Crystallizing Public Opinion
The Original Blueprint for Modern PropagandaFirst published in 1923, Crystallizing Public Opinion by Edward L. Bernays laid the groundwork for the entire field of public relations. A nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays used psychological insight and mass media strategy to influence public thought on everything from war to toothpaste.Inside this classic you'll discover: ���� How public opinion is formed-and manipulated���� The psychological tools used by corporations and governments���� The early foundations of advertising, propaganda, and brandingStill taught in marketing and communications courses today, this book is essential for anyone interested in media influence, political messaging, or modern persuasion techniques.
Mutual Aid
"In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense-not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavorable to the species." -Peter KropotkinMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin is a groundbreaking examination of cooperation as a driving force in both natural evolution and human history. Originally published as a response to the then-popular concept of Social Darwinism, Kropotkin presents extensive evidence that mutual aid and collaboration-rather than ruthless competition-are fundamental to the survival and prosperity of species, including humanity itself.Drawing on meticulous observations of wildlife behavior, anthropological findings, and historical analysis of various human societies, Kropotkin demonstrates that cooperation has consistently been the cornerstone of thriving communities and ecosystems. From insect colonies and bird flocks to medieval guilds and indigenous societies, Mutual Aid underscores the critical role that solidarity and collective effort play in evolutionary success.Today, Kropotkin's insights remain profoundly relevant, informing contemporary discussions around community resilience, cooperative economics, sustainable living, and ethical governance. Essential reading for scholars of evolutionary biology, sociology, anthropology, political philosophy, and anarchist thought, this classic work continues to challenge dominant narratives of competition and offers powerful arguments supporting cooperation as essential for social progress.
Tax Trees
Saving the United States is the 1st volume of the TAX TREES trilogy of handbooks. This book helps Native Americans fix the government and deport the idiots! Bible of booklets is a play on words. Bibles used books as chapters. What started out as forestry research has become much more! *Note: I'm using my definitions of terms describing cities, towns and environments. Bibliographies are online.
The Indus Divide
Picture a river that feeds millions but fuels a fight between two nations. The Indus Divide pulls you into the wild story of the Indus River. It starts with the Indus Waters Treaty from 1960. This deal split the rivers between India and Pakistan after their split. Pakistan got most of the water-about 70%. The World Bank helped make it happen. For years, it kept the peace. But trouble brewed over dams like Kishanganga and Baglihar. Then, in 2025, a terror attack in Pahalgam changed everything. India suspended the treaty. Tensions shot up fast. Military moves followed. The book digs into India's water control plans. Can they really stop the flow? Not easily-most dams can't store much. In Pakistan, farms and power rely on this water. Over 90% of crops need it. Jobs for 40% of people depend on it. A crisis looms-food shortages, blackouts, even famine. Climate change adds more chaos with wild floods and dry spells. The book ends with ideas to fix this mess-new talks, better water use, and teamwork.This book isn't like others on India-Pakistan clashes. It doesn't just replay old politics. It mixes history with hard facts-how water works, what it costs, and who suffers.
From Failure to Failure
What should we do when a critical institution says all the right things yet repeatedly fails to live up to its word? In their latest sexual misconduct crisis, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) has clearly "failed as an institution to properly address" sexual misconduct. Unless these crises are properly dealt with, they threaten to make the military "irrelevant" in Canadian society. These are the words of General Wayne Eyre, Canada's Chief of the Defence Staff from 2021 to 2024. What does this grim assessment from within the military itself mean for the health and relevance of the Canadian Armed Forces and its culture? Most importantly, what can we do about it? What will it take to turn words into effective, transformative action?To fix any problem, we first need to understand it. In his latest book, From Failure to Failure, Allan English seeks to shed light on the roots of this complex and often obscured problem. Within these pages, English provides a thorough analysis of the CAF's various attempts from 2000 to 2022 to "manage" the issues surrounding these crises. He especially focuses on Operation Honour, the CAF's most visible response to the 2015 Deschamps Report, and discusses its place among the CAF's other responses between 2000 and 2022.Through careful analysis of the CAF's fundamental culture and assumptions, English goes beyond a simple recounting of the facts to provide practical lessons. Whether you're an academic, an invested member of the public, or a member of the military, this book is for you. This analysis can not only help you stay informed but also empower you with the critical insights you need to enact practical change.
Influence of DoD Civilians, Non-DoD Civilians and Uniformed Military on Presidential Decision Making
Presidents are faced with incredibly difficult decisions, especially those in the national security realm. There is an established process for how these decisions are framed and made in the National Security Council but how closely is this model followed. Who really has the access to the president to influence his decisions and how is the established framework utilized? In looking at three cases and three different presidencies this paper analyzes how presidents build their decision making teams and how those teams work within in the national security framework it also makes a historical comparison to a pre-Goldwater-Nichols Act decision to determine its influence. This research indicates that in the media scrutinized environment presidents' face today; they struggle to make decisions while public opinion is being shaped around them. Those on the National Security Council have tremendous influence on the decision but can biases can be formed if their viewpoint is perceived to be tainted in the eyes of the president. In the three cases analyzed here it became apparent influence was not entirely based on position and quality of prior advice shaped the amount of influence on the president. The cases also demonstrate the lasting impact of Goldwater-Nichols and its impact of streamlining military advice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Feeding the Peasant
Counterinsurgency operations and studies on insurgency aims and methods dominate current military discussions and writings. As the military continues to embrace "full spectrum operations", discussions continue on the ability to link all elements of US National Power (Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic) to facilitate a successful conclusion to operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan. This paper examines the impact of economics on insurgencies and conflicts, primarily the impact it has on the affected populations involved in conflict. Through an examination of recent conflicts, the natures of insurgent aims are examined resulting in the proposal of a multiple insurgency model for conflict. With an emphasis on the insurgent's means for garnering support, the impacts of economics will be examined to display the significant level of influence economics has on an insurgency and corresponding counterinsurgency operations, and the impact of failing to properly understand the impact of economy during and insurgency. Historical studies show that 20th century insurgencies require the counterinsurgent to combat multiple sets of actors, all with potentially different objectives which drives them to conflict. Based on this methodology, which is addressed in the most recent U.S. Army counterinsurgency doctrine, the counterinsurgent must leverage multiple strategies to separate the population from the insurgent(s). The counterinsurgent must have the capability to develop and synchronize all elements (Diplomatic, Informational, Economic, and Military) of National Power to defeat an insurgent, particularly when supported by the existence of a strong illicit economy which allows the insurgent to provide support and prosperity to the population that is not under the control of the counterinsurgent or affected government.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Foul WX Underground
The current inter-agency doctrinal tools to integrate the decision-sharing elements of battle command at the operational level for defense support to civil authority operations are inadequate under conditions of extremely degraded communications. The rapidly integrated, often ad hoc, civil-military command structures suffer an over-reliance on the availability of digital connectivity to overcome basic frictions of organizational culture. We are not prepared for a digital blackout. Under the conditions of a catastrophic incident within the United States, the prospect is high for a period of -- command and confusion‖ immediately following a natural disaster or a major event of suspicious origin, such as an industrial accident or cascading failure of a major power grid. This work examines domestic incident response and defense support to civil authority through the tensions between joint military doctrine, namely Joint Publication 3-28 Civil Support, and interagency guidance, articulated in the National Incident Management System. Doctrine acts as the institutional system of record for organizational decision-making on how to view and how to approach the problem of contested disaster response. An adversary postured to exploit gaps and seams between civil-military responders suffering from degraded connectivity can derail public audience receptivity to official communications. This research proposes a framework in defense support to civil authorities for the mutual consideration of battle command, knowledge management, information operations, strategic communication, and psychological operations. During domestic incident response, high levels of uncertainty may meet with low levels of technological reliability. Should technology falter or fail, commanders may not have the right tools to conduct battle command during defense support to civil authority operations. The findings and recommendations presented demonstrate the need to divert the current focus on the syntax ofThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Filling the Information Void
In meeting the challenges of post-hostility Iraq, the area of information operations (IO) has received a great deal of attention. Unlike combat operations, the center of gravity in post-conflict Iraq has been restoration of basic services and influencing public support and perception. Thus, in post-war conflict, IO, with the objective and means to promote legitimacy, reduce confusion, and influence a population, can reasonably be seen as the decisive operation. Unfortunately, there is substantial evidence that planners faced serious challenges during the transition to post-hostility operations in Iraq. This monograph seeks to add to the Army's understanding of IO by providing an in depth examination of five challenges faced by IO officers at the start of the post-hostility phase of operations in Iraq. This monograph will discuss the major principles contained in FM 3-13, Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics Techniques and Procedure, and examine whether doctrinal adjustments are needed to provide more effective guidance for IO officers facing the issues identified in the five problem areas. Finally, this monograph ultimately seeks to draw broader observations, both doctrinal and institutional, about what modifications in the area of information operations could aid in the battle to "win hearts and minds."This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Exporting Democracy to Haiti
The United States'; democratization strategy since World War II demonstrates an estimated success rate of less than 3%. America currently uses a counterinsurgency / line of effort approach in democratization. This approach seeks to shape an environment that protects democratic behavior but fails to address a country's democratic propensities, more specifically the potential of its attitudes and values with respect to democracy. A superior method is the path-dependent approach that seeks to exploit the potential of a country's prevailing attitudes and values by harnessing its democratic propensities. This paper analyzes the American military interventions of Haiti in 1915, 1994, and 2004 from a path-dependent perspective to determine whether it could have enabled better results. The United States used a counterinsurgency / line of effort approach to democratization during its first and second interventions in Haiti; both resulted in a failure to affect Haiti's democratic propensities. The United States used a hybrid path-dependent and counterinsurgency / line of effort approach to democratization during its third intervention of Haiti resulting in a tangible enrichment of Haiti's democratic propensities. The results suggest a path-dependent approach to stability operations has a better probability of success than the current approach used by the United States.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Cometh
Despite the complexity of the Contemporary Operating Environment, the United States is still wedded to a national security system created in 1947. The United States places itself in jeopardy by using a system created at the end of World War II for a world where state actors were the primary threat, with the Soviet Union, the Cold War, and nuclear deterrence taking center stage. The National Security Council (NSC) is no longer capable of efficiency. The advisory body created by congress and President Truman has been overcome in recent years by the complex environment evolving from the end of the Cold War. The NSC's efficiency began to falter in Vietnam, and its failed policies have resulted in numerous interagency failures throughout the last 40 years. Compounding the issues at the national policy planning level is the current regional policy execution system. The United States has militarized its foreign policy. It has done so out of circumstance vice design. The evolution of the Department of Defense since 1949 has led it to create Geographic Combatant Commands, which are staffed and capable of regional policy execution. Recent inclusion of other agency personnel into the commands to enable them to plan in an "interagency" fashion has given them even more capability to act as the regional foreign policy arm of the United States. Adding to this militarization of policy execution is the lack of regional capability within the Department of State. The evolution of the State Department has led it to create an ambassador-centric organization, which engages single countries in diplomacy instead of approaching diplomacy regionally. Without a systemic change at national and regional levels, the United States runs the risk of improperly identifying future problems, and creating policy that when implemented may exacerbate global tensions. This monograph recommends changes to the national and regional policy planning and implementation systems. While changes at the national lThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Eminent Failure
Sudan has been in almost constant civil war since the country's independence in 1956 but the causes of the conflict go back over 1,000 years. Arabic tribes in Sudan have been exploiting their African countrymen through slavery, cattle raiding and resource grabbing since at least the 650s AD. The two civil wars between the African dominated South and the Arabic dominated North were just the latest chapter of a very troubled history. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 (CPA) calls for an independence referendum to take place in the South in 2011: This paper will argue that the referendum will never take place or be considered valid by the GOS if it does. Currently 75 percent of the active oil fields in Sudan are in the South and at current oil prices equate to over 40 percent of the GOS national budget in 2007.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Illicit Drug Funding
The preponderance of literature and scholarly debate on counterinsurgency (COIN) focuses on the strategic or operational approach: leader-focused; large group-focused; special operations; conventional operations; enemy centric; and the latest, population-centric. While the criticism on the latter approach accuses it of plagiarizing work on the subject written in the 1960s, the current debate may result in distraction from how to effectively do long-term damage to insurgent groups. There is a relatively small conglomerate of scholarly work that focuses on the illicit sources of funding for insurgencies. More to the point, this work addresses the commonalities of this type of funding among seemingly disparate insurgent groups. In a November 2009 interview with the author, Professor Diana Marcela Rojas, an international relations expert and professor at the National University of Colombia states, "There's an availability of this illegal resource that these illegal armed groups take advantage of that explains their military strength and as such their strategy of territorial control [Translated from Spanish by the author]." Dr. Camilo Echand穩a, a professor of economics and expert in conflict studies at the Externado University of Colombia comments to the author, also in November of 2009, "I believe the guerrillas (FARC) are very tied to cocaine despite their military withdrawals of the last 5, 6, 7 years." Gretchen Peters describes in the introduction of her recent book Seeds of Terror: How Heroin Is Bankrolling The Taliban And Al Qaeda, "an explosion of poppy farming across southern Afghanistan." Noteworthy is that Ms. Peters writes "The definition of a Taliban member and drug smuggler is blurring" and goes on to coin the phrase "'FARCification'" of the Taliban." Ms. Peters and other notable authors such as Georgetown University's Dr. Vanda Felbab-Brown in are on to something. Most of the recent scholarship may have moved away from, or never focused on, how the arguablThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Cooperation for Irregular Warfare at the Combatant Command
Interagency coordination organizations at the combatant command level contribute significantly to irregular warfare (IW) planning and execution but need reform to become more effective. The challenges presented to the United States by IW are substantial and persistent. National level interagency reform is necessary to manage IW threats, but is impeded by numerous considerations. Interagency improvement at the Combatant Command level is more practical and offers immediate benefit to national strategy. Combatant Commanders are charged with applying IW doctrine in order to accomplish United States policy in their areas of responsibility. As configured, the Joint Interagency Coordination Groups (JIACGs) serving the Combatant Commanders require improvement in organization, resourcing and training. Study of three specific interagency organizations provides potential areas of improved performance and efficiency. The USPACOM Joint Interagency Coordination Group for Counterterrorism (JIACG/CT) from 2001 through 2005, the USSOUTHCOM's reconfigured Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) within its Partnering Directorate, and the USSOCOM Interagency Task Force (IATF) offer examples of JIACGs coping with the issues of IW. Each organization possesses strengths and weaknesses but all need additional emphasis and support. Congressional legislation should establish minimum levels of budgetary and personnel support from the whole of government to the JIACGs. Congressional legislation should also stipulate specific training requirements for interagency members who serve in JIACGs. Finally, Combatant Commanders should introduce an IW Directorate within their staff to assist JIACGs and all directorates with the conduct of IW.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ethnic Discontent in Western China
At the beginning of the 21st Century, the rise of China as a peer competitor to the United States has become the dominant national security issue for US Pacific Command (USPACOM). US security interests with China are dominated by high profile issues including $284B in annual trade, tension over Taiwan, China's military build-up as well as its growing regional influence. Each issue has garnered significant attention, since they affect vital US national security interests. To effectively engage with China, USPACOM must understand China; how it acts and why it acts. Internal China security issues provide an insightful window into the People's Republic of China (PRC) policy and motivations. Analyzing the PRC's internal policies and their effects makes the inscrutable China Tiger more understandable. This paper examines one internal security issue; the PRC's provincial policy and its ability to contain instability in China's western autonomous regions, Xinjiang and Tibet.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Labor Relations
Senior level management, from squadrons up through Air Force headquarters level, are not adequately trained on operating within today's labor relations environment, resulting in a significant waste of resources and millions of dollars, annually. To correct the disconnect between training and supervision of bargain units and unions, in the short term, the Department of Defense needs to provide training to all supervisors involved in labor relations to prevent commonly made mistakes on behalf of leadership. In the longer term, the Department of Defense should evaluate the effectiveness of unions within the military and initiate actions to exempt federal employees of the military from bargaining units.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Emerging Patterns of American Civil-Military Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa
The role of the Department of Defense in sub-Saharan Africa has increased significantly since 2001 as evidenced by its increased presence, personnel, and programming. Overall, this increasing role takes place in relatively close proximity to other, ongoing civilian efforts. Given this increasing role, a qualitative review of the emerging patterns of American civil-military relations and how they affect planning and execution in sub-Saharan Africa is useful and timely. The methodology relies on the application of selected elements of civil-military theory to the theater strategic, operational and tactical levels. Such elements include issues of control, monitoring, information-sharing, civilian and military preferences, and strategic assessment. Recent applications of institutional theory to civil-military relations, particularly Peter Feaver's agency theory, which derives from the principal-agent theoretical framework, and Risa Brooks'; recent work on the interface between strategic assessment and civil-military relations both provide relevant elements of civil-military relations for this purpose. Building on these efforts to bridge the gaps between theory and practice in American civil-military relations could enhance the discourse associated with civil-military issues, identify key issues, and formulate recommendations for improving operational planning and execution. Much of civil-military theory focuses on issues of civilian control at the highest level of decision-making (i.e., the principals) and often takes place in the context of planning for or executing military operations. However, the Department of Defense increasingly plays an important though decentralized role at the regional level through geographic combatant commands and emphasizes the importance of full-spectrum operations, including non-kinetic options. As a result, it is important to consider the often unexplored area of American civil-military relations as they play out on a day-to-day basis atThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Domestic Politics of War
This study examines the context of the 2002 Iraq war debate through three theoretical perspectives: diversionary theory of war, coercive diplomacy, and the invitation to struggle. Proponents of diversionary theory would interpret the debate as a means by which the Bush administration diverted attention from the countrys economic problems in order to gain momentum leading up to the November 2002 midterm elections. Proponents of coercive diplomacy theory would commend the Bush administration for pressing Congress to vote on the Iraq war resolution prior to the midterm elections. Doing so limited opposition and guaranteed overwhelming bipartisan support for the resolution. Support from the political opposition signaled Saddam Hussein and the United Nations that the President had the domestic political capital to follow through on his threat of regime change in Iraq. Advocates of invitation to struggle would argue that the debate that ensued and the vocal opposition to the Presidents Iraq policy emboldened Saddam Hussein to attempt to shape the debate in the United States and the United Nations to make it difficult for the President to gain consensus over his policy. The thesis uses the theories to help provide strategists a means by which to understand the domestic political context of military policy debates, thus enabling them to influence and shape the debate to achieve favorable political objectives in the domestic and international arenas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fall of the Integrated Planning System
Planning is an important part of a comprehensive approach to national preparedness. After the September 11 attack on America, President George W. Bush directed the creation of a standardized federal approach to preparedness planning. Congress additionally mandated the creation of a national planning system through the Post Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act. Congress also assigned the Department of Homeland Security to lead the effort in creating the Integrated Planning System. Just over one year after its approval, the White House National Security Staff discontinued the use of the Integrated Planning System (IPS). The quick removal of the IPS raises the question, why was IPS withdrawn so soon after its implementation. This monograph explores the reasons behind the short lifespan of the Integrated Planning System. To answer the question of why IPS was cancelled so quickly, it was important understand the requirements for the system, identify existing government planning systems, identify the origins of IPS, and finally compare IPS to the requirements. The mandates that guided the creation of IPS proved to be vague in the beginning, then ultimately over prescriptive. There was no mandate to analyze existing planning activities. A contemporary examination of planning activities at the time of IPS creation shows three distinct types of federal civilian planning; deliberate, crisis action and program. Since no existing civilian planning system addressed the requirements for IPS, developers chose a military planning process to serve as the model. A detailed comparison of IPS and the Joint Operations Planning Process (JOPP) proves JOPP to be the model for IPS'; creation. A final comparison of IPS with the requirements shows that the IPS did not meet the requirements for a comprehensive approach to national planning. Understanding the mandates, analyzing government planning and comparing the Integrated Planning System to its origin and requirements led to several coThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Institutions and Organizations
If the Department of Defense (DOD) better understands what legitimacy is, how strategic communication affects it, and how a prolonged counter-insurgency affects the legitimacy of specific Afghan and US institutions, we will be better prepared to make foreign policy recommendations that involve overt counter-insurgency operations. This understanding can drive DOD perceptions of future conflict, which in turn drives conceptualization and development of future US force structure and capabilities. Ultimately for the US Army, a better understanding of legitimacy and its interdependency with communication could shape our assumptions that drive the development of our US Army Capstone Concept. This study hypothesizes that in Afghanistan, legitimation and strategic communication are inextricably connected. However, strategic communication is overly focused on the external, attempting to influence constituents, and not focused enough on bringing cultural understanding and compromise back to the strategy, goals, and institutions within Afghanistan. Therefore the legitimation of fledgling institutions is slower and more problematic than is necessary. This study concludes that in Afghanistan, the legitimacy and strategic communication theories are deeply interwoven. Yet, the strategic communication process is not focused enough on internalization of socio-cultural norms and mores. This means communicating to understand the culture in order to conduct US and Afghan institutional remodeling, and behavior modification to fit within or work in concert with the current cultural institutions; integrating stake-holder perceptions into policy, plans, and operations to support national objectives. Fledgling institutions that do not challenge embedded institutions are more likely to succeed in the long term.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Iraqi Police Service and COMPSTAT
The purpose of this monograph is to determine the applicability of the New York Police Department's (NYPD) COMPSTAT crime control model to restoring order in Iraq. The Iraqi Police Service (IPS) performs similar police functions to those executed by the NYPD. Although different in scope and scale, the conditions in Iraq today are comparable to those that existed in pre-1994 New York City. The country is inundated with firearms and explosives which are used in a continuous cycle of violence in order to achieve political, religious or criminal objectives. The cycle of violence is perpetrated by Sunni rejectionists bent on restoring their pre-invasion power base. They attempt to achieve this goal through attacks on coalition forces as well as Iraqi Security Forces and the majority Shia population. Foreign fighters seeking a caliphate in Iraq exacerbate the Sunni-Shia tensions. Shia militia groups avenge attacks on their members by conducting sectarian attacks against Sunni neighborhoods. In many parts of the country this cycle of violence has overwhelmed the IPS. These rival groups, armed with a seemingly endless supply of firearms and explosives, transit through public spaces to carry out their attacks. The IPS offers little protection in these public spaces, thus allowing the cycle to continue. The bulging, disenfranchised youth population in Iraq provides a ripe recruiting pool for all groups and many have taken an active role in the cycle of violence. Beset by fear and disorder, the Iraqi population cannot turn to the IPS due to a perception of corruption, militia infiltration or general incompetence. This cycle of violence is the prevailing condition in Iraq and the central challenge to IPS efforts to restore order. Pre-1994 New York was a city plagued by skyrocketing firearms related homicides and extensive fear and disorder. Disorder emanated from a loss of control of public spaces to criminal elements. These criminal elements often utilized truant youths to caThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hearts & Minds That Matter Most
The national will of the United States, and other democratic nations, is far more vulnerable today than in the past. Changes in society and technology have allowed enemies to adapt. The character of war has evolved into a more unorthodox type of warfare; one that uses transnational networks and information age technology to conduct guerrilla tactics, terrorism, and psychological warfare against vastly more powerful nations on a scale never seen before in history. Adversaries avoid conventional military engagements, exploit democratic vulnerabilities, and directly target national will in the attempt to slowly influence a long-term shift in that will. It is imperative for the U.S. government and the American people to understand this threat and find a strategy to maintain national will in the face of a determined foe. National will is the collective degree of political and popular support for national policies, foreign and domestic. This monograph divides those things that influence national will into two separate categories: contextual influencers and instruments of influence. Contextual influencers are the content of the information that affects national will: the perception of legitimacy, the perception of threat, and the perceived cost-benefit of the action. Instruments of influence are the vehicles that frame and transmit that information that affects national will: primarily the media, political rhetoric and opinion-maker engagement. Using this model of national will, this monograph examines several historical case studies of previous American conflicts (World War II, Vietnam, Somalia, Bosnia, and the Global War on Terror, including Iraq) to explain trends and identify ways national will can be nurtured and leveraged in future conflicts. The context of information and the instruments that provide that information both have an affect on national will. There is a correlation between favorable contexts, supportive instruments, and retaining national will. Those caThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Indigenous Police Forces in Counterinsurgency
Given the importance of security force assistance in an era of persistent conflict and the need for counterinsurgency operations, what makes indigenous police forces effective in counterinsurgency? This monograph proposes that, if the Army faces an era of persistent conflict and chooses to assist indigenous forces, then paramilitary organization and U.S. military leadership make for effective indigenous police in counterinsurgency operations. To test the hypothesis, this study explores two related areas. The paper begins with an analysis of several cases to analyze what type of organization makes for effective indigenous police in counterinsurgency operations. It continues with an analysis of who should lead the effort to effective indigenous police during counterinsurgency operations. Case research indicates that indigenous police are most effective in counterinsurgency efforts when structured along paramilitary lines. Analysis of these cases suggests that paramilitary police forces are survivable and effective against insurgent elements. Exploration into cases in Iraq and Afghanistan illustrate how civilian government agencies are challenged to lead efforts contributing to effective local police forces during counterinsurgency. The research indicates the military is better able to lead efforts to make effective indigenous police for counterinsurgency operations. Based on the research, the monograph provides recommendations. First, establish paramilitary police organizations in Iraq and Afghanistan resembling the successful Philippine Constabulary. Second, expand Army doctrine to greater cover host-nation paramilitary force employment. Third, amend the Foreign Assistance Act to allow the military to lead indigenous police support efforts during counterinsurgency conflicts. Fourth, establish a centralized agency with definite lines of authority over indigenous police assistance in peacetime versus the current course of confused interagency effort. Fifth, and last, This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enduring Rivalry in the Philippines and the Application of Amnesty
Conflict in the Philippines has endured for five centuries. The contemporary conflict between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Islamic separatists in the Mindanao islands is the latest evolution of resistance in the Philippines. The GRP's enduring struggle with Islamic separatists has been exacerbated by the fits and starts at which the government attempts to arrive at negotiated settlements. Yet in this process, the GRP has experienced valuable lessons regarding the delicate combination of force, diplomacy and economic programs that are necessary in initiating and sustaining peace. While the elements of amnesty, reintegration and reconciliation (AR2) have been exercised in the Philippines, they have not been implemented as part of a cohesive conceptual construct. In the year 2010, the Philippines will hold its next presidential elections. In two years, the GRP will have the opportunity to inject new energy and resources into their current dilemma, a new initiative for peace within the construct of AR2 can succeed if it is pursued with sincerity and energy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Governance in Afghanistan
Since 2001, the capabilities of the Afghan state have been a priority on the world stage. The reign of Amir Abdur Rahman, who established the current state of Afghanistan, is critical in understanding the development of the current state, and the possibilities that are open to the current government. When Amir Abdur Rahman ascended to the throne of Kabul, he ruled little more than the city itself. Over the course of his 21 year reign, he established institutions that enabled the first peaceful transition of power in the history of Afghanistan, and formalized the state that currently exists. Understanding the methods used by Abdur Rahman, the context in which he used them, and the results of the application of those methods shed light on the understanding of the Afghan state and the possibilities for the current Afghan state. Abdur Rahman's "internal imperialism" and cooption of the Islamic religious authorities successfully extended state authority, but allowed the foundations of alternative power structures to remain. Abdur Rahman's military modernization, governmental bureaucratization and economic development again facilitated short term stability, but again allowed the return of instability over time. Finally, the imposition of boundaries on Afghanistan by the external state system changed the nature of boundaries and shaped the extension of state power. This context, the methods employed, and the results of those actions provide insight into the propensities of the Afghan system in relation to the state. This insight then shapes the understanding of the possibilities that are open for extending the power of the current state in relation to similar actors in a similar system.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Operations
This monograph examines the possibilities of improving interagency coordination through an established educational system. The national security interests of the United States rely on the efficient and effective application all instruments of power. The Department of State and Department of Defense are typically responsible for the direction, implementation, and enforcement of foreign policy. However, threats to national security in the twenty-first century may require a more multifunctional interagency approach with diverse capabilities. A single organization does not have these required capabilities. Through a collaborative effort of various government agencies and departments, these capabilities are available. The interagency process is the national level system to coordinate the actions of government agencies in national security affairs. Interagency operations require the cooperation of participating organizations. This monograph researched the development of joint military operations to illustrate necessary actions required to achieve this synergistic effort. From the Unified Command Plan of 1947 to a "unified action" concept of 2001, the military has gained insight into the difficulties of service coordination and cooperation. Significant to this study was the lesson learned concerning education and the development of a joint force. An outcome of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 was the requirement for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to oversee the educational development of joint specialty officers (JSO) in order to fill joint duty assignments. The joint professional military education (JPME) curriculum balanced service specific and joint educational requirements. JPME provides a common reference for joint duty officers to collectively plan military operations. This monograph concludes that a professional education system can improve interagency coordination through a shared learning experience. Recognizing the bureaucratic difficulties associateThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Liberty and Justice for All
The Bush administration has declared that the spread of democracy with its habits of freedom is the best way to protect America from international terrorism. This conclusion is based on a presumption that political freedom is a strong determinant of terrorism. This paper contends that not all democratic forms are equally able to eliminate the conditions that are exploited by terrorist organizations. Furthermore, the U.S. must understand the manner in which political freedom, economic conditions and religion is related to affiliation with terrorist organizations. Assessing the convergence of these factors revealed several key findings. First, states that exhibit both political and religious repression are extremely prone to terrorist exploitation. Second, states with growing economic conditions and high relative deprivation are more prone to terrorist exploitation than states without these conditions. Finally, the convergence of political repression and growing economies in Islamic states is extremely prone to terrorist exploitation. In the end, understanding these conditions can help GWOT planners identify high risk states that are not currently affiliated with terrorist organizations. If the internal conditions of these states can be improved, terrorists dislocated from current states by GWOT efforts will not have new sanctuaries in which to fall back. In summary, by assessing these relationships and factors, this thesis can help decision-makers frame the next stages and ultimate objectives of the Global War on Terrorism.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
From Failure to Failure
What should we do when a critical institution says all the right things yet repeatedly fails to live up to its word? In their latest sexual misconduct crisis, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) has clearly "failed as an institution to properly address" sexual misconduct. Unless these crises are properly dealt with, they threaten to make the military "irrelevant" in Canadian society. These are the words of General Wayne Eyre, Canada's Chief of the Defence Staff from 2021 to 2024. What does this grim assessment from within the military itself mean for the health and relevance of the Canadian Armed Forces and its culture? Most importantly, what can we do about it? What will it take to turn words into effective, transformative action?To fix any problem, we first need to understand it. In his latest book, From Failure to Failure, Allan English seeks to shed light on the roots of this complex and often obscured problem. Within these pages, English provides a thorough analysis of the CAF's various attempts from 2000 to 2022 to "manage" the issues surrounding these crises. He especially focuses on Operation Honour, the CAF's most visible response to the 2015 Deschamps Report, and discusses its place among the CAF's other responses between 2000 and 2022.Through careful analysis of the CAF's fundamental culture and assumptions, English goes beyond a simple recounting of the facts to provide practical lessons. Whether you're an academic, an invested member of the public, or a member of the military, this book is for you. This analysis can not only help you stay informed but also empower you with the critical insights you need to enact practical change.
Citizenship and Human Rights
Can universal human rights and different national citizenship regimes ever be compatible? This book argues that they can't, setting out a legal-philosophical critique of the tension between both. It explores whether the emergence of postnational models of citizenship that aim at decoupling human rights and citizenship succeed in overcoming tensions between the universal (multiculturalism; universal human rights; postnational values) and the particular (citizenship; borders; national values and diverse local narratives). As a result of this exploration, the author argues that it is illegitimate to speak of universal human rights, universal human dignity, or universal social justice. It is only by recognising this reality that a much needed transformation of human rights and citizenship can be undertaken in a meaningful way. This provocative and compelling work will appeal to both human rights and citizenship lawyers, as well as others involved in human rights law at NGOs, governments, international organisations - and indeed anyone with an interest in the subject of how human rights evolved and new concepts for the future.
Building Bridges in European and Human Rights Law
This unique book, formed as a series of essays in honour of the memory of Paul Heim CMG, the founder of Lincoln's Inn European Group, focusses on the building of bridges between individuals and institutions in European, international, and human rights law. The book features contributions from some of the foremost current or former European and international judges; leading practitioners and officials, each with links to Lincoln's Inn, and former recipients of Lincoln's Inn's dedicated scholarship programmes. The approachable style of the book makes it readily accessible for a wide range of readers including legal scholars, practitioners, students, and those with a general interest in the application of the law and justice in today's interconnected world. Each contribution provides personal reflections and expertise on selected aspects of European and human rights law, and the personal, professional, and technical bridges involved in their development and maintenance, together with insights into their future. The book provides multi-level perspectives on the Court of Justice of the European Union, the EFTA Court, the European Court of Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court, and the interaction of their jurisprudence with domestic law and between themselves, alongside our ever-evolving societies.
National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) and Electoral Process in Southwest Nigeria (2015-2020)
Master's Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Politics - Political Systems, grade: 70, Obafemi Awolowo University, course: Political Science, language: English, abstract: The study identified ways in which the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) informally gets involved in the electoral process in Southwest Nigeria. It also ascertained the implications of the activities of the NURTW on the electoral process and investigated whether there was a uniformity of perspective and approach among the different state branches of the NURTW vis-?-vis their involvement in the electoral process. It also examined how the electoral process in Nigeria may be enhanced to improve voters' confidence thereby deepening the country's quest for credible election in Southwest, Nigeria. These were with a view to establishing possible nexus between the NURTW and the electoral process. Data for the study were gathered through primary and secondary sources. Primary data were sourced via in-depth interview of 50 Key Informant Respondents (KIRs), which comprise personnel from the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and National Union of Road Transport Workers (NUTRW), some academics in relevant disciplines from Nigerian universities, card carrying members of the All-Progressives Congress (APC) and the Peoples' Democratic Party (PDP) as well as commuters and electorates. Secondary data sources included books, journal articles, online publications, newspaper editorials, published and unpublished dissertations and via the internet. The data gathered were analysed through thematic analysis. The study revealed that NURTW informally gets involved in the electoral process in Southwest, Nigeria, through the provision of logistics services such as transportation of election materials. Also, the study established that the involvement of the NURTW in the electoral process enhanced hitch-free conduct of elections. The study found that the nature of the transport union in the
Imperialism
2024 is not 1914. Nonetheless, imperialism was the dominant system then, as it is now. A century ago, several neo-mercantilist imperial powers vied to establish primacy over the others. Our era is one of planetary imperialism and globalized capitalism where one power, the U.S., already exercises hegemony over all. No other, including China and Russia, has the need or the capacity to replace it. We are not faced with relatively equal adversaries facing off, as in WW1, but with one hegemonic power trying desperately, by and all means, to cling to its world-wide domination. Herein lies the source of the major tensions and conflicts in the world today. Since the fall of the Soviet Bloc, the term " imperialism" has largely disappeared from public discourse, but reality is forcing it back. Saul shows how crucial it is to understanding what is happening today.
Strengthening Democracy
Essay from the year 2025 in the subject Politics - Political Systems, language: English, abstract: In an era marked by growing distrust in institutions and increasing demands for citizen involvement, the concepts of citizen consultation and participation, and direct democracy have gained significant attention. These approaches aim to enhance democratic governance by giving citizens a more active role in decision-making processes, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability. Citizen consultation and participation involve various mechanisms, such as public hearings, surveys, and focus groups, designed to gather citizen input and feedback on policy issues. Direct democracy, on the other hand, empowers citizens to make decisions directly through referendums, ballot initiatives, and other mechanisms. This book explores the intricacies of these democratic practices, examining their strengths and weaknesses through case studies and comparative analyses. We will delve into the mechanisms, challenges, and potential of citizen engagement, seeking to contribute to a deeper understanding of how democracy can be made more inclusive, responsive, and effective in addressing the needs and aspirations of all citizens. The book is divided into nine chapters: - Chapters 1-4 focus on citizen consultation and participation, exploring its forms, strengths, and weaknesses. - Chapters 5-8 examines direct democracy, discussing its forms, strengths, and weaknesses. - Chapter 9 discusses the challenges and future directions for citizen engagement, including the impact of technology and the need for inclusive and responsive democratic practices. Through this short analysis, we aim to provide some thoughts that may stimulate discussions on ways to strengthen democratic governance and enhance citizen engagement. In the ANNEX, we provide additional information and basic tools: - (A1) a list of key-political terms with definitions, - (A2) some authors that may matter for t
Women and Politics
Women and Politics: Paths to Power and Political Influence examines the role of women in politics from the early women's movement to the female politicians in power today. Focusing on women whose stories have not yet been told, this book includes new analysis and scholarship on the experiences and viewpoints of conservative women, women of color, LGBT women, and millennial women. Students will gain historical insight into how women have achieved political power and how they have influenced the American political system at the state, local, and national levels, in each branch of government. Engaging profiles of the key players who have shaped our political system are interwoven with an analysis of the most recent election data to provide a comprehensive and unbiased introduction to the study of women and politics.
Treason 2125 Or When Does Politics Become Treason
What happens when patriotic dissent becomes a desperate plea to uphold the Constitution?In Treason 2125, decorated Vietnam veteran and former Department of Defense systems programmer Michael J. Carlson presents a compelling and provocative case that America is under internal siege not from foreign enemies, but from political leaders entrusted with its protection. With firsthand military and government experience, Carlson lays out his petition to the U.S. Department of Justice, demanding a grand jury investigation into the alleged constitutional violations committed by President Biden and senior Democratic leaders.This powerful work weaves together historical references, legal analysis, executive orders, and correspondence from state and federal officials to support Carlson's explosive claim: that political actions taken between 2021 and 2025 may constitute criminal treason under U.S. law.Equal parts personal testimony and legal argument, Treason 2125 is more than a book-it's a call to action for citizens who believe the Republic is worth defending.Will we stand by as our Constitution is undermined, or rise to reclaim our nation?
No Adult Left Behind
For decades, Americans have debated why our students consistently score lower than their peers in other developed countries. While most debates have focused on school spending, curriculum, teacher quality, and teachers' unions, No Adult Left Behind argues that local democratic control is the root of the problem. Elected school boards govern local school districts, but only adults vote in local elections - most of whom don't have children or care about academics. This leads to educational debates that are centered around issues that adults care most about, such as partisanship, identity politics, property values, and employment concerns, while the needs of students get left behind. In identifying the misalignment between the interests of school children and the political and policy agendas of the adults who control education, No Adult Left Behind stands to become a landmark study on modern education politics.
Capitalism in the Web of Life
Integrating both social and historical factors, this radical analysis of the development of capitalism reveals the ever-deepening relationship between capital and ecology Finance. Climate. Food. Work. How are the crises of the twenty-first century connected? In Capitalism in the Web of Life, Jason W. Moore argues that the sources of today's global turbulence have a common cause: capitalism as a way of organizing nature, including human nature. Drawing on environmentalist, feminist, and Marxist thought, Moore offers a groundbreaking new synthesis: capitalism as a "world-ecology" of wealth, power, and nature. Capitalism's greatest strength--and the source of its problems--is its capacity to create Cheap Natures: labor, food, energy, and raw materials. That capacity is now in question. Rethinking capitalism through the pulsing and renewing dialectic of humanity-in-nature, Moore takes readers on a journey from the rise of capitalism to the modern mosaic of crisis. Capitalism in the Web of Life shows how the critique of capitalism-in-nature--rather than capitalism and nature--is key to understanding our predicament, and to pursuing the politics of liberation in the century ahead.
The Last Line of Defense
A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER"My good friend, Eric Schmitt, former Attorney General, and now Senator, from the GREAT State of Missouri, has a wonderful new book just out, entitled, The Last Line of Defense, How to Beat the Left in Court. Eric is a FIGHTER, who beat back Biden's disastrous Policies as A.G. and, in the U.S. Senate, has been working hard to defend our America First Agenda from the Radical Left. Get your copy today!" -- President Donald TrumpOne of the Senate's leading conservatives reveals the key approaches needed for the Right to triumph over liberal lawyers and out-of-control judges.When Joe Biden took office, Eric Schmitt had been attorney general for just over two years and had been focused on tackling violent crime. As soon as he began to see the outrageous excesses of the Biden Administration, he and his team snapped into action, waging war on the Biden regimes' stunning attempts at government overreach, winning some of the most important fights in modern American history, helping set the stage for a return to commonsense in government.Now, in The Last Line of Defense, Senator Schmitt takes readers behind the scenes of those battles for the first time, talks about the lessons learned, and how conservatives can keep winning in court and beyond. He takes you inside some of his biggest wins against: - Mask mandates and vaccine mandates- Student debt forgiveness- Restrictions on Second Amendment rights- Soros-backed prosecutors- Woke ideology in our schools- Open borders- Attacks on free speech- The weaponization of government agencies With President Trump back in office and the Left fighting him at every turn, it's more important than ever to remember just how close we came to losing it all -- and why we need to keep playing to win.
Introduction to Political Science (2025)
Includes all Errata as of January 2025. Designed to meet the scope and sequence of your course, Introduction to Political Science (2025) provides a strong foundation in global political systems, exploring how and why political realities unfold. Rich with examples of individual and national social action, this text emphasizes students' role in the political sphere and equips them to be active and informed participants in civil society.
American Government 3e
Includes all Errata as of January 2025. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement.
No Adult Left Behind
For decades, Americans have debated why our students consistently score lower than their peers in other developed countries. While most debates have focused on school spending, curriculum, teacher quality, and teachers' unions, No Adult Left Behind argues that local democratic control is the root of the problem. Elected school boards govern local school districts, but only adults vote in local elections - most of whom don't have children or care about academics. This leads to educational debates that are centered around issues that adults care most about, such as partisanship, identity politics, property values, and employment concerns, while the needs of students get left behind. In identifying the misalignment between the interests of school children and the political and policy agendas of the adults who control education, No Adult Left Behind stands to become a landmark study on modern education politics.
Treason 2125 Or When Does Politics Become Treason
What happens when patriotic dissent becomes a desperate plea to uphold the Constitution?In Treason 2125, decorated Vietnam veteran and former Department of Defense systems programmer Michael J. Carlson presents a compelling and provocative case that America is under internal siege not from foreign enemies, but from political leaders entrusted with its protection. With firsthand military and government experience, Carlson lays out his petition to the U.S. Department of Justice, demanding a grand jury investigation into the alleged constitutional violations committed by President Biden and senior Democratic leaders.This powerful work weaves together historical references, legal analysis, executive orders, and correspondence from state and federal officials to support Carlson's explosive claim: that political actions taken between 2021 and 2025 may constitute criminal treason under U.S. law.Equal parts personal testimony and legal argument, Treason 2125 is more than a book-it's a call to action for citizens who believe the Republic is worth defending.Will we stand by as our Constitution is undermined, or rise to reclaim our nation?
Defending My Enemy
With a foreword by Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton and an afterword by Nadine Strossen A new edition of the most important free speech book of the past half-century, with a new chapter by the author on some of the top First Amendment controversies of today "If Aryeh Neier had done nothing else in his absolutely towering human rights, civil liberties career other than write Defending My Enemy, that still would have made him a hero and a giant."-Nadine Strossen, former president, American Civil Liberties Union When Nazis wanted to express their right to free speech in 1977 by marching through Skokie, Illinois--a town with a large population of Holocaust survivors--Aryeh Neier, then the national executive director of the ACLU and himself a Holocaust survivor, came to the Nazis' defense. Explaining what many saw as a despicable bridge too far for the First Amendment, Neier spelled out his thoughts about free speech in his 1979 book Defending My Enemy.Nearly fifty years later, Neier revisits the topic of free speech in a volume that includes his original essay along with a new chapter addressing present-day First Amendment battles, including the Charlottesville march, book bans, the heckler's veto, attacks on free speech on college campuses, and the threat to overturn the U.S. Supreme Court decision in The New York Times v. Sullivan.	Including a foreword by Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton and an afterword by longtime free speech champion Nadine Strossen, Defending My Enemy offers razor-sharp analysis from the man Jameel Jaffer of the Knight First Amendment Institute describes as "an icon of justice and fearlessness."
The Hollow Parties
A major history from the Founding to our embittered present that "explains the void" (Politico) at the center of America's political partiesFeatured on The Ezra Klein Show and The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart America's political parties are hollow shells of what they could be, locked in a polarized struggle for power and unrooted as civic organizations. The Hollow Parties takes readers from the rise of mass party politics in the Jacksonian era through the years of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Today's parties, at once overbearing and ineffectual, have emerged from the interplay of multiple party traditions that reach back to the Founding. Daniel Schlozman and Sam Rosenfeld paint unforgettable portraits of figures such as Martin Van Buren, whose pioneering Democrats invented the machinery of the mass political party, and Abraham Lincoln and other heroic Republicans of that party's first generation who stood up to the Slave Power. And they show how today's fractious party politics arose from the ashes of the New Deal order in the 1970s. Activists in the wake of the 1968 Democratic National Convention transformed presidential nominations but failed to lay the foundations for robust, movement-driven parties. Instead, modern American conservatism hollowed out the party system, deeming it a mere instrument for power. Party hollowness lies at the heart of our democratic discontents. With historical sweep and political acuity, The Hollow Parties offers powerful answers to pressing questions about how the nation's parties became so dysfunctional--and how they might yet realize their promise.
Transformation of the British Liberal Party
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.
Joseph Eotvos and the Modernization of Hungary, 1840-1870
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Cosmic Harmony and Political Thinking in Early Stuart England
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.
