The Diachrony of Verb Meaning
This innovative volume offers a comprehensive account of the study of language change in verb meaning in the history of the English language. Integrating both the author's previous body of work and new research, the book explores the complex dynamic between linguistic structures, morphosyntactic and semantics, and the conceptual domain of meaning, employing a consistent theoretical treatment for analyzing different classes of predicates. Building on this analysis, each chapter connects the implications of these findings from diachronic change with data from language acquisition, offering a unique perspective on the faculty of language and the cognitive system. In bringing together a unique combination of theoretical approaches to provide an in-depth analysis of the history of diachronic change in verb meaning, this book is a key resource to researchers in historical linguistics, theoretical linguistics, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, and the history of English.
A Corpus-Based Approach to Clause Combining in English from the Systemic Functional PerspectiveACorpus-Based Approach to Clause Combining in English from the Systemic Functional Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Purpose of the Study 1.3 Organization of the Book Chapter 2 A Systemic Functional Approach to Clause Combining in English 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of Clause Combining 2.2.1 Parataxis 2.2.2 Hypotaxis 2.2.3 Embedding 2.3 Cline 2.4 Cline in Clause Combining 2.5 A Sketch of Grammatical Metaphor 2.5.1 Ideational Metaphor and Interpersonal Metaphor 2.5.2 Textual Metaphor 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Research Design 3.1 Research Questions 3.2 Research Methods 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Data Processing Chapter 4 Genre Distributions of Clause Combining 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Crown Corpus-Based Research on Clause Combining 4.2.1 Overall Frequency Distribution 4.2.2 Genre Distribution of Overall Frequency 4.2.3 Genre Distribution of Logico-semantic Relations 4.2.4 Genre Distribution of Embedding 4.2.5 Existing Questions 4.3 Research Based on the BNC and the COCA 4.3.1 Genre Distribution of Expansion 4.3.2 Genre Distribution of Projection 4.3.3 Genre Distribution of Embedding 4.4 Summary Chapter 5 Diachronic Distribution of Clause Combining 5.1 Diachronic Distribution of Overall Frequency 5.2 Diachronic Distribution of Expansion 5.3 Diachronic Distribution of Projection 5.4 Diachronic Distribution of Embedding 5.5 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Clauses 5.5.1 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Clauses of Expansion 5.5.2 Diachronic Distribution of Non-finite Embedded Clauses 5.5.3 Diachronic Distribution of Personal Pronoun Subjects of Absolute Clauses 5.6 Summary Chapter 6 Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Creation of Grammatical Metaphor 6.3 Types of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 6.3.1 Ideational Metaphor 6.3.2 Textual Metaphor 6.4 Diachronic Distribution of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 6.4.1 Diachronic Distribution of Experiential Metaphor 6.4.2 Diachronic Distribution of Logical Metaphor 6.4.3 Diachronic Distribution of Cohesive Metaphor 6.5 Genre Distribution of Grammatical Metaphor in Clause Combining 6.5.1 Genre Distribution of Experiential Metaphor 6.5.2 Genre Distribution of Logical Metaphor 6.5.3 Genre Distribution of Cohesive Metaphor 6.6 Summary Chapter 7 Conclusion 7.1 Research Findings 7.2 Limitations and Suggestions 7.2.1 Limitations 7.2.2 Further Research References Appendix 1: CLAWS 7 Tagset Appendix 2: POS List Appendix 3: Query Syntax Appendix 4: Systems for Statistics Appendix 5: Tables of Corpus Data Statistics
Untersuchungen Zum Urslavischen: Einleitende Kapitel, Lautlehre, Morphematik
Gegenstand dieses Buches ist das um ca. 600 n. Chr. gesprochene Urslavische. Nach der historischen und geographischen Einordnung und der Bestimmung der soziolinguistischen Funktion dieser Sprache behandelt das Buch theoretisch und empirisch die Frage ihrer Einheitlichkeit. Es folgt die haupts瓣chlich auf die Lehnbeziehungen des mittelalterlichen Slavischen gest羹tzte Rekonstruktion der Phonetik des Urslavischen und der Lautung und Akzentuierung urslavischer W繹rter. Danach werden Bereiche der Morphologie des Urslavischen, insbesondere der Wortbildung, detailliert behandelt, wobei im Wesentlichen auf die Methoden der "generativen Phonologie" zur羹ckgegriffen wird. Auch da wird die urslavische Akzentologie konsequent mitber羹cksichtigt.
Dreyer’s English
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER - A sharp, funny grammar guide they'll actually want to read, from Random House's longtime copy chief and one of Twitter's leading language gurus NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY O: The Oprah Magazine - Paste - Shelf Awareness"Essential (and delightful!)"--People We all write, all the time: books, blogs, emails. Lots and lots of emails. And we all want to write better. Benjamin Dreyer is here to help. As Random House's copy chief, Dreyer has upheld the standards of the legendary publisher for more than two decades. He is beloved by authors and editors alike--not to mention his followers on social media--for deconstructing the English language with playful erudition. Now he distills everything he has learned from the myriad books he has copyedited and overseen into a useful guide not just for writers but for everyone who wants to put their best prose foot forward. As authoritative as it is amusing, Dreyer's English offers lessons on punctuation, from the underloved semicolon to the enigmatic en dash; the rules and nonrules of grammar, including why it's OK to begin a sentence with "And" or "But" and to confidently split an infinitive; and why it's best to avoid the doldrums of the Wan Intensifiers and Throat Clearers, including "very," "rather," "of course," and the dreaded "actually." Dreyer will let you know whether "alright" is all right (sometimes) and even help you brush up on your spelling--though, as he notes, "The problem with mnemonic devices is that I can never remember them." And yes: "Only godless savages eschew the series comma." Chockful of advice, insider wisdom, and fun facts, this book will prove to be invaluable to everyone who wants to shore up their writing skills, mandatory for people who spend their time editing and shaping other people's prose, and--perhaps best of all--an utter treat for anyone who simply revels in language.Praise for Dreyer's English"Playful, smart, self-conscious, and personal . . . One encounters wisdom and good sense on nearly every page of Dreyer's English."--The Wall Street Journal "Destined to become a classic."--The Millions "Dreyer can help you . . . with tips on punctuation and spelling. . . . Even better: He'll entertain you while he's at it."--Newsday
Working With Grammar
A general grammar text for middle school, teaching grammar through writing exercises. It covers all parts of speech, types of sentences, functions and case of nouns and pronouns in sentences.
Working With Grammar Workbook
This workbook accompanies the main Working With Grammar text, and provides all of the exercises that help students apply what they are learning. Working With Grammar is a general grammar text for middle school, teaching grammar through writing exercises. It covers all parts of speech, types of sentences, functions and case of nouns and pronouns in sentences.
Essentials of English Grammar
This early work by Otto Jespersen was originally published in 1933 and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. 'Essentials of English Grammar' is an informative work on linguistics and includes chapters on 'Sounds', 'Spelling', 'Definitive Pronouns', and much more. Otto Jespersen was born in Randers, Denmark on 16th July 1869. He worked as an academic at Copenhagen University and rose to the position of professor of English, a post he held from 1893 to 1925. Jespersen made a considerable contribution to the study of linguistics and some of his works are still used as the basic texts for study in the field.
Making Sense
In Making Sense, David Crystal confronts the foe of many: grammar. Once taught relentlessly to all students in the English-speaking world, grammar disappeared from most school curricula, so that terms such as "preposition" and "conjunction" now often confound children and adults alike. Explaining the nuts and bolts of grammar presents a special challenge, because - far more than is the case with spelling and punctuation - the subject is burdened with a centuries-old history of educational practice that many will recall as anything but glamorous. One of the world's foremost authorities on the English language, Crystal sets out to rid grammar of its undeserved reputation as a dry and intimidating subject, pointing out how essential grammar is to clear and effective speech and writing. He moves briskly through the stages by which children acquire grammar, along the way demystifying grammar's rules and irregularities and showing us how to navigate its snares and pitfalls. He offers the fascinating history of grammar, explaining how it has evolved from the first grammarians in ancient Greece to our 21st century digital environment of blogging, emailing, and texting. Many find grammar to be a daunting subject, but in this breezy, entertaining book, Crystal proves that grammar doesn't need to make us uneasy-we can all make sense of how we make sense.
Petit Point Final
Petit Point Final est un livre charmant qui fascinera les jeunes lecteurs. L'histoire introduit l'alphabet, du vocabulaire et des phrases en fran癟ais et en anglais, et la ponctuation. Le livre contient de magnifiques illustrations et le texte est une suite agr矇able de rythmes et de r矇p矇titions. Accompagnez Petit Point Final dans son voyage passionnant qui m癡ne vers le lieu sp矇cial de son STOP. Little Full Stop is a delightful book to engage early learners. The story is in French and introduces children to the English alphabet, words, sentences and punctuation. The book is beautifully illustrated and the text is a lovely blend of rhythm and repetition. Come on an exciting journey with Little Full Stop and find a special spot to STOP. Published by www.mambooks.com.au
A Grammer of the Bohemian or Cech Language
This vintage book contains a comprehensive introduction to the Czech language, offering new learners helpful information and explanations of its elementary aspects and fundamental principles. This volume will appeal to those with an interest in learning the language, as well as those wishing to brush up on their existing Czech skills. Contents include: "Phonology", "The Alphabet", "Accidence", "Inflected Parts of Speech", "The Noun", "First Declension: A-Stem", "The Adjectives", "Comparison and Adjectives", "Numerals", "Cardinal", "Ordinal", "Pronouns", "Verbs", etc. William Richard Morfill FBA (1834 - 1909) was Professor of Russian and allied languages at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1909. He was the first such professor in Britain and wrote many books on the subject, including "A Grammar of the Russian Language" (1889), "The Story of Russia" (1890), and "Slavonic Region" (1904). Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition for the enjoyment of language learners now and for years to come.
Adjektive
Die Probleme, die das Adjektiv aufwirft, sind vielf瓣ltig; und zahlreich sind die Bez羹ge zwischen ihnen. Beides ergibt sich aus einem charakteristischen "Dazwischen" des Adjektivs. Und wenn der vorliegende Band seine Beitr瓣ge geordnet in drei Sektionen: Grammatik, Pragmatik, Erwerb pr瓣sentiert, dann vor dem Hintergrund, dass sich in allen drei Zugangsweisen dieses "Dazwischen" in spezifischer Form wiederfindet: Grammatisch sind die Adjektive als Wortart definiert 羹ber ihre prim瓣r attributive Funktion, die zwischen Referenz und Pr瓣dikation rangiert, in ihrem pragmatischen Nutzen bewegen sich Adjektive kaum greifbar zwischen Bewertung und Beschreibung, und im Adjektiverwerb scheinen Sprecher einen diachron aufgespannten Zwischenraum zu 羹berwinden zwischen prim瓣rem Interaktionsbezug und allm瓣hlich zunehmender Konzeptualisierung - einen Zwischenraum jedoch, der auch im "fertigen" grammatischen und pragmatischen Dazwischen der Wortart nicht 羹berwunden, sondern nur differenzierter ausgestaltet erscheint.Die Pointe dieses Bandes liegt so in der gemeinsamen Pr瓣sentation von grammatischen und pragmatischen Aspekten des Adjektivs sowie von Problemen des (oft stiefm羹tterlich behandelten) Adjektiverwerbs, in der die immer analog auftretende Zwischenposition offenbar zugangs羹bergreifend die beiden Seiten derselben adjektivischen Medaille konstituiert.
Gesenius’ Hebrew grammar
This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.
Visual Prosody
According to well-established views, language has several subsystems where each subsystem (e.g. syntax, morphology, phonology) operates on the basis of hierarchically organised units. When it comes to the graphematic structure of words, however, the received view appears to be that linear structure is all that matters. Contrary to this view, a sub-field of writing systems research emerges that can be called non-linear or supra-segmental graphematics. Drawing on parallels with supra-segmental phonology, supra-segmental graphematics claims the existence and relevance of cross-linguistically available building blocks, such as the syllable and the foot, in alphabetical writing systems, such as the writing systems of German and English. This book explores the graphematic hierarchy with a special focus on the unit foot. Structural, experimental and databased evidence is presented in favour of this approach. In addition, analyses within the optimality theory framework are offered. This work shows that the supra-segmental graphematic approaches are superior to linear ones with respect to explanatory strength and even preciseness of the description. It is thus interesting for academics concerned with writing systems and orthography teaching.
From Sounds to Structures
The term 'Maya', in Indian traditions, refers to our sensory perception of the world and, as such, to a superficial reality (or 'un-reality') that we must look beyond to find the inner reality of things. Applied to the study of language, we perceive sounds, a superficial reality, and then we seek structures, the underlying reality in what we call phonology, morphology, and syntax. This volume starts with an introduction by the editors, which shows how the various papers contained in the volume reflect the spectrum of research interests of Andrea Calabrese, as well as his influence on the work of colleagues and his students. Contributors, united in their search for the abstract structures that underlie the appearances of languages include linguists such as Adriana Belletti, Paola Beninc?, Jonathan Bobaljik, Gugliemo Cinque, David Embick, Mirko Grimaldi, Harry van der Hulst, Michael Kenstowicz, Maria Rita Manzini, Andrew Nevins, Elizabeth Pyatt, Luigi Rizzi, Leonardo Savoia, Laura Vanelli, Bert Vaux, Susi Wurmbrand, as well as a few junior researchers including Mariachiara Berizzi, Giuliano Bocci, Stefano Canalis, Silvio Cruschina, Irina Monich, Beata Moskal, Diego Pescarini, Joseph Perry, Roberto Petrosino, and Kobey Schwayder.
English Grammar GitaAn Inclusive Study of Noun, Pronoun and Verb
English Grammar Gita is an indispensable book for the readers who study English as a second or foreign language. This volume is a complete study of the three word classes, namely noun, pronoun and verb, covering all their categories comprehensively. The strength and one of the features of this book is more than 5000 examples for clarification in the formal language, and whenever necessary, informal sentences are also bracketed. The volume contains more than 80 tables for the complete understanding of the grammatical items. English Grammar Gita is a perspective of a teacher who faces common problems with the students while teaching English grammar in the classroom. Every page of this book will prove to be a eureka moment for the reader.Reviews: English Grammar Gita shows how the word classes are the matter of the detailed study. It ponders over noun, pronoun and verb in the most marathon way. Mr. Ravishankar Subnis, the researcher, has given his whole, having in mind the problems foreign learners may have while learning grammar. The awesome quality of English Grammar Gita is that 'it is the root towards root'. When the reader goes through the great fair of sentences, their long stroll will be very smooth and without any obstacle. The language learners have the satisfied banquet of three word classes which preludes the infinity of the Queen's language.- Mahesh Pendke (Teacher of English)(More reviews on the back cover)
The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System
The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System provides a comprehensive account of the English writing system, both in its current iteration and highlighting the developing trends that will influence its future. Twenty-nine chapters written by specialists from around the world cover core linguistic and psychological aspects, and also include areas from other disciplines such as typography and computer-mediated communication.Divided into five parts, the volume encompasses a wide range of approaches and addresses issues in the following areas: theory and the English writing system, discussing the effects of etymology and phonology; the history of the English writing system from its earliest development, including spelling, pronunciation and typography; the acquisition and teaching of writing, with discussions of literacy issues and dyslexia; English writing in use around the world, both in the UK and America, and also across Europe and Japan; computer-mediated communication and developments in writing online and on social media. The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students working in this area.
A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language
"A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language" is a 1884 work on Polish grammar by Russian professor and writer W. R. Morfill. Contents include: "Phonology--The Polish Alphabet", "The Doctrine of Forms", "Nouns", "Adjectives", "Numerals", "Pronouns", "Verbs", "Conjugation of Auxiliary Verbs", "To Be", "To Have", "Conjugation of Regular Verbs", "First Conjugation", "Second Conjugation", "Third Conjugation", etc. This volume will appeal to those looking for an introduction to the polish language as well as information on its history and evolution. William Richard Morfill FBA (1834 - 1909) was Professor of Russian and allied languages at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1909. He was the first such professor in Britain and wrote many books on the subject, including "A Grammar of the Russian Language" (1889), "The Story of Russia" (1890), and "Slavonic Region" (1904). Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition for the enjoyment of readers now and for years to come.
The English Grammar Workbook for Adults
The engaging, self-guided way to sharpen your grammar and write better!Mastering English grammar can be a real challenge. But never fear! The English Grammar Workbook for Adults is here to help improve your writing fluency so you can feel confident while crafting emails, cover letters, birthday cards and more.No matter your current skill level, this English grammar workbook has everything you need to learn essential elements, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, tenses, and beyond. Then, you'll apply what you've learned to everyday situations you could encounter at school, at work, social situations, creative writing, online, and more.Fun & functional--This clear, concise book is essential for ESL/EFL and other grammar students who want to work on writing English.Situational success--Get expert tips on how grammar applies to real-world scenarios.Easy to use--Find quick answers to your English grammar questions using text boxes and the expanded index in the back of the book.Learning how to communicate more clearly is a snap with The English Grammar Workbook for Adults.
Actually, the Comma Goes Here
Fun, funny, and factual-the most complete guide to punctuation for beginners and experts alike. Period.No one's ever said that learning punctuation is fun-until now. Actually, The Comma Goes Here takes a lighthearted yet highly informative approach to ensuring you never misplace a comma again.Whether it's semicolons or exclamation points, this primer has you covered with chapters that dive deep into the correct use for each and every piece of punctuation. You'll find plenty of fun (and funny) examples of proper writing while also learning how punctuation has changed throughout history.Actually, The Comma Goes Here includes: A complete crash course-Keep things simple with chapters that progress from the most basic punctuation (like periods) to more advanced or uncommon punctuation (like brackets).Memorable advice-Never mix your clauses up again thanks to easy-to-remember breakdowns, handy mnemonics, and entertaining sample sentences.Matters of style-Discover a quick reference chart that details the differences between the most common style guides, including the Chicago Manual of Style and Associated Press.Perfect your punctuation with the help of this comprehensive guidebook.
Improving Academic Listening and Note-Taking SkillsA Study in Foreign Learners’ Strategy T
The book investigates the effectiveness of long-term strategy training on how successfully and efficiently students listen to lectures and take notes. It is centered around a longitudinal study designed to measure to what extent a specially designed course allows 1st year undergraduate students to improve their academic skills. The research presented is grounded in theoretical perspectives on general listening comprehension, discourse processing, and teaching second language subskills. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in tertiary education and providing college and university students with courses useful in their academic performance. The readers might also gain insights into long-term research methodology of which the book gives a detailed account.
Topic and Focus Markers in Spanish, Portuguese and French
This book is concerned with the diachronic development of selected topic and focus markers in Spanish, Portuguese and French. On the one hand, it focuses on the development of these structures from their relational meaning to their topic-/ focus-marking meaning, and on the other hand, it is concerned with their current form und use. Thus, Romance topic and focus markers - such as sp. en cuanto a, pt. a prop籀sito de, fr. au niveau de or sentence-initial sp. Lo que as well as clefts and pseudo-clefts - are investigated from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. The author argues that topic markers have procedural meaning and that their function is bound to their syntactic position. An important contribution of this study is the fact that real linguistic evidence (in the form of data from various corpora) is analyzed instead of operating with constructed examples.
Little Full Stop
Little Full Stop is a delightful book to engage early learners. The story introduces children to the English alphabet, words, sentences and punctuation. The book is beautifully illustrated and the text is a lovely blend of rhyme, rhythm and repetition. Come on an exciting journey with Little Full Stop and find a special spot to STOP.
Good Grammar is the Life of the Party
"Those who can't be bothered with another dry grammar guide owe it to themselves to give this a look."-Publishers Weekly Grammar rules! Good Grammar is the Life of the Party: Tips for a Wildly Successful Life will convert certified grammar goofballs into bonafide word nerds. As the writer of the award-winning humor column "Grammar Guy," Curtis Honeycutt's grammar advice appears in over 40 newspapers each week. His debut book-filled with witty word wisdom-is designed to make your life more awesome by improving your grammar. Do you love language, but sometimes get tripped up by confusing grammar rules? Good Grammar is the Life of the Party is like a cheat code for your social life. Level up your grammar game to become a linguistic legend-from romantic relationships to job promotions to getting invited to fancy roof parties. Climb the corporate ladder, convince people you're smart, and win at life with dozens of helpful tips on how to master the English language. Grammar aficionados and beginners alike will love this fresh, friendly approach to tackling American English grammar and punctuation rules. This book answers some of life's most pressing questions, including: How can I make myself irresistible to attractive people?What's a moot?Why don't people like me?How can I increase my holiday card list to over 1,000 friends?Is irregardless even a word?Where can I find the best box of wine?Can I...or, may I...end a sentence in a preposition?Are robot overlords ruining our grammar?What are the chances I'll get killed by a falling coconut? GGITLOTP offers accessible mini-essays that provide a quirky spin on proper grammar usage along with tips for achieving massive personal success.
Sanskrit Historical Phonology
This short work was formerly printed as a Supplement to the Journal of The American Oriental Society, Number 5 January-March 1946.
Deutsch f羹r Dichter und Denker
Gutes Deutsch klingt nicht nach Thomas Mann. Es l瓣sst sich nicht nachbauen. Es l瓣sst sich nicht wie eine App herunterladen, indem man andere nachahmt oder Stilregeln folgt, deren Sinn man nicht versteht. Gutes Deutsch klingt, als h瓣tte man es selbst erfunden. Ganz beil瓣ufig, ohne die ?rmel aufzukrempeln und gepflegt zur Feder zu greifen. Und das geht leichter, als Sie denken! Indem wir uns die deutsche Sprache ansehen, als begegneten wir ihr zum allerersten Mal. Denn nichts ist in unserer Muttersprache, wie es scheint.Deutsch f羹r Dichter und Denker bietet vertiefte Sprachkunde und neue Antworten auf beliebte Fragen. Nur wer die deutsche Sprache erfasst, wie sie wirklich ist, kann daraus einen lebendigen Stil entwickeln.
Getting Writing Right
Want to become a first-class authority on grammar? Probably not.How about a specialist in punctuation rules? Not likely.What most of us want is to be able to write well, to communicate effectively in writing. What we need is a handy reference that will help us know whether we need a comma here or a semi-colon there. Punctuation is simply the use of symbols to control the flow of writing and ensure it's clear. Grammar is simply how we put words together so our writing makes sense. Getting Writing Right was created as a simple, go-to reference on these subjects-to help you become a better writer by providing a quick reference for use when writing. Read it. Use it. And get your writing right!
Sanskrit Historical Phonology
This short work was formerly printed as a Supplement to the Journal of The American Oriental Society, Number 5 January-March 1946.
English Grammar and Writing Skills
The main focus of this book is to address the problem of lack of grammar texts in simple and straightforward language that students will find less difficulty in understanding. Although this book is designed for students preparing for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination, it can also serve as a useful resource material for students studying English Language in tertiary institutions, teachers of English Language and other people who may want to improve their skills in the use of English Language. This book comprises five parts as follows; parts of speech, sentence structure, enriching vocabulary, punctuation marks and mechanics, essay writing and comprehension and summary.
Language and MindProceedings from the 32nd International Conference of the Croatian Applie
The topic of the book is the relationship between mind and language on all levels of linguistic research. Over the past decade, the cognitive approach to language and its methodology have started to permeate other areas of linguistic study, which, in turn, is opening up room for new types of research and resulting in new knowledge that contributes to explaining not only the linguistic phenomena, but also how they function in a linguistic community and contemporary society. The book tries to reflect these new developments. It consists of 11 chapters organized into three thematic sections: language and mind from linguistic perspective, the language and mind of the translator, and language and mind from the teacher's perspective.
Grammatical Categories
Grammatical categories (e.g. complementizer, negation, auxiliary, case) are some of the most important building blocks of syntax and morphology. Categorization therefore poses fundamental questions about grammatical structures and about the lexicon from which they are built. Adopting a 'lexicalist' stance, the authors argue that lexical items are not epiphenomena, but really represent the mapping of sound to meaning (and vice versa) that classical conceptions imply. Their rule-governed combination creates words, phrases and sentences - structured by the 'categories' that are the object of the present inquiry. They argue that the distinction between functional and non-functional categories, between content words and inflections, is not as deeply rooted in grammar as is often thought. In their argumentation they lay the emphasis on empirical evidence, drawn mainly from dialectal variation in the Romance languages, as well as from Albanian.
English Grammar: A Complete Introduction
English grammar doesn't have to be difficult. This book, complete with exercises and answers, forms a course which will take you from beginner or intermediate level to writing or using English confidently and correctly. This book includes: simple step-by-step explanations to help you grasp new principles or those that have previously confused you; practice questions throughout, to help you embed your learning and improve your confidence; and points of interest to lighten your learning - all in one great-value book, so you don't need any separate workbooks or course books. Chapters include: the history of the English language; syllables and morphemes; nouns; pronouns; verbs; adjectives and adverbs; prepositions and conjunctions; phrases and clauses; kinds of sentences; direct and indirect speech; prefixes and suffixes; gender and grammar; spelling and punctuation. The Complete Introduction series from Teach Yourself is the ultimate one-stop guide for anyone wanting a comprehensive and accessible entry point into subjects as diverse as philosophy, mathematics, psychology, Shakespeare and economics. Loved by students and perfect for general readers who simply want to learn more about the world around them, these books are your first choice for discovering something new.
International English Olympiad - Class 1 (With CD)
Developed by Professionals and Experienced Teachers from top schools across the country, the book has been divided into five sections namely Word Structure and Knowledge, Reading Comprehension, Spoken and Written Expressions, Achievers section, Model Papers. The concepts have been explained in brief through solved examples and Illustrations. To enhance the problem solving skills of candidates, Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with detailed solutions have been provided at the end of each chapter. Two Mock Test Papers have been provided for practice purpose. A CD containing Study Chart for systematic preparation, Tips & Tricks to crack English Olympiad, Pattern of exam, and links of Previous Years Papers is accompanied with this book. The book is recommended for various school level and competitive exams. #v&spublishers
Spanish Short Stories
Have you ever wanted to learn Spanish and have fun at the same time?Most of the time, teaching books are boring. They always have the same kind of format: Two (sometimes more) people talking about where the library is, or where to find Juan.That's boring, and to be honest, it's not a great way to learn the language (not to mention that they don't always talk about things that you might encounter in your daily life, for example, a judgmental ghost, being the last man on Earth, or maybe find that the love of your life has been stolen). But in this book, I will give you 20 short stories that will range from science fiction to romance, everything in between and sometimes even more. These stories will give you an entire picture of the Spanish language, and how to appreciate the subtlety of the language.The Spanish language is rich, full of small differences between the different countries. Things that might be one way in Argentina might be different in Spain or Mexico. But don't worry, with this book, you will have a firm grasp on the language, and you will be able to understand and have a conversation with any Spanish speaker.After each story, there will be a questionnaire section where you will answer questions about the stories in Spanish. I really suggest to grab a blank page, and write down the answers, or the small assignments that you will be given (don't worry, they won't be long!). Remember to write them in Spanish, so you can practice and use the language. Also, in this section, you will find grammar and fun facts not just from the stories themselves, but from the inspirations behind them, and facts about living in a Spanish country. I hope you like them.All these stories are written from my heart, and I deeply hope that you will find them funny, mysterious, romantic, or at least entertaining. That's my goal as a writer, and I hope you enjoy your time reading (and learning!)Get your copy now!
How to Write for Class
How to Write for Class: A Student's Guide to Grammar, Punctuation, and Style is a comprehensive guide to the concepts students need to know to write effectively for school. Rather than treat grammar as a series of rules to be memorized, it emphasizes the logic behind the English language as well as the relationship between grammar and meaning.The approach taken in this book is also based on the observation that students often find it challenging to apply rules studied in isolation, or through overly-simplified examples, to the more complex statements they want to include in their own writing. How to Write for Class is designed to help bridge that gap: it makes use of numerous examples from actual papers and walks students through the process of constructing the type of sophisticated but grammatically coherent statements that will raise their academic writing to the next level.Appropriate for advanced middle-school through college writers.
200 English Grammar Mistakes!
Do you constantly struggle with making simple, yet confusing grammatical errors in your writing?If so, then keep reading...If you're like most of us, accidentally making grammatical errors - big and small - in our writing is inevitable.Whether it be in an academic piece of writing, or a simple little text message to your friend, making grammatical errors can be embarrassing and make your writing feel rushed and done with little to no care at all.With countless guides on how to properly write and speak, finding books that focus predominantly on common English grammar errors are few and far between.So, that's why we decided to create this book focused strictly on common English grammar errors, how to fix them and how to never make them again.In Common English Grammar Mistakes 101, here is just a fraction of what you can expect: 150+ common English grammar mistakes 3 clearly laid out examples of each common error to better your understanding 3 corrected versions of each error to give you 100% certainty 2 - 3 multiple choice questions with answers per common mistake to test your ability Common mistakes including, but not limited to: punctuation, sentence structure, spelling, formatting, verbs, adjectives and many other English grammar components 1 full chapter devoted to advanced English mistakes to ensure you're an expert by the time you finish the book And so much more... At the end of the day, being able to master English grammar is a skill millions of people struggle with all around the world. I believe being able to identify common errors in writing and apply strategies to fix them with ease should always be the first step to becoming a master of English writing. So, if you want to know every single one of the most common English grammar errors, how to fix them and how to never make them again... Order a copy of this book today! And never make an English grammar mistake again!
English Grammar Rules 101
If you've ever wondered what it would be like to possess perfect English grammar skills, then keep reading because you're in for a treat.So you've been reading online about all the different methods and techniques to finally call yourself an English Grammar Expert. You've paid all types of people to help you improve your punctuation skills and sentence structure struggles, and maybe even attended classes in hopes of achieving the top notch English Grammar, writing, spelling and speaking skills you have been yearning for.Unfortunately, even after all of this, you've noticed little to no changes at all. You're right where you started when you first sat down at the computer and began your journey. Sound familiar?Either you got unlucky and things just haven't worked in your favourOr, you simply haven't discovered what true English grammar skills are and the positive results mastering them can yield for a person like you.Well, it's a good thing you stumbled across this book, because the information contained inside is designed to help you one-up your English grammar skills once and for all. Even if you think nothing will ever work for you, this book brings an entirely new and refreshed abundance of insight to the table. The application of what you learn in this book can help you see results in as little as 1 week, and change your life forever.In English Grammar Rules 101, here is just a fraction of what you'll discover: How to MASTER English grammar basics An action plan to implement key grammar components into your writing What the 4 "H's" of English are and why they are so important 3 steps to becoming a punctuation pro How to never overthink about present, past or future tense again Perfect sentence structure 101 What it means to conquer capitalization How to NEVER spell a word wrong again 7 proven techniques to create killer compositions The #1 way to always add your personal flare And so much more... At the end of the day, being able to master English grammar is a skill millions of people struggle with all around the world. Be the person who takes action and rises above the norm... If you want to implement these highly effective skills, techniques and strategies into your writing and speaking, but don't know where to start... Order a copy of this book today! Quickly begin to leverage the power of highly effective English grammar skills in order to change your life in 1 week or less!
Simplified Grammer of the Serbian Language
First published in 1887, this vintage book offers a short account of the chief characteristics of the Serbian language, with a special focus on its grammar. Serbian is the language Serbia, the territory of Kosovo, as well one one of the languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also spoken in Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. With clear explanations and helpful tables, this volume will appeal to those with an interest in the learning the Serbian language or how it it has developed within the last century. Contents include: "The Alphabet", "The Accents", "Characteristics of the Dialects", "Doctrine of Forms", "The Gender of Substantives", "Declension", "Consonantal Stems", "Adjectives". "Degrees of Comparison", "The Numerals", "Pronouns", "The Verb", "Prefixes", "Stems without Suffixes", etc. William Richard Morfill FBA (1834 - 1909) was Professor of Russian and allied languages at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1909. He was the first such professor in Britain and wrote many books on the subject, including "A Grammar of the Russian Language" (1889), "The Story of Russia" (1890), and "Slavonic Region" (1904). Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this classic volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition for the enjoyment of literature lovers now and for years to come.
Twelve Lessons on Breathing and Breath Control - For Singers, Speakers, and Teachers
This vintage book contains a detailed guide to the breathing techniques employed by singers and public speakers. Written in simple, clear language and full of useful information, this timeless handbook is highly recommended for modern readers with a practical interest in singing. "Learn to breathe and control your breath; learn also to increase the power and beautify the quality of your voice; by studying Twelve Lessons on Breathing and Breath Control"Contents include: Lesson I - In Breathing - A Study of the Movement in Ordinary InspirationLesson II - In Breathing - The Parts of the Act of InspirationLesson III - In Breathing - The Backward ExpansionLesson IV - In Breathing - The Forward ExpansionLesson V - In Breathing - The Upward ExpansionLesson VI - In Breathing - The Upward Movement of the Chest, continuedLesson VII - PowerLesson VIII - Breath Control Part 1Lesson IX - Breath Control Part 2Lesson X - Breath Control Part 3Lesson XI - Breath Control Part 4Lesson XII - Breath Control Part 5Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. Originally published in 1896, we are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition.
English Errors
Error identification and correction play an important role not only in language learning but in all areas of life.English Errors ... made in Italy will enable you to identify and discover the origin of over 200 English errors made by Italian speakers of English. There is a test your errors section at the beginning of the book with the most frequent errors made by Italian learners of English.First of all, why do errors occur?Interference from the learner's native language - in this case Italian.Insufficient knowledge of the target language - in this case English.Which errors have the highest frequency? The incorrect usage and omission of the definite article "the" and the indefinite articles "a" and "an".When learning English these are the grammatical parts which prove to be the most difficult. Incorrect use impedes proficiency development.Pattern assimilation from Italian to English is also a major obstruction to accuracy in English.There is also a high occurrence of the incorrect use and omission of prepositions and auxiliary verbs.Errors with the wrong verb collocation such as "fare una fotografia" being translated as "make a photo" as opposed to "take a photograph". These errors lead to misunderstandings as "make a photograph" would imply "create" with one's own hands. Collocations play an important role in the English language. Many students lack the ability to form the correct verb + noun collocational sets therefore jeopardizing English accuracy.High frequency errors also include the use of double subjects as in - "my sister she works in an office."The worst possible error when speaking or writing English is when the subject and verb are in disagreement as in the case of "my brother work in London" - as opposed to "my brother works in London". This error is deemed "unforgivable" and is extremely painful to the English ear.Other errors include the use of the wrong tenses - "I have phoned him yesterday" as opposed to "I phoned him yesterday." This is a common error due to mother tongue interference - it's a direct translation from Italian.Are you continuing to say "enough big" instead of "big enough", or "too much expensive" instead of "too expensive"? If so then this book can clarify why and put an end to the many doubts you may have.About the authorJacqueline Melvin has been dealing with "error correction" for years with Italian students. Most of the time the same mistakes are repeated over and over again due to the fact that the student has been saying the wrong thing for so long that it has now begun so sound right; that is why It is better to nip the error in the bud right from the word go.
English Grammar
The practical English grammar guide for perfect writing. Gone are the days when you worry about embarrassing yourself with pesky misplaced modifiers or dreaded double negatives. Next time you have a nagging grammar question, pick up this practical guide and write with clarity and confidence. English Grammar spares you the lessons and cuts right to the answers. Designed for fast reference, this book makes it easy to avoid the most cringe-worthy mistakes in the English language--and maybe even make your grade school grammar teacher proud. Inside English Grammar: English Grammar goofs--Avoid falling into the most common traps with guidelines for incomplete sentences, possessive pronouns with gerunds, dangling modifiers and more. Word mix-ups--Learn the difference between common word misuses like sex vs. gender, its and it's, whose and who's, the list goes on... Write with style--Make a good (and grammatically correct) impression with every sentence you pen using these easy writing hacks and suggestions. Everyone makes mistakes--but with this English grammar guide you'll make a lot fewer of them. Period.
Overcoming Difficulty in Grammar Rules and Language Arts
Overcoming Difficulty in Grammar Rules and Language Arts provides a clear and comprehensive understanding for students and help students master grammar rules as well as other language arts. The rules in the books offer clear instructions, definitions, models of effective writing, and concepts that are used in real-life writing. The book is informative, unique, easy to understand, and is a good resource for educators, parents, guardians, and professionals who work with students and want them to do well. Language arts is used in all educational institutions. When students and individuals are able to master grammar rules in language arts, they will be able to perform effectively in other subjects. Today, students in many public schools are not performing as they should in language arts. "I can do all things through Christ who strengthen me" (Philippians 4:13, KJV).
Grammar Essentials for Dummies
Grammar Essentials For Dummies (9781119589617) was previously published as Grammar Essentials For Dummies(9780470618370). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product.For students competing for the decreasing pool of college scholarships, writing a stellar entrance essay can make all the difference. With discrete explanations of vital grammar rules, common usage errors, and the other key concepts people need to refer to most often, Grammar Essentials For Dummies provides crucial information to help students communicate accurately and effectively. This guide is also a perfect reference for parents who need to review critical grammar concepts as they help students with homework assignments or college entrance essays, as well as for adult learners headed back into the classroom and people learning English as a next language. The Essentials For Dummies SeriesDummies is proud to present our new series, The Essentials For Dummies. Now students who are prepping for exams, preparing to study new material, or who just need a refresher can have a concise, easy-to-understand review guide that covers an entire course by concentrating solely on the most important concepts. From algebra and chemistry to grammar and Spanish, our expert authors focus on the skills students most need to succeed in a subject.
The Phonetics and Phonology of Gutturals
This book is the first detailed investigation and description of phonotactic sound patterns affecting Khoesan click consonant inventories. It also includes the first quantitative study of phonation types in Khoesan languages, and the first study of phonation types associated with pharyngeal consonants all around. Although bases of OCP constraints have been presumed to be perceptual, this is the first quantitative study showing the acoustic basis of a particular OCP constraint in a specific language. Amanda L. Miller-Ockhuizen describes the phonetics and phonology of gutturals in the Khoesan language of Ju'hoansi. Hers is the first study of voice quality cues associated with epiglottalized vowels. Thus, it is the first study to show that laryngeal and pharyngeal vowels are unified phonetically by non-modal voice qualities associated with them. It is also the first study to show that in addition to laryngeal coarticulation, whereby voice quality cues associated with laryngeal consonants are spread to a following vowel, pharyngeal coarticulation also involves spreading of voice quality cues. Thus, guttural consonants are united in that they all spread voice quality cues onto a following vowel. Voice quality cues found on vowels following guttural consonants are as large as similar cues associated with guttural vowels. This acoustic similarity is shown to be the basis of a novel Guttural OCP constraint found in the language, which is demonstrated to exist via co-occurrence patterns found over a recorded database of all of the known roots. Thus, this is the first book to provide a detailed perceptual basis of an OCP constraint. The database study also reports several other novel phonotactic constraints involving gutturals, as well as a reanalysis of the well-known Back Vowel Constraint. This book describes both phonetics and phonology of the natural class of guttural consonants, and shows through a quantitative acoustic investigation how the phonetic cues associated with these sounds are the bases of phonotactic constraints involving them.
English After Rp
This book concisely describes ways in which today's standard British English speech differs from the upper-class accent of the last century, Received Pronunciation, which many now find old-fashioned or even comic. In doing so it provides a much-needed update to the existing RP-based descriptions by which the sound system of British English is still known to many around the world.The book opens with an account of the rise and fall of RP, before turning to a systematic analysis of the phonetic developments between RP and contemporary Standard Southern British (SSB) in vowels, consonants, stress, connected speech and intonation. Topics covered include the anti-clockwise vowel shift, the use of glottal stops, 'intrusive r', vocal fry and Uptalk. It concludes with a Mini Dictionary of well over 100 words illustrating the changes described throughout the book, and provides a chart of updated IPA vowel symbols.This book is an essentialresource for anyone interested in British pronunciation and sound change, including academics in phonetics, phonology, applied linguistics and English language; trainers of English teachers; English teachers themselves; teachers of voice and accent coaches; and students in those areas.
Woe Is I
A revised and updated edition of the iconic grammar guide for the 21st century. In this expanded and updated edition of Woe Is I, former editor at The New York Times Book Review Patricia T. O'Conner unties the knottiest grammar tangles with the same insight and humor that have charmed and enlightened readers of previous editions for years. With fresh insights into the rights, wrongs, and maybes of English grammar and usage, O'Conner offers in Woe Is I down-to-earth explanations and plain-English solutions to the language mysteries that bedevil all of us. "Books about English grammar and usage are... never content with the status quo," O'Conner writes. "That's because English is not a stay-put language. It's always changing--expanding here, shrinking there, trying on new things, casting off old ones... Time doesn't stand still and neither does language." In this fourth edition, O'Conner explains how the usage of an array of words has evolved. For example, the once-shunned "they," "them," and "their" for an unknown somebody is now acceptable. And the battle between "who" and "whom" has just about been won, O'Conner says (hint: It wasn't by "whom"). Then there's the use of "taller than me" in simple comparisons, instead of the ramrod-stiff "taller than I." "May" and "might," "use to" and "used to," abbreviations that use periods and those that don't, and the evolving definition of "unique" are all explained here by O'Conner. The result is an engaging, up-to-date and jargon-free guide to every reader's questions about grammar, style, and usage for the 21st century.
The English Grammar Workbook for Grades 6, 7, and 8
Ace your grammar, improve your grades―125 simple exercises for grades 6, 7, and 8 Grammar is an essential part of the sixth, seventh, and eighth grade curriculum. With The English Grammar Workbook for Grades 6, 7, and 8, students will build a strong foundation for understanding the concepts of grammar and using them effectively when reading, writing, or speaking. This grammar workbook offers students the flexibility to learn at their own pace while providing the structure they need to successfully retain essential grammar rules, such as parts of speech, sentence structure, phrases and clauses, active and passive voice, mood, punctuation, writing style, and more. Inside the pages of this grammar workbook, you'll find: Basics and building blocks-Students can progress at their own pace and build their knowledge as they go. Engaging lessons and reviews-Strengthen students' learning and skill retention with simple reviews after every three lessons.Practical quizzes and answers-Prepare students for real-world grammar usage with helpful quizzes and an easy-to-navigate answer key. Make learning the fundamental concepts of grammar easy and organized.
I Will Survive!
Did you know that learning a foreign language can be super effective if you are approaching it in a different way?This essential grammar guide can make you laugh at bitterness while learning the complicated French grammar!Go through the five stages of grief and laugh at this book's bitterness ! 10 Easy Lessons that Cover all Grammar PointsClear Explanations from a Linguistic ViewpointLots of Bitter Examples That Could Have Come from Your Own HeartExercises and Quizzes to Test If You Are Truly Moving OnTranslation Exercises to Make Mastery Even EasierWritten by an expert foreign language professor and linguist, this grammar book tells you that learning a new language does not need not be boring! It can be bitter and fun at the same time!First, the basics! Master the verbs in present tense first! Then, nouns and pronouns! Finally, adjectives and adverbs! Stage 1: Denial Master the past tense! Stage 2: Anger Master the imperative and infinitive! Stage 3: Bargaining Master the conditional! Stage 4: DepressionMaster the subjunctive! Stage 5: AcceptanceFinally, accept and move on while you master the future tense!
