbour and near namesake, the Democratic Republic of Congo, was last of all: 187th, behind such bywords for chaos and conflict as Afghanistan, Syria and Yemen.What is it like to live in these countries? How to make sense of their complex history, language, society and culture? This book attempts to do just that through the eyes of an English couple who were living in Congo at that time, using 26 words taken from the languages spoken there to examine the realities of life in places that rarely impinge on Western consciousness. Memoir, sociological study, travelogue, meditation, paean of praise to the resilience and resourcefulness of the Congolese on both sides of the river. A Story of Congo in 26 Words is all those things and more: a detailed examination of themes as diverse as climate, colonialism, cuisine, culture, education, economy, ethnic makeup, family, fashion, infrastructure, music, natural resources, politics and racism. A unique blend of anecdote and analysis, personal experience and lexicographical research, A Story of Congo in 26 Words is an indispensable guide to the two countries that take their name from one of the mightiest rivers on Earth.
Yukaghir and Uralic
A study of the Uralic and Yukaghir protolanguages, and an account of the history of Uralo-Yukaghir research, seeking to determine whether Uralic and Yukaghir are genetically related entities. The authors examine more than 350 lexical comparisons of Yukaghir with at least two Uralic subbranches, and attempt to establish phonetic correspondences between the protolanguages. The similar typology, word order, relatively high number of common pronouns, some numerals, grammatical parallels, and very similar phonological systems, are all taken into account to support the existence of a hypothetical Proto-Uralo-Yukaghir language. A study of the Uralic and Yukaghir protolanguages, and an account of the history of Uralo-Yukaghir research, seeking to determine whether Uralic and Yukaghir are genetically related entities. The authors examine more than 350 lexical comparisons of Yukaghir with at least two Uralic subbranches, and attempt to establish phonetic correspondences between the protolanguages. The similar typology, word order, relatively high number of common pronouns, some numerals, grammatical parallels, and very similar phonological systems, are all taken into account to support the existence of a hypothetical Proto-Uralo-Yukaghir language.
African Language Media
This book outlines how African language media is affected by politics, technology, culture, and the economy and how this media is creatively produced and appropriated by audiences across cultures and contexts.
Easy Learning German Dictionary
An easy-reference German to English and English to German dictionary with up-to-date translations for current vocabulary, for example, plant-based, AI, Nachhaltigkeit and neurodivers. Key GCSE curriculum words are highlighted, students are given help with German pronunciation and there is a practical, fun supplement covering key topic areas. This is the ideal dictionary for students of German, and especially for those aiming for exam success.Designed for learners of German, whether you are studying for exams at school, in an evening class, for business or to go on holiday to Germany. Covering everyday German and English, with key curriculum words and expressions highlighted to help with exam preparation. Detailed information given for key German verbs and verb forms, plus German verbs cross-referred to comprehensive verb tables, helping you find all the German verb forms you need. Clear and concise language notes provide information on common errors and confusing words, while interesting notes explain cultural differences.The full-color supplement offers students essential vocabulary and phrases based on topics that they will find useful, for example, communication, jobs and careers, global issues, and so on. Helpful information on German sounds and pronunciation is provided, with free audio and video available to access online at www.collins.co.uk/easylearningresources.
Urban Wolof Across Borders
This book takes urban Wolof beyond Senegal to consider the effects of mobility on language and examine how the diasporans engage in their daily language practices as transmigrants. The parallel between languaging and migrating underpins the author's argument, as he examines the dynamicity of languaging at both micro and macro levels, as speakers navigate across spaces and languages. Moving away from a code-based approach, the author makes a compelling case that the urbanite, rather than shuttling between codes, deploys instead idiolectal features from a unique linguistic repertoire which comprises at once semiotic, cognitive, and language features. His indigenous approach affords novel perspectives in linguistic ethnography and complements the Euro-Western methodologies.
My Conversational Zulu Handbook
My Conversational Zulu Handbook is a user friendly book that seeks to help a non Zulu speaker to get a quick sneak peek into the 'world' of Native Zulu speakers and effective techniques to learn Zulu as a conversational Language. This Handbook does not intended to replace formal academic study for Zulu Language and should not be treated as such. But it is an additional assistance to learning Conversational Zulu in less formal environments where the learners or the users of this Handbook had to supplement this book with real-life interactions with Native Zulu speakers in their natural environments and real-life scenarios.In this Handbook users will find different language structures, parts of speech, Language usage in different real-life scenarios, phrases to help them start meaningful conversations, sentence formation and practical implementation of the Zulu Language for usage in everyday real-life situations, like able to read, understand a spoken language etc.This Handbook is encouraging and promoting social interactions and networking between different people from different ethnic groupsHerein you will also find additional tasks and self-assessment exercises that will help you as a user to test and assess your own progress.You are also given an opportunity to interact with the author to give your feedback and opinions to improve your Conversational Zulu learning experience.Writing this Handbook has been inspired by the love of communicating with people from different ethnic backgrounds and racial groups other than mine. As an author, I have witnessed how people always love to socialize outside of their racial boundaries, Language barrier is always a challenge. So this offering is to try and eliminate such barriers.On top of this Handbook though, individual effort is very important, just to go an extra mile to put yourself in a suitable situation where opportunities to learn Zulu are plenty.While you are still in this mission of learning Zulu, please remember that any language is associated with the identity of that particular speaker. You need to respect other people's languages and their culture. When you are not sure if you still within acceptable conversational boundary, always ask, Zulu people are very friendly and always willing to help you learn their language, without laughing or making fun of you.Remember that leaning a new language is not only fun, but it gives you an opportunity to make new lifetime friends and the ability to speak a new language, which is wonderful opportunity to understand someone else's culture and their lifestyle.Masakhe ubungani NdawonyeLet's build friendship together.
Bina
The incredible story of the resilience and recovery of Australia's First Nations languages Australia's language diversity is truly breathtaking. This continent lays claim to the world's longest continuous collection of cultures, including over 440 unique languages and many more dialects. Sadly, European invasion has had severe consequences for the vitality of these languages. Amid devastating loss, there has also been the birth of new languages such as Kriol and Yumplatok, both English-based Creoles. Aboriginal English dialects are spoken widely, and recently there has been an inspiring renaissance of First Nations languages, as communities reclaim and renew them.Bina: First Nations Languages Old and New tells this story, from the earliest exchange of words between colonists and First Nations people to today's reclamations. It is a creative and exciting introduction to a vital and dynamic world of language.With a foreword by Nardi Simpson, author of Song of the Crocodile.
Standard Igbo Language
"Standard Igbo Language" is an expanded edition of "Comprehensive Igbo Language." It is comprehensive guide designed to empower learners to master the intricacies of standard Igbo language. It unlocks a deeper understanding of Igbo grammar. Starting with an exploration of the Igbo alphabet and pronunciation, readers are introduced to the foundational elements of the language, including vowels, consonants, and tonal accents. Through engaging exercises and practical examples, learners develop a strong foundation in Igbo phonetics and orthography.The book takes readers on a journey through the essential components of the Igbo language. As readers progress through the chapters, they delve into a diverse array of topics, from common verb phrases and simple conversation to parts of speech, tenses, and punctuation. Each chapter offers insights into the nuances of Igbo grammar and syntax, accompanied by interactive exercises to reinforce learning.Beyond language proficiency, "Standard Igbo Language" offers a holistic view of Igbo culture, with chapters dedicated to numerals, shapes, colors, nature, animals, and social institutions. Readers gain a deeper appreciation for the word usage and richness, as they explore the vocabulary and concepts that shape everyday life in Igbo society.With its comprehensive and practical approach, "Standard Igbo Language" serves as an indispensable resource for learners of all levels, from beginners to advanced speakers. Whether you're seeking to reconnect with your Igbo heritage or embark on a journey of language learning, this book is your guide to mastering the language and embracing the vibrant spirit of Igbo culture.
Standard Igbo Language
"Standard Igbo Language" is an expanded edition of "Comprehensive Igbo Language." It is comprehensive guide designed to empower learners to master the intricacies of standard Igbo language. It unlocks a deeper understanding of Igbo grammar. Starting with an exploration of the Igbo alphabet and pronunciation, readers are introduced to the foundational elements of the language, including vowels, consonants, and tonal accents. Through engaging exercises and practical examples, learners develop a strong foundation in Igbo phonetics and orthography.The book takes readers on a journey through the essential components of the Igbo language. As readers progress through the chapters, they delve into a diverse array of topics, from common verb phrases and simple conversation to parts of speech, tenses, and punctuation. Each chapter offers insights into the nuances of Igbo grammar and syntax, accompanied by interactive exercises to reinforce learning.Beyond language proficiency, "Standard Igbo Language" offers a holistic view of Igbo culture, with chapters dedicated to numerals, shapes, colors, nature, animals, and social institutions. Readers gain a deeper appreciation for the word usage and richness, as they explore the vocabulary and concepts that shape everyday life in Igbo society.With its comprehensive and practical approach, "Standard Igbo Language" serves as an indispensable resource for learners of all levels, from beginners to advanced speakers. Whether you're seeking to reconnect with your Igbo heritage or embark on a journey of language learning, this book is your guide to mastering the language and embracing the vibrant spirit of Igbo culture.
The Cambridge Handbook of Romance Linguistics
The Romance languages and dialects constitute a treasure trove of linguistic data of profound interest and significance. Data from the Romance languages have contributed extensively to our current empirical and theoretical understanding of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and historical linguistics. Written by a team of world-renowned scholars, this Handbook explores what we can learn about linguistics from the study of Romance languages, and how the body of comparative and historical data taken from them can be applied to linguistic study. It also offers insights into the diatopic and diachronic variation exhibited by the Romance family of languages, of a kind unparalleled for any other Western languages. By asking what Romance languages can do for linguistics, this Handbook is essential reading for all linguists interested in the insights that a knowledge of the Romance evidence can provide for general issues in linguistic theory.
Media Arabic Vocabulary 4
Are you interested in reading the news in Arabic but, as an intermediate student of Arabic, don't feel you're quite ready? This fourth and final volume of the transformative series Media Arabic Vocabulary is designed to help you navigate the complexities of real-world Arabic media literacy with structured and engaging content. Key Features: Three distinct units: Law, Media, and Incidents are covered in this second volume. Each unit is broken down into manageable sections and subsections that introduce you to key vocabulary in context.Diacritics (Tashkeel): All Arabic content in the book contains diacritics to help with word recognition and correct pronunciation.English translations: You will find English translations for all Arabic content, enhancing your comprehension and learning.Audio tracks: Supplementary audio tracks (accessible on the publisher's website) help you improve your pronunciation and listening comprehension.Interactive learning: Instead of traditional exercises, the book promotes a self-discovery approach, empowering you to actively engage with the material.Flexible structure: The book is organized in a manner that allows you to chart your own learning path. There is no strict order to follow, and every path leads to enrichment.Whether you're an intermediate learner or an advanced student, Media Arabic Vocabulary is your versatile, flexible tool for deepening your understanding of Arabic as it's used in the real world. Follow your interests, understand the structure, and engage in self-discovery as you immerse yourself in the language and culture. The volumes in this series are not incremental in learning level. They simply cover different topics. Feel free to pick any book from the series that aligns with your interest in a particular theme or topic. Start your journey towards Arabic media literacy today with Media Arabic Vocabulary!
Central Sinama-English Dictionary
A milestone in Sinama research has been reached with the publication of the Central Sinama-English Dictionary, making available a wealth of lexical, grammatical, and cultural information on a lesser-researched but important language of the Sulu archipelago in southwestern Philippines.The collection of words and study of culture was compiled over 60 years, initially capturing a rare snapshot of Sama language and culture in Sulu in the 1960s and 1970s. The dictionary database was expanded in subsequent years through the efforts of contributors and researchers, with each entry containing well chosen, highly idiomatic, and culturally rich example sentences. The local speech community will find it a rich practical resource, as will Philippine university researchers and schoolteachers. This volume will be of value to Austronesianists, anthropologists, typologists, and theoretical linguists, and lexicographers will be interested in the use of FLEx tools for cross-referencing the web of thesaurus relations.
Runyakitara of language studies
This book is intended for a wide readership, ranging from students in secondary schools and teacher training colleges to language teachers at all levels of education. It should also be useful for language students and lecturers in institutions of higher learning as well as researchers in languages and related areas. Due to the nature of the readership, language theories are applied sparingly.This book endeavours to cover the major areas of language study as they relate to Runyakitara. They range from phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, translation and interpretation, including the orthography of Runyakitara.In Uganda, the mutually intelligible languages or dialects that make up Runyakitara include: - Runyankore, to which should be associated sub-dialects such as Ruhima, Ruhororo, Runyaruguru, Rutagwenda and to some extent Rukooki.- Rukiga, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as Runyaifo, Runyangyezi, Rusigi, Ruhimba, Rugyeri, Ruheesi, and Runyabutumbi.- Runyoro, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as Ruruuli, Runyara, and Rugangaizi.- Rutooro, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as, Rusongora, Rutuku, Runyakyaka, Orutooro rwa Hansozi and Lubwisi.In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we have Ruhuma and Ruhema.In Tanzania we have Runyambo, Ruhaya and Kikerewe.
Conversational Igbo for kids
Conversational Igbo for kids is a bilingual kid-friendly book for learning regular conversations in Igbo language.Learn to converse in Igbo language using 14 real life situations. Igbo is a popularly spoken language in South-Eastern Nigeria and across the Igbo diaspora. Learn conversational Igbo with fictional characters Ngozi and Obinna as they engage in different regular conversations across 14 situations including shopping, asking for directions, commuting, emergencies, moods and more. Conversational Igbo is organized in illustrated panels for ease of understanding. Each topic is a standalone that includes lessons, activities and audio references (free downloadable audio files) that you can listen to while you learn. Conversational Igbo includes 14 topics. The topics have been carefully vetted by different Igbo speakers including teachers. The content were developed and recorded by Igbo speaking teachers. The audio references were prepared and voiced by native Igbo speakers and writers in Nigeria using the standard Igbo - Igbo Izugbe. Topics covered include: PronounsLearn Igbo language pronouns for describing yourself and others in the first, second and third persons with examples.Question wordsLearn the use of different Igbo language question words - What, Why, Where, When, How and Which - along with examples.IntroductionsLearn basic introductory sentences in Igbo language when meeting a new friend.UnderstandingThis presents the learner with a better understanding of Igbo by teaching how to seek clarification, ask for repetition, express your understanding or lack of understanding on a subject etc.ShoppingLearn how to interact in the market place with different Igbo sentences for shopping.DiningLearn how to engage in Igbo conversations related to dining: requesting for specific food items, cost of service, letting someone know you're full, not full or want more food etc.DrinksLearn how to engage in Igbo conversations related to drinks. You'll learn how to let someone know you're thirsty, ask for specific drinks etc.CommutingAt the end of this topic, you will become familiar with different Igbo phrases and sentences for hailing taxis, asking for a destination, asking for the fare etc. during short commutes.TravellingLearn different expressions related to travelling in Igbo.DirectionsAderoju needs help getting to the market, hence you'll learn how to ask for directions in Igbo.MoodsWith Ngozi's mood swings come lots of Igbo expressions describing her moods. You'll learn how to express your anger, love, irritation, excitement etc. in Igbo language.EmergenciesLearn different Igbo expressions for describing emergencies such as getting lost, losing her money, feeling pressed etc.Staying in touchLearn to catch up with friends and families in Igbo.Glossary - Everyday PhrasesThis presents dozens of everyday Igbo phrases that'll come in handy in day-to-day engagements.
Conversational Yoruba for kids
Conversational Yoruba for kids is a bilingual kid-friendly book for learning regular conversations in Yoruba language.Learn to converse in Yoruba language using 14 real life situations. Yoruba is a popularly spoken language in South-Western Nigeria and across the Yoruba diaspora. It is widely used in the Candombl矇 and Lucum穩 faith in Brazil and Cuba. Learn conversational Yoruba with fictional characters Aderoju and Oladipupo as they engage in different regular conversations across 14 situations including shopping, asking for directions, commuting, emergencies, moods and more. Conversational Yoruba is organized in illustrated panels for ease of understanding. Each topic is a standalone that includes lessons, activities and audio references (free downloadable audio files) that you can listen to while you learn. Conversational Yoruba includes 14 topics. The topics have been carefully vetted by different Yoruba speakers including teachers. The content were developed and recorded by Yoruba speaking teachers. The audio references were prepared and voiced by native Yoruba speakers and writers in Nigeria using the standard Yoruba. Topics covered include: PronounsLearn Yoruba language pronouns for describing yourself and others in the first, second and third persons with examples.Question wordsLearn the use of different Yoruba language question words - What, Why, Where, When, How and Which - along with examples.IntroductionsLearn basic introductory sentences in Yoruba language when meeting a new friend.UnderstandingThis presents the learner with a better understanding of Yoruba by teaching how to seek clarification, ask for repetition, express your understanding or lack of understanding on a subject etc.ShoppingLearn how to interact in the market place with different Yoruba sentences for shopping.DiningLearn how to engage in Yoruba conversations related to dining: requesting for specific food items, cost of service, letting someone know you're full, not full or want more food etc.DrinksLearn how to engage in Yoruba conversations related to drinks. You'll learn how to let someone know you're thirsty, ask for specific drinks etc.CommutingAt the end of this topic, you will become familiar with different Yoruba phrases and sentences for hailing taxis, asking for a destination, asking for the fare etc. during short commutes.TravellingLearn different expressions related to travelling in Yoruba.DirectionsAderoju needs help getting to the market, hence you'll learn how to ask for directions in Yoruba.MoodsWith Aderoju's mood swings come lots of Yoruba expressions describing her moods. You'll learn how to express your anger, love, irritation, excitement etc. in Yoruba language.EmergenciesLearn different Yoruba expressions for describing emergencies such as getting lost, losing her money, feeling pressed etc.Staying in touchLearn to catch up with friends and families in Yoruba.Glossary - Everyday PhrasesThis presents dozens of everyday Yoruba phrases that'll come in handy in day-to-day engagements.
The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Volume 2, Selected Tablets and Endmatter
In 1952 Michael Ventris deciphered the script found on the Linear B tablets from Crete and the Greek mainland, therefore revealing the earliest known form of Greek. In 1956 he and John Chadwick published Documents in Mycenaean Greek, which gave an account of the decipherment, of the language of the tablets, of the society and economy revealed by the documents and a series of chapters giving texts, translations and commentary of the most important tablets. Though partially updated in 1973, Documents is now very much outdated: there has been a vast accrual of bibliography on the subject since 1973, and discoveries of tablets at new sites. This new survey, written by fourteen of the world's leading experts, will bring the reader fully up-to-date with developments in all aspects of Mycenaean studies, concluding with a new, full glossary of all the most recently discovered words.
English Afrikaans Dictionary
Explore the rich linguistic tapestry of English and Afrikaans with our comprehensive bilingual dictionary. Boasting over 6,050 translations, it includes a pronunciation guide, a concise grammar overview, practical number usage, essential phrases, and illustrative sentences. Ideal for learners and enthusiasts, this dictionary bridges the gap between two vibrant languages, enriching your linguistic journey.
The Cambridge Anthology of British Medieval Latin: Volume 2, 1066-1500
This anthology presents in two volumes a series of Latin texts (with English translation) produced in Britain during the period AD 450-1500. Excerpts are taken from Bede and other historians, from the letters of women written from their monasteries, from famous documents such as Domesday Book and Magna Carta, and from accounts and legal documents, all revealing the lives of individuals at home and on their travels across Britain and beyond. It offers an insight into Latin writings on many subjects, showing the important role of Latin in the multilingual society of medieval Britain, in which Latin was the primary language of written communication and record and also developed, particularly after the Norman Conquest, through mutual influence with English and French. The thorough introductions to each volume provide a broad overview of the linguistic and cultural background, while the individual texts are placed in their social, historical and linguistic context.
