Interagency Cometh
Despite the complexity of the Contemporary Operating Environment, the United States is still wedded to a national security system created in 1947. The United States places itself in jeopardy by using a system created at the end of World War II for a world where state actors were the primary threat, with the Soviet Union, the Cold War, and nuclear deterrence taking center stage. The National Security Council (NSC) is no longer capable of efficiency. The advisory body created by congress and President Truman has been overcome in recent years by the complex environment evolving from the end of the Cold War. The NSC's efficiency began to falter in Vietnam, and its failed policies have resulted in numerous interagency failures throughout the last 40 years. Compounding the issues at the national policy planning level is the current regional policy execution system. The United States has militarized its foreign policy. It has done so out of circumstance vice design. The evolution of the Department of Defense since 1949 has led it to create Geographic Combatant Commands, which are staffed and capable of regional policy execution. Recent inclusion of other agency personnel into the commands to enable them to plan in an "interagency" fashion has given them even more capability to act as the regional foreign policy arm of the United States. Adding to this militarization of policy execution is the lack of regional capability within the Department of State. The evolution of the State Department has led it to create an ambassador-centric organization, which engages single countries in diplomacy instead of approaching diplomacy regionally. Without a systemic change at national and regional levels, the United States runs the risk of improperly identifying future problems, and creating policy that when implemented may exacerbate global tensions. This monograph recommends changes to the national and regional policy planning and implementation systems. While changes at the national lThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Interagency Cooperation for Irregular Warfare at the Combatant Command
Interagency coordination organizations at the combatant command level contribute significantly to irregular warfare (IW) planning and execution but need reform to become more effective. The challenges presented to the United States by IW are substantial and persistent. National level interagency reform is necessary to manage IW threats, but is impeded by numerous considerations. Interagency improvement at the Combatant Command level is more practical and offers immediate benefit to national strategy. Combatant Commanders are charged with applying IW doctrine in order to accomplish United States policy in their areas of responsibility. As configured, the Joint Interagency Coordination Groups (JIACGs) serving the Combatant Commanders require improvement in organization, resourcing and training. Study of three specific interagency organizations provides potential areas of improved performance and efficiency. The USPACOM Joint Interagency Coordination Group for Counterterrorism (JIACG/CT) from 2001 through 2005, the USSOUTHCOM's reconfigured Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) within its Partnering Directorate, and the USSOCOM Interagency Task Force (IATF) offer examples of JIACGs coping with the issues of IW. Each organization possesses strengths and weaknesses but all need additional emphasis and support. Congressional legislation should establish minimum levels of budgetary and personnel support from the whole of government to the JIACGs. Congressional legislation should also stipulate specific training requirements for interagency members who serve in JIACGs. Finally, Combatant Commanders should introduce an IW Directorate within their staff to assist JIACGs and all directorates with the conduct of IW.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Influence of DoD Civilians, Non-DoD Civilians and Uniformed Military on Presidential Decision Making
Presidents are faced with incredibly difficult decisions, especially those in the national security realm. There is an established process for how these decisions are framed and made in the National Security Council but how closely is this model followed. Who really has the access to the president to influence his decisions and how is the established framework utilized? In looking at three cases and three different presidencies this paper analyzes how presidents build their decision making teams and how those teams work within in the national security framework it also makes a historical comparison to a pre-Goldwater-Nichols Act decision to determine its influence. This research indicates that in the media scrutinized environment presidents' face today; they struggle to make decisions while public opinion is being shaped around them. Those on the National Security Council have tremendous influence on the decision but can biases can be formed if their viewpoint is perceived to be tainted in the eyes of the president. In the three cases analyzed here it became apparent influence was not entirely based on position and quality of prior advice shaped the amount of influence on the president. The cases also demonstrate the lasting impact of Goldwater-Nichols and its impact of streamlining military advice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Foul WX Underground
The current inter-agency doctrinal tools to integrate the decision-sharing elements of battle command at the operational level for defense support to civil authority operations are inadequate under conditions of extremely degraded communications. The rapidly integrated, often ad hoc, civil-military command structures suffer an over-reliance on the availability of digital connectivity to overcome basic frictions of organizational culture. We are not prepared for a digital blackout. Under the conditions of a catastrophic incident within the United States, the prospect is high for a period of -- command and confusion‖ immediately following a natural disaster or a major event of suspicious origin, such as an industrial accident or cascading failure of a major power grid. This work examines domestic incident response and defense support to civil authority through the tensions between joint military doctrine, namely Joint Publication 3-28 Civil Support, and interagency guidance, articulated in the National Incident Management System. Doctrine acts as the institutional system of record for organizational decision-making on how to view and how to approach the problem of contested disaster response. An adversary postured to exploit gaps and seams between civil-military responders suffering from degraded connectivity can derail public audience receptivity to official communications. This research proposes a framework in defense support to civil authorities for the mutual consideration of battle command, knowledge management, information operations, strategic communication, and psychological operations. During domestic incident response, high levels of uncertainty may meet with low levels of technological reliability. Should technology falter or fail, commanders may not have the right tools to conduct battle command during defense support to civil authority operations. The findings and recommendations presented demonstrate the need to divert the current focus on the syntax ofThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Domestic Politics of War
This study examines the context of the 2002 Iraq war debate through three theoretical perspectives: diversionary theory of war, coercive diplomacy, and the invitation to struggle. Proponents of diversionary theory would interpret the debate as a means by which the Bush administration diverted attention from the countrys economic problems in order to gain momentum leading up to the November 2002 midterm elections. Proponents of coercive diplomacy theory would commend the Bush administration for pressing Congress to vote on the Iraq war resolution prior to the midterm elections. Doing so limited opposition and guaranteed overwhelming bipartisan support for the resolution. Support from the political opposition signaled Saddam Hussein and the United Nations that the President had the domestic political capital to follow through on his threat of regime change in Iraq. Advocates of invitation to struggle would argue that the debate that ensued and the vocal opposition to the Presidents Iraq policy emboldened Saddam Hussein to attempt to shape the debate in the United States and the United Nations to make it difficult for the President to gain consensus over his policy. The thesis uses the theories to help provide strategists a means by which to understand the domestic political context of military policy debates, thus enabling them to influence and shape the debate to achieve favorable political objectives in the domestic and international arenas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hearts & Minds That Matter Most
The national will of the United States, and other democratic nations, is far more vulnerable today than in the past. Changes in society and technology have allowed enemies to adapt. The character of war has evolved into a more unorthodox type of warfare; one that uses transnational networks and information age technology to conduct guerrilla tactics, terrorism, and psychological warfare against vastly more powerful nations on a scale never seen before in history. Adversaries avoid conventional military engagements, exploit democratic vulnerabilities, and directly target national will in the attempt to slowly influence a long-term shift in that will. It is imperative for the U.S. government and the American people to understand this threat and find a strategy to maintain national will in the face of a determined foe. National will is the collective degree of political and popular support for national policies, foreign and domestic. This monograph divides those things that influence national will into two separate categories: contextual influencers and instruments of influence. Contextual influencers are the content of the information that affects national will: the perception of legitimacy, the perception of threat, and the perceived cost-benefit of the action. Instruments of influence are the vehicles that frame and transmit that information that affects national will: primarily the media, political rhetoric and opinion-maker engagement. Using this model of national will, this monograph examines several historical case studies of previous American conflicts (World War II, Vietnam, Somalia, Bosnia, and the Global War on Terror, including Iraq) to explain trends and identify ways national will can be nurtured and leveraged in future conflicts. The context of information and the instruments that provide that information both have an affect on national will. There is a correlation between favorable contexts, supportive instruments, and retaining national will. Those caThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Citizenship and Human Rights
Can universal human rights and different national citizenship regimes ever be compatible? This book argues that they can't, setting out a legal-philosophical critique of the tension between both. It explores whether the emergence of postnational models of citizenship that aim at decoupling human rights and citizenship succeed in overcoming tensions between the universal (multiculturalism; universal human rights; postnational values) and the particular (citizenship; borders; national values and diverse local narratives). As a result of this exploration, the author argues that it is illegitimate to speak of universal human rights, universal human dignity, or universal social justice. It is only by recognising this reality that a much needed transformation of human rights and citizenship can be undertaken in a meaningful way. This provocative and compelling work will appeal to both human rights and citizenship lawyers, as well as others involved in human rights law at NGOs, governments, international organisations - and indeed anyone with an interest in the subject of how human rights evolved and new concepts for the future.
Feeding the Peasant
Counterinsurgency operations and studies on insurgency aims and methods dominate current military discussions and writings. As the military continues to embrace "full spectrum operations", discussions continue on the ability to link all elements of US National Power (Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic) to facilitate a successful conclusion to operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan. This paper examines the impact of economics on insurgencies and conflicts, primarily the impact it has on the affected populations involved in conflict. Through an examination of recent conflicts, the natures of insurgent aims are examined resulting in the proposal of a multiple insurgency model for conflict. With an emphasis on the insurgent's means for garnering support, the impacts of economics will be examined to display the significant level of influence economics has on an insurgency and corresponding counterinsurgency operations, and the impact of failing to properly understand the impact of economy during and insurgency. Historical studies show that 20th century insurgencies require the counterinsurgent to combat multiple sets of actors, all with potentially different objectives which drives them to conflict. Based on this methodology, which is addressed in the most recent U.S. Army counterinsurgency doctrine, the counterinsurgent must leverage multiple strategies to separate the population from the insurgent(s). The counterinsurgent must have the capability to develop and synchronize all elements (Diplomatic, Informational, Economic, and Military) of National Power to defeat an insurgent, particularly when supported by the existence of a strong illicit economy which allows the insurgent to provide support and prosperity to the population that is not under the control of the counterinsurgent or affected government.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
From Failure to Failure
What should we do when a critical institution says all the right things yet repeatedly fails to live up to its word? In their latest sexual misconduct crisis, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) has clearly "failed as an institution to properly address" sexual misconduct. Unless these crises are properly dealt with, they threaten to make the military "irrelevant" in Canadian society. These are the words of General Wayne Eyre, Canada's Chief of the Defence Staff from 2021 to 2024. What does this grim assessment from within the military itself mean for the health and relevance of the Canadian Armed Forces and its culture? Most importantly, what can we do about it? What will it take to turn words into effective, transformative action?To fix any problem, we first need to understand it. In his latest book, From Failure to Failure, Allan English seeks to shed light on the roots of this complex and often obscured problem. Within these pages, English provides a thorough analysis of the CAF's various attempts from 2000 to 2022 to "manage" the issues surrounding these crises. He especially focuses on Operation Honour, the CAF's most visible response to the 2015 Deschamps Report, and discusses its place among the CAF's other responses between 2000 and 2022.Through careful analysis of the CAF's fundamental culture and assumptions, English goes beyond a simple recounting of the facts to provide practical lessons. Whether you're an academic, an invested member of the public, or a member of the military, this book is for you. This analysis can not only help you stay informed but also empower you with the critical insights you need to enact practical change.
No Adult Left Behind
For decades, Americans have debated why our students consistently score lower than their peers in other developed countries. While most debates have focused on school spending, curriculum, teacher quality, and teachers' unions, No Adult Left Behind argues that local democratic control is the root of the problem. Elected school boards govern local school districts, but only adults vote in local elections - most of whom don't have children or care about academics. This leads to educational debates that are centered around issues that adults care most about, such as partisanship, identity politics, property values, and employment concerns, while the needs of students get left behind. In identifying the misalignment between the interests of school children and the political and policy agendas of the adults who control education, No Adult Left Behind stands to become a landmark study on modern education politics.
No Adult Left Behind
For decades, Americans have debated why our students consistently score lower than their peers in other developed countries. While most debates have focused on school spending, curriculum, teacher quality, and teachers' unions, No Adult Left Behind argues that local democratic control is the root of the problem. Elected school boards govern local school districts, but only adults vote in local elections - most of whom don't have children or care about academics. This leads to educational debates that are centered around issues that adults care most about, such as partisanship, identity politics, property values, and employment concerns, while the needs of students get left behind. In identifying the misalignment between the interests of school children and the political and policy agendas of the adults who control education, No Adult Left Behind stands to become a landmark study on modern education politics.
Introduction to Political Science (2025)
Includes all Errata as of January 2025. Designed to meet the scope and sequence of your course, Introduction to Political Science (2025) provides a strong foundation in global political systems, exploring how and why political realities unfold. Rich with examples of individual and national social action, this text emphasizes students' role in the political sphere and equips them to be active and informed participants in civil society.
Treason 2125 Or When Does Politics Become Treason
What happens when patriotic dissent becomes a desperate plea to uphold the Constitution?In Treason 2125, decorated Vietnam veteran and former Department of Defense systems programmer Michael J. Carlson presents a compelling and provocative case that America is under internal siege not from foreign enemies, but from political leaders entrusted with its protection. With firsthand military and government experience, Carlson lays out his petition to the U.S. Department of Justice, demanding a grand jury investigation into the alleged constitutional violations committed by President Biden and senior Democratic leaders.This powerful work weaves together historical references, legal analysis, executive orders, and correspondence from state and federal officials to support Carlson's explosive claim: that political actions taken between 2021 and 2025 may constitute criminal treason under U.S. law.Equal parts personal testimony and legal argument, Treason 2125 is more than a book-it's a call to action for citizens who believe the Republic is worth defending.Will we stand by as our Constitution is undermined, or rise to reclaim our nation?
American Government 3e
Includes all Errata as of January 2025. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement.
The Last Line of Defense
A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER"My good friend, Eric Schmitt, former Attorney General, and now Senator, from the GREAT State of Missouri, has a wonderful new book just out, entitled, The Last Line of Defense, How to Beat the Left in Court. Eric is a FIGHTER, who beat back Biden's disastrous Policies as A.G. and, in the U.S. Senate, has been working hard to defend our America First Agenda from the Radical Left. Get your copy today!" -- President Donald TrumpOne of the Senate's leading conservatives reveals the key approaches needed for the Right to triumph over liberal lawyers and out-of-control judges.When Joe Biden took office, Eric Schmitt had been attorney general for just over two years and had been focused on tackling violent crime. As soon as he began to see the outrageous excesses of the Biden Administration, he and his team snapped into action, waging war on the Biden regimes' stunning attempts at government overreach, winning some of the most important fights in modern American history, helping set the stage for a return to commonsense in government.Now, in The Last Line of Defense, Senator Schmitt takes readers behind the scenes of those battles for the first time, talks about the lessons learned, and how conservatives can keep winning in court and beyond. He takes you inside some of his biggest wins against: - Mask mandates and vaccine mandates- Student debt forgiveness- Restrictions on Second Amendment rights- Soros-backed prosecutors- Woke ideology in our schools- Open borders- Attacks on free speech- The weaponization of government agencies With President Trump back in office and the Left fighting him at every turn, it's more important than ever to remember just how close we came to losing it all -- and why we need to keep playing to win.
Capitalism in the Web of Life
Integrating both social and historical factors, this radical analysis of the development of capitalism reveals the ever-deepening relationship between capital and ecology Finance. Climate. Food. Work. How are the crises of the twenty-first century connected? In Capitalism in the Web of Life, Jason W. Moore argues that the sources of today's global turbulence have a common cause: capitalism as a way of organizing nature, including human nature. Drawing on environmentalist, feminist, and Marxist thought, Moore offers a groundbreaking new synthesis: capitalism as a "world-ecology" of wealth, power, and nature. Capitalism's greatest strength--and the source of its problems--is its capacity to create Cheap Natures: labor, food, energy, and raw materials. That capacity is now in question. Rethinking capitalism through the pulsing and renewing dialectic of humanity-in-nature, Moore takes readers on a journey from the rise of capitalism to the modern mosaic of crisis. Capitalism in the Web of Life shows how the critique of capitalism-in-nature--rather than capitalism and nature--is key to understanding our predicament, and to pursuing the politics of liberation in the century ahead.
Defending My Enemy
With a foreword by Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton and an afterword by Nadine Strossen A new edition of the most important free speech book of the past half-century, with a new chapter by the author on some of the top First Amendment controversies of today "If Aryeh Neier had done nothing else in his absolutely towering human rights, civil liberties career other than write Defending My Enemy, that still would have made him a hero and a giant."-Nadine Strossen, former president, American Civil Liberties Union When Nazis wanted to express their right to free speech in 1977 by marching through Skokie, Illinois--a town with a large population of Holocaust survivors--Aryeh Neier, then the national executive director of the ACLU and himself a Holocaust survivor, came to the Nazis' defense. Explaining what many saw as a despicable bridge too far for the First Amendment, Neier spelled out his thoughts about free speech in his 1979 book Defending My Enemy.Nearly fifty years later, Neier revisits the topic of free speech in a volume that includes his original essay along with a new chapter addressing present-day First Amendment battles, including the Charlottesville march, book bans, the heckler's veto, attacks on free speech on college campuses, and the threat to overturn the U.S. Supreme Court decision in The New York Times v. Sullivan.	Including a foreword by Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton and an afterword by longtime free speech champion Nadine Strossen, Defending My Enemy offers razor-sharp analysis from the man Jameel Jaffer of the Knight First Amendment Institute describes as "an icon of justice and fearlessness."
Treason 2125 Or When Does Politics Become Treason
What happens when patriotic dissent becomes a desperate plea to uphold the Constitution?In Treason 2125, decorated Vietnam veteran and former Department of Defense systems programmer Michael J. Carlson presents a compelling and provocative case that America is under internal siege not from foreign enemies, but from political leaders entrusted with its protection. With firsthand military and government experience, Carlson lays out his petition to the U.S. Department of Justice, demanding a grand jury investigation into the alleged constitutional violations committed by President Biden and senior Democratic leaders.This powerful work weaves together historical references, legal analysis, executive orders, and correspondence from state and federal officials to support Carlson's explosive claim: that political actions taken between 2021 and 2025 may constitute criminal treason under U.S. law.Equal parts personal testimony and legal argument, Treason 2125 is more than a book-it's a call to action for citizens who believe the Republic is worth defending.Will we stand by as our Constitution is undermined, or rise to reclaim our nation?
Joseph Eotvos and the Modernization of Hungary, 1840-1870
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-findd publication.
Cosmic Harmony and Political Thinking in Early Stuart England
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.
Transformation of the British Liberal Party
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.
Backlash Presidents
How most presidents avoid upsetting the racial status quo--and why those who do pave the way for lawless, norm-violating successors When Barack Obama won the White House in 2008, becoming the nation's first Black president, the stage was set for Donald Trump's eventual rise to power. Backlash Presidents shows how, throughout American history, administrations that challenge the country's racial status quo are followed by presidents who deal in racially charged politics and presidential lawlessness, culminating in impeachment crises. In this incisive book, Julia Azari traces the connections between racially transformative presidents and their successors, examining the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, and Obama and Trump. When he signed long-awaited civil rights legislation in 1964, Lyndon Johnson unleashed a perfect political storm that swept Nixon into the White House. Azari demonstrates how Nixon's rhetoric, relationship to Congress, and attitudes about executive power exhibit striking parallels with Andrew Johnson and Trump. She discusses how their actions are linked to race and racialized institutions--the Department of War during Reconstruction, the FBI during the Nixon years, and elections today--and looks at what happens after impeachment, describing how the rush to establish a new order perpetuates many of the same problems as the old. Challenging the conventional wisdom of about the role of norms in American democracy, Backlash Presidents reveals how normal presidential politics upholds unsustainable racial hierarchy that in turn gives rise to intense periods of instability.
Are Islamists Still Islamists?
This book offers an ontological study of Islamism and its transformation with a specific focus on T羹rkiye, Bangladesh and Senegal.
The Hollow Parties
A major history from the Founding to our embittered present that "explains the void" (Politico) at the center of America's political partiesFeatured on The Ezra Klein Show and The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart America's political parties are hollow shells of what they could be, locked in a polarized struggle for power and unrooted as civic organizations. The Hollow Parties takes readers from the rise of mass party politics in the Jacksonian era through the years of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Today's parties, at once overbearing and ineffectual, have emerged from the interplay of multiple party traditions that reach back to the Founding. Daniel Schlozman and Sam Rosenfeld paint unforgettable portraits of figures such as Martin Van Buren, whose pioneering Democrats invented the machinery of the mass political party, and Abraham Lincoln and other heroic Republicans of that party's first generation who stood up to the Slave Power. And they show how today's fractious party politics arose from the ashes of the New Deal order in the 1970s. Activists in the wake of the 1968 Democratic National Convention transformed presidential nominations but failed to lay the foundations for robust, movement-driven parties. Instead, modern American conservatism hollowed out the party system, deeming it a mere instrument for power. Party hollowness lies at the heart of our democratic discontents. With historical sweep and political acuity, The Hollow Parties offers powerful answers to pressing questions about how the nation's parties became so dysfunctional--and how they might yet realize their promise.
Domination and Mobilization
Examining the miraculous rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the surprising downfall of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the early twentieth century, Xiaobo L羹 reveals that domination and mobilization are key for authoritarian parties to seize state power, challenging the prevailing wisdom on power-sharing and emphasizing the importance of dominant party leaders for organizational strength and resource mobilization. L羹 convincingly argues that the CCP's mass mobilization infrastructure, initially seen as a disadvantage before the Sino-Japanese War, became a powerful asset during the war and led to its victory. The KMT's elite mobilization infrastructure, conversely, was decimated by the war, and its lack of a strong leader prevented a successful shift in party-building strategy. Party building subsequently played a pivotal role in shaping the successes and failures of resource mobilization for both parties. The book sheds new light on the origins of the CCP and the inner workings of revolutionary parties, making in a landmark study in Chinese politics.
Political Correspondence of the Gladstone Era
This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
Freedom and Perfection
Leibniz, this study argues, is the genuine initiator of German Idealism. His analysis of freedom as spontaneity and the relations he establishes among freedom, justice, and progress underlie Kant's ideas of rightful interaction and his critiques of Enlightened absolutism. Freedom and Perfection offers a historical examination of perfectionism, its political implications and transformations in German thought between 1650 and 1850. Douglas Moggach demonstrates how Kant's followers elaborated a new ethical-political approach, 'post-Kantian perfectionism', which, in the context of the French Revolution, promoted the conditions for free activity rather than state-directed happiness. Hegel, the Hegelian School, and Marx developed this approach further with reference to the historical process as the history of freedom. Highlighting the decisive importance of Leibniz for subsequent theorists of the state, society, and economy, Freedom and Perfection offers a new interpretation of important schools of modern thought and a vantage point for contemporary political debates.
Domination and Mobilization
Examining the miraculous rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the surprising downfall of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the early twentieth century, Xiaobo L羹 reveals that domination and mobilization are key for authoritarian parties to seize state power, challenging the prevailing wisdom on power-sharing and emphasizing the importance of dominant party leaders for organizational strength and resource mobilization. L羹 convincingly argues that the CCP's mass mobilization infrastructure, initially seen as a disadvantage before the Sino-Japanese War, became a powerful asset during the war and led to its victory. The KMT's elite mobilization infrastructure, conversely, was decimated by the war, and its lack of a strong leader prevented a successful shift in party-building strategy. Party building subsequently played a pivotal role in shaping the successes and failures of resource mobilization for both parties. The book sheds new light on the origins of the CCP and the inner workings of revolutionary parties, making in a landmark study in Chinese politics.
Betrayal--The Other Side of the Cyprus Case
This book explores the little known root cause and nature of the Cyprus conflict;fills the huge gaps that have been, over time, airbrushed out of Cyprus's postcolonialhistory; traces the UN led settlement process from 1964 to 2025, sharing Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot positions at the talks; evaluates the performance of the UN in Cyprus; identifies the key reasons that have contributed to the failure of the talks; and sheds light on the needs of an equality-based, fair and sustainable settlement in the critical/strategic geography that Cyprus finds itself.
Rape Fantasies
In this intersectional reconceptualization of US rape culture, Alisa Kessel reveals how sexual violence is a political act that preserves and emboldens the dominant sociopolitical order. The imperative to dominate through rape is unique among crimes against other people. While other violent crimes, such as assault or murder, can be committed out of a material need or desire for security, and may even have political motivations, theft and murder are not exclusively motivated by a desire to dominate others. What convinces perpetrators of rape to dominate through sexual violence? How do perpetrators identify who they are entitled to dominate? In Rape Fantasies, Alisa Kessel makes the case that to prevent sexual violence in the US and elsewhere, we must confront rape as a crime that is not born of natural sexual appetites, simple miscommunication, or ethical breach. Instead, Kessel argues that rape is a political act, and that the myths and practices of a rape culture identify both who is dominable and who is entitled to dominate. In US rape culture, sexual violence is an essential political tactic to preserve--and, oftentimes, to embolden--hierarchies of race, gender, sexuality, and class. Kessel provides an intersectional reconceptualization of rape culture that reveals how it evolves and expands to discipline any group that threatens the sociopolitical order. While most contemporary accounts of rape culture focus on women and girls as the targets of sexual violence, domination through sex can happen along many dimensions. And, consequently, these accounts of rape culture--contrary to their best intentions--actually conceal the victimization of those who do not fit within normalized accounts of rape, particularly those who are subordinated by white supremacy, settler and capitalist exploitation, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Original, ambitious, and compelling, Rape Fantasies reveals how an entire culture can reproduce the myths and practices of rape culture and ensure that sexual violence persists as a reliable technique of political domination.
Musical Dispatches from the Front - Yuendumu 2009-2025
This book is a compendium of 'Musical Dispatches from the Front'. These dispatches cover a wide range of subjects and riff on the irreconcilable contradictions between the Warlpiri world view and the government agencies that attempt to manage its manifestations. Just as in the 2023 referendum, a majority of Australian voters were persuaded that to give Aborigines the opportunity to have a say in matters that affected them was a bad idea, so too in 2007 Australian society was convinced "something had to be done" about alleged dysfunction and depravity in Northern Territory Aboriginal communities. In both instances these beliefs and preconceptions were exacerbated by politically motivated campaigns of lies and propaganda.In 2007 the Australian Federal Government set in motion the Northern Territory Emergency Response, the so-called Intervention. Starting with a military incursion into Mutitjulu, the Aboriginal community at the base of Uluru (Ayers Rock), the Intervention was quickly rolled out to 73 'Prescribed' communities. No Alcohol No Pornography signs festooned the countryside, army tents sprung up to carry out compulsory medical checks on Aboriginal children and NT Aborigines were subjected to 500 pages of stigmatizing legislation. The Intervention was the latest manifestation of the colonial imperative to conquer Aboriginal Australia. Yuendumu is at the front-line of this invasion. My refusal to remain silent in view of this police backed cultural ethnocidal onslaught prompted me to launch the Musical Dispatches from the Front into cyberspace.The dispatches chronicle the often farcical and mean-spirited bureaucratic barrage of the Intervention and its aftermath.Assimilation is ongoing, and so are the Musical Dispatches.Frank Baarda, Yuendumu, 2025.
Scientists, Politics, and the Rhetoric of Public Controversy
This book examines how scientists around the world embrace their responsibility as citizens, and how science is being used and abused by non-scientists in public spaces. As right-wing politicians, conspiracy theorists, and modern robber barons assault science in the current moment, it is time for the rhetoric of science to reconceptualize itself as a crisis/care discipline. The essays in this volume help us do that by scrutinizing particular cases of science activism, examining the public modalities of resistance that scientists are increasingly taking up as they modify their public engagement to fit evolving rhetorical situations. These essays also reveal how the authority of science is being distorted and exploited by non-experts in ways that are more dangerous than ever in the shadow of climate change and global pandemics. The book ends with a look at new possibilities for collaboration between local communities and scientists and a reflection on how a rhetorical conception of ethos can help us comprehend the negotiation of asymmetries between experts and laypeople in the current era.
American Redemption
American Redemption: Extended Edition - A Government of the People, by the People, for the People is the culminating volume in a landmark trilogy on the future of the American republic. Where American Renewal was born out of crisis and American Restoration rebuilt a democracy that works, American Redemption begins with a harder question: What must democracy deliver-not just to survive, but to last another 250 years?This is not a book of critique. It is a blueprint for fulfillment: how to realize the six constitutional promises set forth in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution-to establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the blessings of liberty, and form a more perfect union.Rather than treating these words as symbols or aspirations, American Redemption takes them as a governing standard-and asks what structures, protections, and reforms are required to meet them in practice. The result is an ambitious and practical agenda for democratic delivery: a clear, coherent plan to build the government the Constitution promises.Through eighteen outcome-driven reforms, organized into five strategic parts-A Nation That Cares for Its Own, A Nation That Educates and Elevates, A Nation That Is Safe, Just, and Free, A Nation That Belongs to Everyone, and A Nation That Builds for the Future-the book defines what a functional democracy must provide, and how to structure it to endure. From universal child care and fair taxation to voting rights, public media, environmental justice, and democratic architecture, American Redemption offers an integrated plan for long-term civic renewal.This Extended Edition includes over 150 pages of integrated Reader's Guides-designed to support study groups, classrooms, policy initiatives, and long-term civic planning. Each guide includes questions for reflection, principles for discussion, and pathways for action-turning every chapter into a resource for engagement. Whether used in solo reading or shared in community, these additions transform the book into a durable tool for rebuilding democracy from the ground up.American Redemption is not about ideology. It is about responsibility-the responsibility of a free people to claim, repair, and fulfill the promise of their own republic. Grounded in principle, driven by outcomes, and written to last, this book concludes a trilogy that began with survival and ends with a plan for permanence: a government that works, delivers, and holds.Whether you are a policymaker, teacher, student, veteran, organizer, or citizen determined to see democracy endure, this book is for you. American Redemption: Extended Edition offers more than a vision. It offers a way forward-and the tools to make it real.
U.S. Democracy in Danger
Historically, Donald Trump will be remembered as the first American president to be impeached twice and indicted. He fed the grotesque myth that the election was stolen and summoned his supporters to storm Congress on 6 January 2021 in a bid to thwart the certification of Joe Biden's U.S. presidential election victory. This volume vividly recounts the dramatic narrative of the January 6 Coup in America and how close we came to losing U.S. democracy. For anyone seeking a comprehensive and multidisciplinary global overview of democracy, an astute analysis of the forces that drive the dominance of the (neo)liberal paradigm of the last decades should look no further than this volume. Yet the volume takes the issue further by vigorously documenting the decline of the U.S. treaty process (America's dysfunctional diplomacy and the doctrine of unpredictability). There is an urgent need for a massive infusion of strategic support for democracy in the United States. Because come 2024or thereafter an unfinished work might drag American democracy to a dangerous inflection point. Trump (who has a complete hold on the Republican party, still has a stranglehold on the MAGA base no matter what he does, was instrumental to the breaking of U.S. diplomacy. Undermining the democratic legitimacy of International Law adversely affected U.S. foreign policy. Some federal and lower courts in the judiciary of the United States pose a real threat to Americans' democracy as well. To that end, when 'the principle of truth' loses its relevance and meaning as benchmarks for appraisals and decisions, and becomes a harmful tool for willful propaganda. Everybody should be worried about U.S. democracy. A "real" crisis is coming! U.S. Democracy is at a breaking point. Like a giant modern mirror standing behind democracy itself, this book is a citizen's guide to saving U.S. Democracy. Expertly drawn on global and regional examples and current literature, the volume closes agap in the multidisciplinary field. Quite useful as a valuable resource as it helps us understand the shifting Trump agenda in diverse areas. Essential reference across a range of subjects, bringing together contributions from scholars, and policymakers alike. This extraordinarily well-researched and practically crafted, culture-inclusive text could not be more relevant or timelier. It is a must for everyone. This volume will help to shape the political landscape of the 21st century and will remain a vital source of inspiration for modern-day scholars and political activists.
The Near Assassination of Donald Trump
The Near Assassination of Donald Trump: Story of How and Why He Won the 2024 America Election On July 13, 2024, at 6:11 PM, a gunman's bullet missed Donald Trump's head by two inches. Eight seconds later, Trump rose from behind his podium, blood streaming down his face, and thrust his fist into the air shouting "Fight! Fight! Fight!" That moment-captured in one of the most iconic photographs in American political history-transformed a routine campaign rally into the turning point that returned Trump to the White House. This definitive account reveals how Trump's survival of not one but two assassination attempts became the most powerful campaign narrative in modern American politics. Drawing on exclusive interviews with campaign officials, Secret Service agents, rally attendees, and congressional investigators, the book traces Trump's extraordinary journey from assassination target to political legend to President of the United States. The story exposes stunning Secret Service failures, explores the divine providence narrative that energized millions of evangelical voters, and analyzes how authentic human drama under extreme circumstances reshaped electoral competition in ways that conventional campaigning never could. From the Butler Farm Show Grounds to bulletproof glass barriers at every subsequent rally, from Biden's sudden exit to Harris's meteoric rise, from conspiracy theories to congressional investigations-this is the complete story of how eight seconds of chaos became four years of presidential power. More than a campaign chronicle, this book examines the broader implications of Trump's survival for American democracy itself. How did assassination attempts become political assets rather than career-ending tragedies? What does it mean when voters interpret near-death experiences as evidence of divine election? And how will the precedents set in 2024 shape the future of American political competition? Based on thousands of pages of congressional testimony, FBI reports, and previously unreported details, The Near Assassination of Donald Trump provides the authoritative account of the most consequential moments in recent American political history-when the difference between death and democratic resurrection was measured in millimeters, and eight seconds changed everything. Essential reading for understanding how American politics entered a new era where survival became the ultimate campaign credential. GRAB YOUR COPY NOW!!!
Idiot-Proofing Democracy
The United States government has been warped by unlimited greed, brittle egos, and partisan justices. The existing system is too broken to fix piecemeal, so rewrite and restructure the Constitution. There are many special interest goals: End Citizen's United (corporate personhood). Protect women's healthcare rights. The Equal Rights Amendment. Protect the right to bear arms. Separation of church and state. LGBT rights. End the Electoral College. Marriage rights. Universal healthcare. Worker's rights to unionize. Fight voter suppression. Racial inequality and the death penalty. And many more. What if WE FIX THEM ALL AT ONCE? That's the goal here.Keep the three Branch structure. Force people to prove they are minimally qualified to serve in the position to which they have been elected or nominated, called "Fitness for Duty Assessments." Clarify critical human rights (legal personhood, bodily autonomy, etc.). Force simple Electoral District boundaries to limit gerrymandering. Ban automatic National Security clearances. Add term limits for Congress and the Supreme Court.It is time to push for unapologetic support for human rights and a democratic government that tolerates capitalism but moderates unabashed greed. Capitalism needs State intervention because capitalism has no moral center. Critical assumptions about fundamental human rights, core legal principles, and the role of the country in the world need to be stated explicitly to prevent corruption by antidemocratic forces.Here is a summary of the major changes: Term limits of 12 years for House, Senate, and Supreme Court. Require all high level Executive, Legislative, and Judicial candidates to meet basic mental and physical health standards, financial disclosure, and demonstrate a sound understanding of their role in government. Require earned National Security clearances for all Executive and Legislative candidates. No more automatic clearances. Constitutional right to bodily autonomy. Fix extreme gerrymandering by applying the six-boundary rule. Make House and Senate more fairly representative by having one House Representative per 800,000 people in a state, and one Senator for each 4 million people in a state. Change House term to three years, with half elected every three years. Keep senate at six-year term, also with half elected every three years. Ban corporate and special interest donations to Federal and State campaigns. No more PACs or dark money. Eliminate the electoral college. Ban laws based on marital status. Ban the death penalty and torture. Explicitly clarify separation of church and state, gun rights, presumption of innocence, and other critical legal concepts.Jennifer M. Booker, BS, MS, Ph.D., BSN, RN, is not a lawyer. She regards this as a bonus for rewriting the Constitution so it can be better understood by people who are also not lawyers. She has earned three engineering degrees (BS, MS, Ph.D.), worked extensively in the defense and aviation industries, was a professor of computing for two decades, and earned a nursing degree (BSN) and Registered Nurse license. She has done extensive studies of social sciences, including political science, psychology, and gender studies. Her website is jenbooker.com. This is Dr. Booker's second book. Her first book was The New Normal: Coming out as Transgender in Midlife (2019), also from The Unbound Press.
American Redemption
American Redemption: A Government of the People, by the People, for the People is the culminating volume in a landmark trilogy on the future of American democracy. Building on American Renewal and American Restoration, this final book confronts the defining question of our time: Can a broken democracy be redeemed before it collapses beyond repair?In clear, forceful prose, American Redemption traces the full arc of democratic collapse and recovery-from the long corrosion of public trust to the rise of authoritarian power in the Trump era and beyond. But it is not merely a warning. It is a blueprint for democratic rebirth. Through five sweeping parts-Defense, Resistance, Restoration, Renewal, and Reinstitution-this volume lays out a comprehensive, integrated plan to defend constitutional government, rebuild what has been lost, and secure a future in which power serves the people, not the powerful.The book begins in crisis, with the urgent need to withstand Trump's second term, protect vulnerable communities, and prepare the ground for democratic recovery. It moves through the strategic work of resistance-exposing corruption, delaying harm, and building a new majority-before turning to the long work of restoration: fixing elections, limiting presidential power, restoring an independent judiciary, and rebuilding an informed public.But American Redemption goes further. It lays out an ambitious Renewal Agenda for the years ahead-eighteen outcome-driven reforms in care, education, justice, and belonging-that redefine what good government must deliver. And in its final section, the book steps back to consider what it means to reinstitute democracy for the next 250 years: to anchor our systems in law, dignity, and design-not just in reaction to crisis, but in preparation for peace.Each chapter is grounded in principle but focused on outcomes. From campaign finance to public health, judicial independence to cybersecurity, immigration policy to environmental justice, the book provides specific, credible paths toward a government worthy of public trust. It calls not for nostalgia, but for moral clarity and civic courage-and offers a vision of democracy as a living system, one that must be re-claimed by its people in every generation.American Redemption is not a partisan book. It is a patriotic one-written for citizens who believe the republic is worth saving and understand that democracy is not guaranteed. It is written for readers who are exhausted by crisis, but not yet defeated. Who still believe that the arc of the moral universe bends only when we bend it. And who are ready to help build what comes next.This is not a book about politics. It is a book about the people who will write the future. About those who defend the rule of law, who rebuild public systems, who restore trust, and who prepare a democracy that can last another 250 years. It is a call to service-not only for leaders, but for ordinary citizens with extraordinary commitment.Above all, American Redemption is a book of hope-not na簿ve hope, but determined, strategic, hard-won hope. It is the final installment in a trilogy that began with a question of survival and ends with a question of permanence. What will it take to build a democracy that holds? This book offers an answer-not only in words, but in plans.Whether you are an advocate, a policymaker, a teacher, a veteran, a student, or simply someone who refuses to give up, this book is for you. American Redemption invites you into the greatest civic project of the next century: not merely resisting authoritarianism, but replacing it with something stronger, fairer, and built to last.
One Saturday in August
When poverty and frustration over critical relief sweep the land, enlightened sons and daughters spring into action to inspire hope. In the midst surges a military junta that claims to be an agent of hope. The resulting greed and brutality meted out cast a darkness that people will tell for many years to come. Through it all, Frederick Carl-Moses, Festus Barnes, Gideon Thunderman, Keyhole Williams, Verda Claytooth-Johnson, Odell Erikson, Ezra Allan Pool and a slew of other characters will strike a memorable chord.
Beyond Borders
Beyond Borders: Global Citizenship in a Fragmented World is not a travelogue or political rant-it's a philosophical wake-up call for anyone who feels disoriented by rising nationalism, digital tribalism, and cultural division. In a world where borders are reasserted with barbed wire and identity is reduced to birthright, this book reimagines citizenship not as a passport privilege, but as a conscious moral stance rooted in global citizenship, planetary ethics, and radical empathy. Elira Van Noor guides readers through a transformative exploration of what it means to belong without borders. With insights drawn from moral philosophy, systems thinking, behavioural science, and real-life stories-from stateless migrants to digital nomads-the book deconstructs the myths of nationalism and challenges you to rethink loyalty, justice, and identity on a planetary scale. Designed to awaken both intellect and conscience, the book includes reflection prompts, thought experiments, and narrative exercises that deepen the reader's understanding of cosmopolitan responsibility and the emotional labour of global belonging. Whether you're an activist, educator, student, or simply a curious human grappling with our global crises, Beyond Borders offers an urgent and empowering blueprint to live as someone who doesn't just belong somewhere, but everywhere.
Green Agriculture Transformable Innovations to Confront Climate Change
Monopoly Politics
In Monopoly Politics, Erik Peinert provides a macro-historical explanation for why American and international markets are today monopolized by an ever-narrowing group of companies. Using original archival evidence from the United States and France, and borrowing insights from microeconomics, bureaucratic politics, sociology, psychology, and law, Peinert demonstrates how government policy towards competition and monopoly changes at key moments in the 20th century. Centrally, policy changes as a result of the interaction between staff turnover in policy circles and the diminishing returns to policy regimes. As policy regimes across different arenas such as antitrust, intellectual property, trade, and industrial policy push consistently either in favor of competition or monopoly, they generate diminishing returns. Unsustainably pushing for competition suppresses profits and destabilizes markets, whereas pushing to defend market power will raise prices, stifle innovation, and concentrate profits in stagnant monopolies. However, with policy regimes locked in by committed policymakers who have invested time, reputation, or the careers into implementing one approach to policy, government policy only changes through their replacement with non-committed officials willing to reconsider policy. Examining policy change in the United States and France over the 20th century, and leveraging tens of thousands of archival documents, Peinert traces new policy ideas or frameworks through each government, from the site of the original insight to final decision-making, showing the economic research, theories, and interests that motivated the policy discussions "in the room," and the key considerations influencing final policy choices.
Conservative at the Core
Conservative at the Core unpacks the history, rhetoric, and policies of the American conservative movement and probes the truth about what conservatism actually represents.Allan J. Lichtman investigates the foundations and history of conservative thought to identify and reveal the central crisis that lies at the heart of conservative principles and today's politics. He explores a century of American conservative politics to demonstrate that professed conservative principles--free enterprise, limited government, fiscal responsibility, states' rights, law and order, personal morality, and American sovereignty--are dispensable notions for public appeal only. Instead, conservatives have only consistently advanced their version of traditional Christian values and support for private (not free) enterprise.Lichtman provides a sweeping history of the American conservative movement from the end of World War I to the present day. He draws on leaders like Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, Donald J. Trump, and the conservative Democrats responsible for Jim Crow discrimination in the South. Contrary to those who have described Trump as a deviation from professed core principles, Conservative at the Core ultimately argues that Trump and his allies represent the culmination of the American conservative tradition, consistently upholding and fulfilling conservative nationalist values.
