Tri-Constituent Compounds
This book provides a usage-based perspective to the study of multi-word compounding, analyzing the structural, functional and cognitive aspects of tripartite compounds (e.g. day care center, football game, hotel bedroom). It highlights the heterogeneity of these word-formation products, but also carves out surprising differences to two-word compounds. In order to reveal the step from two-word compounding to multi-word compounding, the book explains why only some compounds are used productively for the formation of more complex compounds. Building on the idea of entrenchment, it provides a theoretical account that allows understanding speakers' ability to produce multi-word compounds.
Common Ground in First Language and Intercultural Interaction
In recent years the traditional approach to common ground as a body of information shared between participants of a communicative process has been challenged. Taking into account not only L1 but also intercultural interactions and attempting to bring together the traditional view with the egocentrism-based view of cognitive psychologists, it has been argued that construction of common ground is a dynamic, emergent process. It is the convergence of the mental representation of shared knowledge that we activate, assumed mutual knowledge that we seek, and rapport as well as knowledge that we co-construct in the communicative process. This dynamic understanding of common ground has been applied in many research projects addressing both L1 and intercultural interactions in recent years. As a result several new elements, aspects and interpretations of common ground have been identified. Some researchers came to view common ground as one component in a complex contextual information structure. Others, analyzing intercultural interactions, pointed out the dynamism of the interplay of core common ground and emergent common ground. The book brings together researchers from different angles of pragmatics and communication to examine (i) what adjustments to the notion of common ground based on L1 communication should be made in the light of research in intercultural communication; (ii) what the relationship is between context, situation and common ground, and (iii) how relevant knowledge and content get selected for inclusion into core and emergent common ground.
Marquis de Sade
The name Marquis de Sade conjures images of scandal and perversion, but behind the excesses lies a profound thinker whose writings continue to provoke and challenge. In "Marquis de Sade: A Life of Power and Perversion", Henry F. Morgan delves into the complex life and works of this notorious French nobleman. This book goes beyond the sensational tales that gave de Sade his infamous reputation. It explores his radical political and philosophical ideas, his views on freedom and power, and his unflinching critique of the moral standards of his time. With precise analysis and historical depth, Morgan paints a portrait of a man who pushed the boundaries of thought and was both admired and reviled for it. For readers eager to explore the ideals and controversies surrounding one of the 18th century's most fascinating figures, this book offers a comprehensive examination of de Sade's life, work, and legacy-compelling readers to reflect on power, freedom, and the darker aspects of human nature.
Proper Names Versus Common Nouns
Recent research has shown that proper names morphosyntactically differ from common nouns in many ways. However, little is known about the morphological and syntactic/distributional differences between proper names and common nouns in less known (Non)-Indo-European languages. This volume brings together contributions which explore morphosyntactic phenomena such as case marking, gender assignment rules, definiteness marking, and possessive constructions from a synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspective. The languages surveyed include Austronesian languages, Basque, English, German, Hebrew, and Romance languages. The volume contributes to a better understanding not only of the contrasts between proper names and common nouns, but also of formal contrasts between different proper name classes such as personal names, place names, and others.
Language in Britain and Ireland
Now in its third edition, this book provides an up-to-date overview of all the major spoken and signed varieties of language used in Britain and Ireland today, and issues related to them. Comprehensive yet accessible, it is essential reading for academic researchers and students of sociolinguistics and education.
Writing Systems and Their Use
Grapholinguistics, the multifaceted study of writing systems, is growing increasingly popular, yet to date no coherent account covering and connecting its major branches exists. This book now gives an overview of the core theoretical and empirical questions of this field. A treatment of the structure of writing systems--their relation to speech and language, their material features, linguistic functions, and norms, as well as the different types in which they come--is complemented by perspectives centring on the use of writing, incorporating psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic issues such as reading processes or orthographic variation as social action. Examples stem from a variety of diverse systems such as Chinese, English, Japanese, Arabic, Thai, German, and Korean, which allows defining concepts in a broadly applicable way and thereby constructing a comparative grapholinguistic framework that provides readers with important tools for studying any writing system. The book emphasizes that grapholinguistics is a discipline in its own right, inviting discussion and further research in this up-and-coming field as well as an overdue integration of writing into general linguistic discussion.
Decoding Antisemitism
This open access book is the first comprehensive guide to identifying antisemitism online today, in both its explicit and implicit (or coded) forms. Developed through years of on-the-ground analysis of over 100,000 authentic comments posted by social media users in the UK, France, Germany and beyond, the book introduces and explains the central historical, conceptual and linguistic-semiotic elements of 46 antisemitic concepts, stereotypes and speech acts. The guide was assembled by researchers working on the Decoding Antisemitism project at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism at Technische Universit瓣t Berlin, building on existing basic definitions of antisemitism, and drawing on expertise in various fields. Using authentic examples taken from social media over the past four years, it sets out a pioneering step-by-step approach to identifying and categorising antisemitic content, providing guidance on how to recognise a statement as antisemitic or not. This book will be an invaluable tool through which researchers, students, practitioners and social media moderators can learn to recognise contemporary antisemitism online - and the structural aspects of hate speech more generally - in all its breadth and diversity.
Child Agency in Family Language Policy
Past studies of family language socialization often focus on children's verbal communication skills and are conducted from the parents' perspective. This book describes a child's mostly self-directed and near-simultaneous multilingual and multiliterate development from birth to age 8. The present findings thus emphasize the critical role of child agency, and they may redefine and expand on the traditional theoretical framework of family language policy.
Nonfinite Inquiries
This study aims at developing a unified perspective on nonfiniteness, encompassing its morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects. It puts the emphasis on clause types distinct from standard infinitives (gerund clauses, Celtic verbo-nominal structures, Portuguese inflected infinitives, Latin dominant participle constructions) and takes advantage of the most recent developments in syntactic theory. The notions of defectiveness and completeness, the inheritance hypothesis, the labeling requirement, the syntactic definition of lexical categories, once combined together, appear to make accessible tighter and more elegant analyses than previous accounts. 　
Developing Translanguaging Repertoires in Critical Teacher Education
This volume explores the emergent process of developing translanguaging repertoires among teacher educators, pre- and in-service teachers in different U.S. teacher education contexts. Its empirically based chapters adopt various qualitative methods to unpack the opportunities and challenges and provide implications for critical teacher education. It will be of interest to researchers and teachers in bilingual education, TESOL and social justice.
Reflexively Speaking
Reflexive language is unique to human languages; yet little is known of its use in actual dialogue. Fundamental features of language are manifest in dialogic speech and in lingua francas. Reflexivity, or metadiscourse, is central to successful communication. It is also vital in understanding academic argumentation, essential to academic self-understanding, and at the same time it has wide applications.
Discourse Markers in Interaction
The aim of this volume is to bring together researchers interested in investigating the role that Discourse Markers play in language production and comprehension from an experimental or corpus-based perspective. In any kind of human communication, Discourse Markers are part of the game. This omnipresence informs us of a crucial inherent aspect of human language. Yet, as a linguistic category, Discourse Markers remain underdetermined. To gain deeper insight into this complex linguistic category, more systematic work is needed on the production and on the interpretation of Discourse Markers in a variety of situational settings, resorting to different methodological approaches. The contributions in this volume aim at drawing more attention to the double face of Discourse Markers, namely as signals intentionally used by the speaker to facilitate the addressee's interpretation of the discourse, but also as potential traces of the speaker's production difficulties. The combination of experimental and corpus-based approaches and the focus on processing of Discourse Markers in both production and comprehension makes this volume a unique contribution in answering the question why we use Discourse Markers in certain situations, but also when we do not.
Modality in Underdescribed Languages
Current semantic fieldwork research has shown that the study of modality cannot be conducted via translation alone, yet much of what we know about modal expressions across the world's language is still translation-based. This book aims to facilitate the study of modality across more diverse languages and a wider participant base by explaining and illustrating a nuanced set of methods, including storyboards, questionnaires, corpora research, experimental tasks, as well as a discussion of practical semantic fieldwork techniques. The methodological protocols tested and employed by the authors on underdescribed languages - spanning seven different language families - are intended to be applicable as cross-linguistic tools, while also indicating the successes and challenges of their contributions. Expanding the study of modality to a wider set of underdescribed languages will undoubtedly bring new insights into our theoretical understanding of modality and deepen our understanding of a cross-linguistic typology of modal expressions.
Protecting the Public's Health during Novel Infectious Disease Outbreaks
This Element examines two prominent public health crises - the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in British cattle and the COVID-19 pandemic. It contends that a group of arguments called the informal fallacies functioned as cognitive heuristics and facilitated public health reasoning during both crises. These arguments, which include the argument from ignorance, the argument from authority, and circular argument, are particularly well adapted to the type of uncertainty that surrounds the emergence of novel infectious diseases. By bridging gaps in knowledge, these arguments can facilitate reasoning when evidence about these diseases is limited and the need to take action is urgent. The Element charts a public health journey beginning in the 1950s with a disease called kuru, then examines the response to the emergence of BSE in 1986 and extends to the present day with the COVID-19 pandemic. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Language Families in Contact
The book provides an encyclopaedic overview of the language contact between Slavic languages and Romani in Eastern, South-Eastern and East-Central Europe. It is based on Yaron Matras' pragmatic-functional approach to language contact and follows a new direction in Romani linguistics that conceives Romani as a subgroup of closely related languages rather than a single language. The central topics discussed in the book are: Slavic impact on Romani phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax; forms and functions of Slavic verbal prefixes in Romani; Slavic impact on the Romani lexicon; Romani elements in the nonstandard lexicon of the Slavic languages; writing Romani with 'Slavic' alphabets.
Appliable Linguistics and Social Semiotics
Exploring the relationship between theory and practice in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), this volume offers a state-of-the-art overview of Appliable Linguistics. Featuring both internationally-renowned scholars and rising stars from Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Indonesia, New Zealand, Singapore and the USA, Appliable Linguistics and Social Semiotics examines the theoretical insights, questions, and developments that have emerged from the application of Systemic Functional theory to a range of fields. Beyond simply reporting on the application of SFL to particular sites of communication, both linguistic and semiotic, this volume demonstrates how SFL has critiqued, developed and transformed theory and practice and foregrounds the implications of application for Systemic Functional theory itself. Covering established fields for application, such as education, medicine and media, to relatively uncharted areas, such as software design and extremist propaganda, this volume provides an overview of recent linguistic and semiotic innovations informed by SFL and examines the advances that have been made from many years of productive dialogue between theory and practice.
The Representation of Motion Events in English and German
The encoding of motion event components is a central element in determining the nature of linguistic and conceptual representations underlying motion event construal. This work approaches the verbalization and conceptualization of motion events in German and English from a theoretical point of view and on the basis of a corpus study, an online survey, and an in-person experiment. The research focuses on the investigation of different factors determining motion event construal of native speakers and learners by examining cognitive variables - i.e., visual endpoint salience and cognitive cost caused by non-habitual aspect use - and grammatical factors - i.e., grammatical viewpoint aspect.
Models of Modals
Modal verbs in English communicate delicate shades of meaning, there being a large range of verbs both on the necessity side (must, have to, should, ought to, need, need to) and the possibility side (can, may, could, might, be able to). They therefore constitute excellent test ground to apply and compare different methodologies that can lay bare the factors that drive the speaker's choice of modal verb. This book is not merely concerned with a purely grammatical description of the use of modal verbs, but aims at advancing our understanding of lexical and grammatical units in general and of linguistic methodologies to explore these. It thus involves a genuine effort to compare, assess and combine a variety of approaches. It complements the leading descriptive qualitative work on modal verbs by testing a diverse range of quantitative methods, while not ignoring qualitative issues pertaining to the semantics-pragmatics interface. Starting from a critical assessment of what constitutes the meaning of modal verbs, different types of empirical studies (usage-based, data-driven and experimental), drawing considerably on the same data sets, shows how method triangulation can contribute to an enhanced understanding. Due attention is also given to individual variation as well as the degree to which modals can predict L2 proficiency level.
Type Noun Constructions in Slavic, Germanic and Romance Languages
This volume is the first dedicated to the comprehensive, in-depth analysis of constructions with nouns like 'type' and 'sort'. It focuses on type noun constructions in Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages, integrating the different descriptive traditions that had been developed for each language family. As a result, a greater variety of type noun constructions is revealed than in the hitherto more fragmented literature. But attention is also drawn to the cross-linguistic similarity of the new pragmatic meanings, such as ad hoc and approximative categorization, hedging, focus and filler uses, and the new grammatical functions in NPs (e.g. phoric uses), clauses (e.g. adverbial uses) and complex sentences (e.g. quotatives). The volume offers survey chapters of type noun constructions in each language family as well as contributions focusing on specific aspects in one or two languages, such as their grammar, semantics and pragmatics, diachronic development, discursive and sociolinguistic variety. These complementary methodologies elucidate the unique cross-linguistic field of type noun constructions both descriptively and theoretically. Hence, this volume can also serve as a model for similar surveys in other functional domains.
Cognitive Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition
This book presents comprehensive, thorough and updated analyses of key cognitive individual difference factors (e.g., age, intelligence, language aptitude, working memory, metacognition, learning strategies, and anxiety) as they relate to the acquisition, processing, assessment, and pedagogy of second or foreign languages. Critical reviews and in-depth research syntheses of these pivotal cognitive learner factors are put into historical and broader contexts, drawing upon the multiple authors' extensive research experience, penetrating insights and unique perspectives spanning applied linguistics, teacher training, educational psychology, and cognitive science. The carefully crafted chapters provide essential course readings and valuable references for seasoned researchers and aspiring postgraduate students in the broad fields of instructed second language acquisition, foreign language training, teacher education, language pedagogy, educational psychology, and cognitive development.
Rhetorical Economies of Whiteness
Rhetorical Economies of Whiteness examines the interplay of rhetoric, whiteness, and economics-attending not only to how economic arrangements that sustain whiteness are rhetorically enacted and legitimated but also to how rhetoric itself operates as an economy to give identities exchange value. Case studies across the volume illustrate how economic and class structures incentivize adherence to whiteness as both an identity formation and a form of symbolic capital. Some contributors investigate issues of public policy-analyzing judicial appointments, housing, and education-while others explore intersections of politics, sports, news and entertainment media, and culture. Wide-ranging, complementary methods-textual and discourse analysis, archival approaches, ethnographic interviewing and focus groups, personal narratives and storytelling-exemplify the insights gleaned from different approaches to studying intersections of race and economics across and within societies. Taken together, these essays help to explain how whiteness so quickly adapts to evade antiracist challenges and why investments in whiteness are so difficult to dislodge. Contributors: Godfried Asante, Robert Asen, Charles Athanasopoulos, Paulami Banerjee, Anne Bonds, Linsay M. Cramer, Derek G. Handley, V. Jo Hsu, Kelly Jensen, Casey Ryan Kelly, Kyle R. Larson, George (Guy) F. McHendry Jr., Thomas K. Nakayama, Adedoyin Ogunfeyimi, Rico Self, Stacey K. Sowards, Corinne Mitsuye Sugino
French Theories on Text and Discourse
It could be alleged that present-day French linguistics is characterized by a specific connection between the epistemology of text and that of discourse. The contributions gathered in this volume aim to reconsider this link - or dichotomy? - in light of the latest research developments. They are organized in three parts: the first explores the text-discourse connection, while the second and third tackle the epistemologies of text and discourse.
Analysis of spelling proficiency
The subject of this research is "Analysis of the spelling proficiency of students in the second cycle of general secondary education in Mozambique". The research was carried out in secondary schools in the urban area (Quelimane city) and in secondary schools in the rural area (Maganja da Costa), Zambezia province, Mozambique. The general aim of the research is to understand the spelling difficulties present in the essays of secondary school students belonging to the ESG (11th and 12th grades). The problems referred to here are phonic errors, graphematic errors, morphological errors and accentuation errors. Keywords: Portuguese, Secondary Education, Error, Writing, Spelling.
Transcending Signs
Existential semiotics is a new paradigm which combines classical semiotics with continental philosophy. It does not mean a return to existentialism, albeit philosophers from Hegel and Kierkegaard to Heidegger, Jaspers and Sartre are its sources of inspiration. It introduces completely new sign categories and concepts to the field, recasting the whole of semiotics, communication and signification as integral to a transcendental art. The volume contains essays on music, the voice, silence, calligraphy, metaphysics, myth, aesthetics, entropy, cultural heritage, film, the Bible, among other subjects.
Celebrating Indigenous Voice
Every society thrives on stories, legends and myths. This volume explores the linguistic devices employed in the astoundingly rich narrative traditions in the tropical hot-spots of linguistic and cultural diversity, and the ways in which cultural changes and new means of communication affect narrative genres and structures. It focusses on linguistic and cultural facets of the narratives in the areas of linguistic diversity across the tropics and surrounding areas -- New Guinea, Northern Australia, Siberia, and also the Tibeto-Burman region. The introduction brings together the recurrent themes in the grammar and the substance of the narratives. The twelve contributions to the volume address grammatical forms and categories deployed in organizing the narrative and interweaving the protagonists and the narrator. These include quotations, person of the narrator and the protagonist, mirativity, demonstratives, and clause chaining. The contributors also address the kinds of narratives told, their organization and evolution in time and space, under the impact of post-colonial experience and new means of communication via social media. The volume highlights the importance of documenting narrative tradition across indigenous languages.
The Semantics of Derivational Morphology
This volume brings together cutting-edge research on the semantic properties of derived words and the processes by which these words are derived. To this day, many of these processes remain under-researched and the nature of meaning in derivational morphology remains ill-understood. All eight articles have an empirical focus and rely on carefully collected sets of data. At the same time, the contributions represent a broad variety of approaches. Several contributions deal with specific problems of the pairing of form and meaning, such as the rivalry between nominalizing suffixes or the semantic categories encoded by conversion pairs. Other articles tackle the more general question of how meaning is organized, e.g. whether there is evidence for the paradigmatic organization of derived words or the reality of the inflection-derivation dichotomy. The contributions feature innovative methodologies, such as representing lexical meaning as word distribution or predicting semantic properties by means of analogical algorithms. This volume offers new and highly interesting insights into how complex words mean, and offers directions for future research in an oft-neglected field.
The Routledge Handbook of Public Service Interpreting
This Handbook is a comprehensive overview of research in Public Service, or Community Interpreting. It offers reflections and suggestions for improving public service communication in plurilingual settings and provides tools for dealing with public service communication in a global society.
Female ascension in D瓊o-Lalal瓊o
Light women like that, detached, without family ties, without mixing with the needs of the day, without work or difficulties: they were like birds with varied songs and many colours, which we are always able to find, one after the other, in the tall trees of the forest, in the lost heart of the world (Guimar瓊es Rosa). This is how Guimar瓊es portrays women in his work, addressing various facets of the feminine universe, in which holy women, murderers, prostitutes, maidens, virgin girls, healers, married ladies, unmarried women, women with double relationships, wise women, as well as submissive characters, a marked presence in Brazilian patriarchal society, appear. In 'D瓊o-Lalal瓊o' the paradigm of this society is broken and its protagonist can be seen as a metaphor for female ascension, breaking, at times, with this model of submission.
A Complementary Study of Lexicalist Approaches and Constructionist Approaches
This book presents a complementary study of lexicalist approaches and constructionist approaches in Linguistics. Specific topics discussed include different versions of semantic roles, predicate decomposition, event structures, argument realizations, and cognitive construction grammars.
Intermediality in European Avant-garde Cinema
The book proposes a new perspective on avant-garde cinema, utilising approaches from intermediality to explore how the spirit of experimentation, a hallmark of historical avant-garde and post-war artistic movements, is still present in contemporary filmmaking today.
German Philosophy in English Translation
This book traces the translation history of German philosophy, with long and well-justified layovers in Paris, proposing an innovative translation strategy toward addressing the long-standing difficulties in its translation.
Policies, Politics, and Ideologies of English-Medium Instruction in Asian Universities
Against the backdrop of uncritical promotions of English-Medium instruction (EMI) in higher education globally, this edited volume maps out the political, ideological, and policy-related issues of EMI programs in multilingual and multicultural universities in Asia.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion is the first to bring together an extensive interdisciplinary engagement with the multiple ways in which the concepts and practices of translation and religion intersect.
Becoming a Linguist
This unique collection of essays, edited by and for students of linguistics, offers insights into the personal and professional journeys of some of the key thinkers in language studies. This will be of interest to students and scholars of language and linguistics, the history of linguistic thought, as well as the interested general reader.
Metaphor and Argumentation in Climate Crisis Discourse
This volume sheds light on the argumentative role of metaphor in climate change discourse, unpacking the ways in which stakeholders use specific metaphors to influence perceptions of the climate crisis.
Speech Acts
This Element outlines current issues in the study of speech acts. It starts with a brief outline of four waves of speech act theory, that is, the philosophical, the experimental, the corpus-based and the discursive approaches. It looks at some of the early experimental and corpus-based methods and discusses their more recent developments as a background to the most important trends in current speech act research. Discursive approaches shift the focus from single utterances to interaction and interactional sequences. Multimodal approaches show that the notion of 'speech act' needs to be extended in order to cover the multimodality of communicative acts. And diachronic approaches focus on the historicity of speech acts. The final section discusses some open issues and potential further developments of speech act research.
Negative Concord: A Hundred Years on
The concept of 'negative concord' refers to the seemingly multiple exponence of semantically single negation as in You ain't seen nothing yet. This book takes stock of what has been achieved since the notion was introduced in 1922 by Otto Jespersen and sets the agenda for future research, with an eye towards increased cross-fertilization between theoretical perspectives and methodological tools. Major issues include (i) How can formal and typological approaches complement each other in uncovering and accounting for cross-linguistic variation? (ii) How can corpus work steer theoretical analyses? (iii) What is the contribution of diachronic research to the theoretical debates?
From the Languages section of Post-basic to higher studies
This book is the result of a study of the coherence of language and literature programs in secondary schools and universities in Burundi. Its aim is to understand some of the causes of the decline in the level of school and academic knowledge among young people in Burundi, where French is the language of teaching and learning throughout the education system. At the end of the research, two salient findings emerge from the present study: Firstly, the Languages section is far from constituting a prerequisite for higher studies in literature, and thus enabling continuity between the two poles of the Burundian education system. Secondly, the subject content of the Languages section's training program is inadequate to achieve the objectives assigned to this section.Key words: Training program, Competence, Literature/letters, Prerequisites, Resources
Exploring Intersemiotic Translation Models
This volume sets out a new paradigm in intersemiotic translation research, drawing on the films of Ang Lee to problematize the notion of films as the simple binary of transmission between the verbal and non-verbal.
When Arguments Merge
A novel theory of argument structure based on the order in which verbs and their arguments combine across a variety of languages and language families. Merge is the structure-building operation in Chomsky's Minimalist Program. In When Arguments Merge, Elise Newman develops a new Merge-based theory of the syntax of argument structure, taking inspiration from wh- questions. She uncovers new connections between disparate empirical phenomena and provides a unified analysis of patterns across many languages and language families, from Mayan to Bantu to Indo-European languages (among others). The result is a syntactic theory with a small inventory of features and categories that can combine in a limited number of ways, capturing the range of argument configurations that we find cross-linguistically in both declarative and interrogative contexts. Newman's novel approach to argument structure is based on the time at which different kinds of arguments merge and move in the verbal domain. Assuming that all kinds of Merge are driven by features, she proposes that subset relationships between elements bearing different sets of features can constrain the distribution of arguments in unexpected ways and that different feature bundles can predict unusual interactions between arguments in many contexts. The positions of arguments in different contexts have consequences for agreement alignment and case assignment, which are reflected in the Voice of the clause. Examining the order in which verbs and their arguments are combined, she explores the consequences of different orders of combination for the kinds of utterances observed across languages.
Australian Pama--Nyungan languages
A substantial proportion of what is discoverable about the structure of many Aboriginal languages spoken on the vast Australian continent before their decimation through colonial invasion is contained in nineteenth-century grammars. Many were written by fervent young missionaries who traversed the globe intent on describing the languages spoken by "heathens", whom they hoped to convert to Christianity. Some of these documents, written before Australian or international academic institutions expressed any interest in Aboriginal languages, are the sole record of some of the hundreds of languages spoken by the first Australians, and many are the most comprehensive. These grammars resulted from prolonged engagement and exchange across a cultural and linguistic divide that is atypical of other early encounters between colonised and colonisers in Australia. Although the Aboriginal contributors to the grammars are frequently unacknowledged and unnamed, their agency is incontrovertible. This history of the early description of Australian Aboriginal languages traces a developing understanding and ability to describe Australian morphosyntax. Focus on grammatical structures that challenged the classically trained missionary-grammarians - the description of the case systems, ergativity, bound pronouns, and processes of clause subordination - identifies the provenance of analyses, development of descriptive techniques, and paths of intellectual descent. The corpus of early grammatical description written between 1834 and 1910 is identified in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses the philological methodology of retrieving data from these grammars. Chapters 3-10 consider the grammars in an order determined both by chronology and by the region in which the languages were spoken, since colonial borders regulated the development of the three schools of descriptive practice that are found to have developed in the pre-academic era of Australian linguistic description.
Perspectives on Teaching Workplace English in the 21st Century
This collection bridges the gap between research and practical applications by showcasing the latest research developments on business English as a lingua franca and the ways in which they might better inform language teaching practice.
How to create an early German scriptus
This book presents a new methodology for the study of historical varieties, particularly a language's early history. Using the German language's first attestations as a case study, it offers an alternative to structuralist approaches to historical syntax, with their emphasis on delineating the shapes and mechanisms of early grammars. This focus has prompted Germanists to treat the data from the eighth- and ninth-century corpus with suspicion in that its texts are either poetic or translational. That is, if the unquestioned object of inquiry is a historical cognitive grammar, one ought to isolate - and perhaps discount entirely - data that are the product of confounding factors, like a poetic meter or a Latin source text. Otherwise, these competence-obscuring examples risk undermining scholars' understanding of a genuine early German grammar. Rather than this "deficit approach," the current volume proposes that scholars treat each early attestation as an artifact of "literization," the process through which people transform their exclusively oral varieties into a written variety. Each historical text features a scriptus, that is, an ad hoc, idiosyncratic, and localized literization created by a person (or team of people) for a particular purpose. The challenge of understanding texts in this way lies in the fact that there is little to no direct evidence pointing to the specific identities of early medieval literizers, their motivations, and the nature of the multiple spoken competencies that fed into their scripti. In order to conceptualize early medieval German and the syntactic variation it exhibits as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, this book details the linguistic resources that were available to the literizer and are, happily, accessible to the modern researcher. First, there is Latin. Though illiterate in their own multilectal vernacular in the sense that no German scriptus existed until they developed it, literizers were educated in this highly literized languag
The Discursive Construction of Place in the Digital Age
This collection calls greater attention to the need for a clearer understanding of the role of discourse in the process of placemaking in the digital age and the increasing hybridisation of physical and virtual worlds.
Considering Students, Teachers, and Writing Assessment, Vol. 1
Considering Students, Teachers, and Writing Assessment, Vol 2
The editors and authors in this edited collection, available in two volumes, consider the increasing importance of students' and teachers' lived experiences within the development and use of writing assessments. Presenting key work published in The Journal of Writing Assessment since its founding in 2003, the collection explores five major themes: technical psychometric issues; politics and public policies shaping large scale writing assessments; automated scoring of writing; fairness; and the lived experiences of humans involved in assessment ecologies. The books also provide reflections from leading writing assessment scholars who examine how these themes continue to shape current and future directions in writing assessment.
Nursery Rhymes in English and Igbo
Popular Nursery Rhymes and Poems we all grew with translated to Igbo and also written in English. Included are also Native Igbo Rhymes that we all remember. Rekindle your Childhood, teach your children and learn new rhymes as well. Included are 64 rhymes. Taya no n'ụgbọ ala, Twinkle Twinkle Little star, Mary had a little lamb, Nwa busu atọ, Baby Shark, Finger Family, Nne, nne, udu'm a laputa'm o!, The wheels on the Bus, Okereke okereke du du ya ya, Here we go lobby loo, Three blind mice, Itsy bitsy spider, Who is in the garden and many much more, Onye mere Nwa na ebe akwa.
Language and Social Networks
Today, the internet is one of the most accessible means of disseminating messages and, as a result, its language has spread and become globalised. Facebook, a social network that can provide deaf students with the opportunity to present their ideas, conduct online discussions and collaborate effectively in the learning of Portuguese language teaching through the use of contemporary digital technologies, is also part of this context. Thus, this research aims to contribute to measuring some aspects of the dynamics of inclusion of deaf students through the use of Facebook. The use of this social network is presented as one of the possibilities that can contribute to digital literacy and, more specifically, to the reading and writing practices of the target audience. The specific objective was to present these mechanisms as an ally for educators in the various classrooms in this country. Given all this, it can be said that the interaction established through Facebook shortens distances, transposes barriers and inaugurates a totally new way of establishing communication between internet users in cyberspace.
